191:
photograph, and scheduling an appointment with a classifier for evaluation. During the actual evaluation, the competitor may be accompanied by another person to assist them in communicating with the classifiers. If necessary, the person can also bring a translator. A medical assessment is then conducted. There are several status groups used by classifiers that assist in classification. This includes
Confirmed for competitors who have a visual impairment unlikely to change, Review for competitors who have vision that may fluctuate, New for competitors who have never been classified before, Not Eligible for competitors who have a visual impairment that is not severe enough and not likely to deteriorate in the future to the point where they could be eligible.
245:(IPC) attempted to move towards a more functional disability and evidence based system that does not rely on medical based classification. In 2003, the IPC made an attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation." It approved the classification at the IPC General Assembly in 2007 as part of the overall blind class group, but was still medically based despite changes in other disability types. IBSA was not prepared at the time to move towards a more functional classification system similar to that utilized by other disability groups and sports.
360:, the maximum number of vision impaired rowers in a boat is two. In blind cricket, three players in this class are required to be on the field at the same out of the eleven total players on the pitch. B2 batsmen have the option of having a runner. In judo, all three blind sport classes compete against each other, with competitors classified by weight for the purposes of competition. Weight classes use the international standards used in the Olympics. In IBSA sailing competitions, the three person boat can have a maximum of five points, and must include at least one female and one male sailor on the boat. In competitions run by
1924:
273:
1779:
38:
290:
429:
402:, a caller may be used. For runners in this class, using a guide is often a personal preference; some use guides only in practice, others only in competition, or both competition and practice, and some never use guides. When a runner is looking for a guide, they are encouraged to find one with a gait similar to their own, where a rope or tether may be used to connect the runner to the guide.
325:. Guides for B2 and B3 skiers often position themselves differently from for B1 skiers as the skiers in this class have some vision, which means the things a guide assists with will be different from what is required of a skier who has almost no sight. The guide may ski in front of the skier and use visual cues to inform the skier of what is ahead of them on the course. For
238:(ISOD) developed a blind classification system. Parallel to this, IBSA and national blind sport associations were developing their own classification system, with the IBSA one based on visual acuity in place by 1980. The rise of the IBSA classification system for blind sport meant the ISOD classification system failed to gain traction in blind sports competition.
126:(IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by IBSA although it is also handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.
276:
275:
281:
279:
274:
376:
The classification is used in other sports including blind golf and lawn bowls. While this classifications is open to five-a-side blind football, women are not eligible to compete at the
Paralympic Games. This classification is eligible to play goalkeeper but in some competitions is not allowed to be
373:
open to women. Eligible
Paralympic sports for this classification include adaptive rowing, athletics, cycling five-a-side football, goalball, judo, para-equestrian, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, and swimming. This classification is not eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games in archery.
233:
This classification traces its history to the early history of blind sport. There was a belief that those with vision impairment that was less severe had a competitive advantage over competitors who had more severe impairment. Classification was developed by the IBSA to insure more even competition
405:
At the elite level, guides are treated the same as the blind runner. Guides and runners must both use blocks for any race shorter than 400 metres (440 yd). In 400-metre (440 yd) races, the guide runs on the right side of the runner. For races of 800 metres (870 yd) or longer, a runner
263:
did not have specific classifications for competitors with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. Acknowledging membership needs, some rules had organically developed that looked like classifications based on rule modification for different disability types, including blind riders.
158:
which defined this classification as this classification as "Athletes with some partial vision or the ability to recognise the shape of a hand but have a field of vision less than five degrees." The
International Paralympic Committee defined this classification for alpine skiing as "From ability to
372:
On the
Paralympic level, a number of disability sports are not open to this classification or other visually impaired competitors including archery, basketball, boccia, curling, fencing, ice sledge hockey, powerlifting, rugby, shooting, table tennis, tennis, volleyball. Five-a-side football is not
190:
and judo. Part of being classified involves assessing vision for factors including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detections and visual field. When being assessed into this class by the IBSA, the process first includes the athlete filling out a consent form, submitting a
153:
defined this classification as "Up to approximately 3-5% functional vision." This classification is borrowed by some other sports, including blind golf who also define the class as "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2/60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees".
280:
293:
292:
298:
296:
291:
297:
385:
The B2 classification is used in athletics, where the equivalent athletics classification is "T12". Athletes in this class can generally perceive the lines on the track. At the 2008 Summer
Paralympics, classification assignment for this class was handled by the IPC.
278:
133:. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one.
295:
253:
1302:
207:
277:
294:
336:
For S12 classified swimmers, a tapper may stand on the pool deck to tap the swimmer as they approach the wall. The swimmer has to bring their own tapper, but having a tapper is optional. In blind
1267:
Trends and issues in Winter
Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
410:, the runner may use up to four different guides. The runner must finish ahead of the guide. In running, the guide attempts to match the running pattern of the runner, not the other way around.
1306:
623:
562:
356:
There are some rule differences for this class in competition that are sport specific and which differ from able bodied versions of the sport. In adaptive rowing's Coxed Four,
361:
214:
657:
194:
Classification is also handled on a national and by sport level. Australians seeking classification for blind sports can be classified by an IBSA classifier or an
1906:
1758:
149:
1.50 to 2.60 (inclusive) and/or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees." It thus falls between the B1 and B3 classifications. The
235:
807:
79:
1.50 to 2.60 (inclusive) and/or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees." It is used by a number of blind sports including
506:
1005:
225:(FEI). Swimming classification is handled by IPC Swimming, while in athletics, classification assignment for this class is handled by the IPC.
129:
Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and
406:
may use up to two guides, but the course officials must be informed of any decision to use more than one guide in advance of the race. In the
1436:
629:
568:
778:
222:
1899:
1751:
122:
The B2 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the
1198:
285:
B2 classified
Canadian skier Viviane Forest and guide Chloe Lauzon-Gauthier in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013
96:
306:
Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks. For blind
248:
In some cases, non-Paralympic, non-IBSA affiliated sports have developed their own classification systems. This is the case with
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1667:
1512:
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939:
905:
871:
755:
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458:
142:
72:
1892:
1744:
17:
1571:
302:
B2 classified
Spanish skier Jon Santacana and guide Miguel Galindo in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013
689:
264:
These included allowing blind riders, when they reached a marker, being given an auditory signal to inform them of this.
260:
242:
123:
1938:
1933:
1632:
599:
195:
155:
56:
538:
218:
150:
484:
213:
Not all sports use IBSA classifiers. For adaptive rowing, classification assignment may be handled by the
159:
recognise the shape of a hand up to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5 degrees."
364:, this class sometimes competes only against other boats with where all the sailors are in this class.
1012:
510:
241:
The IBSA classification system has largely remained unchanged since it was put in place, even as the
317:
by people in this class is dependent on the specific requirements of the sport. Guides are used in
1443:
414:
1132:"Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3.
310:, archers in this class use a tactile sighting device and must not be able to use a bow sight.
1396:
1329:
1232:
1165:
1150:
963:
895:
782:
745:
1657:
715:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1845:
256:. At that time, four classifications existed and were the same as the IBSA for this class.
183:
171:
539:
Australian Sports
Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990).
8:
2013:
2003:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1280:
1081:
394:
In athletics, competitors have the option of using a guide. For field events such as the
199:
68:
64:
31:
1468:
1202:
628:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 27. Archived from
642:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
322:
318:
84:
80:
1601:
1490:
1085:
1663:
1638:
1628:
1542:
1402:
1335:
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969:
935:
901:
867:
751:
605:
595:
544:
541:
The development of a policy: Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3-5, 1990
162:
This classification has parallels in other sports. The comparative classification in
112:
206:. In the United States, governance related to this classification is handled by the
1694:
1107:
692:. New South Wales, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
564:
Australian team media guide: 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002
345:
116:
42:
1516:
1366:
693:
141:
B2 is a disability sport classification for people who are visually impaired. The
1163:
1041:
929:
861:
163:
154:
Para-alpine skiing sport specific versions of this definition include one by the
108:
104:
863:
Adapted Physical Activity, Recreation, and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan
170:. In equestrian, Grade 4 is equivalent to B2. The B2 equivalent for swimming is
330:
198:
vision impairment classifier. In the United Kingdom, blind sport is handled by
1736:
1327:
63:
sport. Competitors in this classification have vision that falls between the
2030:
1884:
1642:
609:
548:
434:
314:
203:
182:
IBSA handles classification for a number of sports internationally including
88:
1719:
835:
454:
1767:
1575:
1265:
i Marcet, Pau Serracanta (1998). "Blind Skiing". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
961:
543:. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled.
146:
76:
1923:
567:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from
326:
30:
This article is about the parasports classification. For other uses, see
1269:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 19–22.
329:
in this class, a guide is used with the guide sitting at the front of a
249:
92:
53:
417:, sighted guides in athletics were awarded medals for the first time.
1778:
1039:
927:
395:
130:
60:
1201:. United Kingdom: British Blind Sport Archery. 2013. Archived from
658:"Rowing Australia: Adaptive Rowing Classification Application Form"
407:
254:
Australian Open Golf Tournament for the Blind and Visually Impaired
187:
145:(IBSA) defines this classification as "visual acuity ranging from
100:
75:(IBSA) defines this classification as "visual acuity ranging from
37:
1230:
743:
341:
337:
307:
1598:"2002 New Zealand Blind Sport National Lawn Bowls Championships"
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1394:
893:
747:
Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete
399:
357:
167:
1164:
Marc R. Safran; Douglas B. McKeag; Steven P. Van Camp (1998).
1976:
1971:
252:, where a classification existed by 1990 and was used at the
739:
737:
735:
733:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1328:
Monica, Lepore; G. William Gayle; Shawn F. Stevens (2007).
1011:. China: International Paralympic Committee. Archived from
234:
across the different bands of visual acuity. In 1976, the
1981:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1305:. United Kingdom: Action for Blind People. Archived from
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
730:
962:
Nesta Wiggins-James; Rob James; Graham Thompson (2005).
1722:. Germany: International Paralympic Committee Athletics
1303:"Guide to visually impaired Paralympics classification"
781:. International Blind Sports Federation. Archived from
499:
1600:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1515:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1398:
Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind
1381:
1365:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1217:
1035:
1033:
955:
897:
Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind
813:. International Paralympic Committee. 2012. p. 13
509:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
1295:
1006:"Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Classification Guide"
744:
Yves Vanlandewijck; Walter Thompson (13 July 2011).
424:
1539:"BSI Blind Sailing International| Eligibility"
1110:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
1030:
663:. Australia: Rowing Australia. 2012. Archived from
594:. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 208.
479:
477:
475:
1627:. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 18.
1331:Adapted Aquatics Programming: A Professional Guide
1170:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 197.
887:
708:
236:International Sports Organization for the Disabled
859:
802:
800:
2028:
1625:Against the odds : New Zealand Paralympians
1157:
1040:Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995).
928:Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995).
921:
534:
532:
530:
528:
472:
1766:
1714:
1712:
1566:
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1562:
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1321:
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855:
853:
652:
650:
648:
215:Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron
1914:
1683:
1483:
1461:
1258:
1237:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 530–531.
1072:
1070:
797:
1900:
1752:
1693:. Ireland: Irish Blind Sports. Archived from
1541:. Blind Sailing International. Archived from
1231:Gregory S. Kolt; Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007).
555:
525:
1709:
1655:
1649:
1557:
1442:. England: England Athletics. Archived from
850:
830:
828:
645:
208:United States Association for Blind Athletes
1590:
1127:
1125:
1100:
1067:
682:
1907:
1893:
1759:
1745:
1531:
1395:Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008).
1355:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
894:Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008).
592:Against the odds: New Zealand Paralympians
1616:
1505:
825:
616:
583:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1264:
1234:Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise
1122:
771:
288:
271:
36:
1662:. HarperCollins Australia. p. 48.
1191:
989:
838:. International Blind Sports Federation
808:"Paralympic Games Classification Guide"
14:
2029:
1574:. Paralympics GB. 2012. Archived from
449:
447:
445:
1888:
1740:
1437:"Running & Sprinting with Guides"
1422:
1046:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 45.
934:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 37.
459:International Blind Sports Federation
202:, which is recognised nationally by
143:International Blind Sports Federation
73:International Blind Sports Federation
45:is a B2 classified Paralympic athlete
1622:
589:
1334:. Human Kinetics 10%. p. 264.
442:
24:
485:"A-Z of Paralympic classification"
261:Equestrian Federation of Australia
243:International Paralympic Committee
223:Fédération Équestre Internationale
124:International Paralympic Committee
119:, have equivalents to this class.
25:
2048:
1939:Para-Nordic skiing classification
1934:Para-alpine skiing classification
1493:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1471:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1283:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
718:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1922:
1777:
1656:Rob Matthews (1 February 2010).
427:
221:(UCI), para-equestrian, by the
196:Australian Paralympic Committee
156:Australian Paralympic Committee
27:Blindness sports classification
625:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
13:
1:
779:"IBSA Medical Classification"
507:"Winter Sport Classification"
420:
219:Union Cycliste Internationale
177:
151:Canadian Paralympic Committee
136:
2037:Blind sports classifications
380:
344:have the option of having a
267:
7:
1078:"Sight Classification Form"
866:. McGraw-Hill. p. 70.
362:Blind Sailing International
10:
2053:
1915:Para-skiing classification
968:. Heinemann. p. 237.
860:Claudine Sherrill (2004).
228:
107:. Some sports, including
29:
1947:
1929:
1920:
1815:
1784:
1775:
1572:"Want to Get Into Sports"
1401:. Springer. p. 690.
900:. Springer. p. 689.
750:. John Wiley & Sons.
389:
367:
1108:"Classification History"
487:. BBC Sport. 4 June 2003
351:
415:2012 Summer Paralympics
217:(FISA), cycling by the
1084:. 2009. Archived from
303:
286:
46:
1623:Gray, Alison (1997).
1199:"Shooting Categories"
590:Gray, Alison (1997).
301:
284:
40:
184:five-a-side football
97:five-a-side football
18:F12 (classification)
1082:British Blind Sport
696:on 7 September 2015
200:British Blind Sport
52:is a medical based
1545:on 12 January 2010
1080:. United Kingdom:
323:para-Nordic skiing
304:
287:
85:para-Nordic skiing
81:para-alpine skiing
47:
2022:
2021:
1882:
1881:
1720:"About the Sport"
1669:978-0-7304-0082-0
1408:978-1-84628-867-8
1341:978-1-4504-0723-6
1244:978-0-443-10351-3
1177:978-0-7817-1222-4
1145:Missing or empty
1053:978-0-7506-1578-5
975:978-0-435-49930-3
941:978-0-7506-1578-5
907:978-1-84628-867-8
873:978-0-697-29513-2
785:on 11 August 2011
757:978-1-4443-4828-6
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16:(Redirected from
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455:"Classification"
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377:a field player.
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43:Jade Etherington
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1167:Sports Medicine
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313:The use of a
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319:para-alpine
1549:21 October
1363:"Swimming"
1147:|url=
421:References
250:blind golf
178:Governance
137:Definition
131:clapsticks
93:blind golf
69:B3 classes
54:Paralympic
41:Britain's
1842:Athletics
1643:154294284
1513:"Sailing"
1281:"Cycling"
789:3 October
636:2 October
610:154294284
575:2 October
549:221061502
517:3 October
396:long jump
381:Athletics
268:Equipment
210:(USABA).
113:athletics
2031:Category
1860:Swimming
1726:14 April
1675:14 April
1608:14 April
1582:14 April
1523:14 April
1497:14 April
1475:14 April
1469:"Rowing"
1453:14 April
1414:14 April
1373:14 April
1347:14 April
1313:14 April
1287:14 April
1250:14 April
1209:14 April
1183:14 April
1138:cite web
1092:14 April
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1022:14 April
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913:14 April
879:14 April
817:14 April
763:14 April
722:14 April
464:14 April
408:marathon
327:cyclists
188:goalball
117:swimming
101:goalball
1788:General
1114:30 July
700:18 June
674:19 June
491:11 June
413:At the
342:batsmen
338:cricket
308:archery
229:History
1833:LTA-B3
1828:LTA-B2
1823:LTA-B1
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1491:"Judo"
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400:discus
390:Guides
368:Sports
346:runner
168:LTA-B2
147:LogMAR
77:LogMAR
71:. The
1977:LW6/8
1972:LW5/7
1838:LTA4+
1701:9 May
1447:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
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668:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
358:LTA4+
352:Rules
340:, B2
61:blind
1997:LW12
1992:LW11
1987:LW10
1728:2013
1703:2014
1677:2013
1664:ISBN
1639:OCLC
1629:ISBN
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545:OCLC
519:2012
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321:and
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