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conflict settings it manifests as a severe form of conflict engagement. However, the labeling of activities, people, and groups as "extremist", and the defining of what is "ordinary" in any setting is always a subjective and political matter. Thus, we suggest that any discussion of extremism be mindful of the following: Typically, the same extremist act will be viewed by some as just and moral (such as pro-social "freedom fighting"), and by others as unjust and immoral (antisocial "terrorism") depending on the observer's values, politics, moral scope, and the nature of their relationship with the actor. In addition, one's sense of the moral or immoral nature of a given act of extremism (such as Nelson
Mandela's use of guerilla war tactics against the South African Government) may change as conditions (leadership, world opinion, crises, historical accounts, etc.) change. Thus, the current and historical context of extremist acts shapes our view of them. Power differences also matter when defining extremism. When in conflict, the activities of members of low power groups tend to be viewed as more extreme than similar activities committed by members of groups advocating the status quo.
1059:, scientists have demonstrated that people with extreme political views (both extreme right and extreme left) had significantly worse metacognition, or the ability of a person to recognize they are wrong and modify their views when presented with contrary evidence, thus creating an opinion that supports only their idea of wrong and right. People found on either of the political extremes were shown to have much greater (but misplaced) confidence in their beliefs, and resisted change.
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differ considerably in their willingness to negotiate their differences with the
Palestinian Authority and, ultimately, with certain factions in Israel. Ultimately, the core problem that extremism presents in situations of protracted conflict is less the severity of the activities (although violence, trauma, and escalation are obvious concerns) but more so the closed, fixed, and intolerant nature of extremist attitudes, and their subsequent imperviousness to change.
747:
890:, in the level of violence they employ, and in the preferred targets of their violence (from infrastructure to military personnel to civilians to children). Again, low power groups are more likely to employ direct, episodic forms of violence (such as suicide bombings), whereas dominant groups tend to be associated with more structural or institutionalized forms (like the covert use of torture or the informal sanctioning of police brutality).
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990:"Extremism" is not a standalone characteristic. The attitude or behavior of an "extremist" may be represented as part of a spectrum, which ranges from mild interest through "obsession" to "fanaticism" and "extremism". The alleged similarity between the "extreme left" and "extreme right", or perhaps between opposing religious zealots, may mean only that all these are "unacceptable" from the standpoint of the mainstream or majority.
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Another view is that extremism is an emotional outlet for severe feelings stemming from "persistent experiences of oppression, insecurity, humiliation, resentment, loss, and rage" which are presumed to "lead individuals and groups to adopt conflict engagement strategies which "fit" or feel consistent
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said, "The lack of identity associated with extremists is the result of self-destructive self-hatred that leads to feelings of revenge toward life itself, and a compulsion to kill one's own humanness." In this context, extremism is seen as not a tactic, nor an ideology, but as a pathological illness
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Although extremist individuals and groups are often viewed as cohesive and consistently evil, it is important to recognize that they may be conflicted or ambivalent psychologically as individuals, or contain difference and conflict within their groups. For instance, individual members of Hamas may
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In addition, extreme acts are more likely to be employed by marginalized people and groups who view more normative forms of conflict engagement as blocked for them or biased. However, dominant groups also commonly employ extreme activities (such as governmental sanctioning of violent paramilitary
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A 2019 study found that political extremism on both the left and right tended to have four common psychological features: psychological distress stimulates the adoption of an extreme ideological outlook, extreme ideologies tend to have relatively simplistic black-white perceptions of the social
870:
Peter T. Coleman and Andrea
Bartoli give observation of definitions: Extremism is a complex phenomenon, although its complexity is often hard to see. Most simply, it can be defined as activities (beliefs, attitudes, feelings, actions, strategies) of a character far removed from the ordinary. In
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Economist Ronald
Wintrobe argues that many extremist movements, even though having completely different ideologies, share a common set of characteristics. As an example, he lists the following common characteristics between "Jewish fundamentalists" and "the extremists of Hamas":
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In
Germany, extremism is explicitly used for differentiation between democratic and non-democratic intentions. The German Ministry of Home Affairs defines extremism as an intention that rejects the democratic constitution state and fundamental values, its norms and its laws.
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Tushar Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson, says India's Hindu nationalism is a threat to Gandhi's legacy and that the ideology of hate, division and polarization that led to Gandhi's assassination by a religious zealot in 1948 has captured India.
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an extremist…So the question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be. Will we be extremists for hate or for love? Will we be extremists for the preservation of injustice or for the extension of justice?"
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said "What is objectionable, what is dangerous about extremists is not that they are extreme but that they are intolerant. The evil is not what they say about their cause, but what they say about their opponents."
914:, emancipatory vs. anti-democratic), morals (particular vs. universal), approach towards diversity (acceptance vs. disdain), and use of violence (pragmatic and selective vs. legitimate and acceptable).
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that is considered (by the speaker or by some implied shared social consensus) to be far outside the mainstream attitudes of society. It can also be used in an economic context. The term may be used
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of politics within which "mainstream" political discourse takes place, and underscoring the alleged need for societies to draw definite lines regarding what falls outside of this acceptability.
1079:, "But though I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label. Was not
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van
Prooijen, Jan-Willem, and André PM Krouwel. "Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies." Current Directions in Psychological Science (2018): 0963721418817755.
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through very broad and flexible interpretation. Published material classified as "extremist", and thus prosecuted, included protests against the court rulings in the
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said, "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."
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world, said mental simplicity causes overconfidence in judgements, and political extremists are less tolerant of different groups and opinions than moderates.
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is a mental illness and is "curable." There are distinct psychological features of extremists that contribute to conflict among societal groups;
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were two political writers during the mid-20th century who gave what they purported to be accounts of "political extremism". Hoffer wrote
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by opposing groups, but is also used in academic and journalistic circles in a purely descriptive and non-condemning sense.
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is "the quality or state of being extreme" or "the advocacy of extreme measures or views". The term is primarily used in a
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Extremism is seen by other researchers as a "rational strategy in a game over power", as described in the works of
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Extremist acts often employ violent means, although extremist groups will differ in their preference for
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about the psychology and sociology of those who join "fanatical" mass movements. Schlesinger wrote
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identified them as psychological distress, cognitive simplicity, overconfidence and intolerance.
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is commonly stressed. Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the
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identifies 21 alleged traits of a "political extremist", ranging from "a tendency to
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1795:"FSB Increasingly Involved in Misuse of 'Anti-Extremism' Laws, SOVA Says"
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argued that besides the extremism of the left and right there is also an
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Among the explanations for extremism is one that views it as a plague.
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All But
Sleeping with the Enemy: Studying the Radical Right Up Close
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1572:"Economics at [University of] Western [Ontario]"
45:"Extremist" and "Extremists" redirect here. For other uses, see
1913:"Федеральный список экстремистских материалов дорос до п. 3152"
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Both advocate and sometimes use violence to achieve their ends.
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1845:"The Propaganda War: Opposition Sings Kremlin Tune on Ukraine"
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Wilcox, Laird. "What Is
Political Extremism", retrieved from
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van
Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Krouwel, André P. M. (2019-04-01).
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1937:"'Hate ideology' consuming India: Gandhi's great-grandson"
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Possessing or advocating views well outside the mainstream
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Extremists' views are typically contrasted with those of
1629:"Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies"
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Rational
Extremism: The Political Economy of Radicalism
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prohibiting extremist content are used to suppress the
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Engaging Civil Society in Countering Violent Extremism
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Bartlett, Jamie; Birdwell, Jonathan (April 16, 2010).
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The Edge of Violence: A Radical Approach to Extremism
1966:
Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe
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Both are against any compromise with the other side.
1843:Neef, Christian; Schepp, Matthias (22 April 2014).
1743:"What Martin Luther King taught me about extremism"
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1255:period, although the two words are not synonymous.
1075:criticized the mainstream usage of the term in his
910:and extremism, among them in goals (idealistic vs.
906:Astrid Bötticher notes several differences between
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1011:Both are intolerant of dissent within their group.
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2083:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism
1603:"Science 'may one day cure Islamic radicals'"
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1435:Dr. Peter T. Coleman and Dr. Andrea Bartoli:
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818:, for example, in contemporary discourse on
1656:1871.1/aac0f2cb-b748-4cbe-b31e-c405a790dd7e
1633:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1461:Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat
1195:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2119:contains materials on Extremist Movements.
2008:: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements
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957:, and that it actually formed the base of
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2020:. Various editions, first published 1949.
2018:The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom
2010:. Various editions, first published 1951.
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1215:Learn how and when to remove this message
1002:Both are entirely sure of their position.
1917:SOVA Center for Information and Analysis
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1029:which feeds on the destruction of life.
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1145:, and articles by the initiator of the
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1769:"Washingtonpost.com: Goldwater Speech"
1957:
1821:. Zapretno.info. 2014. Archived from
1095:In his 1964 acceptance speech at the
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1193:adding citations to reliable sources
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1601:Bruxelles, Simon de (30 May 2013).
1097:1964 Republican National Convention
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1547:"Laird Wilcox on Extremist Traits"
1071:After being accused of extremism,
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1549:. Lairdwilcox.com. Archived from
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1087:an extremist for justice…Was not
1968:: Political Extremism in America
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975:behavior like "name calling and
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1963:George, John and Laird Wilcox.
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2158:Barriers to critical thinking
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1014:Both demonize the other side.
1793:Paul Goble (29 March 2015).
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1306:Political extremism in Japan
1240:has been used to describe a
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937:The Passionate State of Mind
7:
1401:"Extremism – definition of"
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1077:Letter from Birmingham Jail
824:Islamic political movements
728:Political parties by region
518:Party convention/conference
33:Radicalism (disambiguation)
10:
2179:
2039:Cambridge University Press
1717:kinginstitute.stanford.edu
1481:Bötticher, Astrid (2017).
1380:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1326:Domestic Extremism Lexicon
902:Difference from radicalism
826:, the distinction between
715:Lists of political parties
47:Extremist (disambiguation)
40:Political fringe movements
29:
1487:Perspectives on Terrorism
1376:"Definition of extremism"
1057:University College London
1045:with these experiences".
943:, championing a supposed
879:by the FBI in the U.S.).
723:Ruling parties by country
696:National unity government
2094:(ICCT – The Hague, 2012)
2033:Ronald Wintrobe (2006).
1799:The Interpreter Magazine
1646:10.1177/0963721418817755
1035:religious fundamentalism
733:Banned political parties
433:Leader of the Opposition
401:Leaders and organization
364:Parliamentary opposition
31:Not to be confused with
2069:. Demos. Archived from
1985:Himmelstein, Jerome L.
1039:Jan-Willem van Prooijen
1008:Both are nationalistic.
969:character assassination
955:extremism of the center
2113:The M and S Collection
2014:Schlesinger, Arthur Jr
1773:www.washingtonpost.com
1331:False consensus effect
1073:Martin Luther King Jr.
1017:
927:Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
1591:Wintrobe (2006), p. 5
1301:Religious persecution
1237:Sister Souljah moment
1127:Bolotnaya Square case
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951:Seymour Martin Lipset
918:Theories of extremism
799:sense to refer to an
666:Confidence and supply
523:Leadership convention
374:Official party status
330:Entrepreneurial party
2153:Anti-intellectualism
2138:Political ideologies
2028:newsletter #27, 1987
1437:Addressing Extremism
1321:Cumulative extremism
1227:Since the 1990s, in
1189:improve this section
1141:movement in Russia,
888:nonviolent extremism
671:Consensus government
661:Coalition government
453:Parliamentary leader
260:Classical radicalism
2117:Library of Congress
2085:(Lyons Press, 2013)
1405:The Free Dictionary
1286:Christian terrorism
1147:Genocide Convention
1139:Jehovah's Witnesses
1055:In a 2018 study at
1031:Dr. Kathleen Taylor
752:Politics portal
701:Rotation government
691:Minority government
686:Majority government
651:Parliamentary group
508:Leadership election
190:Christian democracy
2163:Political violence
2148:Political theories
2143:Political spectrum
2099:2015-04-02 at the
2089:van Ginkel, Bibi.
1958:Cited publications
1825:on 30 October 2014
1723:on 27 January 2018
1574:. Economics.uwo.ca
1526:2014-08-26 at the
1442:2015-09-24 at the
983:for argument" or "
840:far-right politics
656:Divided government
550:Crossing the floor
496:Internal elections
468:Party spokesperson
379:Single-issue party
74:Political Spectrum
2048:978-0-521-85964-6
2006:The True Believer
1747:independent.co.uk
1351:Violent extremism
1276:Islamic extremism
1225:
1224:
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1135:Polina Zherebcova
1123:freedom of speech
1107:Robert F. Kennedy
932:The True Believer
884:violent extremism
836:far-left politics
816:Western countries
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2015:
2012:
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1020:Psychological
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584:Party systems
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2071:the original
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2017:
2004:
2001:Hoffer, Eric
1986:
1964:
1945:. Retrieved
1943:. 2023-01-30
1940:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1716:
1707:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1685:. 2018-12-17
1682:
1673:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1541:
1531:
1515:
1493:(4): 73–77.
1490:
1486:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1408:. Retrieved
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1370:
1246:
1235:
1226:
1211:
1205:October 2022
1202:
1187:Please help
1175:
1151:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1023:
992:
989:
981:intimidation
965:Laird Wilcox
963:
954:
949:
940:
936:
930:
921:
905:
896:
892:
881:
873:
869:
809:
805:pejoratively
788:
787:
624:Non-partisan
463:Party leader
423:Frontbencher
418:Caucus chair
354:Ruling party
335:Ethnic party
315:Cartel party
200:Conservatism
148:Centre-Right
128:Centre-Right
56:Part of the
1463:(in German)
1346:Vigilantism
1234:, the term
1157:Other terms
923:Eric Hoffer
912:restorative
866:Definitions
848:reactionism
615:Multi-party
458:Party chair
408:Backbencher
344:Minor party
340:Major party
320:Competitive
310:Elite party
245:Nationalism
180:Agrarianism
118:Centre-Left
98:Centre-Left
2127:Categories
1947:2023-01-30
1922:2015-11-28
1898:2015-08-20
1878:2015-07-08
1854:2015-06-10
1829:2014-10-29
1804:2015-04-01
1778:18 October
1753:18 October
1727:18 October
1689:2018-12-23
1613:2013-05-31
1578:2013-09-08
1557:2013-09-08
1467:2023-02-17
1410:4 December
1385:4 December
1358:References
1316:Hate group
1249:subversive
1247:The term "
1242:politician
1050:Eli Berman
1026:Arno Gruen
985:groupthink
908:radicalism
860:fanaticism
852:chauvinism
844:radicalism
642:Coalitions
560:Party line
349:Mass party
305:Bloc party
280:Syncretism
240:Monarchism
230:Liberalism
172:Ideologies
138:Right-Wing
2133:Extremism
1974:, 1992. (
1873:meduza.io
1665:0963-7214
1607:The Times
1499:2334-3745
1446:, pp. 3–4
1363:Citations
1341:Terrorism
1176:does not
1149:of 1948.
1067:Criticism
1033:believes
977:labelling
828:extremist
812:moderates
797:religious
793:political
789:Extremism
610:Two-party
596:One-party
513:Open list
473:Secretary
285:Third Way
275:Socialism
195:Communism
185:Anarchism
153:Far-Right
83:Left-Wing
18:Extremist
2097:Archived
1941:DAWN.COM
1609:. London
1524:Archived
1507:26297896
1440:Archived
1291:Hindutva
1281:Kahanism
1259:See also
1253:Cold War
1232:politics
945:"center"
801:ideology
250:Populism
225:Islamism
215:Feminism
93:Far-Left
2115:at the
1197:removed
1182:sources
1131:Ukraine
973:hateful
959:fascism
210:Fascism
2045:
1997:: 1988
1978:
1663:
1505:
1497:
1137:, the
1117:, the
1115:Russia
971:" and
858:, and
822:or on
413:Caucus
170:Major
108:Centre
1503:JSTOR
1266:Purge
1081:Jesus
820:Islam
814:. In
298:Types
2043:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1780:2018
1755:2018
1729:2018
1661:ISSN
1495:ISSN
1412:2015
1387:2015
1180:any
1178:cite
1119:laws
1085:Amos
935:and
925:and
886:vs.
830:and
483:Whip
1991:ASA
1651:hdl
1641:doi
1530:",
1191:by
1113:In
987:".
838:or
795:or
2129::
2080:.
2041:.
2037:.
2016:.
2003:.
1993:,
1989:.
1970:.
1939:.
1915:.
1871:.
1847:.
1797:.
1771:.
1745:.
1715:.
1681:.
1659:.
1649:.
1637:28
1635:.
1631:.
1605:.
1501:.
1491:11
1489:.
1485:.
1459:.
1420:^
1403:.
1378:.
1099:,
1052:.
961:.
862:.
854:,
850:,
846:,
386:/
342:/
2051:.
1982:)
1950:.
1925:.
1901:.
1881:.
1857:.
1832:.
1807:.
1782:.
1757:.
1731:.
1692:.
1667:.
1653::
1643::
1616:.
1581:.
1560:.
1509:.
1470:.
1414:.
1389:.
1218:)
1212:(
1207:)
1203:(
1199:.
1185:.
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42:.
35:.
20:)
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