Faster-than-light - Knowledge

1504: 533:, even though one may be tempted to associate pulse maxima with signals. The latter association has been shown to be misleading, because the information on the arrival of a pulse can be obtained before the pulse maximum arrives. For example, if some mechanism allows the full transmission of the leading part of a pulse while strongly attenuating the pulse maximum and everything behind (distortion), the pulse maximum is effectively shifted forward in time, while the information on the pulse does not come faster than 1027:. Calculations imply that light will go faster in such a vacuum by a minuscule amount: a photon traveling between two plates that are 1 micrometer apart would increase the photon's speed by only about one part in 10. Accordingly, there has as yet been no experimental verification of the prediction. A recent analysis argued that the Scharnhorst effect cannot be used to send information backwards in time with a single set of plates since the plates' rest frame would define a " 7131: 865:

later photons "retroactively" determines whether the earlier photons show interference or not, although the interference pattern can only be seen by correlating the measurements of both members of every pair and so it cannot be observed until both photons have been measured, ensuring that an experimenter watching only the photons going through the slit does not obtain information about the other photons in an faster-than-light or backwards-in-time manner.

7141: 1546: 1532: 1518: 1470:, quantum corrections to general relativity effectively cut off regions of spacetime with causality-violating closed timelike curves. In particular, in the quantum theory a smeared supertube is present that cuts the spacetime in such a way that, although in the full spacetime a closed timelike curve passed through every point, no complete curves exist on the interior region bounded by the tube. 1178:. This general framework has allowed experimental searches by ultra-high energy cosmic-ray experiments and a wide variety of experiments in gravity, electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos, mesons, and photons. The breaking of rotation and boost invariance causes direction dependence in the theory as well as unconventional energy dependence that introduces novel effects, including 1126:, in which a ship would be enclosed in a "warp bubble" where the space at the front of the bubble is rapidly contracting and the space at the back is rapidly expanding, with the result that the bubble can reach a distant destination much faster than a light beam moving outside the bubble, but without objects inside the bubble locally traveling faster than light. However, 27: 940:. In other words, any travel that is faster-than-light will be seen as traveling backwards in time in some other, equally valid, frames of reference, or need to assume the speculative hypothesis of possible Lorentz violations at a presently unobserved scale (for instance the Planck scale). Therefore, any theory which permits "true" FTL also has to cope with 1431:, which connects two distant locations as though by a shortcut. Both distortions would need to create a very strong curvature in a highly localized region of space-time and their gravity fields would be immense. To counteract the unstable nature, and prevent the distortions from collapsing under their own 'weight', one would need to introduce hypothetical 615:). The current distance to this cosmological event horizon is about 16 billion light-years, meaning that a signal from an event happening at present would eventually be able to reach us in the future if the event was less than 16 billion light-years away, but the signal would never reach us if the event was more than 16 billion light-years away. 655:. Corrected calculations show these objects have velocities close to the speed of light (relative to our reference frame). They are the first examples of large amounts of mass moving at close to the speed of light. Earth-bound laboratories have only been able to accelerate small numbers of elementary particles to such speeds. 1338:(approximately 1 in 40,000), a statistic with 6.0-sigma significance. On 17 November 2011, a second follow-up experiment by OPERA scientists confirmed their initial results. However, scientists were skeptical about the results of these experiments, the significance of which was disputed. In March 2012, the 1197:

In current models of Lorentz symmetry violation, the phenomenological parameters are expected to be energy-dependent. Therefore, as widely recognized, existing low-energy bounds cannot be applied to high-energy phenomena; however, many searches for Lorentz violation at high energies have been carried

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is one quintillionth (10) of a second). All that could be measured was 24 attoseconds, which is the limit of the test accuracy. Again, though, other physicists believe that tunneling experiments in which particles appear to spend anomalously short times inside the barrier are in fact fully compatible

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in the intervening space between the objects. This is sometimes described in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, owing to the mathematical form of one possible way of calculating the strength of the effect. Because the strength of the force falls off rapidly with distance, it is

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may travel faster than light, and this phenomenon is related to the fact that static field effects (which are mediated by virtual particles in quantum terms) may travel faster than light (see section on static fields above). However, macroscopically these fluctuations average out, so that photons do

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The rate at which two objects in motion in a single frame of reference get closer together is called the mutual or closing speed. This may approach twice the speed of light, as in the case of two particles travelling at close to the speed of light in opposite directions with respect to the reference

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depends on the conditions of observation of a second photon entangled with the first. The characteristic of this experiment is that the observation of the second photon can take place at a later time than the observation of the first photon, which may give the impression that the measurement of the

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The Hartman effect is the tunneling effect through a barrier where the tunneling time tends to a constant for large barriers. This could, for instance, be the gap between two prisms. When the prisms are in contact, the light passes straight through, but when there is a gap, the light is refracted.

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failed to reproduce the OPERA results with their equipment, detecting neutrino travel time from CERN to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory indistinguishable from the speed of light. Later the OPERA team reported two flaws in their equipment set-up that had caused errors far outside their original

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could have left a "relic field" throughout the universe which causes particles to behave differently depending on their velocity relative to the field; however, there are also some models where Lorentz symmetry is broken in a more fundamental way. If Lorentz symmetry can cease to be a fundamental

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has demonstrated quantum correlations between particles separated by over 10 kilometers. But as noted earlier, the non-local correlations seen in entanglement cannot actually be used to transmit classical information faster than light, so that relativistic causality is preserved. The situation is

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yielding a speed exceeding that of light by 1.8-sigma significance. However, those measurements were considered to be statistically consistent with neutrinos traveling at the speed of light. After the detectors for the project were upgraded in 2012, MINOS corrected their initial result and found

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which suggests that feedback loops of virtual particles would create "uncontrollable singularities in the renormalized quantum stress-energy" on the boundary of any potential time machine, and thus would require a theory of quantum gravity to fully analyze. Other authors argue that Scharnhorst's

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If a spaceship travels to a planet one light-year (as measured in the Earth's rest frame) away from Earth at high speed, the time taken to reach that planet could be less than one year as measured by the traveller's clock (although it will always be more than one year as measured by a clock on

752:, also because the tunnelling time "should not be linked to a velocity since evanescent waves do not propagate". The evanescent waves in the Hartman effect are due to virtual particles and a non-propagating static field, as mentioned in the sections above for gravity and electromagnetism. 610:

where any light they emit past that point will never be able to reach us at any time in the infinite future, because the light never reaches a point where its "peculiar velocity" towards us exceeds the expansion velocity away from us (these two notions of velocity are also discussed in

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of the collider type. The closing speed would be the rate at which the distance between the two particles is decreasing. From the point of view of an observer standing at rest relative to the accelerator, this rate will be slightly less than twice the speed of light.

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akin to sharing a synchronized coin flip, where the second person to flip their coin will always see the opposite of what the first person sees, but neither has any way of knowing whether they were the first or second flipper, without communicating classically. See

459:. There is no limit on the value of a proper speed as a proper speed does not represent a speed measured in a single inertial frame. A light signal that left the Earth at the same time as the traveller would always get to the destination before the traveller would. 444: 1228:

is not an exact symmetry of nature but rather the approximate description valid only for the small fluctuations of the superfluid background. Within the framework of the approach, a theory was proposed in which the physical vacuum is conjectured to be a

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around a spaceship with an extremely large amount of energy would create a "bubble" that could cause the ship to travel faster than the speed of light. To create this bubble, the physicists believe manipulating the 10th spatial dimension would alter the

996:. That is, it will be the same from any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations do not specify any particular value for the speed of light, which is an experimentally determined quantity for a fixed unit of length. Since 1983, the 817:

state are correlated even when the measurements are distant from the source and each other. However, no information can be transmitted this way; the answer to whether or not the measurement actually affects the other quantum system comes down to which

2162: 1031:" for FTL signaling. However, with multiple pairs of plates in motion relative to one another the authors noted that they had no arguments that could "guarantee the total absence of causality violations", and invoked Hawking's speculative 1173:

The possibility that Lorentz symmetry may be violated has been seriously considered in the last two decades, particularly after the development of a realistic effective field theory that describes this possible violation, the so-called

6255: 490:) component of the wave at that frequency. Such a wave component must be infinite in extent and of constant amplitude (otherwise it is not truly monochromatic), and so cannot convey any information. Thus a phase velocity above 775:

only measurable when the distance between the objects is extremely small. Because the effect is due to virtual particles mediating a static field effect, it is subject to the comments about static fields discussed above.

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Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G.; Chakrabarti, Sandip K.; Zhuk, Alexander I.; Bisnovatyi-Kogan, Gennady S. (2010). "Logarithmic nonlinearity in theories of quantum gravity: Origin of time and observational consequences".

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reduces to special relativity in a local sense (in small regions of spacetime where curvature is negligible), general relativity does allow the space between distant objects to expand in such a way that they have a

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view, for objects such as comets to vary their speed from subluminal to superluminal and vice versa simply because the distance from the Earth varies. Comets may have orbits which take them out to more than 1000

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move faster than light travelling through the wormhole alongside them, but they would be able to reach their destination (and return to their starting location) faster than light traveling outside the wormhole.

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away. In this frame of reference, in which Proxima Centauri is perceived to be moving in a circular trajectory with a radius of four light years, it could be described as having a speed many times greater than

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Adamson, P.; Andreopoulos, C.; Arms, K.; Armstrong, R.; Auty, D.; Avvakumov, S.; Ayres, D.; Baller, B.; et al. (2007). "Measurement of neutrino velocity with the MINOS detectors and NuMI neutrino beam".

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travel in straight lines over long (i.e., non-quantum) distances, and they do travel at the speed of light on average. Therefore, this does not imply the possibility of superluminal information transmission.

4625:, p. 286: "People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light...But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for 30:

Because the sphere travels faster than light, the observer sees nothing until it has already passed. Then, two images appear: one of the sphere arriving (on the right) and one of it departing (on the left).

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that particle tunneling does indeed occur in zero real time. Their tests involved tunneling electrons, where the group argued a relativistic prediction for tunneling time should be 500–600 attoseconds (an

4466: 1118:" which exceeds the speed of light, and it is thought that galaxies which are at a distance of more than about 14 billion light-years from us today have a recession velocity which is faster than light. 687:

of its environment. Since the underlying behavior does not violate local causality or allow FTL communication, it follows that neither does the additional effect of wavefunction collapse, whether real

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Eckle, P.; Pfeiffer, A. N.; Cirelli, C.; Staudte, A.; Dorner, R.; Muller, H. G.; Buttiker, M.; Keller, U. (5 December 2008). "Attosecond Ionization and Tunneling Delay Time Measurements in Helium".

251:. The circumference of a circle with a radius of 1000 AU is greater than one light day. In other words, a comet at such a distance is superluminal in a geostatic, and therefore non-inertial, frame. 584:, velocity is a local notion, and there is not even a unique definition for the relative velocity of a cosmologically distant object. Faster-than-light cosmological recession speeds are entirely a 1194:

symmetry at the Planck scale or at some other fundamental scale, it is conceivable that particles with a critical speed different from the speed of light be the ultimate constituents of matter.

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The experimental determination has been made in vacuum. However, the vacuum we know is not the only possible vacuum which can exist. The vacuum has energy associated with it, called simply the

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In the following examples, certain influences may appear to travel faster than light, but they do not convey energy or information faster than light, so they do not violate special relativity.

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in three large spatial dimensions: height, width and length. Cleaver said positive dark energy is currently responsible for speeding up the expansion rate of our universe as time moves on.

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in some circumstances. In such cases, which typically at the same time involve rapid attenuation of the intensity, the maximum of the envelope of a pulse may travel with a velocity above

137:. Such proposals are still widely believed to be impossible as they still violate current understandings of causality, and they all require fanciful mechanisms to work (such as requiring 963:. In general relativity no coordinate system on a large region of curved spacetime is "inertial", so it is permissible to use a global coordinate system where objects travel faster than 5287: 675:

these phenomena do not allow true communication; they only let two observers in different locations see the same system simultaneously, without any way of controlling what either sees.

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Earth). The value obtained by dividing the distance traveled, as determined in the Earth's frame, by the time taken, measured by the traveller's clock, is known as a proper speed or a

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Bowlan, P.; Valtna-Lukner, H.; Lõhmus, M.; Piksarv, P.; Saari, P.; Trebino, R. (2009). "Measurement of the spatiotemporal electric field of ultrashort superluminal Bessel-X pulses".

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will prohibit them. One theory states that stable wormholes are possible, but that any attempt to use a network of wormholes to violate causality would result in their decay. In

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raised against the Alcubierre drive appear to rule out the possibility of actually using it in any practical fashion. Another possibility predicted by general relativity is the

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in vacuum, which is 299,792,458 m/s (by definition of the metre) or about 186,282.397 miles per second. This is not quite the same as traveling faster than light, since:

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to compute the velocity of one of the particles, as would be measured by an observer traveling alongside the other particle. That is, special relativity gives the correct

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Avdeenkov, Alexander V.; Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity: Self-sustainability and emergence of spatial extent".

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is decreasing with time, there can actually be cases where a galaxy that is receding from us faster than light does manage to emit a signal which reaches us eventually.

4598: 3301: 1411:. It maintains the principle that no object can accelerate to the speed of light in the reference frame of any coincident observer. However, it permits distortions in 651:

caused by the object partly moving in the direction of the observer, when the speed calculations assume it does not. The phenomenon does not contradict the theory of

133:. Some of these proposals find loopholes around general relativity, such as by expanding or contracting space to make the object appear to be travelling greater than 907:

in vacuum. This result means that measurements of time and velocity in different frames are no longer related simply by constant shifts, but are instead related by

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faster than the vacuum velocity of light. However, as stated above, a superluminal phase velocity cannot be used for faster-than-light transmission of information

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Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H. (2004). "Expanding Confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe".

2225: 2505: 1134:, which could create a shortcut between arbitrarily distant points in space. As with the Alcubierre drive, travelers moving through the wormhole would not 6566: 2114: 718:

There have been various reports in the popular press of experiments on faster-than-light transmission in optics — most often in the context of a kind of

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Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built-in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory".

5064: 1015:, which could perhaps be altered in certain cases. When vacuum energy is lowered, light itself has been predicted to go faster than the standard value 1097:, it is difficult to imagine (much less construct) experiments to test this hypothesis. Despite this difficulty, such experiments have been proposed. 834:

for further information. A 2008 quantum physics experiment also performed by Nicolas Gisin and his colleagues has determined that in any hypothetical

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in the limit of low momenta. The important fact is that at very high velocities the behavior of the particle-like modes becomes distinct from the

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signals, involved approximations which may be incorrect, so that it is not clear whether this effect could actually increase signal speed at all.

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In some models of broken Lorentz symmetry, it is postulated that the symmetry is still built into the most fundamental laws of physics, but that

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of quantum decoherence, which in turn is nothing more than an effect of the underlying local time evolution of the wavefunction of a system and

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If a laser beam is swept across a distant object, the spot of laser light can easily be made to move across the object at a speed greater than

967:, but in the local neighborhood of any point in curved spacetime we can define a "local inertial frame" and the local speed of light will be 5249: 1182:

and modifications to the dispersion relations of different particle species, which naturally could make particles move faster than light.

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Yan, Kun (2006). "The tendency analytical equations of stable nuclides and the superluminal velocity motion laws of matter in geospace".

612: 7144: 1623: 1023:. Such a vacuum can be produced by bringing two perfectly smooth metal plates together at near atomic diameter spacing. It is called a 748:

However, it has been claimed that the Hartman effect cannot actually be used to violate relativity by transmitting signals faster than

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Cramer, J. G. (2009). "Faster-than-Light Implications of Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality". In Millis, M. G.; et al. (eds.).

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with relativity, although there is disagreement about whether the explanation involves reshaping of the wave packet or other effects.

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For a summary of Herbert G. Winful's explanation for apparently superluminal tunneling time which does not involve reshaping, see

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frequencies. However, the phase velocity of a wave corresponds to the propagation speed of a theoretical single-frequency (purely

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Some observers with sub-light relative motion will disagree about which occurs first of any two events that are separated by a

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Winful, H. G. (2006). "Tunneling time, the Hartman effect, and superluminality: A proposed resolution of an old paradox".

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attached improperly, which caused the apparently faster-than-light measurements, and a clock oscillator ticking too fast.

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is a version of the EPR paradox in which the observation (or not) of interference after the passage of a photon through a

6561: 6200: 6084: 1585: 1327: 5360: 4008: 3537:"Is there a resting frame in the universe? A proposed experimental test based on a precise measurement of particle mass" 3129:

Liberati, Stefano; Sonego, Sebastiano; Visser, Matt (2002). "Faster-than-c Signals, Special Relativity, and Causality".

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as the rim speed of an object moving in a circle is a product of the radius and angular speed. It is also possible on a

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numbers of 1.4 or higher. All of these have cosmological recession speeds greater than the speed of light. Because the

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causes distant galaxies to recede from us faster than the speed of light. However, the recession speed associated with

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Kim, Yoon-Ho; Yu, Rong; Kulik, Sergei P.; Shih, Yanhua; Scully, Marlan O. (2000). "Delayed "Choice" Quantum Eraser".

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is an approximation to a more general theory, but since the relevant comparison would (by definition) be outside the

671:, might give the superficial impression of allowing communication of information faster than light. According to the 1385:

failed to produce faster-than-light particles, and instead illustrated that their presence leads to an instability.

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to be a symmetry of thermodynamical statistical nature (hence a symmetry broken at some presently unobserved scale).

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particle would increase with speed in such a way that at the speed of light an object would have infinite momentum.

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There is a non-zero probability that the photon will tunnel across the gap rather than follow the refracted path.

117:) speed with respect to the locally distorted spacetime region. Speculative faster-than-light concepts include the 1503: 7181: 6907: 6790: 6644: 6588: 6335: 6180: 5723: 5656: 5646: 4381:

That group found, although with less precision, that the neutrino speeds were consistent with the speed of light.

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Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (1 November 2009). "Doubly-Special Relativity: Facts, Myths and Some Key Open Issues".

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Withayachumnankul, Withawat; Fischer, Bernd M; Ferguson, Bradley; Davis, Bruce R; Abbott, Derek (October 2010).

439:{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{rel}}={\frac {\beta +\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}={\frac {2\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}\leq 1.} 155:

In the context of this article, "faster-than-light" means the transmission of information or matter faster than

7176: 7090: 6963: 6602: 6497: 6454: 6449: 6315: 5651: 4053: 1751: 1065:, any modifications to it must necessarily be quite subtle and difficult to measure. The best-known attempt is 930:

would require infinite time with any finite acceleration, or infinite acceleration for a finite amount of time.

2073: 7186: 7055: 6780: 6755: 6689: 6576: 6538: 6464: 6230: 5843: 5784: 5740: 5678: 5614: 5355: 4512: 1186: 997: 857: 851: 573: 1081:. There are speculative theories that claim inertia is produced by the combined mass of the universe (e.g., 7171: 6999: 6841: 6677: 5988: 5402: 5312: 3108: 2773:

Salart, D.; Baas, A.; Branciard, C.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H. (2008). "Testing spooky action at a distance".

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at finite energy; also, faster-than-light propagation is possible without requiring moving objects to have

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in this frame, with massive objects moving through this local neighborhood always having a speed less than

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Chodos, A.; Kostelecký, V. A.; Potting, R.; Gates, Evalyn (1992). "Null experiments for neutrino masses".

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for a particle interaction. However, it was shown in 2011 that a single photon may not travel faster than

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implies that individual photons may travel for short distances at speeds somewhat faster (or slower) than

5838: 5693: 5583: 5560: 5427: 5277: 4968: 1719: 1202:. Lorentz symmetry violation is expected to become stronger as one gets closer to the fundamental scale. 956: 526: 495: 4419:) (22 September 2011). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam". 4256:

Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Vacuum Cherenkov effect in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory".

3077: 2925: 263:. Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move across the object faster than 7191: 7009: 6009: 5953: 5683: 5638: 5260: 4491:) (17 November 2011). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam". 2679: 2589: 923: 874: 76: 50: 5392: 4918:

Gimon, Eric G.; Hořava, Petr (2004). "Over-rotating black holes, Gödel holography and the hypertube".

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that allow an object to move faster than light from the point of view of a distant observer. One such

908: 7080: 7025: 6846: 6704: 6411: 6069: 6059: 6019: 5833: 5439: 5009: 4541:) (15 March 2012). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam". 2186: 1962: 1843: 1262: 1066: 565: 299: 225:

For an earth-bound observer, objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in one day.

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Glasser, Ryan T. (2012). "Stimulated Generation of Superluminal Light Pulses via Four-Wave Mixing".

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Sokolovski, D. (8 February 2004). "Why does relativity allow quantum tunneling to 'take no time'?".

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Chodos, Alan; Alan Kostelecký, V.; IUHET 280 (1994). "Nuclear null tests for spacelike neutrinos".

1836: 1211: 1199: 1175: 1168: 1074: 831: 767: 672: 3302:"Tunneling time, the Hartman effect, and superluminality: A proposed resolution of an old paradox" 842:(what Einstein called "spooky action at a distance") is at least 10,000 times the speed of light. 6699: 6528: 6340: 6320: 6094: 6089: 6034: 6029: 6014: 5983: 5963: 5757: 5567: 5456: 5375: 5305: 5261:

Markus Pössel: Faster-than-light (FTL) speeds in tunneling experiments: an annotated bibliography

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Alcubierre, Miguel (1994-05-01). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity".

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Colladay, Don; Kostelecký, V. Alan (1998). "Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model".

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Alcubierre, Miguel (1 May 1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity".

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Gonzalez-Mestres, Luis (2009). "AUGER-HiRes results and models of Lorentz symmetry violation".

3613: 2439: 1537: 861: 6330: 5978: 3016: 2614: 2523: 2381:; McKee, C. F.; Rees, M. J. (1977). "Super-luminal expansion in extragalactic radio sources". 1907:

Wang, L. J.; Kuzmich, A.; Dogariu, A. (2000). "Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation".

1776: 1745: 1450:. Many physicists believe that the above phenomena are impossible and that future theories of 6975: 6897: 6523: 6365: 5889: 5750: 5254: 4785: 3047: 2583: 1246: 1024: 895:

and, for the coordinate speed of light, non-inertial observers, regardless of their relative

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Winful, Herbert (2007). "New paradigm resolves old paradox of faster-than-light tunneling".

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indicated detection of 17 and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers (454 miles) from

8: 7100: 7004: 6175: 5801: 5550: 5526: 5499: 4939: 4188: 2930: 2909: 2194: 1638:"The 17th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) : Definition of the metre" 1378: 1344: 1339: 1323: 1250: 1131: 1094: 1082: 624: 295: 195: 150: 126: 95: 46: 5173: 5142: 5105: 4981: 4896: 4865: 4820: 4761: 4706: 4669: 4564: 4333: 4279: 4234: 4180: 4127: 3961: 3911: 3888:

Kostelecký, V. Alan; Russell, Neil (2011). "Data tables for Lorentz and CPT violation".

3855: 3802: 3749: 3696: 3609: 3562: 3497: 3393: 3320: 3262: 3211: 3154: 2861: 2798: 2729: 2692: 2655: 2568: 2485: 2396: 2348: 2303: 2248: 2094: 1975: 1922: 1879: 6984: 6654: 6619: 6611: 6285: 6235: 6210: 6122: 5902: 5666: 5504: 5446: 5193: 5159: 5091: 4993: 4919: 4851: 4773: 4747: 4655: 4576: 4550: 4492: 4420: 4371: 4345: 4319: 4291: 4265: 4220: 4192: 4166: 4139: 4113: 3923: 3897: 3867: 3841: 3814: 3788: 3761: 3735: 3708: 3682: 3631: 3595: 3548: 3517: 3483: 3456: 3428: 3405: 3282: 3231: 3197: 3166: 3140: 2881: 2847: 2818: 2784: 2408: 2360: 2315: 2289: 2260: 2234: 2106: 2054: 2007: 1987: 1942: 1863: 1404: 1400: 1242: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1090: 1062: 1020: 989: 945: 937: 790: 719: 652: 581: 291: 207: 130: 4678: 3863: 2028:

Withayachumnankul, W.; Fischer, B. M.; Ferguson, B.; Davis, B. R.; Abbott, D. (2010).

7201: 7196: 7140: 7045: 6994: 6795: 6770: 6345: 6220: 5855: 5811: 5806: 5387: 5382: 5231: 5185: 5117: 5113: 5068: 5045: 5019: 4997: 4989: 4904: 4769: 4714: 4538: 4295: 4196: 4143: 4061: 3983: 3627: 3509: 3460: 3446: 3427:. Statistical Science and Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 9. pp. 123–170. 3409: 3286: 3274: 3223: 3131: 3057: 3026: 2995: 2873: 2810: 2642: 2620: 2593: 2533: 2497: 2443: 2428: 2280: 2081: 1991: 1934: 1815: 1786: 1755: 1675: 1348: 1143: 1119: 810: 664: 577: 303: 248: 5197: 4777: 4693:

Chodos, A.; Hauser, A. I.; Alan Kostelecký, V. (1985). "The neutrino as a tachyon".

4580: 4349: 3871: 3818: 3521: 2364: 2264: 2132: 2110: 2058: 171:, but cannot carry information (see examples in the sections immediately following). 6902: 6800: 6629: 6295: 5816: 5223: 5181: 5177: 5109: 4985: 4900: 4824: 4765: 4718: 4710: 4673: 4572: 4568: 4488: 4416: 4337: 4287: 4283: 4238: 4184: 4131: 3973: 3965: 3927: 3915: 3859: 3806: 3765: 3753: 3712: 3700: 3673:

Colladay, Don; Kostelecký, V. Alan (1997). "CPT violation and the standard model".

3635: 3623: 3566: 3501: 3438: 3397: 3362: 3324: 3266: 3215: 3158: 2885: 2865: 2822: 2802: 2775: 2733: 2696: 2663: 2659: 2493: 2489: 2435: 2412: 2400: 2383: 2352: 2335: 2319: 2307: 2252: 2098: 2074:"Acceleration of femtosecond pulses to superluminal velocities by Gouy phase shift" 2046: 1979: 1946: 1926: 1909: 1883: 1551: 1420: 1315: 1300:

agreement with the speed of light. Further measurements are going to be conducted.

1225: 1123: 711: 648: 538: 226: 183: 118: 4643: 3779:

Kostelecký, V. Alan (2004). "Gravity, Lorentz violation, and the standard model".

3328: 2737: 1078: 606:, it is projected that most galaxies will eventually cross a type of cosmological 283:

Imagine two fast-moving particles approaching each other from opposite sides of a

267:. In neither case does the light travel from the source to the object faster than 7095: 6942: 6917: 6872: 6195: 5860: 5828: 5796: 5630: 5267: 3571: 3536: 3235: 3170: 2716: 2554: 2378: 1489: 1382: 1028: 794: 703: 569: 561: 456: 243: 109:

According to all observations and current scientific theories, matter travels at

5033: 4940:"Themes : Faster Than Light : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 4034: 3650:"Traveling Faster Than the Speed of Light: A New Idea That Could Make It Happen" 1467: 552:

causes the peak of the pulse to propagate faster, while overall power does not.

7085: 7070: 7065: 6887: 6882: 6639: 6391: 6325: 6300: 6270: 6245: 6165: 6150: 5555: 5343: 5227: 4639: 4594: 4341: 3810: 3757: 3442: 2463:

Zhang, S.; Chen, J. F.; Liu, C.; Loy, M. M. T.; Wong, G. K. L.; Du, S. (2011).

2311: 2050: 2014: 1811: 1570: 1509: 1463: 1373:

the speed of light. However, it might be possible for an object to exist which

1266: 1005: 993: 884: 798: 761: 739: 727: 723: 702:, even in vacuum; this possibility must be taken into account when enumerating 514: 471: 160: 122: 62: 4828: 3219: 2333:

Rees, M. J. (1966). "Appearance of relativistically expanding radio sources".

7160: 7115: 7075: 6785: 6396: 6386: 6290: 5777: 5348: 5250:

Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam

5235: 5121: 4623:

Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions

4135: 4065: 4012: 3919: 3704: 3227: 3103: 2991: 2869: 1983: 1455: 1432: 1254: 1234: 1147: 1073:

is also the same in all reference frames, and is associated with the work of

1070: 1012: 951:

In special relativity the coordinate speed of light is only guaranteed to be

826: 771: 680: 628: 607: 545: 487: 138: 4209: 3969: 3270: 1089:

by conventional measurements of natural law. If confirmed, this would imply

482:, the vacuum velocity of light. For example, this occurs in most glasses at 6877: 6667: 6624: 6355: 6275: 6215: 6190: 6127: 5272: 5255:

Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology on "superluminal transmission"

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might have a tachyonic nature, while others have disputed the possibility.

1293: 879:

Faster-than-light communication is, according to relativity, equivalent to

806: 802: 230: 3987: 1669: 1109:

forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and

309:

It is instructive to compute the relative velocity of particles moving at

6814: 6406: 6305: 6280: 6265: 5772: 5461: 5005: 4644:"Will the real 4D, N=1 SG limit of superstring/M-theory please stand up?" 2852: 2752: 2294: 2239: 1778:

The Wonderful World of Relativity: A Precise Guide for the General Reader

1485: 1443: 1152: 941: 887:

in vacuum (or near vacuum) is actually the fundamental physical constant

880: 784: 770:

is a physical force exerted between separate objects due to resonance of

644: 640: 549: 99: 58: 2806: 2640:

Martinez, J. C.; Polatdemir, E. (2006). "Origin of the Hartman effect".

1645: 1381:

with this property are called tachyons or tachyonic particles. Attempts

6820: 6775: 6765: 6401: 6155: 5914: 5015: 4966:

Falla, D. F.; Floyd, M. J. (2002). "Superluminal motion in astronomy".

4924: 4856: 4752: 4660: 3793: 3740: 3687: 2900: 2102: 1575: 1438:

General relativity also recognizes that any means of faster-than-light

1416: 1221: 1049: 1036:

original analysis, which seemed to show the possibility of faster-than-

234: 5096: 4723: 4242: 3978: 3600: 3488: 3474:

Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (1 July 2002). "Doubly Special Relativity".

3145: 2700: 1887: 6581: 6469: 6250: 5929: 5924: 5897: 5867: 5850: 5545: 5494: 5484: 5297: 5204: 5041: 3053: 2404: 2356: 2027: 1930: 1838:"An Objection Against the Theory of Relativity and its Removal" 1695: 1447: 1427:

that carries an object along with it. Another possible system is the

1424: 1412: 1296: 959:; in a non-inertial frame the coordinate speed may be different from 214:, and thus neither qualifies as faster-than-light as described here. 211: 4880: 4497: 4425: 3505: 3188:

in nontrivial vacua in flat space-time? Relativistic causality II".

2278:

Loeb, A. (2002). "The Long-Term Future of Extragalactic Astronomy".

2256: 6851: 5993: 5919: 5735: 3553: 1428: 1389: 1190: 896: 892: 592: 16:

Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light

5599: 5164: 4629:, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature." 4555: 4458:"Scientists Report Second Sighting of Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos" 4324: 4270: 4225: 4171: 4118: 3902: 3846: 3433: 3202: 2789: 7050: 6745: 5909: 5292: 5257:, with more details on phase and group velocity, and on causality 2962:"If we could travel faster than light, could we go back in time?" 1451: 1408: 1360: 525:. However, even this situation does not imply the propagation of 317:

in accelerator frame, which corresponds to the closing speed of 2

91: 80: 4308: 1959: 1365:

In special relativity, it is impossible to accelerate an object

5789: 4442:

Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment

2072:

Horváth, Z. L.; Vinkó, J.; Bor, Zs.; von der Linde, D. (1996).

1439: 1217: 900: 636: 632: 54: 4737: 1330:

in Italy, traveling faster than light by a relative amount of

1292:

collaboration reported results measuring the flight-time of 3

1146:, theorized that manipulating the extra spatial dimensions of 1142:

Gerald Cleaver and Richard Obousy, a professor and student of

1085:), which implies that the rest frame of the universe might be 5872: 5745: 1531: 1289: 1283: 1001: 992:

postulates that the speed of light in vacuum is invariant in

483: 26: 5278:

Usenet Physics FAQ: is FTL travel or communication Possible?

4804: 2071: 294:

does not prohibit this. It tells us that it is wrong to use

94:) have been hypothesized, but their existence would violate 5288:

Conical and paraboloidal superluminal particle accelerators

4692: 4159:

Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics

4085:

Volovik, G. E. (2003). "The Universe in a helium droplet".

3943:"Spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry in string theory" 3248: 2163:"Is the universe expanding faster than the speed of light?" 2140: 1606:"Quantum-tunnelling time is measured using ultracold atoms" 1319: 916: 4842:

Chang, Tsao (2002). "Parity Violation and Neutrino Mass".

580:, is not a velocity in a relativistic sense. Moreover, in 5293:

Relativity and FTL (=Superluminal motion) Travel Homepage

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Comoving and proper distances#Uses of the proper distance

144: 3184:

Fearn, H. (2007). "Can light signals travel faster than

2772: 1720:"Is Faster-Than-Light Travel or Communication Possible?" 984: 944:

and all its associated paradoxes, or else to assume the

478:, when traveling through a medium, can routinely exceed 87:

the speed of light, and that nothing may travel faster.

2616:

Special Relativity: Will it Survive the Next 101 Years?

933:

Either way, such acceleration requires infinite energy.

805:

that was realized experimentally for the first time by

4156: 3825: 2677:

Hartman, T. E. (1962). "Tunneling of a Wave Packet".

2226:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia

911:. These transformations have important implications: 643:. The effect was predicted before it was observed by 350: 271:, nor does any information travel faster than light. 5207:"A Systemized View of Superluminal Wave Propagation" 4513:"Study rejects "faster than light" particle finding" 4394:"MINOS reports new measurement of neutrino velocity" 3128: 2030:"A Systemized View of Superluminal Wave Propagation" 1499: 1369:

the speed of light, or for a massive object to move

4366:"Tiny neutrinos may have broken cosmic speed limit" 2585:

Logic and Algebraic Structures in Quantum Computing

1670:University of York Science Education Group (2001). 1423:, which can be thought of as producing a ripple in 591:There are many galaxies visible in telescopes with 5065:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3725: 3672: 2639: 2582:Chubb, J.; Eskandarian, A.; Harizanov, V. (2016). 2377: 2006: 1906: 899:, will always measure zero-mass particles such as 438: 3941:Kostelecký, V. A.; Samuel, S. (15 January 1989). 3887: 3883: 3881: 1665: 1663: 1616: 1473: 813:. In this experiment, the two measurements of an 7158: 4878: 3940: 3831: 2612: 1122:theorized that it would be possible to create a 1056: 845: 4213:American Institute of Physics Conference Series 3473: 3422: 2619:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 506. 2462: 2222: 2184: 1672:Salter Horners Advanced Physics A2 Student Book 1224:which is essentially non-relativistic, whereas 174:In some materials where light travels at speed 5589:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records 4448: 3878: 2835: 1660: 1272: 722:phenomenon. Usually, such reports deal with a 5615: 5313: 4255: 4103: 4087:International Series of Monographs on Physics 3349: 3293: 2947:Relativity:the special and the general theory 1702:. Royal Greenwich Observatory. 15 April 1996. 1158: 868: 604:the expansion of the universe is accelerating 537:without this effect. However, group velocity 199: 90:Particles whose speed exceeds that of light ( 4638: 4026: 2898: 1061:Because of the strong empirical support for 618: 4917: 4790:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4480: 3834:Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 3101: 3049:An Introduction to the Science of Cosmology 3045: 2185:Lineweaver, C.; Davis, T. M. (March 2005). 1314:On September 22, 2011, a preprint from the 505: 462: 5622: 5608: 5320: 5306: 5081: 4965: 4032: 3778: 3585: 3425:Recent Developments in Theoretical Physics 3379: 3373: 1834: 1388:Various theorists have suggested that the 1377:moves faster than light. The hypothetical 254: 5163: 5095: 4923: 4879:Hughes, R. J.; Stephenson, G. J. (1990). 4855: 4751: 4722: 4677: 4659: 4593: 4554: 4496: 4424: 4323: 4269: 4224: 4170: 4117: 4078: 3977: 3901: 3845: 3792: 3739: 3686: 3617: 3599: 3570: 3552: 3487: 3432: 3201: 3144: 2851: 2788: 2552: 2293: 2238: 2160: 2004: 1696:"The Furthest Object in the Solar System" 1303: 186:) other particles can travel faster than 4011:. PhysicsWeb. 2004-04-05. Archived from 4009:"PhysicsWeb – Breaking Lorentz symmetry" 2944: 1189:of Lorentz invariance shortly after the 25: 5149: 4615: 4454: 4362: 4084: 4051: 2676: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1180:Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations 1100: 7159: 6366:Writers and Illustrators of the Future 5327: 5058: 4536: 4033:Mavromatos, Nick E. (15 August 2002). 3356: 3299: 3104:"Secret of the vacuum: Speedier light" 3018:Relativity and the Nature of Spacetime 3014: 2750: 2713: 2525:The Mathematical Theory of Information 2465:"Optical Precursor of a Single Photon" 2425: 2130: 1774: 1747:Four Decades of Scientific Explanation 1743: 1243:relativistic gravitational interaction 1206:Superfluid theories of physical vacuum 145:Superluminal travel of non-information 75:implies that only particles with zero 5603: 5301: 5032: 4841: 4363:Overbye, Dennis (22 September 2011). 3534: 3242: 3183: 3023:Springer Science & Business Media 2530:Springer Science & Business Media 2521: 1861: 1855: 1805: 1717: 1395: 1165:Modern searches for Lorentz violation 985:Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling 572:, defined as the rate of increase in 548:in vacuum (without attenuation). The 167:Some processes propagate faster than 5004: 4486: 4455:Overbye, Dennis (18 November 2011). 4414: 4035:"Testing models for quantum gravity" 3300:Winful, Herbert G. (December 2006). 3046:Raine, D. J.; Thomas, E. G. (2001). 2985: 2959: 2923: 2556:When Can Light Go Faster Than Light? 2332: 2277: 2173: 1706: 922:To accelerate an object of non-zero 658: 325:. Expressing the speeds in units of 206:Neither of these phenomena violates 5629: 5561:greatest of a spacecraft population 5128: 4642:; Nishino, Hitoshi (October 2000). 4045: 3535:Chang, Donald C. (March 22, 2017). 3122: 2949:. Methuen & Co. pp. 25–27. 2613:Ehlers, J.; Lämmerzahl, C. (2006). 2187:"Misconceptions about the Big Bang" 2161:Rothstein, D. (10 September 2003). 2009:Wave Propagation and Group Velocity 1864:"Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity" 1277: 825:An experiment performed in 1997 by 820:interpretation of quantum mechanics 789:The EPR paradox refers to a famous 555: 220: 53:are the conjectural propagation of 13: 4959: 3541:The European Physical Journal Plus 3382:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 2988:Time Travel in Einstein's Universe 2561:University of California, Berkeley 1561:Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly 1310:Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly 494:does not imply the propagation of 21:Faster-than-light (disambiguation) 14: 7213: 5490:furthest landing on another world 5243: 4379:from the original on 2022-01-02. 3864:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.03.088 3102:Scharnhorst, Klaus (1990-05-12). 979: 755: 733: 274: 7139: 7130: 7129: 5714:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 5500:furthest travel on another world 4445:, Science NOW, 22 September 2011 3997:from the original on 2021-07-13. 2511:from the original on 2019-12-05. 2120:from the original on 2003-04-03. 1544: 1530: 1516: 1502: 1239:logarithmic Schrödinger equation 1033:chronology protection conjecture 836:non-local hidden-variable theory 449: 5061:Frontiers of Propulsion Science 4932: 4911: 4872: 4835: 4798: 4731: 4686: 4632: 4587: 4530: 4505: 4469:from the original on 2022-01-02 4433: 4408: 4386: 4356: 4302: 4249: 4203: 4150: 4097: 4001: 3934: 3772: 3719: 3666: 3642: 3579: 3528: 3467: 3416: 3177: 3095: 3070: 3039: 3008: 2979: 2953: 2938: 2926:"Delayed choice quantum eraser" 2917: 2892: 2829: 2766: 2755:. Center for Quantum Philosophy 2751:Suarez, A. (26 February 2015). 2744: 2707: 2670: 2633: 2606: 2575: 2546: 2515: 2456: 2419: 2371: 2326: 2271: 2216: 2205:from the original on 2006-05-27 2159:See the last two paragraphs in 2153: 2137:Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial 2124: 2065: 2021: 1998: 1953: 1900: 1828: 1724:The Original Usenet Physics FAQ 1674:. Heinemann. pp. 302–303. 1586:Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory 1480:Space travel in science fiction 1216:In this approach, the physical 915:The relativistic momentum of a 229:, the nearest star outside the 7091:Science and technology studies 5182:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.173902 4844:Nuclear Science and Techniques 4573:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033 4396:. Fermilab today. June 8, 2012 4288:10.1016/j.physleta.2011.05.012 4215:. AIP Conference Proceedings. 4189:10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195303 4054:"Interpreting the Cosmic Rays" 4052:Overbye, Dennis (2002-12-31). 2664:10.1016/j.physleta.2005.10.076 2494:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.243602 2131:Wright, E. L. (12 June 2009). 1799: 1768: 1752:University of Pittsburgh Press 1737: 1688: 1630: 1598: 1474:In fiction and popular culture 1328:Gran Sasso National Laboratory 1245:arises as the small-amplitude 1043:It was later claimed by Eckle 778: 1: 5283:Relativity, FTL and causality 5273:Relativity and FTL Travel FAQ 5084:Classical and Quantum Gravity 5008:(2008). "Faster than Light". 4881:"Against tachyonic neutrinos" 4679:10.1016/S0370-2693(00)01073-X 3588:Classical and Quantum Gravity 3329:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.09.002 2738:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.09.002 2133:"Cosmology Tutorial – Part 2" 1187:spontaneous symmetry breaking 1057:Give up (absolute) relativity 1004:) has been defined using the 858:delayed-choice quantum eraser 852:Delayed-choice quantum eraser 846:Delayed choice quantum eraser 4905:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90275-B 4770:10.1016/0370-2693(94)90535-5 4715:10.1016/0370-2693(85)90460-5 4537:Antonello, M.; et al. ( 3109:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 2905:"Delayed-Choice Experiments" 1446:. This raises problems with 975:in the local inertial frame. 840:quantum non-local connection 106:is that they do not exist. 73:special theory of relativity 7: 6635:Space stations and habitats 4969:European Journal of Physics 1868:American Journal of Physics 1495: 1354: 1273:FTL neutrino flight results 647:and can be explained as an 233:, is about four and a half 10: 7220: 5228:10.1109/JPROC.2010.2052910 5114:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001 4990:10.1088/0143-0807/23/1/310 4603:Of Particular Significance 4342:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.072005 3811:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.105009 3758:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.116002 3628:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001 3572:10.1140/epjp/i2017-11402-4 3443:10.1142/9789814287333_0006 2924:Motl, L. (November 2010). 2680:Journal of Applied Physics 2590:Cambridge University Press 2312:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.047301 2051:10.1109/JPROC.2010.2052910 1700:Information Leaflet No. 55 1477: 1358: 1307: 1281: 1249:mode whereas relativistic 1209: 1162: 1159:Lorentz symmetry violation 875:Superluminal communication 872: 869:Superluminal communication 849: 782: 759: 737: 517:of a wave may also exceed 159:, a constant equal to the 148: 18: 7124: 7081:Museum of Science Fiction 7038: 7026:Christian science fiction 7018: 6990:Self-replicating machines 6951: 6865: 6834: 6738: 6653: 6610: 6601: 6537: 6516: 6480: 6435: 6428: 6379: 6136: 6115: 6108: 6002: 5949: 5942: 5888: 5709: 5702: 5637: 5576: 5551:greatest on another world 5546:greatest of a spaceflight 5535: 5474: 5333: 5011:Physics of the Impossible 4829:10.1142/S0217732392000422 3890:Reviews of Modern Physics 3220:10.1134/S1054660X07050155 2553:Steinberg, A. M. (1994). 1963:Optics and Photonics News 1844:Physikalische Zeitschrift 1407:to include concepts like 1261:one – they can reach the 1067:doubly special relativity 883:. What we measure as the 619:Astronomical observations 566:expansion of the universe 300:velocity-addition formula 210:or creates problems with 7167:Faster-than-light travel 4808:Modern Physics Letters A 4599:"OPERA: What Went Wrong" 4136:10.5506/APhysPolB.42.261 3920:10.1103/RevModPhys.83.11 3705:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.6760 2870:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1 2588:(Illustrated ed.). 2528:(Illustrated ed.). 1984:10.1364/OPN.20.12.000042 1592: 1253:can be described by the 1241:. It was shown that the 1212:Superfluid vacuum theory 1200:Standard-Model Extension 1176:Standard-Model Extension 1169:Standard-Model Extension 1075:Giovanni Amelino-Camelia 1069:, which posits that the 909:Poincaré transformations 832:No-communication theorem 809:in 1981 and 1982 in the 710:. In quantum mechanics, 673:no-communication theorem 6959:Artificial intelligence 6857:Simulated consciousness 5215:Proceedings of the IEEE 5152:Physical Review Letters 4944:www.sf-encyclopedia.com 4487:Adam, T.; et al. ( 4415:Adam, T.; et al. ( 4106:Acta Physica Polonica B 3970:10.1103/PhysRevD.39.683 3271:10.1126/science.1163439 2839:Physical Review Letters 2473:Physical Review Letters 2430:Lectures on QED and QCD 2038:Proceedings of the IEEE 1835:Sommerfeld, A. (1907). 1783:Oxford University Press 1581:Variable speed of light 1484:FTL travel is a common 1442:could also be used for 1220:is viewed as a quantum 1105:Although the theory of 1019:. This is known as the 639:, and recently also in 506:Group velocities above 463:Phase velocities above 255:Light spots and shadows 190:(but still slower than 7182:Science fiction themes 7111:Technology and society 5979:Science Fiction Museum 5131:Progress in Geophysics 3402:10.1098/rspa.2003.1222 3367:10.1117/2.1200711.0927 3163:10.1006/aphy.2002.6233 2005:Brillouin, L. (1960). 1744:Salmon, W. C. (2006). 1538:Science fiction portal 1462:have argued that in a 1304:OPERA neutrino anomaly 891:. This means that all 862:double slit experiment 529:with a velocity above 498:with a velocity above 440: 31: 7177:Fiction about physics 6710:Organ transplantation 5969:Libraries and museums 5890:Cyberpunk derivatives 5844:Utopian and dystopian 5527:Deepest ocean vehicle 2945:Einstein, A. (1927). 1247:collective excitation 696:uncertainty principle 677:Wavefunction collapse 663:Certain phenomena in 441: 127:traversable wormholes 29: 7187:Theory of relativity 7061:Fictional technology 7056:Fictional astronauts 6913:Frankenstein complex 5556:greatest of a person 5067:. pp. 509–529. 5018:. pp. 197–215. 4627:science fiction fans 4539:ICARUS Collaboration 2986:Gott, J. R. (2002). 1566:Intergalactic travel 1458:, Eric G. Gimon and 1435:or negative energy. 1403:was developed after 1379:elementary particles 1340:ICARUS collaboration 1263:speed of light limit 1251:elementary particles 1237:is described by the 1132:traversable wormhole 1101:Spacetime distortion 1000:unit of length (the 768:Casimir–Polder force 679:can be viewed as an 669:quantum entanglement 627:is observed in many 476:electromagnetic wave 348: 285:particle accelerator 200:phase velocity below 104:scientific consensus 19:For other uses, see 7172:Interstellar travel 7101:Speculative fiction 6695:Genetic engineering 5584:Spaceflight records 5485:furthest spacecraft 5447:Water-borne vehicle 5388:propulsively-driven 5174:2012PhRvL.108q3902G 5143:2006PrGeo..21...38Y 5106:1994CQGra..11L..73A 4982:2002EJPh...23...69F 4897:1990PhLB..244...95H 4866:2002hep.ph....8239C 4821:1992MPLA....7..467C 4762:1994PhLB..336..295C 4707:1985PhLB..150..431C 4670:2000PhLB..492..178G 4565:2012PhLB..713...17A 4489:OPERA Collaboration 4417:OPERA Collaboration 4334:2007PhRvD..76g2005A 4280:2011PhLA..375.2305Z 4235:2010AIPC.1206..112Z 4181:2011JPhB...44s5303A 4128:2011AcPPB..42..261Z 3962:1989PhRvD..39..683K 3912:2011RvMP...83...11K 3856:2009NuPhS.190..191G 3803:2004PhRvD..69j5009K 3750:1998PhRvD..58k6002C 3697:1997PhRvD..55.6760C 3610:1994CQGra..11L..73A 3563:2017EPJP..132..140C 3498:2002Natur.418...34A 3394:2004RSPSA.460..499S 3321:2006PhR...436....1W 3263:2008Sci...322.1525E 3257:(5907): 1525–1529. 3212:2007LaPhy..17..695F 3155:2002AnPhy.298..167L 3082:Scientific American 3015:Petkov, V. (2009). 2966:NASA Astronomy Café 2931:The Reference Frame 2910:Scientific American 2862:2000PhRvL..84....1K 2807:10.1038/nature07121 2799:2008Natur.454..861S 2730:2006PhR...436....1W 2693:1962JAP....33.3427H 2656:2006PhLA..351...31M 2569:1994PhDT.......314S 2486:2011PhRvL.106x3602Z 2426:Grozin, A. (2007). 2397:1977Natur.267..211B 2349:1966Natur.211..468R 2304:2002PhRvD..65d7301L 2249:2004PASA...21...97D 2195:Scientific American 2095:1996ApPhB..63..481H 1976:2009OptPN..20...42M 1923:2000Natur.406..277W 1880:1954AmJPh..22..618W 1775:Steane, A. (2012). 1345:confidence interval 1324:Geneva, Switzerland 1316:OPERA Collaboration 1255:particle-like modes 1233:whose ground-state 1231:quantum Bose liquid 1095:observable universe 938:space-like interval 838:, the speed of the 822:one subscribes to. 625:superluminal motion 544:in some parts of a 302:for computing such 296:Galilean relativity 196:Cherenkov radiation 151:Superluminal motion 6928:Message from space 6893:Ancient astronauts 6781:Parallel universes 6756:Extrasolar planets 6663:Biological warfare 5785:Parallel universes 5667:Scientific romance 5505:closest to the Sun 5328:Extremes of motion 5266:2010-01-23 at the 4463:The New York Times 4372:The New York Times 4058:The New York Times 2994:. pp. 82–83. 2522:Kåhre, J. (2012). 2198:. pp. 36–45. 2103:10.1007/BF01828944 1862:Weber, J. (1954). 1806:Hecht, E. (1987). 1718:Gibbs, P. (1997). 1626:. 20 October 2020. 1405:special relativity 1401:General relativity 1396:General relativity 1128:several objections 1116:recession velocity 1111:general relativity 1107:special relativity 1091:special relativity 1063:special relativity 1021:Scharnhorst effect 990:Special relativity 946:Lorentz invariance 791:thought experiment 720:quantum tunnelling 653:special relativity 582:general relativity 436: 292:Special relativity 208:special relativity 32: 7192:Warp drive theory 7154: 7153: 7046:Alternate history 7034: 7033: 6995:Simulated reality 6725:Sex and sexuality 6678:Extraterrestrials 6597: 6596: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6161:Campbell Memorial 5938: 5937: 5807:Planetary romance 5597: 5596: 5407:production model 5222:(10): 1775–1786. 5074:978-1-56347-956-4 5051:978-3-527-40735-4 5025:978-0-7139-9992-1 4885:Physics Letters B 4740:Physics Letters B 4695:Physics Letters B 4648:Physics Letters B 4543:Physics Letters B 4312:Physical Review D 4264:(24): 2305–2308. 4258:Physics Letters A 4243:10.1063/1.3292518 3950:Physical Review D 3781:Physical Review D 3728:Physical Review D 3681:(11): 6760–6774. 3675:Physical Review D 3452:978-981-4287-32-6 3388:(2042): 499–506. 3132:Annals of Physics 2903:(16 April 2017). 2783:(7206): 861–864. 2701:10.1063/1.1702424 2687:(12): 3427–3433. 2643:Physics Letters A 2626:978-3-540-34523-7 2599:978-1-107-03339-9 2539:978-1-4615-0975-2 2449:978-981-256-914-1 2391:(5608): 211–216. 2343:(5048): 468–470. 2281:Physical Review D 2167:Ask an Astronomer 2082:Applied Physics B 2045:(10): 1775–1786. 1917:(6793): 277–279. 1888:10.1119/1.1933858 1821:978-0-201-11609-0 1792:978-0-19-969461-7 1761:978-0-8229-5926-7 1624:"Quanta Magazine" 1466:five-dimensional 1349:fiber-optic cable 1144:Baylor University 1120:Miguel Alcubierre 811:Aspect experiment 712:virtual particles 665:quantum mechanics 659:Quantum mechanics 602:However, because 578:cosmological time 428: 395: 358: 304:relative velocity 131:quantum tunneling 111:slower-than-light 35:Faster-than-light 7209: 7143: 7133: 7132: 6971:Astroengineering 6903:Evil corporation 6630:Matrioshka brain 6608: 6607: 6547:List of TV shows 6433: 6432: 6113: 6112: 5947: 5946: 5817:Sword and planet 5707: 5706: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5520:highest altitude 5376:transcontinental 5371:propeller-driven 5322: 5315: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5239: 5211: 5201: 5167: 5146: 5125: 5099: 5078: 5055: 5029: 5001: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4755: 4746:(3–4): 295–302. 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4663: 4654:(1–2): 178–186. 4636: 4630: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4558: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4460: 4452: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4327: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4273: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4228: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3905: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3849: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3796: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3743: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3690: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3654:www.newswise.com 3646: 3640: 3639: 3621: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3556: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3491: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3436: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3337: 3331:. 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manga 5698: 5657:Anthropological 5633: 5631:Science fiction 5628: 5598: 5593: 5572: 5531: 5515:furthest flight 5495:furthest humans 5470: 5433:by acceleration 5424:production car 5416:by acceleration 5329: 5326: 5268:Wayback Machine 5246: 5209: 5075: 5052: 5038:Zero Time Space 5026: 4962: 4960:Further reading 4957: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4916: 4912: 4877: 4873: 4840: 4836: 4803: 4799: 4783: 4782: 4736: 4732: 4691: 4687: 4637: 4633: 4621:Randall, Lisa; 4620: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4592: 4588: 4535: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4470: 4453: 4449: 4438: 4434: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4361: 4357: 4307: 4303: 4254: 4250: 4208: 4204: 4155: 4151: 4102: 4098: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4050: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3886: 3879: 3830: 3826: 3777: 3773: 3724: 3720: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3619:10.1.1.338.8690 3584: 3580: 3533: 3529: 3506:10.1038/418034a 3482:(6893): 34–35. 3472: 3468: 3453: 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4597:(2012-04-02). 4586: 4529: 4504: 4479: 4447: 4432: 4407: 4385: 4355: 4301: 4248: 4202: 4165:(19): 195303. 4149: 4112:(2): 261–292. 4096: 4077: 4044: 4025: 4000: 3956:(2): 683–685. 3933: 3877: 3824: 3794:hep-th/0312310 3787:(10): 105009. 3771: 3741:hep-ph/9809521 3734:(11): 116002. 3718: 3688:hep-ph/9703464 3665: 3641: 3594:(5): L73–L77. 3578: 3527: 3466: 3451: 3415: 3372: 3348: 3292: 3241: 3196:(5): 695–699. 3176: 3139:(1): 167–185. 3121: 3094: 3069: 3063:978-0750304054 3062: 3056:. p. 94. 3038: 3032:978-3642019623 3031: 3007: 3001:978-0618257355 3000: 2978: 2952: 2937: 2916: 2891: 2828: 2765: 2743: 2706: 2669: 2650:(1–2): 31–36. 2632: 2625: 2605: 2598: 2592:. p. 61. 2574: 2545: 2538: 2514: 2480:(24): 243602. 2455: 2448: 2418: 2370: 2325: 2270: 2215: 2172: 2152: 2123: 2089:(5): 481–484. 2064: 2020: 2015:Academic Press 1997: 1952: 1899: 1854: 1851:(23): 841–842. 1827: 1820: 1814:. p. 62. 1812:Addison Wesley 1798: 1791: 1767: 1760: 1736: 1705: 1687: 1681:978-0435628925 1680: 1659: 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435: 432: 424: 420: 416: 413: 408: 405: 399: 391: 387: 383: 380: 375: 372: 369: 363: 354: 276: 275:Closing speeds 273: 256: 253: 222: 219: 204: 203: 194:), leading to 172: 161:speed of light 149:Main article: 146: 143: 63:speed of light 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7215: 7214: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076:Magic realism 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952:Technological 6950: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6933:Transhumanism 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6908:First contact 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835:Psychological 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6806:Teleportation 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6786:Portable hole 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6612:Architectural 6609: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6508:Short stories 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Tähtivaeltaja 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5778:Space Western 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5763:Space warfare 5761: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5462:transatlantic 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5097:gr-qc/0009013 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5034:Nimtz, Günter 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4891:(1): 95–100. 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4595:Strassler, M. 4590: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4439:Cho, Adrian; 4436: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4318:(7): 072005. 4317: 4313: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4015:on 2004-04-05 4014: 4010: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3601:gr-qc/0009013 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3489:gr-qc/0207049 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359:SPIE Newsroom 3352: 3338:on 2011-12-18 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3315:(1–2): 1–69. 3314: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Laser Physics 3187: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3146:gr-qc/0107091 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2992:Mariner Books 2989: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2960:Odenwald, S. 2956: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2899:Hillmer, R.; 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2724:(1–2): 1–69. 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2288:(4): 047301. 2287: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2233:(1): 97–109. 2232: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039: 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1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1148:string theory 1145: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:João Magueijo 1076: 1072: 1071:Planck length 1068: 1064: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013:vacuum energy 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 932: 929: 925: 921: 918: 914: 913: 912: 910: 906: 903:traveling at 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 866: 863: 859: 853: 843: 841: 837: 833: 828: 827:Nicolas Gisin 823: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 786: 776: 773: 772:vacuum energy 769: 763: 753: 751: 746: 741: 731: 729: 725: 721: 716: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 681:epiphenomenon 678: 674: 670: 666: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 616: 614: 609: 608:event horizon 605: 600: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560:According to 553: 551: 547: 546:Gaussian beam 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 509: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:monochromatic 485: 481: 477: 473: 466: 460: 458: 450:Proper speeds 433: 430: 422: 418: 414: 411: 406: 403: 397: 389: 385: 381: 378: 373: 370: 367: 361: 352: 344: 343: 342: 340: 336: 333: = 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 286: 281: 272: 270: 266: 262: 252: 250: 245: 241: 236: 232: 228: 218: 215: 213: 209: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 165: 164: 162: 158: 152: 142: 140: 139:exotic matter 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 88: 86: 83:) may travel 82: 78: 74: 69: 64: 60: 56: 52: 51:communication 48: 44: 40: 36: 28: 22: 7106:Supernatural 6878:Afrofuturism 6791:Space travel 6700:Invisibility 6668:Energy being 6645:Terraforming 6625:Dyson sphere 6620:Colonization 6552:Australasian 6445:Film history 6226:Grand Master 5428:by top speed 5411:by top speed 5393:wheel-driven 5383:Land vehicle 5219: 5213: 5155: 5151: 5134: 5130: 5087: 5083: 5060: 5037: 5010: 5006:Kaku, Michio 4976:(1): 69–81. 4973: 4967: 4947:. Retrieved 4943: 4934: 4913: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4786:cite journal 4743: 4739: 4733: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4651: 4647: 4634: 4622: 4617: 4606:. Retrieved 4602: 4589: 4549:(1): 17–22. 4546: 4542: 4532: 4521:. Retrieved 4519:. 2011-11-20 4516: 4507: 4482: 4471:. Retrieved 4462: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4410: 4398:. Retrieved 4388: 4380: 4370: 4358: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4069:. Retrieved 4057: 4047: 4039:CERN Courier 4038: 4028: 4017:. Retrieved 4013:the original 4003: 3953: 3949: 3936: 3896:(1): 11–31. 3893: 3889: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3657:. Retrieved 3653: 3644: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3424: 3418: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3358: 3351: 3340:. Retrieved 3333:the original 3312: 3308: 3295: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3113:. Retrieved 3107: 3097: 3086:. Retrieved 3084:. 1997-08-18 3081: 3072: 3048: 3041: 3017: 3010: 2987: 2981: 2969:. Retrieved 2965: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2929: 2919: 2908: 2894: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2757:. Retrieved 2746: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2615: 2608: 2584: 2577: 2555: 2548: 2524: 2517: 2477: 2471: 2458: 2429: 2421: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2207:. Retrieved 2193: 2166: 2155: 2144:. Retrieved 2136: 2126: 2086: 2080: 2067: 2042: 2036: 2023: 2008: 2000: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1891:. Retrieved 1871: 1867: 1857: 1848: 1842: 1830: 1807: 1801: 1777: 1770: 1746: 1739: 1727:. Retrieved 1723: 1699: 1690: 1671: 1650:. Retrieved 1646:the original 1641: 1632: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1524:Space portal 1483: 1437: 1399: 1387: 1364: 1313: 1288:In 2007 the 1287: 1259:relativistic 1235:wavefunction 1215: 1196: 1184: 1172: 1141: 1135: 1104: 1086: 1060: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1016: 1010: 988: 972: 968: 964: 960: 952: 927: 904: 888: 878: 855: 824: 807:Alain Aspect 803:Nathan Rosen 788: 765: 749: 747: 743: 717: 707: 699: 693: 688: 684: 662: 641:microquasars 622: 601: 590: 570:Hubble's law 562:Hubble's law 559: 541: 534: 530: 522: 518: 512: 507: 499: 491: 479: 469: 464: 453: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 308: 290: 282: 278: 268: 264: 260: 258: 239: 231:Solar System 224: 216: 205: 191: 187: 179: 175: 168: 156: 154: 134: 114: 110: 108: 89: 84: 67: 42: 39:superluminal 38: 34: 33: 6964:AI takeover 6811:Time travel 6771:Inertialess 6761:Force field 6751:Black holes 6720:Prosthetics 6582:Live-action 6351:Translation 6346:Tour-Apollo 6221:Golden Duck 6123:Jules Verne 5989:Women in SF 5954:Conventions 5839:Libertarian 5802:Dying Earth 5773:Space opera 5741:Inner space 5652:Definitions 4850:: 129–133. 4498:1109.4897v2 4426:1109.4897v1 4219:: 288–297. 3840:: 191–197. 1486:plot device 1460:Petr Hořava 1444:time travel 1153:dark energy 942:time travel 881:time travel 785:EPR paradox 779:EPR paradox 645:Martin Rees 550:diffraction 235:light-years 100:time travel 59:information 43:supercausal 7161:Categories 7000:Spacecraft 6976:Holography 6842:Group mind 6821:Warp drive 6776:Multiverse 6766:Hyperspace 6655:Biological 6539:Television 6503:Publishers 6481:Literature 6380:Multimedia 6296:Prometheus 6231:Grand Prix 6146:Astounding 6010:Australian 5915:Dieselpunk 5880:Underwater 5679:Golden Age 5403:motorcycle 5361:Spacecraft 5016:Allen Lane 4949:2021-09-01 4724:2022/20737 4608:2023-08-24 4523:2023-08-24 4473:2011-11-18 4071:2023-08-24 4019:2011-09-26 3979:2022/18649 3659:2023-08-24 3554:1706.05252 3547:(3): 140. 3342:2010-06-08 3115:2009-05-27 3088:2009-05-27 2846:(1): 1–5. 2759:2017-06-07 2559:(Thesis). 2438:. p. 2209:2008-11-06 2146:2011-09-26 1970:(12): 42. 1893:2007-04-30 1874:(9): 618. 1576:Slow light 1478:See also: 1417:distortion 1222:superfluid 1124:warp drive 1050:attosecond 691:apparent. 667:, such as 586:coordinate 539:can exceed 115:subluminal 7019:Religious 6730:Symbiosis 6715:Parasites 6673:Evolution 6493:Magazines 6470:Tokusatsu 6251:Kitschies 6181:Deutscher 6139:and audio 6116:Cinematic 6070:Norwegian 6060:Hungarian 6020:Brazilian 5930:Steampunk 5925:Solarpunk 5898:Cyberpunk 5868:Tokusatsu 5851:Tech noir 5834:Christian 5812:Superhero 5703:Subgenres 5536:Endurance 5511:Aircraft 5457:submerged 5236:0018-9219 5165:1204.0810 5122:0264-9381 5042:Wiley-VCH 4998:250863474 4556:1203.3433 4325:0706.0437 4296:118152360 4271:1003.0657 4226:0906.4282 4197:119248001 4172:1108.0847 4144:118152708 4119:0912.4139 4066:0362-4331 3903:0801.0287 3847:0902.0994 3614:CiteSeerX 3461:118855372 3434:1003.3942 3410:122620657 3287:206515239 3228:1054-660X 3203:0706.0553 3054:CRC Press 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