3392:
collective ownership of farmland'. The village community remained the owner, controlling the terms on which land was contracted out and operated by peasant households. It endeavoured to ensure that farm households had equal access to farmland, while the village government obtained part of the
Ricardian rents from the land to use for community purposes. The Chinese government, through the communist party remained substantially in control of the de-collectivisation of farmland. Farmland was not distributed via a free market auction, which would have helped to produce a locally unequal outcome. Rather the massively dominant form was distribution of land contracts on a locally equal per capita basis
3215:: "The 1970s in Italy were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of far-left extra-parliamentary organizations, the presence of a militant far right movement, and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from sabotage and damage to property, to kidnappings and targeted assassinations, were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup."
733:
1768:. Two clear distinctions emerge: first, "education tends to statistically significantly lower chances of voting for radical right but increases the chance of voting radical left"; and second, radical-left voters tend not to share the social nationalism of the radical-right, instead having a socio-tropic, or other-regarding, bias based on the ideological concern for economic egalitarianism. Other characteristics may include
2351:
4999:
1382:. These anarchists endorsed many utopian ideas, but they emphasized the importance of revolution against and complete abolition of the state for a utopian society to exist. Bakunin argued that peasants rather than the working class should lead a socialist revolution, and he popularized calls to violence among the anarchist movement. Anarchist ideology spread to the Americas shortly after its development.
1008:, though it is occasionally considered far-left. Democratic socialism is sometimes used interchangeably with social democracy in political rhetoric, but is often used to describe political movements to the left of or following radical social-democracy. Communists may also identify as democratic socialists to contrast themselves with
1310:. Modern far-left politics can be traced to Europe and North America in the late 18th century, when industrialization and political upheaval caused discontent among the working class. Socialists were those who objected to the changing social and economic structures associated with industrialization, in that they promoted
1550:
caused many of the traditional sectors associated with communism to dissipate. Following Stalin's death, the workers of several
Eastern European countries staged revolutions against communist rule, which were suppressed by the Soviet military. Many of these countries were led by Stalinist rulers, who
1727:
While left-wing populist parties were in power in the 2010s, they were often forced to put aside their strong anti-neoliberalism and accept neoliberal policies, either proposed by their larger allies or imposed due to the international context. In Europe, the support for populist left politics comes
1601:
in 1949. As with the Soviet Union, the newly formed People's
Republic of China carried out purges of political enemies, killing millions of land owners. The peasants were not targeted, however, instead using them as a base of political support. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, China under the rule
1428:
Communism in early 20th century Europe often gained power in countries with significant polarization between segments of the population on an ethnic, religious, or economic basis, and in countries that were destabilized by war. It was less prominent in industrialized nations, where social democracy
1445:
from 1918 to 1921, setting the preservation of
Bolshevik power as the highest priority to assure the building of socialism as well as seeking to spread communist revolution to other nations. Some additional communist governments formed in Europe, but they lasted only months. Though the Bolsheviks
1404:
were increasingly recognized by national governments, socialist movements were divided on the role of the state. Some objected to the increase in the state's involvement, while others believed that the state was a stronger alternative to protect worker's rights than labor movements. Many of the
3391:
Farmland was 'de-collectivised' in the early 1980s. This was not followed by the establishment of private property rights in land. Because the CCP wished to prevent the emergence of a landlord class, it did not permit the purchase and sale of farmland. Still in 1994, the Party 'adhered to the
1481:
in the late 1930s, an interpretation of Lenin's revolutionary violence that saw hundreds of thousands of Stalin's opponents killed, often to be replaced by ambitious loyalists. By this time, MarxismâLeninism was seen as the definitive implementation of communism by most communists globally,
1649:
Communism was rapidly replaced between 1979 and 1992, in which eleven of the world's sixteen communist states were disestablished. By the 1980s, the Soviet Union moved away from ideas of international communism as such efforts came to be seen as too inconvenient. By 1988, Soviet leader
1341:, these writers objected to the existence of significant wealth, and Babeuf advocated a dictatorship on behalf of the people that would destroy those who caused inequality. Socialism was recognized as a coherent philosophy in the 1830s with the publications of British reformer
1645:
becoming the ruler of Cuba in 1959. Though he was not a communist, he aligned the nation with the communist movement to seek Soviet support. Many other nations adopted socialism distinct from
MarxismâLeninism during the Cold War, particularly in Africa and Latin America.
1489:
in the late 1930s, anarcho-syndicalists seized control of multiple regions in Spain, but this ended when the nationalist faction won the war. This, along with the rise of communism, ended the relevance of anarchism among the far-left globally after 1940. As
1666:
Of the five communist states that survived into the 21st century, three of them â China, Vietnam, and Laos â had restored private ownership and reintegrated with global capitalist markets although state and public control continued as well. For instance,
1675:
was established in 2004 as a pan-European political party for the far-left. The far-left parties during this time were rarely new creations, instead descending from earlier far-left parties of the 20th century. In 2012, the autonomous region
3539:
The radicalisms of both left and right share concerns about the
European Union, but they yield diametrically opposed attitudes about immigrationâwhere the radical left shows marked signs of cosmopolitanism and the radical right clear
2165:
875:
The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far left, other than being to the left of mainstream
1658:, and it remained relatively subdued during the 1990s. In many Eastern European countries, communist parties were banned by the new governments. In others such as Moldova, they saw continued electoral success.
4793:
el-Ojeili, Chamsy; Taylor, Dylan (September 2018). Cheng, Enfu; Schweickart, David; Andreani, Tony (eds.). "The
Revaluation of All Values: Extremism, The Ultra-Left, and Revolutionary Anthropology".
1173:, propose that socio-economic rights are at the far left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far left is to the left of the political left with regard to how parties or groups describe
1184:, opposing existing political and economic structures. Both anarchist and statist far-left ideologies may support disestablishment of traditional sociopolitical structures. They are opposed to
1477:
ended with Stalin taking power by 1928. Stalin implemented his ideology of
MarxismâLeninism, which reorganized society and created a cult of personality in his favor. This also entailed the
1243:. These ideas as a singular movement became less prominent in far-left politics as they were subsumed by green politics, but they are still disparately supported by many in the far-left.
1485:
Anarcho-syndicalism was developed as a form of anarchism in the late 19th century, and it grew popular around 1900. It remained relevant in far-left politics through 1940. During the
1270:
Societies resembling communist society have been postulated throughout human history, and many have been proposed as the earliest socialist or communist ideas. The ideas of
1223:
Communism has historically emphasized economics and class over social issues. In the 1970s and 1980s, far-left movements in
Western Europe were increasingly defined by the
3632:: "German detectives yesterday confirmed as authentic a declaration by the Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorist group that its struggle to overthrow the German state is over."
1551:
were forced out and replaced by the subsequent Soviet government. Yugoslavia distanced itself as a neutral communist nation, aligned with neither the East nor the West.
1494:
became more common, the traditional style of labor that anarcho-syndicalists objected to ceased to exist, preventing any significant resurgence in the movement.
1357:, developed the utopian socialist movement, and these utopian socialists established several communes to implement their ideology. Cabet responded to More's
1680:
in northwestern Syria established self-governance based on an anarchist direct democracy at the local level and a one-party state at the regional level.
3977:
3433:
4610:
994:
society in which every individual has access to basic necessities and in which prosperity and knowledge are shared. It is derived from ideas of
4166:
1728:
from three overlapping groups: far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats, and protest votersâthose who are opposed to their country's
1099:
Anarchism seeks to create an alternate form of society that excludes the state entirely. Anarchism incorporates elements of both socialism and
5031:
1286:, who attempted to create a social structure that resembled a communist society. Early examples of communist societies in fiction include
708:
1566:
by the end of the 20th century and became a centre-left movement. The association of
MarxismâLeninism with the Soviet Union also caused
1671:
argues that land in China was decollectivized but not privatized, with control of land remaining in the hands of the community. The
1570:
to be developed as a democratic communist movement in Western Europe, but it only briefly saw electoral success in the 1970s. In the
1515:
1482:
justifying the Great Purge as an effort to eradicate fascist infiltrators, with state censorship obscuring the Great Purge's extent.
1539:
761:
4483:"The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness"
884:
versus far-left politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context. Far-left ideologies often include types of
4962:
4765:
4662:
4576:
4557:
4435:
4410:
4378:
4305:
4280:
4252:
4132:
4088:
4052:
4016:
3943:
3911:
3854:
3814:
3778:
3742:
3715:
3677:
1554:
The New Left developed in Western Europe as an alternative to communism in the 1950s, taking positions on social issues and
4843:
1329:
first came into use in the early 19th century to describe the egalitarian ideas of redistribution promoted by writers like
1150:
713:
5449:
4328:"Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?"
5359:
5003:
3991:
2319:
Millard, Gregory; et al. (2021). "1.3.1 Relating Ideologies: The Left-Right Spectrum". In Vézina, Valérie (ed.).
1004:
is generally considered to be a reformist left-wing or radical-left ideology, and it has historically been considered
5344:
3886:
3384:
2654:
2377:
2334:
1441:
seized power, under the rule of Vladimir Lenin and his ideology of Leninism. The state ideology developed during the
1201:
786:
3644:: "The PL sought to overthrow the capitalist state in Italy and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat."
5024:
3660:"Section III: Terrorism in the Twentieth Century â Militant Organizations in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s"
1519:
1429:
maintained electoral success over communist parties. The first communist revolution took place in Russia, when the
718:
364:
4508:
4487:
2326:
1655:
1523:
5514:
3734:
1531:
938:
social-democracy and revolutionary action, instead seeking to enact change from within government, prioritize
1859:
1535:
1103:, and it was a prominent ideology among the far-left globally from 1900 to 1940. Anarchist movements include
369:
1878:
754:
157:
1802:
organizations were formed by members of existing political parties in the 1960s and 1970s, among them the
5509:
5369:
5017:
3903:
1898:
1465:, which restored market enterprise for smaller industries. After Lenin's death, a power struggle between
947:
4586:
2693:
FilipoviÄ, Miroslava; ÄoriÄ, Marija (2010). "The Left or the Right: Old Paradigms and New Governments".
1405:
former moved to anarchism, while many of the latter responded with the development of social democracy.
5504:
4646:
1672:
1610:
then grew in popularity as an alternative to Soviet-style communism. At the same time, North Korea and
700:
4109:
Katsourides, Yiannos (2020). "Radical Left". In Featherstone, Kevin; Sotiropolous, Dimitri A. (eds.).
2724:. The Challenge of the Extreme Right in Europe: Past, Present, Future. Birkbeck, University of London.
4178:
2406:
2074:
1330:
1274:
have been described as an early type of socialism. In medieval Europe, some philosophers argued that
681:
1546:
brought an end to communism's political influence in most of Western Europe, and the development of
793:. The term does not have a single, coherent definition; some scholars consider it to be the left of
5484:
418:
349:
17:
4004:
Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared
2679:
4549:
4154:
4116:
3983:
2646:
1708:, radical-left (between the far-left and social-democracy) or far-left. At the same time, in the
1594:
1547:
1397:
1116:
1050:
980:
826:
747:
373:
5314:
1888:
1883:
1375:
609:
4944:
3659:
2575:"Support for radical left ideologies in Europe: Support for radical left ideologies in Europe"
2574:
946:. Post-Soviet radical left-wing movements in Europe and the United States are associated with
5389:
5384:
5071:
4188:"What's Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left After 1989: Decline and Mutation"
3800:
2225:
1571:
651:
590:
545:
508:
359:
344:
305:
133:
113:
4124:
3933:
2671:
1696:, populist left-wing parties and politicians emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s as a
918:
and the inclusion of marginalized communities, while per March "the extreme left" denounces
5061:
3620:
3491:
Rooduijn, Matthijs; Burgoon, Brian; van Elsas, Erika J; van de Werfhorst, Herman G (2017).
1811:
1781:
1757:
1733:
1627:
1587:
1363:
1346:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1224:
1070:
1005:
1001:
881:
830:
646:
438:
245:
103:
83:
3442:, "Filling the vacuum? The trajectory of the contemporary radical left in Western Europe".
8:
5269:
5179:
5108:
5076:
4802:
4594:
2672:
2369:
1849:
1793:
1597:
had been active since 1921, but it did not seize power in China until its victory in the
1583:
1462:
1319:
1298:
1174:
1108:
1104:
1082:
976:
939:
686:
676:
671:
656:
636:
493:
315:
300:
175:
123:
5444:
5324:
5309:
5214:
5081:
5056:
5040:
4919:
4884:
4871:
4830:
4814:
4749:
4723:
4668:
4530:
4400:
4370:
4351:
4270:
4219:
4199:
3979:
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
3525:
3492:
2434:
2366:
Money, Enterprise and Income Distribution: Towards a Macroeconomic Theory of Capitalism
2253:
2102:
2055:
2006:
1830:. These groups generally aimed to overthrow capitalism and the wealthy ruling classes.
1773:
1749:
1705:
1579:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1371:, though his usage was unrelated to the ideologies that were later known as communism.
1303:
1288:
1205:
1181:
1138:
973:
951:
877:
870:
858:
842:
838:
641:
600:
535:
453:
265:
138:
68:
59:
2350:
5459:
5414:
5249:
5098:
4968:
4958:
4954:
4924:
4906:
4875:
4863:
4834:
4822:
4761:
4727:
4699:
4672:
4658:
4572:
4553:
4534:
4522:
4504:
4431:
4406:
4374:
4355:
4327:
4301:
4276:
4248:
4211:
4187:
4128:
4084:
4048:
4012:
3987:
3939:
3907:
3882:
3876:
3850:
3820:
3810:
3774:
3738:
3727:
3711:
3683:
3673:
3530:
3512:
3380:
2650:
2438:
2426:
2373:
2330:
2257:
2245:
2106:
2094:
2059:
2047:
2010:
1998:
1651:
1598:
1555:
1486:
1442:
1338:
1232:
1189:
1162:
1046:
943:
926:
political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly. Far-left politics is seen as
919:
458:
433:
43:
4223:
2722:
Politics, economics, and the far right in Europe: a social psychological perspective
5479:
5454:
5424:
5339:
5169:
5128:
5118:
4914:
4896:
4855:
4806:
4753:
4715:
4650:
4512:
4469:
4343:
4239:
4203:
4120:
3755:
3520:
3504:
3493:"Radical distinction: Support for radical left and radical right parties in Europe"
2702:
2594:
2586:
2418:
2320:
2237:
2086:
2037:
1988:
1917:
1893:
1854:
1819:
1769:
1753:
1638:
1563:
1511:
1466:
1389:
1197:
1193:
1166:
1165:
and advocate their dissolution. Some far-left groups also support the abolition of
1120:
1112:
1058:
1021:
984:
927:
915:
900:
810:
798:
595:
540:
522:
503:
488:
255:
190:
108:
4810:
4719:
2422:
2090:
2042:
2025:
1993:
1976:
1354:
5429:
5364:
5299:
5234:
4948:
4743:
4640:
4615:
4543:
4421:
4364:
4347:
4207:
4110:
4074:
4038:
4002:
3897:
3840:
3804:
3764:
3663:
1737:
1701:
1491:
1422:
1379:
1350:
1279:
1196:, supporting a total reformation of society and its functions. Proponents of the
1132:
1128:
1124:
991:
834:
794:
737:
666:
661:
581:
555:
550:
530:
468:
428:
423:
50:
4456:
Raufer, Xavier (OctoberâDecember 1993). "The Red Brigades: A Farewell to Arms".
4291:
1654:
had effectively abandoned communism. In Europe, the far-left declined after the
5409:
5394:
5354:
5304:
5219:
2638:
2241:
1922:
1761:
1745:
1729:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1559:
1507:
1236:
995:
790:
463:
413:
354:
220:
205:
4859:
4757:
4517:
4482:
4473:
5498:
5464:
5434:
5404:
5279:
5103:
4910:
4901:
4867:
4826:
4818:
4700:"Podemos: The Ambiguous Promises of Left-wing Populism in Contemporary Spain"
4654:
4526:
4215:
3516:
3508:
2430:
2249:
2098:
2051:
2002:
1717:
1713:
1689:
1631:
1623:
1611:
1567:
1474:
1334:
1311:
1228:
1078:
1017:
935:
334:
250:
240:
31:
3878:
What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times
3809:(E-book ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Center for Security Policy Studies.
2590:
5184:
4983:
4928:
4778:
4683:
4448:
4391:
4318:
4145:
4101:
4065:
4029:
3973:
3924:
3867:
3791:
3698:
3534:
2706:
1932:
1823:
1803:
1704:. These parties and movements are qualified by various observers as either
1642:
1575:
1527:
1503:
1470:
1458:
1454:
1401:
1315:
934:
socio-economic structure of society. Radical-left politics, rejecting both
569:
448:
408:
403:
339:
320:
185:
5439:
5419:
5399:
5349:
5294:
5229:
5224:
5189:
4496:
1815:
1668:
1619:
1478:
1434:
1342:
1307:
1293:
1240:
1158:
443:
393:
329:
325:
295:
230:
165:
4844:"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals"
4241:
Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?
3490:
2573:
Visser, Mark; Lubbers, Marcel; Kraaykamp, Gerbert; Jaspers, Eva (2014).
1732:
membership. European populist left politics share many of the values of
903:. Per Richard Dunphy, "the radical left" desires fundamental changes in
732:
5284:
5174:
4611:"Red Brigades announce end of their struggle to overthrow German state"
3932:
Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc (15 August 2013).
2599:
1927:
1912:
1864:
1807:
1615:
1603:
1438:
1278:
believed in shared ownership of property and that the hierarchy of the
1209:
1185:
1154:
1100:
931:
907:
904:
802:
290:
225:
215:
4945:"Part II: The Terrorists â Terror from Below: Terrorism by Dissidents"
3557:
1400:. As the state bureaucracy was developed in the late 19th century and
1053:
based on support for the communist society described the theories of
972:
are considered far-left. Socialism has historically been divided into
5319:
5274:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5133:
5123:
5009:
4711:
4465:
4427:
4339:
4297:
4080:
4044:
4008:
3770:
3669:
1827:
1693:
1385:
1283:
1213:
1170:
1094:
1054:
1042:
1033:
1013:
1009:
969:
963:
923:
911:
893:
889:
885:
854:
846:
818:
814:
627:
498:
270:
260:
180:
170:
1345:, who self-identified as socialist. Owen, as well as others such as
5474:
5469:
5244:
5239:
5113:
5066:
2170:
1799:
1765:
1741:
1626:, respectively. By the late 1970s, Maoism in China was replaced by
1543:
1425:. This movement saw its greatest prominence in the 1920s in China.
1318:
and that they created wealth for some but not for others, creating
1217:
1066:
850:
310:
235:
210:
200:
93:
4972:
3824:
3687:
2920:
2918:
1220:. This theory has received criticism, however, by many academics.
5289:
5194:
5154:
3849:] (in French) (paperback ed.). Paris, France: Larousse.
3586:
3584:
1683:
1393:
1062:
1037:
822:
195:
4745:
Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL
3098:
987:
is generally considered to be a centre-left socialist ideology.
5264:
5199:
4998:
4500:
3110:
2942:
2915:
2663:
2537:
2535:
2510:
2508:
2226:"Radicalism or Reformism? Socialist Parties before World War I"
1677:
1607:
1074:
398:
4805:
on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: 410â425.
3806:
Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism
3581:
2930:
2264:
3899:
Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration
2828:
2816:
2804:
2572:
2276:
1275:
1271:
3608:
3545:
3421:
3242:
3218:
3122:
3086:
2607:
2532:
2505:
2493:
1227:, which gave prominence to issues such as environmentalism,
1073:(which was distinct from both of its eponymous ideologies),
880:. As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of
27:
Political alignment on the extreme end of left-wing politics
3875:
Cronin, James E.; Shoch, James; Ross, George, eds. (2011).
2840:
2288:
1777:
1177:
on the base of existing social and political arrangements.
4609:
3766:
The Radical Left Party Family in Western Europe, 1989â2015
3626:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3002:
2990:
2224:
Marks, Gary; Mbaye, Heather A. D.; Kim, Hyung Min (2009).
1614:
were established as communist governments, triggering the
1506:
spread communism, directly and indirectly, to the rest of
1296:, which proposed a society without personal property, and
4420:
Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2009).
3322:
3320:
1461:, it responded to widespread hunger and poverty with the
4419:
3563:
3293:
3266:
3230:
3170:
3158:
3146:
2745:
2130:
2128:
1634:, which restored the private sector and market pricing.
1374:
Early anarchists emerged in the 19th century, including
3668:. Routledge Histories (1st ed.). London, England:
3569:
3469:
3457:
3283:
3281:
3026:
2881:
2879:
2794:
2792:
2762:
2760:
2481:
1413:
East Asian anarchism developed in the 1900s during the
4073:
Katsambekis, Giorgos; Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (2019).
4072:
3317:
3182:
2966:
2852:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2195:
2193:
2075:"Towards a Measurement of Extreme Left-Wing Attitudes"
899:
The radical-left is situated between the far-left and
3305:
2674:
Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort
2547:
2520:
2125:
1953:
1562:
developed as an offshoot of the New Left, but it was
1433:
emerged in 1917 amid political instability caused by
1045:
is an ideological group that seeks the creation of a
1020:, and they reject communism for its association with
4691:
4545:
European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents
4264:– via Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
3963:
3954:
3931:
3729:
The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda
3397:
3332:
3278:
3014:
2903:
2891:
2876:
2789:
2757:
2322:
Political Ideologies and Worldviews: An Introduction
2205:
857:
groups that attempt to realize their ideals through
4883:Kopyciok, Svenja; Silver, Hilary (6 October 2021).
4481:Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.).
3635:
3596:
3409:
3356:
3344:
3254:
3194:
3134:
2978:
2954:
2864:
2772:
2728:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2386:
2300:
2190:
2178:
825:, or are characterized as groups that advocate for
3726:
2619:
4786:
3445:
3206:
2140:
2113:
2026:"The ideological morphology of leftâcentreâright"
1977:"The ideological morphology of leftâcentreâright"
1282:was contrary to his teachings. This included the
797:, while others broaden it to include the left of
5496:
4040:Challenges to Democracies in East Central Europe
1141:is generally regarded as a right-wing ideology.
4792:
4152:
3874:
2270:
930:because it calls for fundamental change to the
4882:
4842:Chong, Dennis; McClosky, Herbert (July 1985).
4566:
4000:
3551:
3427:
3116:
3104:
3092:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2692:
2613:
2541:
2514:
2499:
2294:
2282:
2163:
1684:Emergence and positioning of the populist left
1502:The Soviet Union's influence during and after
5025:
4841:
4247:. Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
3801:"Post-War Italian Politics: Stasis and Chaos"
2223:
1582:as a revolutionary means and defense against
755:
4942:
4112:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics
1692:turn of European social-democracy under the
1450:was often used interchangeably at the time.
1208:as having more in common with each other as
4741:
4697:
4571:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
4366:SYRIZA: The Failure of the Populist Promise
4108:
4036:
3935:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies
3902:(paperback ed.). Manchester, England:
3762:
3463:
3439:
2719:
2669:
1514:. New communist governments were formed in
1367:. He is credited with first using the term
5032:
5018:
4943:Martin, Augustus; Prager, Fynnwin (2019).
4645:(paperback ed.). Cambridge, England:
4426:(hardback 2nd ed.). London, England:
4185:
4043:(1st hardback ed.). London, England:
4007:(1st hardback ed.). London, England:
2134:
1906:
1574:in Italy, far-left militants, such as the
1016:social democracy for its association with
785:, are politics further to the left on the
762:
748:
4918:
4900:
4516:
4153:Liebman, Marcel; Miliband, Ralph (1985).
3705:
3524:
3326:
3272:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3128:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3008:
2996:
2972:
2598:
2487:
2041:
2023:
1992:
1974:
801:. In certain instancesâespecially in the
4541:
4186:March, Luke; Mudde, Cas (1 April 2005).
3838:
3724:
3614:
3475:
2670:Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000).
2404:
2072:
1959:
1606:distanced itself from the Soviet Union.
1457:became one of the founding countries of
1417:, based on the ideas of Japanese writer
1027:
861:rather than using democratic processes.
4950:Terrorism: An International Perspective
4638:
4115:(hardcover ed.). Oxford, England:
4001:HlouĆĄek, VĂt; KopeÄek, LubomĂr (2010).
3972:
2720:Pavlopoulos, Vassilis (20 March 2014).
2363:
2318:
2024:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2 January 2023).
1975:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2 January 2023).
1306:, which proposed a society without the
809:has been associated with some forms of
14:
5497:
5039:
4748:(hadrback ed.). London, England:
4698:Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (March 2016).
4642:Antisemitism and the American Far Left
4585:
4455:
4423:Political Parties and Terrorist Groups
4398:
4325:
4289:
3961:
3895:
3733:(1st ed.). Berkeley, California:
3708:The Rise and Demise of World Communism
3641:
3602:
3564:Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2009
3311:
2909:
2897:
2870:
2858:
2783:
2637:
2579:European Journal of Political Research
2553:
2526:
2306:
2146:
2119:
2073:Jungkunz, Sebastian (2 January 2019).
5013:
4480:
4362:
4268:
4237:
4125:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825104.013.19
4037:Holzer, Jan; MareĆĄ, Miroslav (2016).
3952:
3798:
3590:
3486:
3484:
3451:
3415:
3403:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3299:
3287:
3260:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3140:
3020:
2984:
2960:
2885:
2798:
2766:
2751:
2739:
2625:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2405:McIntyre, Richard (2 November 2022).
2392:
2211:
2199:
2184:
1970:
1968:
1787:
1408:
1239:, and promoting the interests of the
4848:British Journal of Political Science
4402:Socialism: A Very Short Introduction
4369:(E-book ed.). London, England:
4296:(E-book ed.). London, England:
4079:(E-book ed.). London, England:
3964:Freeden, Sargent & Stears (2013)
3955:Freeden, Sargent & Stears (2013)
3769:(E-book ed.). London, England:
3657:
3575:
3379:. MACMILLAN PRESS LTD. p. 191.
2678:. New York: Guilford Press. p.
2159:
2157:
2155:
1843:
1838:
4542:Smaldone, William (8 August 2013).
4076:The Populist Radical Left in Europe
1780:, and in some cases a rejection of
1716:, populist movements formed around
1169:. Scholars, such as Luke March and
1151:redistribution of income and wealth
24:
4632:
4569:The Cambridge History of Socialism
3962:Franks, Benjamin. "Anarchism". In
3665:The Routledge History of Terrorism
3481:
2559:
2398:
1965:
1748:. They overlap in some areas with
1446:identified as communist, the term
968:Various courants and movements of
25:
5526:
4991:
4692:Radical left parties case studies
4458:Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
2152:
1700:, anti-globalist response to the
4997:
4885:"Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe"
3842:Dictionnaire de l'extrĂȘme gauche
3375:Nolan, Peter (9 December 1995).
2349:
1265:
1049:. Modern communism is a form of
731:
4704:Journal of Political Ideologies
4567:van der Linden, Marcel (2022).
4509:European Society of Criminology
4488:European Journal of Criminology
4326:March, Luke (September 2012b).
3953:Brown, Archie. "Communism". In
3651:
3368:
2713:
2686:
2631:
2357:
2327:Kwantlen Polytechnic University
2312:
2217:
2164:Cervera-Marzal, Manuel (2019).
2030:Journal of Political Ideologies
1981:Journal of Political Ideologies
1661:
1656:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1065:. Offshoots of Marxism include
1012:. Democratic socialists reject
5360:Openâclosed political spectrum
4795:International Critical Thought
4787:Radical left and radical right
4332:International Critical Thought
4293:Radical Left Parties in Europe
4272:Radical Left Parties in Europe
3735:University of California Press
2066:
2017:
1872:
1421:, who was in turn inspired by
1396:in the 1840s, which advocated
1204:identify the far left and the
13:
1:
5345:Leftâright political spectrum
4953:. Thousand Oaks, California:
4811:10.1080/21598282.2018.1506262
4720:10.1080/13569317.2016.1150136
4192:Comparative European Politics
3706:Breslauer, George W. (2021).
2643:Safire's Political Dictionary
2423:10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726
2271:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
2091:10.1080/09644008.2018.1484906
2043:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
1994:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
1946:
1202:leftâright political spectrum
864:
787:leftâright political spectrum
4936:
4742:Katsourides, Yannos (2016).
4639:Norwood, Stephen H. (2013).
4348:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777
4208:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052
3662:. In Law, Randall D. (ed.).
2230:American Sociological Review
2166:"Ălections europĂ©ennes 2019"
1879:Anarchism without adjectives
1192:. They may be classified as
1144:
1088:
990:Socialism seeks to create a
957:
7:
5370:Right-wing authoritarianism
3904:Manchester University Press
3763:Chiocchetti, Paolo (2016).
3710:. Oxford University Press.
1833:
1497:
1212:than each of them has with
714:Political parties by region
504:Party convention/conference
10:
5531:
4647:Cambridge University Press
3847:Dictionary of the far left
3552:HlouĆĄek & KopeÄek 2010
3377:China's Rise Russia's fall
2242:10.1177/000312240907400406
1791:
1673:Party of the European Left
1250:
1246:
1092:
1031:
961:
910:and progressive reform of
868:
701:Lists of political parties
29:
5377:
5332:
5257:
5207:
5142:
5090:
5047:
4860:10.1017/S0007123400004221
4758:10.1057/978-1-137-58841-8
4737:– via ResearchGate.
4518:10.1177/14773708211008441
4474:10.1080/10576109308435937
4233:– via ResearchGate.
4179:Marxists Internet Archive
4155:"Beyond Social Democracy"
3881:. Duke University Press.
3834:– via Google Books.
3725:Chaliand, GĂ©rard (2010).
2695:Serbian Political Thought
1578:, justified the usage of
709:Ruling parties by country
682:National unity government
4902:10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717
4655:10.1017/CBO9781139565806
4550:Rowman & Littlefield
4399:Newman, Michael (2005).
3896:Dunphy, Richard (2004).
3839:Cosseron, Serge (2007).
3593:, pp. 30â42, 48â59.
3509:10.1177/1465116517718091
1714:United States of America
1622:against South Korea and
1149:Far-left groups support
719:Banned political parties
419:Leader of the Opposition
387:Leaders and organization
350:Parliamentary opposition
30:Not to be confused with
4117:Oxford University Press
3984:Oxford University Press
3497:European Union Politics
2647:Oxford University Press
2645:. Oxford, England, UK:
2591:10.1111/1475-6765.12048
1595:Chinese Communist Party
1548:post-industrial society
1398:revolutionary socialism
1117:individualist anarchism
1051:revolutionary socialism
981:revolutionary socialism
827:revolutionary socialism
5315:Social justice warrior
4889:Frontiers in Sociology
4710:(2). London, England:
4464:(4). London, England:
4338:(3). London, England:
4198:(1). London, England:
4159:The Socialist Register
2707:10.22182/spt.2122011.8
2407:"Democratic Socialism"
2364:Smithin, John (2008).
2135:March & Mudde 2005
1889:Contemporary anarchism
1884:Collectivist anarchism
1376:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1200:interpretation of the
922:as a "compromise with
5515:Political terminology
5390:Democratic transition
5385:Anti-authoritarianism
5260:Political pejoratives
4290:March, Luke (2012a).
3799:Clark, Simon (2018).
1907:Communism and Marxism
1792:Further information:
1028:Communism and Marxism
869:Further information:
779:extreme left politics
652:Confidence and supply
509:Leadership convention
360:Official party status
316:Entrepreneurial party
5145:Political ideologies
5006:at Wikimedia Commons
4957:. pp. 189â193.
4803:Taylor & Francis
4269:March, Luke (2011).
4238:March, Luke (2008).
4119:. pp. 299â315.
3672:. pp. 297â314.
3658:Balz, Hanno (2015).
2370:Taylor & Francis
1782:European integration
1758:economic nationalism
1734:centre-left politics
1588:neo-fascism in Italy
1364:The Voyage to Icaria
1361:with his own novel,
1347:Henri de Saint-Simon
1331:François-Noël Babeuf
1261:History of anarchism
1257:History of communism
1253:History of socialism
1225:new social movements
1180:Far-left groups are
1002:Democratic socialism
831:communist ideologies
657:Consensus government
647:Coalition government
439:Parliamentary leader
246:Classical radicalism
5270:Champagne socialist
5180:Christian democracy
5109:Anti-Stalinist left
5093:Political positions
4595:Stanford University
4363:Mudde, Cas (2016).
4165:. London, England:
3617:, pp. 227â257.
3578:, pp. 297â314.
3428:van der Linden 2022
3302:, pp. 379â380.
3251:, pp. 164â166.
3227:, pp. 117â118.
3131:, pp. 95, 104.
3117:van der Linden 2022
3105:van der Linden 2022
3093:van der Linden 2022
2949:van der Linden 2022
2937:van der Linden 2022
2925:van der Linden 2022
2847:van der Linden 2022
2835:van der Linden 2022
2823:van der Linden 2022
2811:van der Linden 2022
2754:, pp. 172â173.
2614:van der Linden 2022
2542:van der Linden 2022
2515:van der Linden 2022
2500:van der Linden 2022
2295:van der Linden 2022
2283:van der Linden 2022
1850:Anti-Stalinist left
1794:Left-wing terrorism
1688:In reaction to the
1584:far-right terrorism
1542:. The onset of the
1463:New Economic Policy
1320:economic inequality
1299:The City of the Sun
1175:economic inequality
1109:anarcho-syndicalism
1105:classical anarchism
1083:anarchist communism
977:reformist socialism
940:equality of outcome
783:left-wing extremism
738:Politics portal
687:Rotation government
677:Minority government
672:Majority government
637:Parliamentary group
494:Leadership election
176:Christian democracy
5510:Political spectrum
5445:Anti-establishment
5310:Social imperialism
5215:Buddhist socialism
5210:Religious politics
5041:Political spectrum
4750:Palgrave Macmillan
4371:Palgrave Macmillan
4200:Palgrave Macmillan
3107:, pp. 20, 23.
2411:Rethinking Marxism
2372:. pp. 29â30.
1788:Far-left terrorism
1774:anti-globalization
1750:far-right politics
1580:political violence
1431:Russian Revolution
1415:Russo-Japanese War
1409:Early 20th century
1337:. Inspired by the
1304:Tommaso Campanella
1182:anti-establishment
1153:. They argue that
1139:Anarcho-capitalism
952:anti-neoliberalism
878:left-wing politics
871:Types of socialism
859:political violence
843:Far-left terrorism
839:anti-globalization
789:than the standard
642:Divided government
536:Crossing the floor
482:Internal elections
454:Party spokesperson
365:Single-issue party
60:Political Spectrum
5505:Far-left politics
5492:
5491:
5460:The Establishment
5415:Identity politics
5250:Religious Zionism
5004:Far-left politics
5002:Media related to
4964:978-1-526-45995-4
4955:SAGE Publications
4767:978-1-137-58840-1
4664:978-1-107-65700-7
4578:978-1-108-48134-2
4559:978-1-4422-0909-1
4507:on behalf of the
4505:SAGE Publications
4437:978-0-415-77536-6
4412:978-0-19-157789-5
4380:978-3-319-47479-3
4307:978-1-136-57897-7
4282:978-0-203-15487-8
4254:978-3-868-72000-6
4134:978-0-198-82510-4
4090:978-1-351-72048-9
4054:978-1-138-65596-6
4018:978-0-754-67840-3
3945:978-0-19-166371-0
3913:978-0-719-06804-1
3856:978-2-035-82620-6
3816:978-1-732-94780-1
3780:978-1-317-22186-9
3744:978-0-520-24709-3
3717:978-0-19-757969-5
3679:978-0-367-86705-8
3191:, pp. 37â38.
3119:, pp. 23â24.
3083:, pp. 91â92.
3071:, pp. 71â72.
3059:, pp. 63â67.
3047:, pp. 59â61.
3011:, pp. 51â53.
2951:, pp. 14â17.
2927:, pp. 19â20.
1943:
1942:
1844:Far-left politics
1812:New People's Army
1652:Mikhail Gorbachev
1599:Chinese Civil War
1556:identity politics
1487:Spanish Civil War
1443:Russian Civil War
1339:French Revolution
1190:liberal democracy
1163:social inequality
1047:communist society
944:equal opportunity
920:liberal democracy
795:communist parties
775:Far-left politics
772:
771:
618:
617:
434:Political faction
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
5522:
5480:Radical politics
5455:Communitarianism
5425:Authoritarianism
5340:Horseshoe theory
5170:Social democracy
5129:Radical centrism
5119:Centrist Marxism
5034:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5010:
5001:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4932:
4922:
4904:
4879:
4838:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4582:
4563:
4538:
4520:
4477:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4416:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4359:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4286:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4033:
4027:
4025:
3997:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3892:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3759:
3756:Internet Archive
3753:
3751:
3732:
3721:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3528:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3464:Katsourides 2020
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3440:Chiocchetti 2016
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2999:, p. 46â48.
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2939:, pp. 9â10.
2934:
2928:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2861:, pp. 7â11.
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2701:(1â2): 121â144.
2690:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2570:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1918:Centrist Marxism
1894:Egoist anarchism
1855:Communitarianism
1839:
1820:Red Army Faction
1776:, opposition to
1770:anti-Americanism
1639:Cuban Revolution
1512:Southeast Europe
1467:Nikolai Bukharin
1390:Friedrich Engels
1198:horseshoe theory
1167:private property
1121:anarcha-feminism
1113:social anarchism
1071:MarxismâLeninism
1059:Friedrich Engels
1022:authoritarianism
985:social democracy
928:radical politics
916:direct democracy
901:social democracy
811:authoritarianism
799:social democracy
777:, also known as
764:
757:
750:
736:
735:
575:
574:
541:Party discipline
523:Party discipline
489:Primary election
345:Opposition party
256:Social democracy
191:Environmentalism
65:
64:
39:
38:
21:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5430:Totalitarianism
5382:
5373:
5365:Pournelle chart
5337:
5328:
5300:Regressive left
5262:
5253:
5235:Christian right
5212:
5203:
5147:
5138:
5095:
5086:
5043:
5038:
4994:
4977:
4975:
4965:
4939:
4789:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4732:
4730:
4694:
4677:
4675:
4665:
4635:
4633:Further reading
4622:
4620:
4619:. 22 April 1998
4616:The Irish Times
4600:
4598:
4579:
4560:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4413:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4283:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4244:
4228:
4226:
4172:
4170:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3994:
3946:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3889:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3829:
3827:
3817:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3718:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3630:, 22 April 1998
3628:The Irish Times
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3387:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3318:
3314:, pp. 4â5.
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:, pp. 5â6.
2833:
2829:
2825:, pp. 4â5.
2821:
2817:
2813:, pp. 7â8.
2809:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2691:
2687:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:. p. 385.
2639:Safire, William
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2571:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:, pp. 1â2.
2281:
2277:
2273:, pp. 1â3.
2269:
2265:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2162:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2079:German Politics
2071:
2067:
2022:
2018:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1909:
1875:
1846:
1836:
1796:
1790:
1738:cosmopolitanism
1702:Great Recession
1686:
1664:
1500:
1492:mass production
1423:Peter Kropotkin
1411:
1380:Mikhail Bakunin
1351:Charles Fourier
1280:Catholic Church
1268:
1263:
1249:
1147:
1133:green anarchism
1129:queer anarchism
1125:black anarchism
1097:
1091:
1040:
1032:Main articles:
1030:
966:
960:
873:
867:
835:anti-capitalism
768:
730:
725:
724:
723:
703:
693:
692:
691:
667:Hung parliament
662:Grand coalition
631:
630:between parties
620:
619:
614:
605:
586:
572:
562:
561:
560:
556:Party switching
551:Party-line vote
531:Conscience vote
525:
515:
514:
513:
483:
475:
474:
473:
429:Minority leader
424:Majority leader
388:
380:
379:
378:
311:Catch-all party
285:
277:
276:
275:
160:
149:
148:
143:
118:
88:
62:
44:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5528:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5410:Green politics
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:Libertarianism
5392:
5387:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5355:Overton window
5352:
5347:
5342:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5305:Social fascism
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Christian left
5217:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4993:
4992:External links
4990:
4989:
4988:
4963:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4880:
4854:(3): 329â363.
4839:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4766:
4739:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4663:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4607:
4587:"Red Brigades"
4583:
4577:
4564:
4558:
4539:
4478:
4453:
4436:
4417:
4411:
4405:. OUP Oxford.
4396:
4379:
4360:
4323:
4306:
4287:
4281:
4266:
4253:
4235:
4183:
4150:
4133:
4106:
4089:
4070:
4053:
4034:
4017:
3998:
3993:978-0197519646
3992:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3944:
3938:. OUP Oxford.
3929:
3912:
3893:
3887:
3872:
3855:
3836:
3815:
3796:
3779:
3760:
3743:
3722:
3716:
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3650:
3647:
3646:
3634:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3503:(4): 536â559.
3480:
3478:, p. 304.
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3406:, p. 162.
3396:
3385:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3341:, p. 149.
3331:
3327:Breslauer 2021
3316:
3304:
3292:
3290:, p. 381.
3277:
3275:, p. 135.
3273:Breslauer 2021
3265:
3253:
3249:Breslauer 2021
3241:
3239:, p. 126.
3237:Breslauer 2021
3229:
3225:Breslauer 2021
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3179:, p. 154.
3177:Breslauer 2021
3169:
3167:, p. 153.
3165:Breslauer 2021
3157:
3155:, p. 151.
3153:Breslauer 2021
3145:
3133:
3129:Breslauer 2021
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3081:Breslauer 2021
3073:
3069:Breslauer 2021
3061:
3057:Breslauer 2021
3049:
3045:Breslauer 2021
3037:
3033:Breslauer 2021
3025:
3023:, p. 372.
3013:
3009:Breslauer 2021
3001:
2997:Breslauer 2021
2989:
2977:
2973:Breslauer 2021
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2888:, p. 366.
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2801:, p. 365.
2788:
2771:
2769:, p. 364.
2756:
2744:
2727:
2712:
2685:
2662:
2655:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2585:(3): 541â558.
2558:
2556:, p. 389.
2546:
2531:
2529:, p. 388.
2519:
2504:
2492:
2488:Breslauer 2021
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2397:
2385:
2378:
2356:
2335:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2236:(4): 615â635.
2216:
2214:, p. 172.
2204:
2189:
2187:, p. 202.
2177:
2151:
2139:
2124:
2112:
2085:(1): 101â122.
2065:
2016:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Left communism
1920:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1798:Many far-left
1789:
1786:
1762:Euroscepticism
1746:egalitarianism
1730:European Union
1722:Bernie Sanders
1710:United Kingdom
1685:
1682:
1663:
1660:
1560:Green politics
1524:Czechoslovakia
1508:Eastern Europe
1499:
1496:
1410:
1407:
1267:
1264:
1248:
1245:
1237:peace movement
1233:women's rights
1146:
1143:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1085:, and others.
1029:
1026:
996:egalitarianism
992:socially equal
962:Main article:
959:
956:
948:anti-globalism
866:
863:
791:political left
770:
769:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
741:
740:
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591:Dominant-party
587:
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567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
553:
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543:
538:
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511:
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501:
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491:
485:
484:
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472:
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466:
464:Shadow cabinet
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
414:Lead candidate
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
367:
362:
357:
355:Party of power
352:
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337:
332:
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318:
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221:Libertarianism
218:
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206:Green politics
203:
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183:
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168:
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161:
155:
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150:
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111:
109:Radical Centre
106:
100:
97:
96:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
75:
72:
71:
63:
58:
57:
54:
53:
51:Party politics
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5527:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5486:
5485:Triangulation
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Individualism
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:Revolutionary
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Progressivism
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5368:
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5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Liberal elite
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5246:
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5153:
5151:
5148:
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5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:Ultra-leftism
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5089:
5083:
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4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:. Routledge.
4274:
4273:
4267:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
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4050:
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4020:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3974:Gerstle, Gary
3971:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3937:
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3894:
3890:
3888:9780822350798
3884:
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3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3615:Chaliand 2010
3611:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3566:, p. 53.
3565:
3560:
3554:, p. 46.
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3476:Smaldone 2013
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3430:, p. 25.
3429:
3424:
3418:, p. 24.
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3386:0-333-62265-0
3382:
3378:
3371:
3365:, p. 72.
3364:
3359:
3353:, p. 45.
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3263:, p. 36.
3262:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3203:, p. 42.
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3143:, p. 41.
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3095:, p. 23.
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3035:, p. 56.
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2987:, p. 33.
2986:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2963:, p. 28.
2962:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2912:, p. 17.
2911:
2906:
2900:, p. 15.
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2742:, p. 35.
2741:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2658:
2656:9780199711116
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2616:, p. 24.
2615:
2610:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2544:, p. 20.
2543:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2517:, p. 18.
2516:
2511:
2509:
2502:, p. 10.
2501:
2496:
2490:, p. 11.
2489:
2484:
2478:, p. 18.
2477:
2472:
2466:, p. 19.
2465:
2460:
2454:, p. 94.
2453:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2395:, p. 16.
2394:
2389:
2381:
2379:9781134641871
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2338:
2336:9781989864241
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2202:, p. 10.
2201:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1962:, p. 20.
1961:
1960:Cosseron 2007
1956:
1952:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:Jeremy Corbyn
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1632:Deng Xiaoping
1629:
1625:
1624:South Vietnam
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:North Vietnam
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:Years of Lead
1569:
1568:Eurocommunism
1565:
1564:deradicalized
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:Joseph Stalin
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:KĆtoku ShĆ«sui
1416:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:Ătienne Cabet
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:John Thelwall
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:individualism
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:Early history
1262:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:animal rights
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:Eurocommunism
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:neoliberalism
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
979:and far-left
978:
975:
971:
965:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
745:
743:
742:
739:
734:
729:
728:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
697:
696:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
629:
624:
623:
611:
608:
607:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
583:
580:
579:
577:
576:
571:
570:Party systems
566:
565:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
519:
518:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
479:
478:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
384:
383:
375:
374:International
371:
370:Transnational
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
281:
280:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Republicanism
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:Progressivism
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
153:
152:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
95:
92:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:ultra-leftism
19:
5450:Collectivism
5379:
5334:
5259:
5209:
5185:Conservatism
5144:
5099:Post-leftism
5092:
5072:Centre-right
5051:
4984:Google Books
4982:– via
4976:. Retrieved
4949:
4892:
4888:
4851:
4847:
4798:
4794:
4779:Google Books
4777:– via
4771:. Retrieved
4744:
4731:. Retrieved
4707:
4703:
4684:Google Books
4682:– via
4676:. Retrieved
4641:
4621:. Retrieved
4614:
4599:. Retrieved
4590:
4568:
4552:Publishers.
4544:
4492:
4486:
4461:
4457:
4449:Google Books
4447:– via
4441:. Retrieved
4422:
4401:
4392:Google Books
4390:– via
4384:. Retrieved
4365:
4335:
4331:
4319:Google Books
4317:– via
4311:. Retrieved
4292:
4271:
4258:. Retrieved
4240:
4227:. Retrieved
4195:
4191:
4177:– via
4171:. Retrieved
4167:Merlin Press
4162:
4158:
4146:Google Books
4144:– via
4138:. Retrieved
4111:
4102:Google Books
4100:– via
4094:. Retrieved
4075:
4066:Google Books
4064:– via
4058:. Retrieved
4039:
4030:Google Books
4028:– via
4022:. Retrieved
4003:
3978:
3934:
3925:Google Books
3923:– via
3917:. Retrieved
3898:
3877:
3868:Google Books
3866:– via
3860:. Retrieved
3846:
3841:
3828:. Retrieved
3805:
3792:Google Books
3790:– via
3784:. Retrieved
3765:
3754:– via
3748:. Retrieved
3728:
3707:
3699:Google Books
3697:– via
3691:. Retrieved
3664:
3652:Bibliography
3637:
3627:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3538:
3500:
3496:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3390:
3376:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3329:, p. 1.
3307:
3295:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2975:, p. 3.
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2905:
2893:
2873:, p. 8.
2866:
2854:
2849:, p. 8.
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2786:, p. 6.
2747:
2721:
2715:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2673:
2665:
2642:
2633:
2628:, p. 8.
2621:
2609:
2582:
2578:
2549:
2522:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2388:
2365:
2359:
2342:24 September
2340:. Retrieved
2321:
2314:
2309:, p. 2.
2302:
2297:, p. 3.
2290:
2278:
2266:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2207:
2180:
2169:
2142:
2115:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1984:
1980:
1955:
1937:
1933:Post-Marxism
1860:Radical left
1824:Red Brigades
1804:CPI (Maoist)
1797:
1736:, including
1726:
1687:
1665:
1662:21st century
1648:
1643:Fidel Castro
1636:
1628:the ideology
1592:
1576:Red Brigades
1553:
1528:East Germany
1504:World War II
1501:
1484:
1471:Leon Trotsky
1459:Soviet Union
1455:Russian SFSR
1453:By 1922, as
1452:
1447:
1427:
1412:
1402:labor rights
1384:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1326:
1324:
1316:collectivism
1297:
1287:
1269:
1222:
1179:
1148:
1137:
1098:
1041:
1000:
989:
967:
898:
874:
845:consists of
829:and related
806:
782:
778:
774:
773:
610:Non-partisan
449:Party leader
409:Frontbencher
404:Caucus chair
340:Ruling party
321:Ethnic party
301:Cartel party
186:Conservatism
134:Centre-Right
114:Centre-Right
78:
42:Part of the
36:
5440:Reactionary
5420:Corporatism
5400:Syndicalism
5350:Nolan Chart
5295:Red fascist
5230:Muslim left
5225:Jewish left
5190:Nationalism
5062:Centre-left
4978:27 December
4895:: 666â717.
4773:21 November
4733:21 November
4678:19 November
4511:: 381â400.
4497:Los Angeles
4468:: 315â325.
4443:27 December
4386:21 November
4342:: 314â339.
4313:19 November
4229:21 November
4173:19 November
4140:21 November
4096:19 November
4060:19 November
4024:19 November
3919:19 November
3862:19 November
3830:28 November
3786:19 November
3750:19 November
3603:Raufer 1993
3312:Newman 2005
2910:Newman 2005
2898:Newman 2005
2871:Newman 2005
2859:Newman 2005
2784:Newman 2005
2600:2066/129529
2554:Franks 2013
2527:Franks 2013
2307:Newman 2005
2147:March 2012b
2120:Dunphy 2004
2036:(1): 1â15.
1987:(1): 1â15.
1816:Prima Linea
1752:concerning
1698:Eurosceptic
1690:neo-liberal
1669:Peter Nolan
1620:Vietnam War
1479:Great Purge
1435:World War I
1392:introduced
1343:Robert Owen
1308:family unit
1294:Thomas More
1241:Third World
1159:consumerism
1061:, known as
1006:centre-left
936:neo-liberal
882:centre-left
601:Multi-party
444:Party chair
394:Backbencher
330:Minor party
326:Major party
306:Competitive
296:Elite party
231:Nationalism
166:Agrarianism
104:Centre-Left
84:Centre-Left
5499:Categories
5285:Loony left
5175:Liberalism
4973:2018948259
4714:: 99â120.
4597:. May 2008
3825:2018955266
3693:3 December
3688:2014039877
3642:CISAC 2008
3591:Clark 2018
3452:Mudde 2016
3416:March 2011
3404:March 2011
3363:March 2011
3351:March 2011
3339:March 2011
3300:Brown 2013
3288:Brown 2013
3261:March 2011
3213:Rossi 2021
3201:March 2011
3189:March 2011
3141:March 2011
3021:Brown 2013
2985:March 2011
2961:March 2011
2886:Brown 2013
2799:Brown 2013
2767:Brown 2013
2752:March 2011
2740:March 2011
2626:March 2011
2476:March 2011
2464:March 2011
2452:March 2011
2393:March 2011
2212:March 2011
2200:March 2011
2185:March 2011
1947:References
1928:Trotskyism
1913:Autonomism
1865:Third camp
1808:Montoneros
1754:radicalism
1616:Korean War
1604:Mao Zedong
1540:Yugoslavia
1439:Bolsheviks
1251:See also:
1210:extremists
1186:liberalism
1155:capitalism
1101:liberalism
1010:Stalinists
932:capitalist
908:capitalism
905:neoliberal
865:Ideologies
803:news media
628:Coalitions
546:Party line
335:Mass party
291:Bloc party
266:Syncretism
226:Monarchism
216:Liberalism
158:Ideologies
124:Right-Wing
5320:Soft left
5275:Hard left
5165:Socialism
5160:Communism
5150:Anarchism
5134:New Right
5124:Third Way
5082:Far-right
4937:Terrorism
4911:2297-7775
4876:154330828
4868:0007-1234
4835:158719628
4827:2159-8282
4819:2159-8312
4728:147247286
4712:Routledge
4673:153120694
4535:234835036
4527:1741-2609
4466:Routledge
4428:Routledge
4356:154948426
4340:Routledge
4298:Routledge
4216:1740-388X
4202:: 23â49.
4169:: 476â489
4081:Routledge
4045:Routledge
4009:Routledge
3771:Routledge
3670:Routledge
3576:Balz 2015
3540:nativism.
3517:1465-1165
2439:253291157
2431:0893-5696
2417:: 24â35.
2258:144904504
2250:0003-1224
2107:158624439
2099:0964-4008
2060:256033370
2052:1356-9317
2011:256033370
2003:1356-9317
1899:Mutualism
1873:Anarchism
1828:Tupamaros
1706:left-wing
1694:Third Way
1510:and into
1448:socialist
1386:Karl Marx
1369:communism
1327:socialism
1325:The term
1284:Taborites
1218:moderates
1214:centrists
1206:far right
1171:Cas Mudde
1145:Positions
1095:Anarchism
1089:Anarchism
1055:Karl Marx
1043:Communism
1034:Communism
1014:Third Way
983:. Modern
974:left-wing
970:socialism
964:Socialism
958:Socialism
924:bourgeois
912:democracy
894:anarchism
890:communism
886:socialism
855:insurgent
847:extremist
819:communism
815:anarchism
596:Two-party
582:One-party
499:Open list
459:Secretary
271:Third Way
261:Socialism
181:Communism
171:Anarchism
139:Far-Right
69:Left-Wing
5475:Populism
5470:Hardline
5380:See also
5245:Islamism
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