594:, a group which advocated close reading and detailed textual analysis of poetry over, or even instead of, an interest in the mind and personality of the poet, sources, the history of ideas and political and social implications. Although there are undoubtedly similarities between Leavis's approach to criticism and that of the New Critics (most particularly in that both take the work of art itself as the primary focus of critical discussion), Leavis is ultimately distinguishable from them, since he never adopted (and was explicitly hostile to) a theory of the poem as a self-contained and self-sufficient aesthetic and formal artefact, isolated from the society, culture and tradition from which it emerged.
921:(1976). Although these later works have been sometimes called "philosophy", it has been argued that there is no abstract or theoretical context to justify such a description. In discussing the nature of language and value, Leavis implicitly treats the sceptical questioning that philosophical reflection starts from as an irrelevance from his standpoint as a literary critic – a position set out in his early exchange with René Wellek (reprinted in
25:
460:. Rouse was a classicist and known for his "direct method", a practice which required teachers to carry on classroom conversations with their pupils in Latin and classical Greek. Though he had some fluency in foreign languages, Leavis felt that his native language was the only one on which he was able to speak with authority. His extensive reading in the classical languages is not therefore strongly evident in his work.
140:
817:(who was herself taught by Leavis) wrote of one of her characters (Blackadder) "Leavis did to Blackadder what he did to serious students: he showed him the terrible, the magnificent importance and urgency of English literature and simultaneously deprived him of any confidence in his own capacity to contribute to or change it."
637:(1943), Leavis argued that "there is a prior cultural achievement of language; language is not a detachable instrument of thought and communication. It is the historical embodiment of its community's assumptions and aspirations at levels which are so subliminal much of the time that language is their only index".
582:
provided a forum for (on occasion) identifying important contemporary work and (more commonly) reviewing the traditional canon by serious criteria. This criticism was informed by a teacher's concern to present the essential to students, taking into consideration time constraints and a limited range
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retained in the clothes of soldiers who had been gassed damaged his physical health, but that his poor digestion was due to "...not gas at Ypres, but the things I didn't say". Leavis was slow to recover from the war, and he was later to refer to it as "the great hiatus". He said: "The war, to put it
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with his notion of the "organic community", by which he seems to have meant a community with a deeply rooted and locally self-sufficient culture that he claimed to have existed in the villages of 17th and 18th century
England and which was destroyed by the machine and mass culture introduced by the
981:
As a critic of the
English novel, Leavis's main tenet stated that great novelists show an intense moral interest in life, and that this moral interest determines the nature of their form in fiction. Authors within this "tradition" were all characterised by a serious or responsible attitude to the
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Leavis's proponents said that he introduced a "seriousness" into
English studies, and some English and American university departments were shaped by his example and ideas. He appeared to possess a clear idea of literary criticism, and he was well known for his decisive and often provocative, and
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Leavis introduced the idea of the "third realm" as a name for the method of existence of literature; works which are not private like a dream or public in the sense of something that can be tripped over, but exist in human minds as a work of collaborative re-constitution. The notion of the "third
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by the time I arrived in
Cambridge his influence had waned, and he and his kind had been almost entirely eclipsed ... Stories of Frank Leavis and his harridan of a wife Queenie snubbing, ostracising, casting out and calumniating anyone who offended them went the round, and those English
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idiosyncratic, judgements. He insisted that valuation was the principal concern of criticism, that it must ensure that
English literature should be a living reality operating as an informing spirit in society, and that criticism should involve the shaping of contemporary sensibility.
1049:, claiming that Nicolson's programmes lacked the "sensitiveness of intelligence" which Leavis believed good literary criticism required. Throughout his career, Leavis constantly took issue with the BBC's motives and actions, even once jokingly referring to his "anti-BBC complex".
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accuses Leavis of "narrowness, spitefulness, dogmatism", "distortion, omission and strident overstatement" and says that "the overall effect of his teaching has plainly been calculated ... to produce many of the characteristics of a religious or ideological sect."
514:. He then changed his field of study to English and became a pupil in the newly founded English School. Despite graduating with first-class honours in his final examinations, Leavis was not seen as a strong candidate for a research fellowship and instead embarked on a
633:(a joint effort with Denys Thompson), stressed the importance of an informed and discriminating, highly trained intellectual elite whose existence within university English departments would help preserve the cultural continuity of English life and literature. In
447:
in 1895 to Harry Leavis (1862–1921) and Kate Sarah Moore (1874–1929). His father was a cultured man who ran a shop in
Cambridge that sold pianos and other musical instruments, and his son was to retain a respect for him throughout his life. Leavis was educated at
784:, and objected to his attacks and innuendoes about people I knew and respected. I think it is a pity he became so intemperate in his views and was extravagant in his admirations, as I had, in the earlier stages of the magazine, felt great sympathy for its editor.
530:
In 1927 Leavis was appointed as a probationary lecturer for the university, and, when his first substantial publications began to appear a few years later, their style was much influenced by the demands of teaching. In 1929 Leavis married one of his students,
906:(1955). Following this period Leavis pursued an increasingly complex treatment of literary, educational and social issues. Though the hub of his work remained literature, his perspective for commentary was noticeably broadening, and this was most visible in
895:(1936). Here he was concerned primarily with re-examining poetry from the 17th to 20th centuries, and this was accomplished under the strong influence of T. S. Eliot. Also during this early period Leavis sketched out his views about university education.
522:, which "studied the rise and earlier development of the press in England". This work contributed to his lifelong concern with the way in which the ethos of a periodical can both reflect and mould the cultural aspirations of a wider public.
1016:
Leavis attempted to set out his conception of the proper relation between form/composition and moral interest/art and life. Leavis, along with his wife, Q.D. Leavis, was later to revise his opinion of
Dickens in their study,
1045:. He accused the corporation's coverage of English literature of lacking impartiality, and of vulgarising the literary taste of British society. In 1931, Leavis took issue with a BBC series of book discussions presented by
855:
described Leavis as a "sanctimonious prick of only parochial significance" and said that Leavis had an "intense suspicious propensity to explode in wrath and anathematize anyone who dared disagree with him". Fry notes:
728:, was published in 1952. Outside his work on English poetry and the novel, this is Leavis's best-known and most influential work. A decade later Leavis was to earn much notoriety when he delivered his Richmond lecture,
574:, the critical quarterly that he edited until 1953, using it as a vehicle for the new Cambridge criticism, upholding rigorous intellectual standards and attacking the dilettante elitism he believed to characterise the
937:
Leavis attacked the
Victorian poetical ideal, suggesting that 19th-century poetry sought the consciously "poetical" and showed a separation of thought and feeling and a divorce from the real world. The influence of
742:), that practitioners of the scientific and humanistic disciplines should have some significant understanding of each other, and that a lack of knowledge of 20th century physics was comparable to an ignorance of
589:
was the first major volume of criticism Leavis was to publish, and it provides insight into his own critical positions. He has been frequently (but often erroneously) associated with the
American school of
424:
wrote of him in 1963: "it would be true to say that in the last thirty or more years hardly anyone seriously concerned with the study of
English literature has not been influenced by him in some way."
954:, the dependence on Eliot was still very much present, but Leavis demonstrated an individual critical sense operating in such a way as to place him among the distinguished modern critics.
2019:
467:, to study history. Britain declared war on Germany soon after he matriculated, when he was 19. Leavis left Cambridge after his first year as an undergraduate and joined the
1567:
The improved version of Peregrine Prykke's pilgrimage through the London literary world : a tragic poem in rhyming couplets; with illustrations by Russell Davies
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Leavis's uncompromising zeal in promoting his views of literature drew mockery from quarters of the literary world involved in imaginative writing. In a letter that
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in 1959 she described Leavis as "a tiresome, whining, pettyfogging little pipsqueak". Leavis (as "Simon Lacerous") and Scrutiny (as "Thumbscrew") were satirized by
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653:. Historians of the era have suggested that the idea was based on a misreading of history and that such communities had never existed. No historians of
1979:
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in 1916, when his brother Ralph also joined the FAU, he benefited from the blanket recognition of the members of the Friends' Ambulance Unit as
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1994:
563:, another of Leavis's students, in 1930, and served for several years as an additional outlet for the work of Leavis and some of his students.
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2024:
1989:
969:, on the other hand, had no great impact on Milton's popular esteem. Many of his finest analyses of poems were reprinted in the late work,
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1640:
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Leavis's criticism can be grouped into four chronological stages. The first is that of his early publications and essays, including
1999:
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614:, was an attempt to identify the essential new achievements in modern poetry. It also discussed at length and praised the work of
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poems with him. His wartime experiences had a lasting effect on him, making him prone to insomnia. He maintained that exposure to
774:
found him (and his disciples) to be "fanatic and rancid in manner". Leavis's conduct led to a breach with T. S. Eliot, who wrote
435:, gown blown out horizontal in his slipstream. He looked as if walking briskly was something he had practised in a wind-tunnel."
827:, depicts a ludicrous series of events ending in the hero teaching Leavisite criticism as a religion in the American Bible Belt.
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Leavis died in 1978, at the age of 82, His wife, Queenie D. Leavis, died in 1981. He features as a main character, played by
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from his canon, characterising Dickens as a "mere entertainer", but eventually, following the revaluation of Dickens by
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in 1970. The Leavisites' downgrading of Hardy may have damaged Leavis's own authority. In 1950, in the introduction to
2004:
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to epitomize the scientific drift of culture and social thinking, which was in his view the enemy of the holistic,
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that, "It was Mr. Eliot who made us fully conscious of the weakness of that tradition" . In his later publication
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academics at the university who had been in their orbit were callously dismissed by the elite as dead Leavisites.
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attacks on Snow's intelligence and abilities were widely decried in the British press by public figures such as
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Martin Seymour-Smith Guide to Modern World Literature (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975) vol. 1, pages. 291-2
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In 1948, Leavis focused his attention on fiction and made his general statement about the English novel in
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710:, a publication he edited, Leavis set out the historical importance of utilitarian thought. Leavis found
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1936:
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at Downing College. Leavis vigorously attacked Snow's suggestion, from a 1959 lecture and book by
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in the chapter "Another Book to Cross off your List" of his lampoon of literary criticism theory
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2014:
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As Leavis continued his career he became increasingly dogmatic, belligerent and paranoid, and
518:, then an unusual career move for an aspiring academic. In 1924, Leavis presented a thesis on
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there could be no question for anyone who knew what modern war was like of joining the army."
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In 1964 Leavis resigned his fellowship at Downing and took up visiting professorships at the
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1969:
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535:, and this union resulted in a collaboration that yielded many critical works. 1932 was an
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On his return from the war in 1919, Leavis resumed his studies at Cambridge and obtained a
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The Two Cultures Controversy: Science, Literature and Cultural Politics in Postwar Britain
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were considerably enhanced by Leavis's proclamation of their greatness. His criticism of
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Leavis ranked among the most prominent English-language critics in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Leavis is often viewed as having been a better critic of poetry than of the novel. In
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The rise and fall of the man of letters; aspects of English literary life since 1800
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Two of his last publications embodied the critical sentiments of his final years;
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1021:(1970). He also praised the moral seriousness of American novelists such as
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682:. Contentiously, Leavis, and his followers, excluded major authors such as
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of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at
1647:, 23 April 2011. "I now see that he is at his best as a critic of poetry."
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List of Members of the Friends' Ambulance Unit 1914-1919, London, 1919,
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1867:"F. R. Leavis, Science, and the Abiding Crisis of Modern Civilization"
1459:"'The Two Cultures' Today: On the C. P. Snow–F. R. Leavis Controversy"
1890:
Robinson, Ian. "The English Prophets", The Brynmill Press Ltd (2001).
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618:, whose importance was not to be confirmed by readers and critics.
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He then turned his attention to fiction and the novel, producing
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I so strongly disagreed with Dr Leavis during the last days of
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In 1931 Leavis was appointed director of studies in English at
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275:
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1112:. The story focuses on his relationship with his mentor, Sir
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Leavis pictured in his Friends' Ambulance Unit uniform, 1915.
1132:
Dooley, David (Summer 1995). "Review: Bloom and the Canon".
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have given credence to the notion of the organic community.
1706:
Radio Modernism: Literature, Ethics, and the BBC, 1922-1938
472:
1430:"Sir Charles Snow, Dr. F. R. Leavis and the Two Cultures,"
919:
Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and Thought in Lawrence
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The Living Principle: 'English' as a Discipline of Thought
838:, the eponymous hero studies literature under the prophet
431:, "You became accustomed to seeing him walk briskly along
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570:, where he taught for the next 30 years. He soon founded
1831:. London / Toronto: Chatto & Windus / Clarke, Irwin.
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Leavis is sometimes seen as having contributed to the
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Leavis had won a scholarship from the Perse School to
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realm" has not received much attention subsequently.
1900:
Singh, G. (1998). "The Achievement of F.R. Leavis,"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2020:People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit
1883:Podhoretz, Norman. "F. R. Leavis: A Revaluation",
1837:
1247:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
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1796:Re-Reading Leavis: Culture and Literary Criticism
1533:Pamela Hansford Johnson: Her Life, Work and Times
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1041:Leavis was one of the earliest detractors of the
666:, where he traced this claimed tradition through
2035:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
1961:
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1641:"Howard Jacobson on being taught by F.R. Leavis
1086:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
1685:English as a Vocation: The 'Scrutiny' Movement
405:(14 July 1895 – 14 April 1978) was an English
1238:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
1191:May Week Was In June: More Unreliable Memoirs
483:. Leavis is quoted as saying: "But after the
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730:Two Cultures? The Significance of C. P. Snow
520:The Relationship of Journalism to Literature
281:The Relationship of Journalism to Literature
214:Two Cultures? The Significance of C. P. Snow
1736:(Supplement). 30 December 1977. p. 23.
942:is easily identifiable in his criticism of
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946:, and Leavis acknowledged this, saying in
702:, Leavis changed his position, publishing
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1895:F. R. Leavis (Modern Cultural Theorists)
1726:
1687:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012
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1483:
724:, another collection of his essays from
1244:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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555:was founded. A small publishing house,
1980:Academics of the University of Bristol
1962:
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1778:The Literary Criticism of F. R. Leavis
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1069:. His final volumes of criticism were
982:moral complexity of life and included
2010:Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge
1995:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
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629:essays. This publication, along with
503:egotistically, was bad luck for us."
1985:Academics of the University of Wales
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1588:The Fry Chronicles: An Autobiography
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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2025:People educated at The Perse School
1990:Academics of the University of York
1904:, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 397–405.
1708:. Farnham Ashgate Publishing, 2006
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475:in 1915. After the introduction of
16:English literary critic (1895–1978)
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14:
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1922:
1840:F. R. Leavis: a life in criticism
1590:(Penguin, London, 2011) page 46,
1556:(Random House, 1991) pages 27–28.
1492:"Preview: Dr. Leavis, I Presume?"
1275:Library of the Society of Friends
452:in Cambridge (in English terms a
1748:"Obituary: Frank Raymond Leavis"
1610:(Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969)
1329:(London: Collins, 1978), p. 117.
830:In the mock epic heroic poem by
541:for them, when Leavis published
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2000:English conscientious objectors
1897:, University of Toronto (1992).
1844:. New York: St Martin's Press.
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490:He worked in France behind the
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34:needs additional citations for
1780:. Cambridge University Press.
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1171:"The Influence of F.R. Leavis"
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935:New Bearings in English Poetry
889:New Bearings in English Poetry
587:New Bearings in English Poetry
547:Fiction and the Reading Public
543:New Bearings in English Poetry
199:New Bearings in English Poetry
1:
1918:, Chatto & Windus (1980).
1746:Ezard, John (18 April 1978).
1490:Brooke Allen (22 June 2006).
1448:, Cambridge University Press.
1119:
1079:Thought, Words and Creativity
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718:understanding he championed.
708:Mill on Bentham and Coleridge
1535:(Shepeard-Walwyn, UK, 2014)
1261:UK public library membership
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873:
635:Education and the University
7:
1798:, Palgrave Macmillan (1996)
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631:Culture and the Environment
625:, which was a selection of
465:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
456:), whose headmaster was Dr
269:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
10:
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1821:Cambridge Between Two Wars
1802:Greenwood, Edward (1978).
1428:Gerhardi, William (1962).
1327:Cambridge Between Two Wars
411:Downing College, Cambridge
333:Downing College, Cambridge
1887:, Vol. 1, September 1982.
621:In 1933 Leavis published
598:, devoted principally to
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510:in Part I of the history
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2005:English literary critics
1948:10 February 2017 at the
1862:, New Left Books (1979).
1806:. London: Longman Group.
1465:, Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 10.
904:D. H. Lawrence, Novelist
766:Character and reputation
439:Early life and education
1943:F. R. Leavis in America
1836:MacKillop, I D (1997).
1811:Hayman, Ronald (1976).
1457:Kimball, Roger (1994).
957:The early reception of
794:Pamela Hansford Johnson
481:conscientious objectors
469:Friends' Ambulance Unit
1872:4 October 2013 at the
1860:The Moment of Scrutiny
1827:Leavis, F. R. (1952).
1767:Bell, Michael (1988).
1683:Christopher Hilliard,
1444:Ortolano, Guy (2009).
1253:10.1093/ref:odnb/31344
1193:. London: Picador, 57.
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2030:People from Cambridge
1929:Works by F. R. Leavis
1776:Bilan, R. P. (1979).
1569:(Cape, London, 1976)
1090:1978 New Year Honours
1059:University of Bristol
858:
845:In his autobiography
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651:Industrial Revolution
600:Gerard Manley Hopkins
545:, his wife published
494:, carrying a copy of
1880:, 43: 161–85 (2005).
1618:, pages 271–274, 281
1116:, and the students.
1114:Arthur Quiller-Couch
1075:The Living Principle
1053:Later life and death
1019:Dickens the Novelist
971:The Living Principle
865:The literary critic
772:Martin Seymour-Smith
704:Dickens the Novelist
655:Early Modern Britain
604:William Butler Yeats
154:Frank Raymond Leavis
43:improve this article
1911:, Routledge (2010).
1819:Howarth, T. E. B.,
1497:The Weekly Standard
1169:(25 October 1963).
1084:He was appointed a
1063:University of Wales
1023:Nathaniel Hawthorne
1013:The Great Tradition
961:and the reading of
900:The Great Tradition
663:The Great Tradition
443:Leavis was born in
413:, and later at the
258:Academic background
204:The Great Tradition
1955:The Leavis Society
1878:History of Science
1858:Mulhern, Francis.
1829:The Common Pursuit
1733:The London Gazette
1639:Jacobson, Howard.
1325:T. E. B. Howarth,
1109:The Last Romantics
1071:Nor Shall My Sword
1067:University of York
948:The Common Pursuit
923:The Common Pursuit
908:Nor Shall my Sword
848:The Fry Chronicles
805:A Student Casebook
722:The Common Pursuit
557:The Minority Press
508:lower second-class
415:University of York
337:University of York
209:The Common Pursuit
189:Cambridge, England
1907:Storer, Richard.
1885:The New Criterion
1823:, Collins (1978).
1787:978-0-521-22324-9
1596:978-0-141-03980-0
1541:978-0-85683-298-7
1463:The New Criterion
1435:, 16 March, p. 9.
1419:, pp. 14–18.
1259:(Subscription or
1167:Bamborough, J. B.
1134:The Hudson Review
824:The Great Pursuit
559:, was founded by
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1933:Internet Archive
1914:Walsh, William.
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739:The Two Cultures
583:of experience.
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450:The Perse School
422:J. B. Bamborough
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370:Norman Podhoretz
365:Raymond Williams
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32:This article
30:
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1937:another link
1916:F. R. Leavis
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1771:. Routledge.
1769:F. R. Leavis
1768:
1752:The Guardian
1751:
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1725:UK listing:
1721:
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1704:Todd Avery,
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1508:13 September
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
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988:George Eliot
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164:14 July 1895
127:F. R. Leavis
120:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1975:1978 deaths
1970:1895 births
1909:F. R Leavis
1794:Day, Gary.
1761:Works cited
1728:"No. 47418"
1657:Leavis 1952
1606:John Gross
1543:. page 280.
1203:Hayman 1976
1077:(1975) and
992:Henry James
984:Jane Austen
959:T. S. Eliot
952:Revaluation
940:T. S. Eliot
902:(1948) and
893:Revaluation
891:(1932) and
853:Stephen Fry
832:Clive James
815:A. S. Byatt
746:. Leavis's
744:Shakespeare
676:Henry James
668:Jane Austen
608:T. S. Eliot
592:New Critics
429:Clive James
310:T. S. Eliot
300:Henry James
1964:Categories
1902:Modern Age
1851:0312163576
1716:(p. 39–40)
1714:0754655172
1693:0199695172
1669:Bilan 1979
1628:Bilan 1979
1616:0297764942
1575:0224012622
1554:Possession
1552:A S Byatt
1417:Bilan 1979
1263:required.)
1140:(2): 333.
1120:References
1037:On the BBC
1031:Mark Twain
867:John Gross
819:Tom Sharpe
810:Possession
748:ad hominem
734:C. P. Snow
612:Ezra Pound
500:poison gas
343:Influenced
288:Influences
264:Alma mater
160:1895-07-14
99:March 2019
69:newspapers
1695:. (p. 96)
1405:Bell 1988
1390:Bell 1988
1351:Bell 1988
1277:, London.
1215:Bell 1988
1189:(2009) .
1106:feature,
1081:(1976).
929:On poetry
874:Criticism
792:wrote to
471:(FAU) at
445:Cambridge
168:Cambridge
1946:Archived
1870:Archived
1577:, page 7
1097:Ian Holm
1073:(1972),
1065:and the
910:(1972).
879:Overview
781:Scrutiny
726:Scrutiny
627:Scrutiny
580:Scrutiny
572:Scrutiny
552:Scrutiny
496:Milton's
246:Children
1154:3851832
963:Hopkins
712:Bentham
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172:England
83:scholar
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1061:, the
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998:, and
967:Milton
716:humane
678:, and
642:mythos
610:, and
526:Career
512:tripos
398:Leavis
276:Thesis
221:Spouse
211:(1952)
206:(1948)
201:(1932)
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1931:, at
1150:JSTOR
1010:. In
736:(see
394:F. R.
234:(
230:
90:JSTOR
76:books
1846:ISBN
1782:ISBN
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1689:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1510:2008
1006:and
754:and
698:and
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179:Died
150:Born
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516:PhD
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1935:(
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158:(
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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