Paralympic Games - Knowledge

1210:"Spirit in Motion" is the current motto for the Paralympic movement. The current Paralympic flag is used since 2020 and contains three colours, red, blue, and green, which are the colours most widely represented in the flags of nations. The colours are each in the shape of an Agito (which is Latin for 'I move/I shake/I stir'), which is the name given to an asymmetrical crescent specially designed for the Paralympic movement. The three Agitos circle a central point, which is a symbol for the athletes congregating from all points of the globe. The motto and symbol of the IPC were changed in 2003 to their current versions. The change was intended to convey the idea that Paralympians have a spirit of competition and that the IPC as an organization realizes its potential and is moving forward to achieve it. The vision of the IPC is, "To enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and to inspire and excite the world." The Paralympic anthem is "Hymne de l'Avenir" or "Anthem of the Future". It was composed by 2070:(IPC) called on the Spanish National Paralympic Committee to launch an investigation. The investigation uncovered several Spanish athletes who had flouted the ID rules. In an interview with the president of the federation that oversees ID competition, Fernando Martín Vicente admitted that athletes around the world were breaking the ID eligibility rules. The IPC responded by starting an investigation of its own. The results of the IPC's investigation confirmed the Spanish athlete's allegations and also determined that the incident was not isolated to the basketball ID event or to Spanish athletes. As a result, all ID competitions were suspended indefinitely. The ban was lifted after the 2008 Games after work had been done to tighten the criteria and controls governing admission of athletes with intellectual disabilities. Four sports, swimming, athletics, table tennis and rowing, were anticipated to hold competitions for ID athletes at the 1284: 1228: 1165: 2607: 1973: 11702: 3287: 3010: 3331: 3298: 3257: 3181: 3103: 3021: 2943: 1045: 2821: 2318: 2977: 1730: 3455: 2854: 4448: 1432: 3055: 2415: 11464: 1964:

resulted in lower limb paresis, would not compete in the same wheelchair race as an athlete with a double above-knee amputation. The fact that their disability caused the same impairment did not factor into classification determination, the only consideration was their medical diagnosis. It was not until views on disabled athletics shifted from just a form of rehabilitation to an end in itself, that the classification system changed from medical diagnosis to a focus on the functional abilities of the athlete.

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European broadcast companies to distribute coverage to as many markets as possible. The Games were also webcast for the first time. Because of these efforts, the Sydney Paralympics reached a global audience estimated at 300 million people. Also significant was the fact that the organizers did not have to

1250:. The Opening ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. Immediately after the welcome act and the host country anthem and hosting their flag the "Parade of Nations" starts with the athletes into the stadium grouped by nation. Since the 1963:

From its inception until the 1980s, the Paralympic system for classifying athletes consisted of a medical evaluation and diagnosis of impairment. An athlete's medical condition was the only factor used to determine what class they competed in. For example, an athlete who had a spinal cord injury that

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The 2000 Paralympics represented a significant increase in global media exposure for the Paralympic Games. A deal was reached between the Sydney Paralympic Organizing Committee (SPOC) and All Media Sports (AMS) to broadcast the Games internationally. Deals were reached with Asian, South American, and

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Television broadcasts of Paralympic Games began in 1976, but this early coverage was confined to tape-delayed broadcasts to one nation or region. At the 1992 Summer Paralympics, there were 45 hours of live coverage but it was available only in Europe. Other countries broadcast highlight packages

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While the charter is silent on discrimination specifically related to disability; given the language in the charter regarding discrimination it is reasonable to infer that discrimination on the basis of disability would be against the ideals of the Olympic Charter and the IOC. This is also consistent

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Protocolary segments are held with the speeches given, formally opening the games. After the opening declaration, the Paralympic flag enters the stadium and is hosted along with the Paralympic Anthem, aside from the host country flag, and the oaths by athletes, coaches, and judges are taken. Finally,

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While there is no clear date when the shift occurred, a functional classification system became the norm for disabled athletic classification in the 1980s. In a functional system, the focus is on what effect the athlete's impairment has on his or her athletic performance. Under this system, athletes

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A number of advocacy groups globally have been lobbying for the inclusion of a distinct classification category for Down syndrome swimmers within the IPC Classification Codes framework. Initiatives aimed at promoting greater inclusivity within the Paralympic movement have emerged, including advocacy

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The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play....Any form of discrimination with regard to

947:, who was also Chairman of the International Social Security Association. Four hundred athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the same year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially open only to athletes in wheelchairs; at the 2077:

The Paralympics have also been tainted by steroid use. At the 2008 Games in Beijing, three powerlifters and a German basketball player were banned after having tested positive for banned substances. This was a decrease in comparison to the ten powerlifters and one track athlete who were banned from

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and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour. The IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the disability group Intellectual Disability has been added to some Paralympic Games. This includes only elite athletes with intellectual disabilities diagnosed before the age of 18.

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race. Even though all athletes are given equal opportunities to participate in these events, such as the 400 meter race, there has been growing criticism that the games may not be fair to all athletes. For example, athletes running a race with a left prosthetic leg may be disadvantaged compared to

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of the gold medalist is played. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers. For every Paralympic event, the respective medal ceremony is held, at most, one day after the event's

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Unlike the Olympic Games, English is the official language of the Paralympic movement. The other languages used at each Paralympic Games are the official languages of the host country or host region. Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the

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basketball player alleged that several members of the gold medal-winning Spanish basketball team with intellectual disabilities (ID) did not have disabilities. He claimed that only two athletes out of the twelve-member team met the qualifications of an athlete with an intellectual disability. A

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as the sole representative of a Paralympic Sport. International Federations responsibilities include technical jurisdiction and guidance over the competition and training venues of their respective sports during the Paralympic Games. The IPC also recognizes media partners, certifies officials,

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intellectual impairment category (provided they score low in IQ tests), they are often outmatched by the superior physicality of their opponents. At present there is no designated Paralympic category for swimmers with Down syndrome, meaning they have to compete as intellectually disadvantaged

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Within the disability categories, athletes are further divided into Sport Classes according to the degree of activity limitation resulting from their impairments; this aims to minimise the impact of an athlete's impairment on their sporting performance against their rivals. Sport Classes are

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The IPC has established ten disability categories, including physical, visual, and intellectual impairment. Athletes with one of these disabilities can compete in the Paralympics, though not every sport can allow for every disability category. These categories apply to both Summer and Winter

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Starting at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, recent games have also been supported by contributions from major sponsors. Unlike the Olympics, where the IOC mandates that arenas be clean of sponsor logos, the Paralympics do allow the logos of official sponsors to be displayed inside arenas and on

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A medals ceremony is held after the conclusion of each Paralympic event. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum when they are awarded their respective medal by an IPC member. The national flags of the medalists are then raised while the

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The Paralympic Games were designed to emphasize the participants' athletic achievements and not their disability. Recent games have emphasized that these games are about ability and not disability. The movement has grown dramatically since its early days – for example, the number of athletes

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These early competitions have been described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games, and Stoke Mandeville holds a similar place in the history of the Paralympic movement as Greece holds in the Olympic Games; since 2012, the Paralympic flame has incorporated a "heritage flame" lit at Stoke

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The IPC have been working with WADA since 2003, to ensure compliance with WADA's anti-doping code among its Paralympic athletes. The IPC has also promised to continue increasing the number of athletes tested at each of its Games, in order to further minimize the possible effect of doping in

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and awareness-raising efforts targeting discrimination and ensuring equal opportunities for athletes with Down syndrome. Despite ongoing advocacy, the issue remains unresolved, and swimmers with Down syndrome continue to face challenges in accessing appropriate classification pathways.

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is only for visually impaired athletes. The Paralympics recognizes three different grades of visual impairment, consequently all competitors in goalball must wear a visor or "black out mask" so that athletes with less visual impairment will not have an advantage. Other sports, like

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tested positive for a banned substance and was suspended for six months by the IPC. He was removed from the rest of the curling competition but his team was allowed to continue. The 54-year-old curler said his doctor had prescribed a medication on the banned substances list.

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holds the record for the most medals ever won at the Winter Paralympic Games. Competing in a variety of events between 1988 and 2002, she won a total of 22 medals, of which 17 were gold. After winning five gold medals at the 2002 Games she retired at the age of 58.

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in the Paralympic Games. While the Paralympic movement strives for inclusivity, the absence of a specific classification for athletes with Down syndrome within Paralympic swimming events raises questions about equal and fair competition for Down syndrome athletes.

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In China, the (Paralympic) Games were really a transformation tool for changing attitudes across the board in China towards people with disability, to building accessibility facilities in the city, to changing laws to allow people with a disability to be part of

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athletes with visual impairments compete in three Sport Classes from S/SB11 to S/SB13, with S/SB11 athletes having a very low light acuity and/or no light perception, and S/SB13 athletes having the least severe visual impairment eligible for Paralympic sport.

3947: 1522:, the Paralympics had been slower to develop a consistent mainstream media presence. In June 2023, IPC executives noted that interest in the Paralympics had been improving among broadcasters, citing that that it had already reached rights deals for the 889:, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Guttman's aim was to create an elite sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were held at the same location each year, and in 1952 1984:

with total loss of function in their legs will compete together in most sports, because their functional loss is the same and the reason for the loss is immaterial. The only exception to the functional system is the classification format used by

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The closing ceremony of the Paralympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. The

5932: 3512:, marking the first time that the Paralympic Games has been postponed. They are still called the 2020 Summer Paralympics, even with the change in scheduling to one year later. The Games were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021. 750:, there are several categories in which they compete. The allowable disabilities are divided into ten eligible impairment types: impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, 2022:

has downhill, super combined, super-G, slalom, giant slalom. The IPC has governance over several of the sports but not all of them. Other international organizations, known as International Sports Federations (IF), notably the

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for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team. Beginning in 2012, these guides along with sighted

951:, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries. 1331: 1667:, British Columbia, Canada, triggered additional accessibility of buildings, sidewalks and public spaces. 23 percent of employers said the Games had increased their willingness to hire people with disabilities. 1258:

the Paralympic flame is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier—often a Paralympic athlete from the host nation—who lights the Paralympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.

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for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team, and both athletes are medal candidates.

1138:(IOC). Delegates of the IPC are also members of the IOC and participate on IOC committees and commissions. The two governing bodies remain distinct, with separate Games, despite the close working relationship. 5814: 1378:

in London, England, that, "We want to change public attitudes towards disability, celebrate the excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the two Games are an integrated whole."

5954: 1748:(IPC) has established ten disability categories. Athletes are divided within each category according to their level of impairment, in a functional classification system which differs from sport to sport. 1406:. This led the media to highlight the contrast between the achievements of the country's Olympic and Paralympic delegations, despite the greater attention and funding awarded to the Olympic athletes. The 6060: 4362: 943:. They were the brainchild of Antonio Maglio, a friend and follower of Guttmann and were financed almost entirely by Maglio's employer, the Workers National Accident Insurance Fund of Italy, then led by 5792: 7883: 6178: 4640: 4999: 2098:". Athletes can artificially increase their blood pressure, often by self-harming, which has been shown to improve performance by up to 15%. This is most effective in the endurance sports such as 4492: 1706:

codes are based upon single impairment only, whereas Down syndrome individuals have both physical and intellectual impairments. Although swimmers with Down syndrome are able to compete in the

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Paralympic sports. Mandatory in- and out-of competition testing has also been implemented by the IPC to further ensure all of its athletes are performing in compliance with WADA regulations.

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is the most decorated paralympian in history. She competed in the blind swimming events and won a total of 55 medals, 41 of which are gold. Her Paralympic career spanned 24 years from

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veterans took part alongside the British, making it the first international competition of its own kind. In 1960, the 9th annual games took place outside of the UK for the first time in

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IPC membership also includes National Paralympic Committees and international sporting federations. International Federations are independent sport federations recognized by the

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for both Games, which was followed up by the 2004 Summer Games in Athens. The agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006, after some troubles at the

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to be covered during competition, on the basis that the Olympics is technically a third-party organisation. In 2024 the prohibition was ended after protests from athletes.

7903: 7534: 7529: 6129: 1772:– With impairments in this category, the force generated by muscles, such as the muscles of one limb, one side of the body or the lower half of the body is reduced, (e.g. 2018:

There are twenty-two sports on the Summer Paralympic program and six sports on the Winter Paralympics program. Within some of the sports are several events. For example,

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sprinter, attempted to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Pistorius had both his legs amputated below the knee and races with two carbon fibre blades manufactured by

350: 6102: 986:(IOC) in 2001, and was extended through 2020. On March 10, 2018, the two committees further extended their contract to 2032. Despite being held in the same region, the 8845: 1242:

As mandated by the Paralympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremonies of the Paralympic Games. Most of these rituals were established are the same that

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Within the framework of the International Olympic Committee's commitment to equal access to athletics, concerns have been raised regarding inclusion of athletes with

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with the Paralympic Charter, which forbids discrimination on the basis of political, religious, economic, disability, gender, sexual orientation or racial reasons.

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include athletes with intellectual disabilities (although since 1992, people with intellectual disabilities also participate in the Paralympic Games), and the

12138: 12035: 4673: 1387: 4113: 7804: 6238: 5853: 3629: 8229: 7888: 5709: 1083:, Germany. The IPC is responsible for organizing the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. It also serves as the International Federation for nine sports ( 5247: 3714: 728:. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a large funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. 12066: 4488: 1820:– Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, which are due to a musculoskeletal deficit of bone or cartilage structures. (e.g., 1142:

participating in the Summer Paralympic Games has increased from 400 athletes in Rome in 1960 to 4,342 athletes from 159 countries in Rio de Janeiro in

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The first organized athletic event for athletes with disabilities that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the

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the 2000 Games. German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids. He had won two gold medals at the

1901:. This includes impairment of one or more component of the visual system (eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual cortex). The 1639:

as with the Olympics, mandating that they be broadcast in whole or in part by a free-to-air network. Channel 4 reported that its coverage of the

885:(CARA) in 1939, hosted a sports competition for British World War II veteran patients with spinal cord injuries. The first games were called the 4847: 4193: 3749: 9075: 6557: 5620: 4087: 3660: 1585:(NRK) broadcast 30 hours of the 2010 Winter Games live. NRK-sport were critical of parts of the TV production from Vancouver, and notified the 1119:). This requires the IPC to supervise and coordinate the World Championships and other competitions for each of the nine sports it regulates. 12040: 11107: 10926: 5595: 5570: 5202: 5177: 2117:(WADA) is currently researching both gene doping and gene therapy, in part to discern the boundary between the two closely related concepts. 4944: 4058: 1597:

with skiers in the distance, making it hard to follow the progress of the competition. NRK were far more pleased with the production of the

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Victory Ceremony podiums at 2010 Winter Games a testament to the mountains athletes have climbed en route to Olympic and Paralympic success

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a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.

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have been held in those even-numbered years separate from the Summer Olympics. The winter games happen two years after the summer games.

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Not all Paralympic events have received television coverage; the IPC and its organisers currently contract with the IOC's media unit

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Despite these advances, consistent media attention has been a challenge, which was evidenced in the coverage in Great Britain of the

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Athletes with disabilities did compete at the Olympic Games prior to the advent of the Paralympics. The first athlete to do so was

340: 6470: 1318:(IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the 12264: 12128: 12030: 11141: 11102: 11054: 10837: 10789: 10671: 8480: 7104: 6756: 4694: 4425: 2019: 962:

was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the

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those with a right side prosthesis because the races are run in an anticlockwise direction, giving some athletes an advantage.

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Mandeville, although it was combined with flames lit in the host country for the formal start of the torch relay. Beginning in

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There have been several milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, coincident with the ninth

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and could shoot left-handed. Another athlete with a disability who appeared in the Olympics prior to the Paralympic Games was

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was seen by a total audience of 20 million, with the channel achieving its highest viewer share since the 2012 Paralympics.

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In 2012, as part of its prohibition on unauthorised advertising, the Paralympic movement began requiring any tattoo of the

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organizers of the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games have, since 2007, made efforts to make the host city Sochi more accessible.

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stated that the Russian government had "catastrophically failed its Para athletes". IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson and

1655:(UBC) on the Olympic Games Impact (OGI), showed that of roughly 1,600 Canadian respondents, 41 to 50 percent believed the 12340: 10772: 10314: 9717: 9707: 9595: 8799: 8777: 7790: 7075: 5649: 4219: 1997: 842: 819: 4257: 4168: 12234: 12133: 12087: 10760: 10397: 8809: 8686: 7504: 6011:

Wolbring, G. (2008). Oscar Pistorius and the future nature of Olympic, Paralympic and other sports. SCRIPT-ed, 5(1).

5910: 4563: 4526: 4456: 3922: 2067: 1992: 1745: 1700: 1582: 1399: 1315: 1123: 1068: 979: 886: 706: 527: 79: 5899: 3700: 3652: 12433: 11124: 11119: 11019: 10854: 10051: 9738: 9173: 8876: 8566: 8460: 8259: 7414: 7383: 4755: 1907: 631: 168: 3873: 2035:(CP-ISRA), govern some sports that are specific to certain disability groups. There are national chapters for these 11932: 11843: 10867: 10782: 10046: 9913: 8938: 8651: 8606: 8581: 8244: 7933: 5220: 5123: 2052: 1570: 653: 517: 360: 257: 4665: 12335: 11871: 10799: 10714: 10561: 10111: 10106: 10101: 9697: 9507: 9325: 8896: 8881: 8860: 8475: 8435: 8043: 8033: 7853: 7179:"Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee - Olympic News" 5875: 5845: 2099: 1944: 1724: 1594: 1462: 1311: 1135: 1108: 983: 6246: 5149: 4109: 3621: 2132:

in Sochi. On 7 August 2016, the IPC's Governing Board voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the

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was criticized for its minimal coverage of the 2010 Winter Paralympics as compared to its coverage of the

12107: 12082: 11911: 11129: 10986: 10664: 10613: 10495: 10017: 9874: 9722: 9712: 9687: 9421: 9183: 9154: 9138: 8931: 8886: 8789: 8731: 8726: 8701: 8551: 8470: 8415: 8390: 8380: 8300: 8234: 8214: 8189: 8139: 8114: 8078: 8053: 7908: 7893: 7863: 7848: 4593: 1586: 1363: 966:, in the same host city, and using the majority of the venues. This set a precedent that was followed in 646: 471: 466: 223: 151: 5624: 5097: 1469:. He holds the Paralympic world record in the 400 meter event. Pistorius missed qualifying for the 12446: 12376: 12168: 12004: 11916: 11864: 11738: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11689: 11682: 11676: 11671: 11666: 10819: 10777: 10625: 10535: 10071: 10022: 9969: 9881: 9789: 9537: 9527: 8819: 8756: 8706: 8671: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8601: 8596: 8586: 8576: 8571: 8556: 8541: 8536: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8490: 8395: 8370: 8280: 8249: 8194: 8169: 8159: 8119: 8109: 8063: 8038: 8023: 8008: 7998: 7988: 7953: 7948: 7878: 7858: 7833: 3063: 2144:

Code and the World Anti-Doping Code which is "a fundamental constitutional requirement". IPC President

1790:– The range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way. Acute conditions such as 383: 330: 228: 17: 4839: 12476: 12092: 11947: 11066: 10842: 10510: 10194: 10154: 10079: 9797: 9692: 9455: 8751: 8741: 8721: 8711: 8696: 8691: 8646: 8641: 8631: 8611: 8591: 8561: 8355: 8345: 8295: 8290: 8209: 8199: 8179: 8129: 8124: 8073: 8068: 8013: 7968: 7928: 7838: 7460: 3757: 2202: 2109:

among Paralympic athletes. All Paralympic athletes are banned from enhancing their abilities through

1825: 874: 476: 270: 252: 6549: 4189: 2043:, which are responsible for recruitment of athletes and governance of sports at the national level. 12269: 12244: 11463: 11076: 10530: 10515: 10432: 10407: 10096: 9891: 9249: 9193: 9188: 9162: 9133: 9113: 9097: 8814: 8804: 8736: 8666: 8636: 8495: 8455: 8430: 8400: 8375: 8340: 8320: 8305: 8184: 8134: 8104: 8048: 8003: 7958: 7943: 7923: 7913: 7898: 7843: 4083: 2114: 1628: 731:

The Paralympic Games are organized in parallel with and in a similar way to the Olympic Games. The

355: 5599: 5574: 5338: 1670:

Chief Executive Officer for the International Paralympic Committee Xavier Gonzalez said about the

814:, a Hungarian amputee water polo player, competed in three successive Olympic Games, beginning in 12383: 12330: 12325: 12254: 11219: 10591: 10490: 10241: 10118: 10066: 10034: 10029: 10012: 9924: 9784: 9512: 9355: 9310: 9254: 9008: 9003: 8850: 8784: 8410: 8365: 8335: 8330: 8219: 8149: 8058: 7973: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7670: 7658: 7651: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7556: 4054: 3447: 3385: 3357: 3312: 3279: 3240: 3207: 3162: 3129: 3084: 3047: 3002: 2969: 2924: 2891: 2846: 2813: 2768: 2735: 2692: 2660: 2627: 2599: 2566: 2529: 2496: 2468: 2435: 2407: 2374: 2341: 2310: 2277: 2247: 2242: 2186: 2182: 2133: 2129: 2079: 2071: 2058: 1977: 1923: 1918: 1829: 1671: 1656: 1640: 1620: 1578: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1543: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1474: 1395: 1371: 1339: 1272: 1251: 1232: 1200: 1143: 1096: 1075:(NPC) and four disability-specific international sports federations. The president of the IPC is 1029: 1021: 1013: 1007: 991: 987: 975: 971: 967: 955: 948: 940: 914: 906: 771: 721: 694: 690: 604: 125: 120: 4393: 3848: 1489: 994:

were the first Winter Games to use the same venues and had the same Organizing Committee as the

12366: 12259: 11204: 10942: 10896: 10874: 10862: 10657: 10412: 10251: 10130: 9954: 9929: 9886: 9677: 9637: 9620: 9475: 9460: 9450: 9284: 9274: 5293:"IPC urged to allow greater numbers of athletes with Down's syndrome to compete at Paralympics" 3539: 1857: 1631:" receiving an overall Grand Prix award. In January 2020, the Paralympics were classified as a 936: 717: 594: 156: 64: 7319: 1518:

While the Olympic Games have experienced tremendous growth in global media coverage since the

11957: 11224: 10566: 10362: 10204: 7373: 7346: 7292: 7265: 7238: 6719: 4332: 1852:– Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements (e.g., 1116: 685:, is a periodic series of international multisport events involving athletes with a range of 345: 4783: 4303: 49: 12290: 12274: 12239: 12173: 11820: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11472: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11249: 11059: 11049: 10732: 10485: 10442: 10422: 10309: 10304: 9934: 9522: 9320: 9234: 9123: 8991: 8986: 4906: 3373: 2215: 2190: 1707: 1660: 1574: 1551: 1535: 1481: 1470: 1454: 1403: 1375: 1243: 1084: 995: 963: 902: 862: 850: 830: 826: 815: 807: 397: 305: 233: 4868: 4542: 4515: 4025: 2189:. She was also an alternate on the 1980 American Olympic swim team, but did not go to the 1445:

have sought equal opportunities to compete at the Olympic Games. The precedent was set by

8: 12423: 11942: 11651: 10755: 10520: 10427: 10387: 9949: 9944: 9814: 9779: 9632: 9416: 9345: 9294: 9015: 6864: 4278: 1781: 1761: 1590: 1104: 1088: 626: 280: 4910: 4446:

IPC Handbook June 2009 Bylaws Governance and Organizational and Organizational Structure

3986: 1950:

numbered, with a lower number signifying a greater level of impairment: for example, in

1345:

The IOC has written its commitment to equal access to athletics for all people into its

12356: 12178: 11906: 11197: 10556: 10402: 10342: 10294: 9979: 9959: 9869: 9753: 9615: 9578: 9532: 9445: 9411: 9335: 9269: 9229: 9178: 7546: 7494: 6462: 5925:"Winter Paralympics 2010: Wheelchair curler's positive drug test mars closing ceremony" 3219: 2198: 1861: 1814:– Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due to congenital deficiency or trauma. 1773: 1602: 1407: 1159: 1128: 1100: 1092: 822: 587: 213: 146: 104: 69: 7096: 6748: 12310: 12213: 12163: 11974: 11792: 10231: 10199: 10084: 9743: 9642: 9600: 9590: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9330: 9065: 8954: 7773: 7541: 7425: 7410: 7379: 7352: 7325: 7298: 7271: 7244: 6404: 5514: 5362:"Paralympic dream for British Down syndrome swimmers at first national championships" 4924: 3602: 3509: 2447: 2095: 2013: 1911: 1890: 1885: 1598: 1195:('beside' or 'alongside') and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the 1112: 1017: 767: 432: 392: 275: 99: 6980: 6690: 6636: 6578: 6296: 6271: 5316:"Paralympics faces calls for Down's syndrome category to ensure level playing field" 4812: 4135: 3899:"Paralympic Flame to be created at Stoke Mandeville for all future Paralympic Games" 811: 12403: 12295: 12208: 11952: 11214: 10727: 10417: 10367: 10352: 10337: 10279: 9999: 9854: 9648: 9625: 9585: 9492: 9080: 9060: 7448:

Paralympic Sport TV, web-TV channel of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)

6375: 6012: 5542: 4914: 4726:"Sochi Paralympics confronts Russia's attitude towards disabled – World – CBC News" 4491:. Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. 3679: 3592: 3544: 2550: 2125: 558: 427: 300: 141: 31: 9807: 7154: 6951: 6777: 6433: 3948:"Cerimonia allo stadio dell'Acqua Acetosa: nasce una nuova dimensione dello sport" 1972: 845:

equestrian athlete who had contracted polio in 1943 and won a silver medal in the

12112: 11041: 10996: 10952: 10884: 10804: 10722: 10357: 10256: 10246: 10007: 9939: 9896: 9666: 9547: 9264: 9259: 9128: 7009: 6922: 6893: 6835: 6806: 6491: 5906: 5488: 5274: 5251: 5084: 5080: 5073: 4951: 4522: 4476: 4452: 3656: 3559: 2207: 2156:

said that Russia had used athletes as "pawns" in order to "show global prowess".

2141: 1894: 1877: 1733: 1458: 1446: 1435: 1346: 1293: 1268: 1169: 1146:. Both the Paralympic Summer and Winter Games are recognized on the world stage. 1033: 918: 870: 799: 787: 402: 9055: 7203: 7125: 7038: 6607: 6520: 6346: 3581:"A Systematic Review of Influences on Development of Athletes With Disabilities" 12361: 11969: 11187: 11081: 11036: 11031: 10692: 10452: 10289: 10219: 9974: 9672: 9289: 9244: 9070: 6317: 6153:"The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee" 6126:"The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee" 3874:"Stoke Mandeville to stage first standalone Paralympic Flame Lighting Ceremony" 3491: 3174: 3091: 2903: 2545: 2153: 1873: 1853: 1841: 1821: 1227: 944: 599: 573: 461: 7067: 5645: 4215: 1581:, which was watched by 23% of the population of Great Britain. In Norway, the 1044: 12470: 12460: 12198: 11964: 11192: 11177: 11086: 11004: 10747: 10680: 10471: 10437: 10299: 10224: 10209: 9901: 9859: 9758: 9748: 9482: 9406: 9033: 8981: 8973: 6016: 5278: 5203:"Ashes, Open and Champions League final 'not set for UK 'crown jewels' list'" 4928: 4249: 4164: 3579:

Dehghansai, Nima; Lemez, Srdjan; Wattie, Nick; Baker, Joseph (January 2017).

3529: 3486: 3392: 2898: 2825: 2775: 2536: 2211: 2145: 1951: 1902: 1693: 1497: 1414: 1367: 1319: 1247: 1196: 751: 702: 417: 265: 5815:"Re-Inclusion of Athletes with Intellectual Impairment in Paralympic Sports" 5178:"'We're the Superhumans' Wins Film Grand Prix at Cannes to Massive Applause" 1729: 1542:

during the Games. No meaningful improvements in coverage occurred until the

12315: 12183: 12143: 11780: 11024: 11014: 10904: 10809: 10505: 10377: 10214: 10089: 9864: 9849: 9802: 9502: 7812: 5846:"Paralympians can do the same thing as Olympic athletes-including cheating" 5154: 4699: 3715:"Olivér Halassy Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com" 3692: 3649: 3606: 3597: 3580: 2381: 2174: 2124:

Having sent samples for forensic analysis, the IPC found evidence that the

2106: 2087: 1777: 1531: 1055: 878: 803: 713: 532: 481: 407: 1071:

is the global governing body of the Paralympic Movement. It comprises 178

905:

which were also being held in Rome. These were to be later designated the

12393: 11761: 11209: 11182: 11071: 10274: 10236: 10056: 9573: 9568: 9340: 9224: 9048: 9043: 9038: 6099:"The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect" 3435: 3397: 3214: 2747: 2708: 2606: 2475: 2110: 1442: 1164: 1025: 990:

used different competition venues than those used for the Olympic Games.

890: 866: 740: 568: 1496:

Some athletes without a disability also compete at the Paralympics. The

1134:

Since its creation in 1989, IPC has a cooperative relationship with the

12388: 12203: 11901: 11887: 10600: 10319: 10159: 9774: 9487: 9219: 9198: 9025: 4471:, The Official website of the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 3824: 2386: 1836: 1801: 1485: 1477:

where he won gold medals in the 100, 200, and 400 meter sprints.

1473:

in the 400 meter race, by 0.70 seconds. He qualified for the

1386:

is the first such Paralympics hosted by Russia. Russia ratified the UN

838: 834: 755: 747: 686: 550: 422: 198: 7348:

Digital disability: the social construction of disability in new media

5879: 1605:

events, which they felt reached the same level as the Olympic Games.

12188: 10500: 9702: 9610: 9239: 8923: 7207: 3554: 3454: 3059: 2853: 2672: 2639: 2578: 2094:

Another concern now facing Paralympic officials is the technique of "

1991:

Some sports are only held for certain disability types. For example,

1898: 1868: 1791: 1664: 1616: 1334:(SLOC) chose to follow the practice of "one bid, one city", with one 763: 412: 5407:"New push to make Down's syndrome swimmers eligible for Paralympics" 5339:"Athletes with Down syndrome fight for inclusion at the Paralympics" 4919: 4894: 1431: 12320: 11009: 10699: 9315: 7452: 5670: 3459: 2353: 1805: 1526:

covering 75% of the world over a year in advance (in comparison to

1175:

Although the name was originally coined as a portmanteau combining

774:. These categories are further divided into various subcategories. 12046:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

7814: 1740:

competing on cross-country sit-skis at the 2010 Winter Paralympics

1466: 1427:

List of athletes who have competed in the Paralympics and Olympics

1179:(due to its origins as games for people with spinal injuries) and 793: 11999: 9375: 7447: 3849:"Stoke Mandeville revealed as permanent home of Paralympic flame" 3291: 3014: 2780: 2634: 2573: 2419: 2219: 2113:, but it is extremely difficult to differentiate these concepts. 1675: 537: 218: 10649: 5955:"Swedish wheelchair curler suspended for use of an illegal drug" 5758:. International Paralympic Committee. 2001-03-09. Archived from 5733:. International Paralympic Committee. 2000-11-27. Archived from 2222:

competition, and won a Paralympic gold medal in the same event.

782: 10382: 10284: 10061: 7351:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 5984:"Feel-bad story of the day: Paralympians appear to be cheating" 5515:"World Para Swimming Classifications and Categories - SB9, SB8" 3426: 3319: 3169: 3136: 3096: 3054: 2936: 2931: 2858: 2742: 2704: 2699: 2676: 2503: 2480: 2442: 2414: 2348: 1848: 1236: 939:

but no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in

894: 759: 7442: 7204:"Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics: New dates confirmed for 2021" 2033:

Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association

1967: 11856: 4966:"Paralympics reignite the Olympic buzz but with added twists" 4026:"Paralympics 2012: London to host 'first truly global Games'" 3369: 3364: 3324: 3286: 3247: 3141: 3009: 2981: 2976: 2820: 2667: 2611: 2508: 2317: 2284: 1804:

due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency (e.g.,

1636: 959: 698: 7297:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Heinemann Educational Publishers. 6070:. No. 3. World Anti-Doping Agency. 2008. Archived from 4870:

Paralympics 100m: Oscar Pistorius says past experience vital

1150:

opening ceremony) is spoken in these two or more languages.

27:

Major international sport event for people with disabilities

5384:"Special21 celebrates World Down Syndrome Day in Albufeira" 5268:

2010 Paralympics about changing minds, not capturing hearts

3431: 1958: 1127:

judges, and is responsible for enforcing the bylaws of the

1080: 1049: 978:. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the 898: 3578: 1765:– There are eight different types of physical impairment: 1484:

and competed in two events: he made the semi-final in the

5489:"Paralympics 2012: The able-bodied athletes at the Games" 5046:"BBC criticised for scant coverage of Winter Paralympics" 4049: 4047: 1928: 732: 6032:. World Anti Doping Agency. October 2009. Archived from 4110:"International Organisations of Sports for the Disabled" 2218:

in Los Angeles. She placed thirty-fourth in the Olympic

5900:

Anti-Doping Rule Violation of Swedish Wheelchair Curler

5430:"Paralympics Participation swimmers with Down syndrome" 4666:"Sainsbury's announces sponsorship of 2012 Paralympics" 1935:

are open to all people with intellectual disabilities.

1711:

athletes. This disregards their physical disabilities.

6666:"Madrid 1992 – the Paralympic Games that time forgot!" 4564:"IOC and IPC Extend Co-operation Agreement Until 2020" 4044: 2025:

International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation

712:

The Paralympics began as a small gathering of British

12444: 12036:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

4599:. International Olympic Committee. 2010. p. 11. 4418:"Paralympic opening ceremony to be 'family friendly'" 3650:

The World Games for the Deaf and the Paralympic Games

2159: 1893:

ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged

1800:– A total or partial absence of bones or joints from 1390:

during that period. Notably at 2010 Vancouver, their

1388:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1039: 6720:"Albertville 1992 Paralympic Winter Games - Results" 6295:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 6270:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 5820:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 5623:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 5573:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 4756:"Paralympics Will Drop Ban on Olympic Rings Tattoos" 4541:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 4368:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 4331:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from 5432:. Down Syndrome International Swimming Organisation 4895:"Biomechanics: Right prosthetic legs have the edge" 1988:(IBSA), which still uses a medically based system. 1287:

A medal ceremony during the 2010 Winter Paralympics

6245:. Disabled Sports USA. Spring 2002. Archived from 5116: 4945:Visually impaired skiers put fate in guide's hands 4840:"An Amputee Sprinter: Is He Disabled to Too-Abled" 4424:. Canwest News Service. 2010-03-12. Archived from 1214:and adopted as the official anthem in March 1996. 1059:The first Paralympic symbol (1988–1994) used five 7240:Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games 5598:. Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from 5537: 5535: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5150:"Cannes Lions: Dumb Ways to Die scoops top award" 5090: 4957: 4511: 4509: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3671: 3669: 1305: 743:held since 1924 are exclusive for deaf athletes. 701:, have been held shortly after the corresponding 12468: 7375:The cultural politics of the paralympic movement 7324:. New York, United States: Meyer and Meyer Ltd. 6550:"Stoke Mandeville & New York 1984 - Results" 5359: 2197:by the United States and several of its allies. 1914:became eligible to receive medals of their own. 1488:race; and his team came 8th in the final of the 12492:International Paralympic Committee competitions 7321:The Paralympic Games: Empowerment or Side Show? 4018: 3802:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from 3747: 1619:assumed the television rights beginning in the 1420: 1012:The first Winter Paralympic Games were held in 794:Athletes with disabilities at the Olympic Games 7317: 6093: 6091: 5532: 5507: 5481: 5444: 5313: 4940: 4938: 4784:"Neroli Fairhall, Champion Archer, Dies at 61" 4778: 4776: 4718: 4506: 4399:. International Olympic Committee. p. 5. 3964: 3923:"Paralympics traces roots to Second World War" 3666: 3661:International Committee of Sports for the Deaf 3502: 1687: 1554:to televise the Games as had been done at the 1322:. The agreement was set to take effect at the 1079:. The IPC's international headquarters are in 12487:Recurring sporting events established in 1960 12041:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 11872: 10665: 8939: 7798: 7468: 5782: 5457:"Layman's Guide to Paralympic Classification" 5404: 4556: 4078: 4076: 3622:"Difference between Olympics and Paralympics" 654: 176: 7345:Goggin, Gerard; Newell, Christopher (2003). 7344: 7270:. Champaign, United States: Human Kinetics. 7263: 7236: 6285: 6260: 5878:. Salt Lake 2002 Paralympics. Archived from 5812: 5695: 5693: 5691: 4639:. International Paralympic Committee. 2003. 4296: 3925:. Canadian Broadcasting Centre. 2008-09-05. 7405:Peterson, Cynthia and Robert D. Steadward. 7264:DePauw, Karen P.; Gavron, Susan J. (2005). 7243:. Petersham, Australia: Walla Walla Press. 6088: 6055: 6053: 6051: 5778: 5776: 5336: 5290: 5074:Oppgitt over elendig Paralympics-produksjon 5039: 5037: 4935: 4773: 4386: 4159: 4157: 3697:Official website of the Paralympic Movement 1968:Functional classification (since the 1980s) 1190: 1184: 705:. All Paralympic Games are governed by the 12429: 12230:Augmentative and alternative communication 11879: 11865: 11785: 10672: 10658: 10620: 8946: 8932: 7805: 7791: 7475: 7461: 5427: 4073: 3794: 3792: 3503: 2170:List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists 1203:held in Seoul was the first time the term 746:Given the wide variety of disabilities of 697:, which since the 1988 Summer Olympics in 661: 647: 183: 169: 7318:Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J. (2008). 6150: 5931:. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. 5785:"Cheating does happen in the Paralympics" 5688: 4918: 4695:"Disabled Athletes Show Up Olympics Team" 4531: 3676:Special Olympics and the Olympic Movement 3596: 1402:performed well below expectations at the 1028:, France; after that, beginning with the 856: 9204:University International Sports Festival 7290: 6048: 5961:. Canwest Publishing Inc. Archived from 5838: 5773: 5034: 4753: 4208: 4154: 2105:Another potential concern is the use of 1971: 1959:Medical classification (until the 1980s) 1938: 1728: 1430: 1282: 1226: 1163: 1054: 1043: 825:competed in shooting events in both the 781: 12265:Disproportionality in special education 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11650: 7237:Cashman, Richard; Darcy, Simon (2008). 6005: 5756:"IPC Suspends INAS-FID from Membership" 4837: 3789: 3619: 2140:'s inability to enforce the IPC's Anti- 883:Council for Assisting Refugee Academics 14: 12469: 8953: 7378:. New York, United States: Routledge. 6123: 5952: 5922: 5873: 5673:. International Paralympic Committee. 5648:. International Paralympic Committee. 5548:. International Paralympic Committee. 5517:. International Paralympic Committee. 5462:. International Paralympic Committee. 5221:"Channel 4 Paralympics watched by 20m" 5147: 5043: 4997: 4815:. International Paralympic Committee. 4663: 4306:. International Paralympic Committee. 4218:. International Paralympic Committee. 4192:. International Paralympic Committee. 4167:. International Paralympic Committee. 4138:. International Paralympic Committee. 4112:. International Paralympic Committee. 4086:. International Paralympic Committee. 3985:. Government of Canada. Archived from 258:Individualized Education Program (IEP) 11860: 11649: 11241: 10653: 10469: 10448:Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR 10393:Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR 10252:Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games 10176: 9831: 9392: 8965: 8927: 7786: 7456: 5022:Cashman and Darcy (2008), pp. 100–101 4993: 4991: 3535:All-time Paralympic Games medal table 2302: 2029:International Blind Sports Federation 1986:International Blind Sports Federation 1593:coverage excluding the shooting, and 1480:In 2011, Pistorius qualified for the 1278: 931:Chronology of the Paralympic Movement 528:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI) 11839: 11766: 11754: 10773:Medal table leaders by Olympic Games 9471:Central American and Caribbean Games 7482: 7407:Paralympics : Where Heroes Come 7371: 6022: 5990:. Agence France-Presse. 2010-03-17. 5699: 5314:Liam Llewellyn (November 21, 2022). 5124:"C4 opens Paralympic tender process" 3800:"History of the Paralympic Movement" 2232:List of Paralympic Games host cities 2126:prevalent doping by Russian athletes 1646: 1246:in Antwerp and were shared with the 833:Summer Olympics. He was a right-arm 452:Social Security Disability Insurance 12372:Disability in children's literature 10632: 10187:(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD) 9718:Games of the Small States of Europe 9708:European Universities Championships 9596:Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games 9467:Central American and the Caribbean 8836:Independent Paralympic Participants 5783:Grey-Thompson, Tanni (2008-09-11). 5405:Michael Bruxo (December 14, 2021). 5386:. Portugal Resident. March 25, 2022 5360:Rebecca Williams (March 11, 2022). 4055:"IOC and IPC to partner until 2032" 3754:Accessible Portugal Online Magazine 3585:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 2046: 1627:awards, with its trailer for 2016 " 1332:Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee 1153: 887:1948 International Wheelchair Games 24: 12235:Emotional or behavioral disability 10572:Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games 7818:Nations that have competed at the 7399: 7214:from the original on 24 April 2020 7159:International Paralympic Committee 7130:International Paralympic Committee 7101:International Paralympic Committee 7072:International Paralympic Committee 7043:International Paralympic Committee 7014:International Paralympic Committee 6985:International Paralympic Committee 6956:International Paralympic Committee 6927:International Paralympic Committee 6898:International Paralympic Committee 6869:International Paralympic Committee 6840:International Paralympic Committee 6811:International Paralympic Committee 6782:International Paralympic Committee 6753:International Paralympic Committee 6724:International Paralympic Committee 6695:International Paralympic Committee 6641:International Paralympic Committee 6612:International Paralympic Committee 6583:International Paralympic Committee 6554:International Paralympic Committee 6525:International Paralympic Committee 6496:International Paralympic Committee 6467:International Paralympic Committee 6438:International Paralympic Committee 6409:International Paralympic Committee 6380:International Paralympic Committee 6351:International Paralympic Committee 6322:International Paralympic Committee 6151:Nicholson, Todd (August 7, 2016). 5911:International Paralympic Committee 5813:Van de Vliet, Peter (2009-12-15). 5731:"IPC Calls For Full Investigation" 5098:"Channel 4 lands 2012 Paralympics" 4988: 4963: 4754:Cacciola, Scott (23 August 2024). 4527:International Paralympic Committee 4457:International Paralympic Committee 4363:"IPC Intellectual Property Rights" 4254:International Paralympic Committee 3903:International Paralympic Committee 3829:International Paralympic Committee 2160:Notable champions and achievements 2068:International Paralympic Committee 1788:Impaired passive range of movement 1746:International Paralympic Committee 1701:International Paralympic Committee 1583:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 1316:International Paralympic Committee 1069:International Paralympic Committee 1040:International Paralympic Committee 980:International Paralympic Committee 724:featuring 4,520 athletes from 163 707:International Paralympic Committee 25: 12503: 11242: 11220:1906 Intercalated Games 10679: 10470: 9739:Australian Youth Olympic Festival 7436: 6124:Craven, Philip (August 7, 2016). 4623:Gilbert and Schantz (2008) p. 169 4239:Gilbert and Schantz (2008) p. 170 4190:"International Sport Federations" 3983:"History of the Paralympic Games" 3748:Correia, Susana (February 2008). 1976:The Swedish goalball team at the 1718: 1635:by the British telecom regulator 1513: 1032:, the Winter Paralympics and the 12454: 12428: 12419: 12418: 11838: 11827: 11826: 11814: 11700: 11462: 11103:Art competitions at the Olympics 10920:lighters of the Olympic cauldron 10738:International sports federations 10631: 10619: 10608: 10607: 10383:Games of the New Emerging Forces 8912:Israel has been a member of the 8230:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7889:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7813: 7596:1984 New York / Stoke Mandeville 7196: 7171: 7147: 7118: 7089: 7060: 7031: 7002: 6973: 6944: 6915: 6886: 6857: 6828: 6799: 6770: 6741: 6712: 6683: 6668:. paralympicanorak. 2012-06-25. 6658: 6629: 6600: 6571: 6542: 6513: 6484: 6455: 6426: 6397: 6368: 6339: 6310: 6231: 6202: 6171: 6144: 6117: 5291:Liam Morgan (January 12, 2022). 4406:from the original on 2015-04-15. 4084:"National Paralympic Committees" 3703:from the original on 2014-03-16. 3523: 3485: 3453: 3425: 3391: 3363: 3329: 3318: 3296: 3285: 3255: 3246: 3224: 3213: 3179: 3168: 3146: 3135: 3101: 3090: 3068: 3053: 3019: 3008: 2986: 2975: 2941: 2930: 2908: 2897: 2863: 2852: 2830: 2819: 2785: 2774: 2752: 2741: 2713: 2698: 2681: 2666: 2644: 2633: 2616: 2605: 2583: 2572: 2555: 2544: 2535: 2513: 2502: 2485: 2474: 2452: 2441: 2424: 2413: 2391: 2380: 2358: 2347: 2325: 2316: 2292: 2283: 2053:Cheating at the Paralympic Games 621: 620: 518:National Telecommuting Institute 48: 10562:European Youth Olympic Festival 10177: 9698:European Youth Olympic Festival 9533:South American University Games 9508:North American Indigenous Games 9326:UCI Cycling World Championships 9170:International Youth Green Games 7230: 7183:International Olympic Committee 7136:from the original on 2021-08-26 7107:from the original on 2021-07-23 7078:from the original on 2021-07-30 7049:from the original on 2021-11-05 7020:from the original on 2020-02-12 6991:from the original on 2021-11-03 6962:from the original on 2021-08-26 6933:from the original on 2021-05-01 6904:from the original on 2021-08-26 6875:from the original on 2021-05-01 6865:"Salt Lake City 2002 - Results" 6846:from the original on 2021-08-26 6817:from the original on 2021-05-14 6788:from the original on 2021-08-26 6759:from the original on 2021-05-01 6730:from the original on 2021-05-02 6701:from the original on 2021-08-25 6672:from the original on 2013-06-15 6647:from the original on 2021-09-05 6618:from the original on 2021-08-25 6589:from the original on 2021-05-08 6560:from the original on 2021-08-28 6531:from the original on 2021-01-19 6502:from the original on 2021-10-19 6473:from the original on 2021-08-16 6444:from the original on 2021-08-03 6415:from the original on 2021-08-25 6386:from the original on 2021-11-07 6357:from the original on 2021-08-26 6328:from the original on 2021-08-25 6159:from the original on 2017-08-28 6132:from the original on 2017-08-28 6105:from the original on 2017-12-07 5994:from the original on 2018-12-25 5976: 5946: 5935:from the original on 2012-08-28 5916: 5893: 5867: 5856:from the original on 2008-08-28 5806: 5795:from the original on 2012-08-28 5748: 5723: 5712:from the original on 2011-12-22 5702:"Cheating shame of Paralympics" 5677:from the original on 2010-03-05 5663: 5652:from the original on 2010-04-21 5638: 5613: 5588: 5563: 5552:from the original on 2012-05-26 5543:"The history of classification" 5521:from the original on 2023-07-17 5495:from the original on 2012-08-31 5469:from the original on 2018-03-09 5421: 5398: 5376: 5353: 5337:Ariel Bogle (August 29, 2016). 5330: 5307: 5284: 5261: 5238: 5213: 5195: 5170: 5141: 5067: 5056:from the original on 2014-02-28 5031:Goggin and Newell (2003), p. 91 5025: 5016: 4976:from the original on 2014-03-15 4887: 4877:from the original on 2015-10-16 4861: 4850:from the original on 2009-04-10 4831: 4819:from the original on 2018-11-29 4805: 4794:from the original on 2013-05-22 4747: 4736:from the original on 2014-03-11 4707:from the original on 2014-03-11 4687: 4676:from the original on 2016-12-01 4657: 4646:from the original on 2012-06-05 4634:"Paralympic Vision and Mission" 4626: 4617: 4606:from the original on 2011-05-05 4586: 4574:from the original on 2018-03-10 4495:from the original on 2010-05-27 4481: 4462: 4439: 4410: 4355: 4346: 4329:"Paralympic Symbol & Motto" 4321: 4310:from the original on 2014-01-03 4285:from the original on 2021-08-28 4271: 4260:from the original on 2013-09-28 4242: 4233: 4222:from the original on 2010-04-21 4196:from the original on 2018-11-30 4182: 4171:from the original on 2013-12-24 4142:from the original on 2018-11-30 4128: 4116:from the original on 2017-07-11 4102: 4090:from the original on 2018-12-15 4061:from the original on 2018-03-11 4032:from the original on 2012-08-18 4009: 4000: 3940: 3929:from the original on 2014-03-19 3915: 3891: 3866: 3841: 3817: 3778:from the original on 2012-08-28 3738:DePauw and Gavron (2005), p. 38 3632:from the original on 2021-09-08 2037:International Sport Federations 1945:Disability sport classification 1798:Loss of limb or limb deficiency 1725:Disability sport classification 1312:International Olympic Committee 1136:International Olympic Committee 1109:Paralympic cross-country skiing 1001: 984:International Olympic Committee 12250:Disability and LGBT identities 11886: 10910:People who opened the Olympics 10552:National Winter Games of China 10373:Far Eastern Championship Games 9174:International Children's Games 8841:Individual Paralympic Athletes 6184:. USA Swimming. Archived from 5256:University of British Columbia 5245:Paralympics a force for change 4998:McLean, Heather (2023-06-26). 4813:"World Para Athletics Records" 4525:, The official website of the 4015:DePauw and Gavron (2005) p. 92 3764: 3741: 3732: 3707: 3685: 3643: 3613: 3572: 3508:Postponed to 2021, due to the 2225: 2041:National Paralympic Committees 1922:– Athletes with a significant 1653:University of British Columbia 1438:at a track meet on 8 July 2007 1394:topped the medal table at the 1306:Relationship with the Olympics 1073:National Paralympic Committees 810:, who had one artificial leg. 777: 726:National Paralympic Committees 523:Society for Disability Studies 380:Unlicensed assistive personnel 13: 1: 12062:Services for mental disorders 11791:Postponed to 2021 due to the 10948:Olympic Broadcasting Services 9427:West African University Games 9119:Lumberjack World Championship 8914:European Paralympic Committee 7772:Postponed to 2021 due to the 7422:Disability, Sport and Society 6463:"Ornskoldsvik 1976 - Results" 6061:"Levelling the Playing Field" 5953:Little, Lyndon (2010-03-19). 5923:Davies, Gareth (2010-03-21). 5148:Sweney, Mark (22 June 2013). 4954:, thestar.com, March 13, 2010 3565: 3550:Commonwealth Paraplegic Games 2166:Lists of Paralympic medalists 1751: 1610:Olympic Broadcasting Services 1217: 924: 12067:Services for disabled people 9832: 9393: 9280:World Eskimo Indian Olympics 7097:"PyeongChang 2018 - Results" 6749:"Lillehammer 1994 - Results" 5874:Maffly, Bryan (2002-03-13). 5491:. BBC News. 31 August 2012. 4838:Longman, Jere (2007-05-15). 3774:. Rsl.ox.ac.uk. 1933-12-24. 3717:. 2016-12-03. Archived from 2138:Russian Paralympic Committee 2115:The World Anti-Doping Agency 1933:Special Olympics World Games 1704:Para-swimming classification 1421:Paralympians at the Olympics 1384:2014 Winter Paralympic Games 1328:2010 Paralympic Winter Games 1324:2008 Paralympic Summer Games 737:Special Olympics World Games 457:Supplemental Security Income 219:Ableism / Disablism 7: 12482:Disabled multi-sport events 12350:Arts, media, culture, sport 11497:1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 10927:Keepers of the Olympic flag 9723:International Erasmus Games 9713:European Universities Games 9688:European Para Championships 9422:All-Africa University Games 9184:World Interuniversity Games 9155:FISU World University Games 9139:World Police and Fire Games 8846:Neutral Paralympic Athletes 7409:, 1998, One Shot Holdings, 6405:"Heidelberg 1972 - Results" 6293:"Paralympic Games – Winter" 6268:"Paralympic Games – Summer" 5044:Sweney, Mark (2010-03-12). 4664:Gibson, Owen (2010-05-04). 4279:"Definition of PARALYMPICS" 3516: 2214:, when she competed in the 2066:controversy ensued and the 1688:Down syndrome participation 1449:, a Paralympic archer from 1364:London organising committee 1330:in Vancouver. However, the 1300: 1191: 472:Disabled students allowance 467:Disability Living Allowance 152:European Para Championships 10: 12508: 12377:Disability in horror films 12169:Activities of daily living 11115:Scandals and controversies 10536:Winter World Masters Games 9790:Asia Pacific Masters Games 9538:South American Youth Games 9528:South American Beach Games 8966: 6981:"Vancouver 2010 - Results" 6691:"Barcelona 1992 - Results" 6637:"Innsbruck 1988 - Results" 6579:"Innsbruck 1984 - Results" 4873:, BBC Sport, 21 May 2012, 4394:"The Modern Olympic Games" 4006:Galligan (2000), pp. 89–90 3678:, Official website of the 3626:www.differencebetween.info 2229: 2163: 2050: 2011: 1942: 1722: 1504: 1424: 1261: 1222: 1157: 1005: 928: 331:Disability rights movement 29: 12414: 12349: 12283: 12222: 12156: 12121: 12075: 12054: 12018: 11992: 11985: 11925: 11894: 11808: 11749: 11709: 11698: 11658: 11645: 11471: 11460: 11248: 11237: 11162: 11095: 11067:Pierre de Coubertin Medal 10995: 10935: 10895: 10853: 10818: 10746: 10713: 10709: 10687: 10584: 10544: 10478: 10465: 10328: 10265: 10195:Tailteann Games (ancient) 10183: 10172: 10147: 9992: 9912: 9845: 9838: 9827: 9798:Indian Ocean Island Games 9767: 9731: 9693:European Para Youth Games 9658: 9558: 9456:Junior Pan American Games 9435: 9399: 9388: 9303: 9212: 9147: 9106: 9024: 8972: 8961: 8910: 8869: 8828: 8765: 8504: 8268: 8087: 7826: 7770: 7700:1992 Tignes / Albertville 7669: 7555: 7490: 6376:"Tel Aviv 1968 - Results" 6239:"2002 Winter Paralympics" 5852:. CNNSI.com. 2002-03-06. 5700:Slot, Owen (2001-02-03). 4905:(7595): 417. 2016-03-24. 4304:"History of the Movement" 2246: 2241: 2238: 2007: 1826:growth hormone deficiency 1633:Category A "listed" event 1457:in Los Angeles. In 2008, 1271:is taken down. Since the 1185: 875:Stoke Mandeville Hospital 477:Disabled Persons Railcard 12270:Sexuality and disability 12245:Disability and disasters 12157:Structural and assistive 11631:2034 Salt Lake City–Utah 11077:Olympic Diploma of Merit 10531:New Zealand Winter Games 10398:Tailteann Games (modern) 10348:Asian Martial Arts Games 10018:National Peasants' Games 9250:Islamic Solidarity Games 9194:Commonwealth Youth Games 9189:World School Sport Games 9163:World School Sport Games 9134:World Firefighters Games 9114:International Army Games 9098:World Abilitysport Games 7874:Central African Republic 7760:2034 Salt Lake City–Utah 7291:Galligan, Frank (2000). 7155:"Beijing 2022 - Results" 6952:"Beijing 2008 - Results" 6778:"Atlanta 1996 - Results" 6434:"Toronto 1976 - Results" 6017:10.2966/scrip.050108.139 2128:was in operation at the 1231:Opening ceremony of the 1207:came into official use. 683:Games of the Paralympiad 490:the Severely Handicapped 446:Socioeconomic assistance 356:Sexuality and disability 12384:Disability in the media 12255:Disability and religion 12194:Personal Care Assistant 10496:Winter University Games 10242:Cotswold Olimpick Games 10138:National Games (Taiwan) 9785:Asia Pacific Deaf Games 9513:North American Outgames 9356:World Mind Sports Games 9311:CSIT World Sports Games 9255:Jeux de la Francophonie 8851:Refugee Paralympic Team 7606:1992 Barcelona / Madrid 7372:Howe, P. David (2008). 7294:Advanced PE for Edexcel 7010:"London 2012 - Results" 6923:"Torino 2006 - Results" 6894:"Athens 2004 - Results" 6836:"Sydney 2000 - Results" 6807:"Nagano 1998 - Results" 6492:"Arnhem 1980 - Results" 6101:. IPC. August 7, 2016. 5876:"Skier Fails Drug Test" 4475:April 10, 2010, at the 2248:Winter Paralympic Games 2243:Summer Paralympic Games 2134:2016 Summer Paralympics 2130:2014 Winter Paralympics 2080:2002 Winter Paralympics 2072:2012 Summer Paralympics 1978:2004 Summer Paralympics 1924:intellectual impairment 1919:Intellectual Disability 1830:osteogenesis imperfecta 1672:2008 Summer Paralympics 1641:2024 Summer Paralympics 1621:2012 Summer Paralympics 1579:2008 Summer Paralympics 1567:2010 Winter Paralympics 1544:2000 Summer Paralympics 1524:2024 Summer Paralympics 1520:1984 Summer Paralympics 1475:2008 Summer Paralympics 1372:2012 Summer Paralympics 1340:2006 Winter Paralympics 1273:1988 Winter Paralympics 1252:1960 Summer Paralympics 1233:2004 Summer Paralympics 1097:Paralympic powerlifting 1008:Winter Paralympic Games 992:1994 Winter Paralympics 988:1992 Winter Paralympics 956:1988 Summer Paralympics 901:, to coincide with the 772:intellectual impairment 722:2020 Summer Paralympics 695:Summer Paralympic Games 605:Disability in the media 12367:Disability in the arts 12260:Disability and poverty 12199:Physical accessibility 11526:1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 11510:1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 11205:Olympic Esports Series 11154:Participation of women 9683:European Championships 9678:European Masters Games 9638:East Asian Youth Games 9621:ASEAN University Games 9476:Central American Games 9461:Americas Masters Games 9451:Parapan American Games 9285:World Indigenous Games 9275:World Transplant Games 8547:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7526:Participating nations 7126:"Tokyo 2020 - Results" 7039:"Sochi 2014 - Results" 6608:"Seoul 1988 - Results" 6521:"Geilo 1980 - Results" 6347:"Tokyo 1964 - Results" 3878:www.insidethegames.biz 3620:Vritika (2017-04-25). 3598:10.1123/APAQ.2016-0030 3540:Parapan American Games 1980: 1741: 1685: 1589:of issues such as the 1453:, who competed at the 1439: 1356: 1288: 1239: 1172: 1064: 1052: 937:Stoke Mandeville Games 857:Stoke Mandeville Games 790: 595:Disability in the arts 418:Physical accessibility 157:Parapan American Games 11958:driver rehabilitation 11225:Ancient Olympic Games 11055:summer (2000-present) 10795:Incentives by country 10567:Winter X Games Europe 10443:Spartakiad of Albania 10408:Women's Islamic Games 10363:Central African Games 10205:Ancient Olympic Games 8892:Serbia and Montenegro 8019:São Tomé and Príncipe 6318:"Rome 1960 - Results" 6216:. CNN. Archived from 6179:"Trischa Zorn-Hudson" 4594:"The Olympic Charter" 4539:"IPC-IOC Cooperation" 4489:"Ceremony volunteers" 4455:(Google Quick View), 4136:"IPC Management team" 3750:"Paralympics History" 3663:(CISS), December 1996 2164:Further information: 1975: 1939:Classification system 1812:Leg-length difference 1802:partial or total loss 1770:Impaired muscle power 1732: 1723:Further information: 1680: 1629:We're the Superhumans 1434: 1351: 1286: 1230: 1167: 1117:Wheelchair DanceSport 1058: 1047: 929:Further information: 881:with the help of the 785: 346:People-first language 324:Societal implications 30:Further information: 12291:Models of disability 12275:Youth and disability 12240:Invisible disability 12189:Orthotics and braces 12174:Assistive technology 11986:Rights, law, support 10761:All-time medal table 10423:Cerebral Palsy Games 10305:Liberty Bell Classic 10023:National Youth Games 9523:South American Games 9321:Mind Sports Olympiad 9235:Croatian World Games 9124:Military World Games 8481:United Arab Emirates 7068:"Rio 2016 - Results" 5295:. Insidethegames.biz 4516:IPC-IOC Co-operation 3760:on February 6, 2009. 2216:1984 Summer Olympics 2100:cross-country skiing 1651:A 2010 study by the 1595:cross-country skiing 1575:2010 Winter Olympics 1490:4 × 400 metres relay 1482:2012 Summer Olympics 1471:2008 Summer Olympics 1455:1984 Summer Olympics 1376:2012 Summer Olympics 1336:Organizing Committee 1244:1920 Summer Olympics 1201:Summer Games of 1988 1085:Paralympic athletics 1048:IPC headquarters in 964:1988 Summer Olympics 907:1st Paralympic Games 903:1960 Summer Olympics 863:1948 Summer Olympics 851:1952 Summer Olympics 681:, also known as the 413:Orthotics and braces 398:Assistive technology 11943:Learning disability 11652:Youth Olympic Games 11617:2026 Milano Cortina 10521:Arctic Winter Games 10428:South African Games 10388:Pacific Ocean Games 10329:Defunct regional or 10266:Alternatives to the 10184:Pre-Modern Olympics 9815:Mediterranean Games 9780:Arctic Winter Games 9633:Central Asian Games 9417:African Youth Games 9346:World Masters Games 9295:World Polonia Games 9016:Youth Olympic Games 8240:Trinidad and Tobago 8095:Antigua and Barbuda 7746:2026 Milano Cortina 7715:2002 Salt Lake City 7636:2016 Rio de Janeiro 7424:, Routledge, 2008, 5789:The Daily Telegraph 5706:The Daily Telegraph 5409:. Portugal Resident 5225:Advanced Television 4911:2016Natur.531T.417. 1952:Paralympic swimming 1858:Friedreich's ataxia 1782:post-polio syndrome 1762:Physical Impairment 1443:Paralympic athletes 1326:in Beijing and the 1105:Paralympic biathlon 1089:Paralympic swimming 374:Personal assistance 281:Learning disability 12357:Disability culture 12284:Disability studies 12179:Independent living 11907:Disability studies 10597:51 component games 10557:Asian Winter Games 10403:West African Games 10343:Asian Indoor Games 10315:Workers' Olympiads 10295:Inter-Allied Games 9754:Pacific Mini Games 9616:ASEAN School Games 9446:Pan American Games 9412:African Para Games 9336:World Combat Games 9270:Pan-Armenian Games 9230:Commonwealth Games 9179:SELL Student Games 9148:Youth and students 8955:Multi-sport events 8155:Dominican Republic 7420:Thomas and Smith, 6243:Challenge Magazine 6214:Sports Illustrated 5913:(IPC), May 4, 2010 5905:2014-03-16 at the 5850:Sports Illustrated 5621:"Wheelchair Rugby" 5273:2014-03-08 at the 5250:2010-05-11 at the 5209:. 29 January 2020. 5079:2014-04-12 at the 4950:2017-03-13 at the 4844:The New York Times 4788:The New York Times 4760:The New York Times 4703:. March 18, 2010. 4521:2009-09-08 at the 4451:2021-08-24 at the 4352:Howe (2008), p. 59 4250:"Paralympic Games" 3655:2014-03-15 at the 2199:Ragnhild Myklebust 1981: 1862:multiple sclerosis 1774:spinal cord injury 1742: 1603:wheelchair curling 1538:online audiences. 1440: 1408:Russian Federation 1396:Winter Paralympics 1310:In June 2001, the 1289: 1279:Medal presentation 1240: 1173: 1160:Paralympic symbols 1129:Paralympic Charter 1101:Para-alpine skiing 1093:Paralympic archery 1065: 1053: 791: 699:Seoul, South Korea 488:Assured Income for 147:African Para Games 126:Winter Paralympics 121:Summer Paralympics 12442: 12441: 12311:Neuroqueer theory 12214:Web accessibility 12164:Accessible toilet 12152: 12151: 12005:Disability rights 12000:Ableism/disablism 11854: 11853: 11804: 11803: 11793:COVID-19 pandemic 11779:Cancelled due to 11760:Cancelled due to 11677:2018 Buenos Aires 11641: 11640: 11531:1960 Squaw Valley 11233: 11232: 11050:summer (pre-2000) 11020:Songs and anthems 10647: 10646: 10580: 10579: 10461: 10460: 10413:World Youth Games 10310:People's Olympiad 10232:Panathenaic Games 10200:Panhellenic Games 10168: 10167: 9988: 9987: 9823: 9822: 9744:Micronesian Games 9643:South Asian Games 9601:Asian Youth Games 9591:Asian Beach Games 9384: 9383: 9371:World Urban Games 9366:World Skate Games 9361:World Nomad Games 9331:World Beach Games 9076:World Dwarf Games 9066:INAS Global Games 8921: 8920: 8916:(EOC) since 1994. 7780: 7779: 7774:COVID-19 pandemic 7680:1976 Örnsköldsvik 7430:978-0-415-37819-2 7358:978-0-7425-1844-5 7331:978-1-84126-265-9 7304:978-0-435-50643-8 7277:978-0-7360-4638-1 7250:978-1-876718-05-3 7210:. 30 March 2020. 6249:on April 27, 2003 5988:The National Post 5959:The Vancouver Sun 4422:The Vancouver Sun 3806:on August 2, 2009 3530:Sports portal 3513: 3510:COVID-19 pandemic 3499: 3498: 2146:Sir Philip Craven 2059:2000 Sydney games 2014:Paralympic sports 1912:5-a-side football 1891:visual impairment 1886:Visual impairment 1794:are not included. 1647:Outside the Games 1599:ice sledge hockey 1370:, said about the 1113:ice sledge hockey 949:1976 Summer Games 768:vision impairment 671: 670: 433:Web accessibility 393:Accessible toilet 276:Special education 214:Disability theory 207:Theory and models 193: 192: 16:(Redirected from 12499: 12477:Paralympic Games 12459: 12458: 12457: 12450: 12432: 12431: 12422: 12421: 12404:Special Olympics 12296:Inspiration porn 12209:Universal design 12010:Pejorative terms 11990: 11989: 11953:Physical therapy 11881: 11874: 11867: 11858: 11857: 11842: 11841: 11830: 11829: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11764: 11758: 11723:2016 Lillehammer 11704: 11647: 11646: 11624:2030 French Alps 11606:2018 PyeongChang 11576:1994 Lillehammer 11571:1992 Albertville 11556:1980 Lake Placid 11511: 11504: 11492:1932 Lake Placid 11466: 11431:2028 Los Angeles 11375:1984 Los Angeles 11355:1968 Mexico City 11325: 11318: 11306:1932 Los Angeles 11286: 11239: 11238: 11215:Special Olympics 11170:Paralympic Games 10838:tropical nations 10728:Olympic Congress 10711: 10710: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10651: 10650: 10635: 10634: 10623: 10622: 10611: 10610: 10526:Kennedy Memorial 10467: 10466: 10418:IWAS World Games 10368:East Asian Games 10353:Baltic Sea Games 10338:Afro-Asian Games 10331:community events 10280:Friendship Games 10188: 10174: 10173: 9855:British Columbia 9843: 9842: 9829: 9828: 9768:Intercontinental 9649:West Asian Games 9626:ASEAN Para Games 9607:Southeast Asian 9586:Asian Para Games 9493:Bolivarian Games 9390: 9389: 9351:World Mind Games 9081:Special Olympics 9061:IBSA World Games 8999:Paralympic Games 8963: 8962: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8925: 8924: 8800:Papua New Guinea 7820:Paralympic Games 7817: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7784: 7783: 7753:2030 French Alps 7735:2018 PyeongChang 7705:1994 Lillehammer 7652:2028 Los Angeles 7484:Paralympic Games 7477: 7470: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7443:Official website 7395: 7393: 7392: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7267:Disability Sport 7260: 7258: 7257: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6065: 6057: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5920: 5914: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5697: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5428:Emily Laurence. 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5288: 5282: 5281:, March 12, 2010 5265: 5259: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5104:. 8 January 2010 5094: 5088: 5087:, March 25, 2010 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5041: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4961: 4955: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4535: 4529: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4466: 4460: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375:on June 19, 2010 4374: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3979: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3756:. Archived from 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3693:"Classification" 3689: 3683: 3680:Special Olympics 3673: 3664: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3576: 3545:Asian Para Games 3528: 3527: 3526: 3507: 3501: 3490: 3489: 3458: 3457: 3430: 3429: 3396: 3395: 3368: 3367: 3333: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3300: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3228: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3072: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3023: 3022: 3013: 3012: 2990: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2945: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2912: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2789: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2756: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2717: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2685: 2684: 2671: 2670: 2648: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2559: 2558: 2551:Stoke Mandeville 2549: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2517: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2489: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2395: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2362: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2320: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2287: 2236: 2235: 2047:Alleged cheating 2031:(IBSA), and the 2002:wheelchair rugby 1889:– Athletes with 1362:Chairman of the 1194: 1188: 1187: 1154:Name and symbols 675:Paralympic Games 663: 656: 649: 624: 623: 564:Paralympic Games 559:Special Olympics 428:Universal design 351:Pejorative terms 195: 194: 185: 178: 171: 142:Asian Para Games 52: 42:Paralympic Games 38: 37: 32:IWAS World Games 21: 12507: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12455: 12453: 12445: 12443: 12438: 12410: 12345: 12279: 12218: 12148: 12122:Activist groups 12117: 12071: 12050: 12014: 11981: 11921: 11890: 11885: 11855: 11850: 11815: 11813: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11778: 11767: 11759: 11755: 11745: 11744: 11705: 11696: 11695: 11654: 11637: 11636: 11516:1948 St. Moritz 11509: 11502: 11487:1928 St. Moritz 11467: 11458: 11457: 11323: 11316: 11284: 11244: 11229: 11158: 11091: 10991: 10953:Olympic Channel 10931: 10891: 10885:Olympic Stadium 10849: 10833:Winter Olympics 10828:Summer Olympics 10814: 10805:Olympic diploma 10800:Stripped medals 10742: 10705: 10683: 10678: 10648: 10643: 10576: 10540: 10474: 10457: 10358:Black Sea Games 10330: 10324: 10268:Modern Olympics 10267: 10261: 10257:Zappas Olympics 10247:Gog Magog Games 10186: 10185: 10179: 10164: 10143: 10008:All-China Games 9984: 9917: 9908: 9892:amateur juniors 9834: 9819: 9763: 9727: 9667:Black Sea Games 9654: 9554: 9548:Caribbean Games 9519:South American 9499:North American 9431: 9395: 9380: 9299: 9265:Maccabiah Games 9260:Lusofonia Games 9208: 9143: 9129:World Air Games 9102: 9020: 8968: 8957: 8952: 8922: 8917: 8906: 8865: 8824: 8810:Solomon Islands 8761: 8687:North Macedonia 8500: 8264: 8083: 7822: 7811: 7781: 7776: 7766: 7765: 7665: 7664: 7581:1972 Heidelberg 7551: 7486: 7481: 7439: 7402: 7400:Further reading 7390: 7388: 7386: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7233: 7228: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7188: 7186: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7139: 7137: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7110: 7108: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7081: 7079: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7052: 7050: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7023: 7021: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6994: 6992: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6963: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6936: 6934: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6907: 6905: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6876: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6849: 6847: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6820: 6818: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6791: 6789: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6760: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6702: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6650: 6648: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6621: 6619: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6592: 6590: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6561: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6445: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6418: 6416: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6329: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6252: 6250: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6221: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5995: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5968: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5936: 5921: 5917: 5907:Wayback Machine 5898: 5894: 5885: 5883: 5872: 5868: 5859: 5857: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5827:on June 5, 2011 5824: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5713: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5275:Wayback Machine 5266: 5262: 5258:, March 4, 2010 5252:Wayback Machine 5243: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5085:Harstad Tidende 5081:Wayback Machine 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5006: 4996: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4952:Wayback Machine 4943: 4936: 4920:10.1038/531417d 4893: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4878: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4523:Wayback Machine 4514: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4477:Wayback Machine 4467: 4463: 4453:Wayback Machine 4444: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4165:"About the IPC" 4163: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3674: 3667: 3657:Wayback Machine 3648: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3614: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3560:Disability flag 3524: 3522: 3519: 3484: 3452: 3424: 3390: 3362: 3330: 3317: 3297: 3284: 3256: 3245: 3225: 3212: 3180: 3167: 3147: 3134: 3102: 3089: 3069: 3052: 3020: 3007: 2987: 2974: 2942: 2929: 2909: 2896: 2864: 2851: 2831: 2818: 2786: 2773: 2753: 2740: 2714: 2697: 2682: 2665: 2645: 2632: 2617: 2604: 2584: 2571: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2514: 2501: 2486: 2473: 2453: 2440: 2425: 2412: 2392: 2379: 2359: 2346: 2326: 2315: 2293: 2282: 2234: 2228: 2208:Neroli Fairhall 2172: 2162: 2055: 2049: 2016: 2010: 1970: 1961: 1947: 1941: 1878:choreoathetosis 1754: 1734:Olena Iurkovska 1727: 1721: 1690: 1657:2010 Paralympic 1649: 1516: 1507: 1459:Oscar Pistorius 1447:Neroli Fairhall 1436:Oscar Pistorius 1429: 1423: 1404:Winter Olympics 1392:Paralympic team 1349:, which states, 1308: 1303: 1294:national anthem 1281: 1269:Paralympic flag 1264: 1225: 1220: 1170:Paralympic flag 1162: 1156: 1042: 1034:Winter Olympics 1010: 1004: 996:Winter Olympics 933: 927: 877:, who had fled 871:Ludwig Guttmann 865:in London. The 859: 800:German-American 796: 788:Ludwig Guttmann 780: 667: 636: 610: 609: 590: 580: 579: 578: 553: 543: 542: 513: 512: 496: 495: 492: 489: 447: 439: 438: 437: 403:Assisted living 375: 367: 366: 365: 325: 317: 316: 315: 295: 287: 286: 285: 248: 240: 239: 238: 208: 189: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12505: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12464: 12463: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12426: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12386: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12364: 12362:Disability art 12359: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 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11548: 11543: 11538: 11536:1964 Innsbruck 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11506: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11385:1992 Barcelona 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11340:1956 Melbourne 11337: 11332: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11301:1928 Amsterdam 11298: 11293: 11288: 11281: 11279:1912 Stockholm 11276: 11271: 11269:1904 St. Louis 11266: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11172: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11144: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11082:Olympic Laurel 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10950: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10859: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10840: 10830: 10824: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10719: 10717: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10696: 10693:Olympic sports 10688: 10685: 10684: 10677: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10654: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10629: 10617: 10604: 10603: 10594: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10463: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10290:Goodwill Games 10287: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10220:Isthmian Games 10217: 10212: 10207: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10181: 10180: 10170: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10155:Poland (youth) 10151: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10133: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10099: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10080:National Games 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10013:National Games 10010: 10002: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9965:North Carolina 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9846: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9673:European Games 9670: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9483:Latin American 9480: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9290:World Outgames 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9245:Highland games 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9213:Intercommunity 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9168: 9160: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9078: 9073: 9071:Invictus Games 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9006: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8959: 8958: 8951: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8928: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8877:Czechoslovakia 8873: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8567:Czech Republic 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8461:Chinese Taipei 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8260:Virgin Islands 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7778: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7725:2010 Vancouver 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7695:1988 Innsbruck 7692: 7690:1984 Innsbruck 7687: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7437:External links 7435: 7434: 7433: 7418: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7384: 7369: 7357: 7342: 7330: 7315: 7303: 7288: 7276: 7261: 7249: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7195: 7170: 7146: 7117: 7088: 7059: 7030: 7001: 6972: 6943: 6914: 6885: 6856: 6827: 6798: 6769: 6740: 6711: 6682: 6657: 6628: 6599: 6570: 6541: 6512: 6483: 6454: 6425: 6396: 6367: 6338: 6309: 6284: 6259: 6230: 6210:"Trischa Zorn" 6201: 6170: 6143: 6116: 6087: 6047: 6021: 6004: 5975: 5945: 5915: 5892: 5866: 5837: 5805: 5772: 5747: 5722: 5687: 5662: 5646:"Organization" 5637: 5612: 5587: 5562: 5531: 5506: 5480: 5443: 5420: 5397: 5375: 5352: 5341:. Mashable.com 5329: 5306: 5283: 5260: 5237: 5212: 5194: 5184:. 24 June 2017 5169: 5140: 5115: 5089: 5066: 5033: 5024: 5015: 4987: 4964:Gibson, Owen. 4956: 4934: 4886: 4860: 4830: 4804: 4790:. 2006-06-13. 4772: 4746: 4717: 4686: 4656: 4625: 4616: 4585: 4570:. 9 May 2012. 4568:paralympic.org 4555: 4530: 4505: 4480: 4461: 4438: 4409: 4385: 4354: 4345: 4320: 4295: 4270: 4241: 4232: 4216:"IPC Handbook" 4207: 4181: 4153: 4127: 4101: 4072: 4043: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3963: 3939: 3914: 3890: 3865: 3840: 3816: 3788: 3772:"SPSL Archive" 3763: 3740: 3731: 3706: 3684: 3665: 3642: 3612: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3518: 3515: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492:Salt Lake City 3482: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3327: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3294: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3222: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3177: 3175:Rio de Janeiro 3165: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3144: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2984: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2906: 2904:Salt Lake City 2894: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2861: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2828: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2783: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2711: 2695: 2690: 2679: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2630: 2625: 2614: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2581: 2569: 2564: 2553: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2511: 2499: 2494: 2483: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2450: 2438: 2433: 2422: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2323: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2230:Main article: 2227: 2224: 2161: 2158: 2154:Todd Nicholson 2051:Main article: 2048: 2045: 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1943:Main article: 1940: 1937: 1903:sighted guides 1882: 1881: 1874:cerebral palsy 1865: 1854:cerebral palsy 1845: 1842:cerebral palsy 1833: 1822:achondroplasia 1815: 1809: 1795: 1785: 1753: 1750: 1720: 1719:Classification 1717: 1689: 1686: 1678:, China, that: 1648: 1645: 1515: 1514:Media coverage 1512: 1506: 1503: 1498:sighted guides 1422: 1419: 1398:, while their 1314:(IOC) and the 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1280: 1277: 1263: 1260: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1212:Thierry Darnis 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1077:Andrew Parsons 1041: 1038: 1006:Main article: 1003: 1000: 982:(IPC) and the 945:Renato Morelli 926: 923: 858: 855: 812:Olivér Halassy 795: 792: 779: 776: 669: 668: 666: 665: 658: 651: 643: 640: 639: 638: 637: 635: 634: 629: 617: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 600:Disability art 597: 591: 586: 585: 582: 581: 577: 576: 574:Invictus Games 571: 566: 561: 555: 554: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 514: 511: 510: 507: 503: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 486: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 462:Ticket to Work 459: 454: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 389: 388: 387: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 364: 363: 361:Women's health 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 313: 308: 303: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 284: 283: 278: 273: 271:Special school 268: 262: 261: 260: 255: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 191: 190: 188: 187: 180: 173: 165: 162: 161: 160: 159: 154: 149: 144: 136: 135: 134:Regional games 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 115: 114: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 59: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12504: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12462: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12435: 12427: 12425: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223:Social issues 12221: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12120: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11984: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11965:Special needs 11963: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11948:Mainstreaming 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11912:Medical model 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11882: 11877: 11875: 11870: 11868: 11863: 11862: 11859: 11847: 11846: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11763: 11757: 11753: 11748: 11741: 11740: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11728:2020 Lausanne 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11692: 11691: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11648: 11644: 11633: 11632: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11561:1984 Sarajevo 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11541:1968 Grenoble 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11507: 11505: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11482:1924 Chamonix 11480: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11465: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11438:2032 Brisbane 11435: 11433: 11432: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11365:1976 Montreal 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11335:1952 Helsinki 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11321: 11319: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11243:Olympic Games 11240: 11236: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11087:Olympic Order 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10852: 10844: 10843:country codes 10841: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10681:Olympic Games 10675: 10670: 10668: 10663: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10640: 10639: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479:International 10477: 10473: 10472:Winter sports 10468: 10464: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10300:Islamic Games 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10225:Heraean Games 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10210:Pythian Games 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10182: 10175: 10171: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9991: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9970:Lakota Nation 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9940:Massachusetts 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918:United States 9915: 9911: 9903: 9902:Warrior Games 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9887:United States 9885: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9826: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9808:Jeux des îles 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9759:Arafura Games 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9749:Pacific Games 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9442:Pan American 9441: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9407:African Games 9405: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158:(Universiade) 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9034:Arafura Games 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8982:Olympic Games 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8974:Olympic Games 8971: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8942: 8937: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8926: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Liechtenstein 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8607:Great Britain 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8582:Faroe Islands 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:United States 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7934:Guinea-Bissau 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7808: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7775: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7660: 7659:2032 Brisbane 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:1968 Tel Aviv 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7466: 7464: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7415:0-9682092-0-3 7412: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7387: 7385:9780415288866 7381: 7377: 7376: 7370: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7343: 7333: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7316: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7289: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7262: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7005: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6299:on 2014-03-15 6298: 6294: 6288: 6274:on 2014-03-15 6273: 6269: 6263: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6220:on 2012-10-23 6219: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6191:on 2010-06-19 6187: 6180: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6077:on 2012-05-29 6073: 6069: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6036:on 2009-11-21 6035: 6031: 6030:"Gene Doping" 6025: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5965:on 2010-04-24 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5934: 5930: 5929:The Telegraph 5926: 5919: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5882:on 2010-06-05 5881: 5877: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5777: 5762:on 2004-12-24 5761: 5757: 5751: 5737:on 2006-01-18 5736: 5732: 5726: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5627:on 2010-06-19 5626: 5622: 5616: 5602:on 2010-01-18 5601: 5597: 5591: 5577:on 2009-10-24 5576: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5431: 5424: 5408: 5401: 5385: 5379: 5363: 5356: 5340: 5333: 5317: 5310: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5279:CablePulse 24 5276: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5207:SportBusiness 5204: 5198: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5129: 5128:Broadcast Now 5125: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5083:(Norwegian), 5082: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5028: 5019: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4620: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4545:on 2009-09-08 4544: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4428:on 2010-03-17 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4335:on 2009-10-06 4334: 4330: 4324: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4236: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4031: 4028:. BBC Sport. 4027: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3989:on 2010-03-12 3988: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3735: 3721:on 2016-12-03 3720: 3716: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231:United States 3223: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2792:United States 2784: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720:United States 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2688:United States 2680: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2623:United States 2615: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2562:United States 2554: 2552: 2547: 2541:New York City 2538: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2492:United States 2484: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2431:United States 2423: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2365:United States 2357: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2332:United States 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:Olympic Games 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:United States 2176: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136:, citing the 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2020:alpine skiing 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1953: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1927:However, the 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:legally blind 1892: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Short stature 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1757:Paralympics. 1749: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1694:Down syndrome 1684: 1679: 1677: 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