615:
757:
has changed or maintained a species' status. The score ranges from high to low with low meaning conservation efforts were ineffective or did not occur. Conservation
Dependency is the estimate of a species' status in 10 years if conservation efforts halted. High dependency means the species would have a lower status and low dependency equates to the status not changing. Conservation Gain is the flip side. It projects a species' status in 10 years if conservation efforts continue. Both dependence and gain are considered short-term measures. The long-term measure is Recovery Potential, which is how much of the range is estimated to be able to house ecologically functional
45:
776:
2416:
642:
257:
33:
3088:
2828:
275:
3362:
3350:
713:
2838:
698:. Multiple populations have been found to have an effective population size below conservation goals. Additionally, monitoring effective population size and using it to aid estimations of the success of conservation efforts has been shown to provide a better overview of determining population trends when compared to population size.
594:
Reintroduction is the deliberate release of individuals into the wild, from captivity or from other areas where the species survives. However, it may be difficult to reintroduce EW species into the wild, even if their natural habitats were restored, because survival techniques, which are often passed
809:
of Pinta on 1 December 1971. Since then, Lonesome George has been a powerful symbol for conservation efforts in general and for the
Galapagos Islands in particular. With his death on 24 June 2012, the subspecies is again believed to be extinct. With the discovery of 17 hybrid Pinta tortoises located
756:
Green Scores are snapshots in time to assess a species' current status and how conservation efforts have influenced their status. It is also predictive as it can project how the status would change if conservation efforts ceased or continued. Conservation Legacy assess how previous conservation work
733:
efforts in 2012 entitled the Green Status. The species recovery score is a 0%â100% scale, with 0% being the species is extinct or extinct in the wild and 100% being fully recovered. In addition, the Green Status also classifies previous and future conservation impacts with the Green Scores of
2080:
Grace, Molly K.; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Bennett, Elizabeth L.; Brooks, Thomas M.; Heath, Anna; Hedges, Simon; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Hoffmann, Michael; Hochkirch, Axel; Jenkins, Richard; Keith, David A.; Long, Barney; Mallon, David P.; Meijaard, Erik; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (December 2021).
633:
in 2011 after decades of reintroduction efforts. In China, they are still classified as EW since they are given supplemental feed over the winter to aid survival. Of the 2500 living, about 1360 are in the wild, and all 2500 are descended from 12 wild-caught ancestors, causing an
336:
or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. Classification requires exhaustive surveys conducted within the species' known habitat with consideration given to seasonality, time of day, and life cycle. Once a species is classified as EW, the only way for it to be
1652:
679:
serve as surrogates. Currently, there have been no successful embryo transfers in rhinos. It is estimated to take at least 40 years for the target of 25â40 northern white rhinos to be reached.
737:
For a species to receive a score of 100% and be considered fully recovered, three requirements must be met: the species must be present in all areas of both its current and historical
1374:
2182:
3316:
478:(listed extinct in the wild since 2008. However, reintroduction from captive populations began in 1985, with 53 wild herds of varying sizes being recorded in 2003)
3109:
3051:
122:
1340:
3104:
1359:
1316:
835:
2275:
568:(listed extinct in the wild since 1991, although 853 have been released into the wild since 1995, leading to a population of around 1,500 in 2017)
3160:
1548:
Yang, R., Zhang, L., Tan, B. and Zhong, Z. 2003. Investigation on the status of Père David's deer in China. Chinese
Journal of Zoology 38: 76~81.
1405:
984:
3155:
3124:
3066:
2900:
2755:
819:
726:
329:
228:
169:
1846:"Exploring the limits of saving a subspecies: The ethics and social dynamics of restoring northern white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)"
3150:
3134:
3076:
1844:
Ryder, Oliver A.; Friese, Carrie; Greely, Henry T.; Sandler, Ronald; Saragusty, Joseph; Durrant, Barbara S.; Redford, Kent H. (August 2020).
299:
205:
891:
3129:
3071:
2874:
179:
749:
across the full range. Given the lofty standards, many species are not expected to meet the criteria and it is not a goal of this system.
607:
suitability has been shown to influence reintroduction outcomes as well. Though many efforts translocate populations to historic ranges,
1780:"An Update on Status and Conservation of the Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii): Captive Breeding and Reintroduction Projects"
1378:
3238:
3233:
2812:
3119:
3114:
3061:
3056:
3046:
2589:
1164:
829:
142:
132:
97:
1060:
3228:
2637:
256:
2599:
1268:
3099:
2739:
2584:
1292:
1103:
442:
or ĘťalalÄ (last seen in 2002, listed as extinct in the wild since 2004) Small groups have since been released in 2017 and 2018.
1453:
1197:
3387:
2892:
2697:
2579:
354:
family, where all seven species are widely cultivated, but none are found in the wild. Ultimately, the purpose of preserving
3382:
3224:
2337:
2770:
2519:
2310:
17:
2692:
2657:
2221:
292:
950:
3204:
3041:
2867:
2791:
2760:
730:
246:
128:
87:
614:
2569:
2466:
801:, until his death in June 2012. The tortoise was believed to be extinct in the mid-20th century, until Hungarian
268:
241:
1306:
1046:
2992:
2446:
2211:
1330:
175:
3296:
3199:
3191:
2796:
2196:
1419:
1258:
595:
from parents to offspring during parenting, may have been lost. Reintroduction efforts, also referred to as
3291:
2627:
1529:
1487:
1355:
1282:
707:
285:
3209:
1439:
2860:
2841:
2712:
451:
1893:
Bozzuto, Claudio; Biebach, Iris; Muff, Stefanie; Ives, Anthony R.; Keller, Lukas F. (2 September 2019).
1667:
810:
at nearby Wolf
Volcano, a plan has been made to attempt to breed the subspecies back into a pure state.
274:
3340:
3195:
2360:
1401:
3220:
2702:
742:
691:
676:
656:
650:
646:
638:
that contributes to factors, such as shorter lifespans and high mortality, that impede conservation.
3256:
2734:
2726:
2622:
2574:
2330:
1243:
965:
851:
682:
Some people critique efforts to save species with such small populations due to the possibility of
1716:
Bellis, Joe; Bourke, David; Maschinski, Joyce; Heineman, Katie; Dalrymple, Sarah (December 2020).
3216:
2974:
2672:
898:
401:
370:
Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct in the wild include (in alphabetical order):
165:
2082:
1098:
475:
44:
3392:
3306:
2539:
2491:
866:
672:
469:
457:
342:
2083:"Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact"
3187:
2979:
2948:
2662:
2617:
2496:
2385:
2375:
871:
846:
786:
775:
717:
635:
626:
618:
596:
578:
463:
385:(last unconfirmed sighting reported in the late 1980s, listed extinct in the wild since 1994)
375:
359:
338:
185:
118:
3266:
3248:
2765:
2534:
2524:
2481:
2094:
1906:
1857:
1729:
1679:
738:
660:
420:
388:
1598:
1154:
1010:
955:
IUCN Species
Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii + 26 pp.
611:
may be causing those previously inhabited areas to no longer be suitable for the species.
8:
3397:
3301:
3286:
2831:
2594:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2323:
2163:
1632:
861:
734:
Conservation
Dependency, Conservation Gain, Conservation Legacy, and Recovery Potential.
524:
482:
407:
59:
2306:
2098:
1910:
1861:
1733:
1683:
1558:
1507:
659:
have been extinct in the wild since 2007, and only two females remain in captivity. The
262:
64:
2958:
2953:
2940:
2883:
2052:
2019:
1995:
1962:
1814:
1779:
1668:"Conservation translocations: a review of common difficulties and promising directions"
630:
556:(since 2008 IUCN Red List lists as critically endangered; possibly extinct in the wild)
445:
138:
107:
3281:
2801:
2687:
2677:
2430:
2390:
2217:
2190:
2128:
2120:
2057:
2039:
2000:
1982:
1940:
1932:
1875:
1819:
1801:
1755:
1747:
1695:
1467:
1220:
1118:
806:
695:
687:
641:
553:
519:
509:
504:
494:
1894:
1612:
1578:
1075:
951:
Guidelines for
Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels: Version 3.0
663:
is planning to save the species by using living cells from 12 rhinos that have been
3261:
2806:
2554:
2529:
2486:
2456:
2405:
2400:
2110:
2102:
2047:
2031:
1990:
1974:
1922:
1914:
1865:
1809:
1791:
1737:
1687:
1238:
1179:
1093:
856:
770:
746:
664:
499:
413:
382:
3091:
2514:
2451:
985:"Extinct in the Wild but Still Around: 5 Plants and Animals Kept Alive by Humans"
798:
779:
559:
433:
394:
49:
694:
are another critique. Effective population size is a measurement of the loss of
621:
has been reintroduced, its status going from extinct in the wild to endangered.
3366:
3354:
3009:
2667:
2642:
1653:"Wyoming Toads Begin To Recover As States Seek Endangered Species Act Overhaul"
668:
608:
589:
547:
489:
427:
201:
2707:
1918:
721:, Since March 2014, they have been listed as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN.
3402:
3376:
3014:
2903:
2544:
2395:
2370:
2124:
2043:
1986:
1936:
1879:
1805:
1751:
1699:
1637:
1617:
1583:
1563:
1534:
1492:
1472:
1448:
1424:
1335:
1311:
1287:
1263:
1229:
1188:
1159:
1127:
1084:
1055:
1019:
824:
534:
529:
439:
325:
236:
211:
37:
2249:
3311:
2786:
2365:
2132:
2061:
2004:
1944:
1823:
1759:
565:
541:
514:
355:
1778:
Turghan, Mardan
Aghabey; Jiang, Zhigang; Niu, Zhongze (15 November 2022).
1718:"Climate suitability as a predictor of conservation translocation failure"
2647:
2632:
2415:
1927:
32:
2115:
2035:
1978:
1796:
2985:
2925:
2346:
2106:
1742:
1717:
1155:"Christmas Island Blue-tailed Shinning-skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae)"
841:
802:
758:
683:
350:
153:
83:
72:
1691:
2852:
2652:
2276:"Scientists: Extinct Galapagos tortoise species could be resurrected"
1870:
1845:
333:
1375:"Rare Hawaiian crows released into native forests of Hawai'i Island"
550:(last seen in 1988, listed as extinct in the wild since August 1996)
3361:
2682:
2280:
2227:
750:
600:
1961:
Husemann, M; Zachos, F E; Paxton, R J; Habel, J C (October 2016).
1666:
Berger-Tal, O.; Blumstein, D. T.; Swaisgood, R. R. (April 2020).
794:
604:
313:
1895:"Inbreeding reduces long-term growth of Alpine ibex populations"
3276:
926:
712:
1715:
3271:
3179:
2315:
1665:
2213:
2079:
1402:"Five more alala released into Puu Makaala Forest Reserve"
454:(last seen in 1994, listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
424:(last seen in 1803, listed extinct in the wild since 1998)
1960:
1468:"Christmas Island Chained Gecko (Lepidodactylus listeri)"
892:"2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1"
599:, are complex and a common source of complication is how
2020:"Prediction and estimation of effective population size"
1843:
1073:
753:
changes have cumulated in many species losing habitat.
1892:
3338:
2017:
2183:"Lonesome George faces own Galapagos tortoise curse"
1963:"Effective population size in ecology and evolution"
1008:
2018:Wang, J; Santiago, E; Caballero, A (October 2016).
486:species (listed extinct in the wild in the 1990s):
1353:
836:Category:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species
40:has been listed as extinct in the wild since 2004.
3374:
2250:"Last Pinta giant tortoise Lonesome George dies"
805:JĂłzsef VĂĄgvĂślgyi spotted Lonesome George on the
3327:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in
1777:
1354:Keysor Espenschied, Susan (27 September 2017).
701:
348:Not all EW species are rare. An example is the
2756:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1244:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T41882A10566751.en
820:International Union for Conservation of Nature
358:is to maintain ecological function to prevent
330:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2868:
2331:
332:as only consisting of living members kept in
293:
2185:. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
1399:
1307:"Guam Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamominus)"
745:in all areas of the range, and performs its
562:(listed extinct in the wild since June 2019)
2893:Template: Threatened species by region
1356:"'AlalÄ released into natural area reserve"
1116:
1099:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en
927:"The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria"
2875:
2861:
2813:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
2338:
2324:
1530:"Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus)"
300:
286:
2174:
2114:
2051:
1994:
1926:
1869:
1813:
1795:
1741:
1242:
1218:
1177:
1097:
830:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species
2209:
1452:. 27 September 2018. 27 September 2018.
1400:Brestovansky, Michael (1 October 2018).
774:
711:
640:
613:
379:(last surviving plant destroyed in 2005)
52:has been extinct in the wild since 1986.
43:
31:
3239:The world's 100 most threatened species
3234:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
2180:
982:
544:(listed extinct in the wild since 1994)
466:(listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
460:(listed extinct in the wild since 2014)
448:(listed extinct in the wild since 2009)
436:(listed extinct in the wild since 1986)
430:(listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
416:(listed extinct in the wild since 2006)
410:(listed extinct in the wild since 2022)
404:(listed extinct in the wild since 2014)
14:
3375:
2882:
2216:. London, England: Macmillan Science.
1711:
1709:
1456:from the original on 15 December 2023.
1319:from the original on 15 December 2023.
1295:from the original on 15 December 2023.
1271:from the original on 15 December 2023.
1259:"Franklin Tree (Franklinia alatamaha)"
1167:from the original on 15 December 2023.
1163:. 20 February 2017. 20 February 2017.
1106:from the original on 15 December 2023.
1063:from the original on 15 December 2023.
2856:
2319:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2075:
2073:
2071:
1956:
1954:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1476:. 20 February 2017. 20 February 2017.
1200:from the original on 15 December 2023
2837:
1331:"Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis)"
1283:"Golden Skiffia (Skiffia francesae)"
1267:. 3 February 2015. 3 February 2015.
944:
942:
940:
921:
919:
2771:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
2520:Extinction risk from climate change
2311:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2307:List of Extinct in the Wild species
1706:
1638:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1618:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1584:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1564:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1535:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1493:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1473:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1449:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1425:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1372:
1362:from the original on 27 April 2023.
1336:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1312:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1288:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1264:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1230:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1189:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1160:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1128:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1085:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1056:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1020:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
764:
675:to create embryos, and then having
24:
2181:Gardner, Simon (6 February 2001).
2164:"The IUCN Green Status of Species"
2139:
2068:
1951:
1830:
1766:
1508:"'Last wave' for wild golden frog"
1343:from the original on 12 June 2023.
1074:Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008).
897:. IUCN. p. 14. Archived from
729:developed a system of classifying
402:Christmas Island blue-tailed skink
25:
3414:
2300:
1850:Conservation Science and Practice
1559:"Zenaida graysoni (Socorro Dove)"
1408:from the original on 10 May 2023.
937:
916:
583:
3360:
3348:
3317:Vulnerability and susceptibility
3205:Decline in amphibian populations
3087:
3086:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2792:Decline in amphibian populations
2761:IUCN Species Survival Commission
2414:
1291:. 18 April 2018. 18 April 2018.
1059:. 7 August 2018. 7 August 2018.
273:
255:
247:Lists of organisms by population
2467:Human impact on the environment
2268:
2242:
2203:
2011:
1886:
1659:
1645:
1625:
1605:
1591:
1571:
1551:
1542:
1538:. 31 March 2016. 31 March 2016.
1522:
1500:
1480:
1460:
1432:
1412:
1393:
1366:
1347:
1323:
1299:
1275:
1251:
1212:
1171:
1147:
1009:BĂĄrrios, S.; Smyth, N. (2018).
966:"Reasons for Changing Category"
572:
2993:Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
2447:Climate variability and change
2345:
1899:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1579:"Thermosphaeroma thermophilum"
1373:Ako, Diane (16 October 2017).
1339:. October 2016. October 2016.
1315:. October 2016. October 2016.
1110:
1067:
1039:
1002:
976:
958:
884:
472:(possibly extinct in the wild)
13:
1:
3297:Ecoregion conservation status
3200:Decline in insect populations
2797:Decline in insect populations
2740:IUCN Red List extinct species
1641:. 20 June 2019. 20 June 2019.
1621:. 30 June 2008. 30 June 2008.
1601:. World Wide Fund for Nature.
1567:. October 2016. October 2016.
1428:. 25 July 2014. 25 July 2014.
1223:Encephalartos brevifoliolatus
877:
231:Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
3388:Biota by conservation status
3292:Conservation-reliant species
1420:"Nectophrynoides asperginis"
708:IUCN Green Status of Species
702:IUCN Green Status of Species
398:(last tree cut down in 1979)
7:
3383:Species extinct in the wild
1613:"Panthera tigris amoyensis"
1587:. August 1996. August 1996.
1496:. August 1996. August 1996.
813:
365:
176:Conservation Dependent (CD)
10:
3419:
2949:Critically Endangered (CR)
2361:Background extinction rate
795:only one living individual
791:Geochelone nigra abingdoni
768:
705:
692:effective population sizes
629:was downgraded from EW to
587:
576:
464:Oahu deceptor bush cricket
119:Critically Endangered (CR)
27:IUCN conservation category
3325:
3247:
3177:
3143:
3085:
3034:
3027:
3002:
2967:
2939:
2918:
2911:
2899:
2890:
2822:
2779:
2748:
2725:
2683:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
2610:
2562:
2553:
2505:
2439:
2423:
2412:
2353:
2195:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1919:10.1038/s41559-019-0968-1
651:San Diego Zoo Safari Park
3257:Biodiversity action plan
2931:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
2735:Lists of extinct species
1442:Cyprinodon longidorsalis
1219:Donaldson, J.S. (2010).
1027:: e.T122926206A122926208
852:Lists of extinct species
838:for an alphabetical list
649:, an EW species, at the
94:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
1488:"Leptogryllus deceptor"
1377:. KITV4. Archived from
989:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
324:) is one that has been
229:International Union for
3307:Latent extinction risk
2540:Latent extinction risk
1510:. BBC. 2 February 2008
983:Petruzzello, Melissa.
867:Species reintroduction
832:for a list by taxonomy
782:
722:
688:population growth rate
673:in vitro fertilization
653:
622:
525:Raiatea ground Partula
500:Moorean Smooth Partula
470:Panamanian golden frog
65:IUCN Red List category
53:
41:
3192:Endangered arthropods
3188:Threatened arthropods
3110:Critically Endangered
3052:Critically Endangered
2497:Paradox of enrichment
2386:Functional extinction
2376:Ecological extinction
2309:as identified by the
2210:Nicholls, H. (2006).
1404:. West Hawaii Today.
1358:. Aliso Laguna News.
1237:: e.T41882A10566751.
1013:Abutilon pitcairnense
872:Wildlife conservation
847:Ecological extinction
787:Pinta Island tortoise
778:
718:Brugmansia versicolor
715:
686:as it can reduce the
677:Southern white rhinos
657:Northern white rhinos
644:
636:inbreeding depression
617:
579:Wildlife conservation
376:Abutilon pitcairnense
360:ecological extinction
47:
35:
3267:Conservation biology
3262:Biodiversity threats
2975:Near Threatened (NT)
2766:Extinction Rebellion
2708:PlioceneâPleistocene
2590:CretaceousâPaleogene
2535:Hypothetical species
2525:Extinction threshold
2482:Overabundant species
2230:on 14 September 2011
2087:Conservation Biology
1722:Conservation Biology
1117:Johnson, D. (1998).
1092:: e.T20745A9229071.
1078:Stenodus leucichthys
667:, turning them into
661:San Diego Zoo Global
647:northern white rhino
510:Mount Tohiea Partula
421:Franklinia alatamaha
166:Near Threatened (NT)
3302:Habitat destruction
3287:Conservation status
3105:Extinct in the Wild
3047:Extinct in the Wild
3010:Data Deficient (DD)
2693:Cenomanian-Turonian
2638:CambrianâOrdovician
2570:OrdovicianâSilurian
2477:Mutational meltdown
2462:Habitat destruction
2381:Extinct in the wild
2099:2021ConBi..35.1833G
2036:10.1038/hdy.2016.43
1979:10.1038/hdy.2016.75
1911:2019NatEE...3.1359B
1862:2020ConSP...2E.241R
1797:10.3390/ani12223158
1734:2020ConBi..34.1473B
1684:2020AnCon..23..121B
1672:Animal Conservation
1599:"South China Tiger"
1440:"La Palma Pupfish (
1225:(Escarpment Cycad)"
1196:: e.T231A61462199.
1184:(Yangtze Sturgeon)"
1182:Acipenser dabryanus
1135:: e.T38493A10118302
1047:"Alagoas Curassow (
862:Nature conservation
515:Rose-tipped Partula
318:extinct in the wild
202:Data Deficient (DD)
60:Conservation status
18:Extinct in the Wild
3015:Not Evaluated (NE)
3003:Not fully assessed
2980:Least Concern (LC)
2884:Threatened species
2284:. 22 November 2012
2107:10.1111/cobi.13756
1743:10.1111/cobi.13518
1381:on 24 October 2021
1178:Qiwei, W. (2022).
1080:(Caspian Inconnu)"
783:
723:
654:
627:Przewalski's horse
623:
619:Przewalski's horse
446:Kihansi spray toad
269:NatureServe status
242:NatureServe status
212:Not Evaluated (NE)
186:Least Concern (LC)
54:
42:
3336:
3335:
3282:Bird conservation
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3023:
3022:
2850:
2849:
2802:Extinction symbol
2721:
2720:
2585:TriassicâJurassic
2555:Extinction events
2431:Extinction vortex
2391:Genetic pollution
1692:10.1111/acv.12534
696:genetic diversity
554:South China tiger
520:Garrett's Partula
476:Père David's deer
310:
309:
16:(Redirected from
3410:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3090:
3089:
3032:
3031:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2807:Human extinction
2698:EoceneâOligocene
2580:PermianâTriassic
2560:
2559:
2530:Field of Bullets
2487:Overexploitation
2472:Muller's ratchet
2457:Invasive species
2418:
2406:Pseudoextinction
2401:Local extinction
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2226:. Archived from
2207:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2137:
2136:
2118:
2093:(6): 1833â1849.
2077:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1905:(9): 1359â1364.
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1871:10.1111/csp2.241
1841:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1799:
1775:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1728:(6): 1473â1481.
1713:
1704:
1703:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
974:
973:
962:
956:
946:
935:
934:
923:
914:
913:
911:
909:
903:
896:
888:
857:Local extinction
807:Galapagos island
771:Flagship species
765:Flagship species
747:ecological niche
731:species recovery
535:Variable Partula
452:La Palma pupfish
414:Escarpment cycad
408:Dabry's sturgeon
383:Alagoas curassow
302:
295:
288:
277:
263:Red List classes
259:
194:Other categories
156:
110:
75:
56:
55:
21:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3321:
3243:
3165:
3139:
3125:Near Threatened
3081:
3067:Near Threatened
3019:
2998:
2986:Lower Risk (LR)
2963:
2959:Vulnerable (VU)
2954:Endangered (EN)
2935:
2895:
2886:
2881:
2851:
2846:
2818:
2775:
2744:
2727:Extinct species
2717:
2673:Carnian Pluvial
2618:Great Oxidation
2606:
2549:
2515:Extinction debt
2507:
2501:
2452:Genetic erosion
2435:
2419:
2410:
2349:
2344:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2140:
2078:
2069:
2016:
2012:
1959:
1952:
1891:
1887:
1842:
1831:
1776:
1767:
1714:
1707:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1176:
1172:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1121:Corypha taliera
1115:
1111:
1072:
1068:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
981:
977:
964:
963:
959:
947:
938:
925:
924:
917:
907:
905:
904:on 21 June 2010
901:
894:
890:
889:
885:
880:
816:
799:Lonesome George
780:Lonesome George
773:
767:
710:
704:
669:stem cell lines
592:
586:
581:
575:
505:Sutural Partula
495:Miracle Partula
490:Niho tree snail
434:Guam kingfisher
395:Corypha taliera
368:
306:
272:
266:
260:
233:
230:
154:
139:Vulnerable (VU)
129:Endangered (EN)
108:
73:
67:
50:Guam kingfisher
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3207:
3202:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3135:Data Deficient
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3077:Data Deficient
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Middle Miocene
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:End-Capitanian
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2301:External links
2299:
2296:
2295:
2267:
2256:. 24 June 2012
2241:
2222:
2202:
2173:
2138:
2067:
2030:(4): 193â206.
2010:
1973:(4): 191â192.
1950:
1885:
1829:
1765:
1705:
1678:(2): 121â131.
1658:
1644:
1633:"Spix's Macaw"
1624:
1604:
1590:
1570:
1550:
1541:
1521:
1499:
1479:
1459:
1431:
1411:
1392:
1365:
1346:
1322:
1298:
1274:
1250:
1211:
1170:
1146:
1109:
1066:
1038:
1001:
975:
957:
948:IUCN. (2003).
936:
915:
882:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
827:
822:
815:
812:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
706:Main article:
703:
700:
609:climate change
603:upon release.
601:animals behave
590:Reintroduction
588:Main article:
585:
584:Reintroduction
582:
577:Main article:
574:
571:
570:
569:
563:
557:
551:
548:Socorro isopod
545:
539:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
479:
473:
467:
461:
458:Lister's gecko
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
428:Golden skiffia
425:
417:
411:
405:
399:
391:
386:
380:
367:
364:
343:reintroduction
308:
307:
305:
304:
297:
290:
282:
279:
278:
261:Comparison of
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
227:
222:
221:
220:Related topics
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
196:
195:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
173:
160:
159:
149:
148:
147:
146:
136:
126:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
101:
91:
78:
77:
69:
68:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:IUCN Red List
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198: /
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Least Concern
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3092:WP categories
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Least Concern
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:Organizations
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Carboniferous
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:End-Ediacaran
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Late Devonian
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2545:Living fossil
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Lazarus taxon
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:De-extinction
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2223:1-4039-4576-4
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2168:IUCN Red List
2165:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1928:11250/2637691
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
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3312:Rare species
3249:Conservation
3227: /
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3211:
3194: /
3190: /
3161:Appendix III
2991:
2984:
2930:
2926:Extinct (EX)
2811:
2787:Anthropocene
2628:End-Botomian
2508:and concepts
2380:
2366:Coextinction
2286:. Retrieved
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2258:. Retrieved
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2228:the original
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1790:(22): 3158.
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1029:. Retrieved
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992:. Retrieved
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899:the original
886:
803:malacologist
790:
784:
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736:
724:
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624:
593:
573:Conservation
566:Wyoming toad
560:Spix's macaw
542:Socorro dove
530:Pink Partula
481:
419:
393:
374:
369:
356:biodiversity
349:
347:
321:
317:
311:
152:
93:
84:Extinct (EX)
29:
3210:Threatened
3156:Appendix II
2633:Dresbachian
2288:25 November
1514:22 February
1385:10 February
1204:3 September
1139:16 December
1031:16 December
994:16 November
759:populations
389:Beloribitsa
341:is through
326:categorized
3398:Extinction
3377:Categories
3151:Appendix I
3120:Vulnerable
3115:Endangered
3062:Vulnerable
3057:Endangered
2968:Lower risk
2941:Threatened
2912:Categories
2713:Quaternary
2347:Extinction
878:References
842:Extinction
684:inbreeding
631:Endangered
351:Brugmansia
339:downgraded
155:Lower Risk
109:Threatened
3229:Chromista
2492:Overshoot
2354:Phenomena
2125:0888-8892
2044:0018-067X
1987:0018-067X
1937:2397-334X
1880:2578-4854
1806:2076-2615
1752:0888-8892
1700:1367-9430
1049:Mitu mitu
334:captivity
2904:Red List
2832:Category
2780:See also
2678:Toarcian
2643:Ireviken
2600:Timeline
2595:Holocene
2506:Theories
2281:CTV News
2254:BBC News
2234:28 April
2191:cite web
2133:34289517
2062:27353047
2024:Heredity
2005:27553454
1967:Heredity
1945:31477848
1824:36428386
1760:32304113
1454:Archived
1406:Archived
1360:Archived
1341:Archived
1317:Archived
1293:Archived
1269:Archived
1198:Archived
1165:Archived
1104:Archived
1061:Archived
814:See also
797:, named
761:.
751:Land use
741:, it is
690:. Small
671:, using
366:Examples
316:that is
3367:Biology
3355:Ecology
3341:Portals
3329:italics
3212:Banksia
3196:spiders
3100:Extinct
3042:Extinct
3028:Species
2919:Extinct
2842:Commons
2663:Olson's
2260:25 June
2095:Bibcode
2053:5026755
1996:5026761
1907:Bibcode
1858:Bibcode
1815:9686875
1784:Animals
1730:Bibcode
1680:Bibcode
605:Climate
483:Partula
328:by the
314:species
74:Extinct
3277:ARKive
3221:sharks
2688:Aptian
2440:Causes
2424:Models
2220:
2131:
2123:
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2003:
1993:
1985:
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1935:
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1822:
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1698:
1655:. NPR.
908:30 May
793:) had
743:viable
3272:CITES
3225:Fungi
3144:CITES
3035:Lists
2648:Mulde
2611:Other
2563:Major
1856:(8).
902:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
739:range
271:below
265:above
3403:Zoos
3217:rays
3180:taxa
2901:IUCN
2290:2012
2262:2012
2236:2011
2218:ISBN
2197:link
2129:PMID
2121:ISSN
2058:PMID
2040:ISSN
2001:PMID
1983:ISSN
1941:PMID
1933:ISSN
1876:ISSN
1820:PMID
1802:ISSN
1756:PMID
1748:ISSN
1696:ISSN
1516:2015
1387:2020
1235:2010
1206:2022
1194:2022
1141:2023
1133:1998
1090:2008
1033:2023
1025:2018
996:2019
910:2010
785:The
727:IUCN
725:The
625:The
267:and
206:list
180:list
170:list
143:list
133:list
123:list
98:list
88:list
48:The
36:The
3178:By
2653:Lau
2111:hdl
2103:doi
2048:PMC
2032:doi
2028:117
1991:PMC
1975:doi
1971:117
1923:hdl
1915:doi
1866:doi
1810:PMC
1792:doi
1738:doi
1688:doi
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1094:doi
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