340:
31:
75:
50:
307:
This is a brilliantly colored, medium-sized kingfisher, 20–24 cm (7.9–9.4 in) in length. They have iridescent blue backs and rusty-cinnamon heads. Adult male Guam kingfishers have cinnamon underparts while females and juveniles are white below. They have large laterally-flattened bills and
327:, on Guam. Micronesian kingfishers defended permanent territories as breeding pairs and family groups. Both sexes care for young, and some offspring remain with parents for extended periods. Research suggests that thermal environment has the potential to influence reproduction.
535:
330:
In the wild, the Guam kingfisher feeds on grasshoppers, skinks, insects, and small crustaceans. The birds dive and capture their prey on the ground, similar to other species of kingfishers that dive for fish in water.
962:
543:
375:, and potentially also back to their native range on Guam if protected areas can be established and the threat of the brown tree snakes is eliminated or better controlled.
367:. The Guam kingfisher persists as a captive population of fewer than two hundred individuals (as of 2017) in US mainland and Guam breeding facilities. There are plans to
782:
929:
2871:
1397:
Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of endangered status for seven birds and two bats on Guam and the
Northern Mariana Islands
2830:
2672:
954:
2711:
1445:
1425:
1008:
Laws, Rebecca J.; Kesler, Dylan C. (2012). "A Bayesian network approach for selecting translocation sites for endangered island birds".
1489:
1129:"Territoriality, Prospecting, and Dispersal in Cooperatively Breeding Micronesian Kingfishers (Todiramphus Cinnamominus Reichenbachii)"
2817:
2646:
2843:
2685:
812:
599:
Andersen, Michael J.; Shult, Hannah T.; Cibois, Alice; Thibault, Jean-Claude; Filardi, Christopher E.; Moyle, Robert G. (2015).
1461:
289:
904:
2848:
2690:
1420:
320:
forest generalists that tended to be somewhat secretive. The birds nested in cavities excavated from soft-wooded trees and
1171:
746:
905:"Birds from National Aviary arrive on Pacific Ocean island to help restore extinct in the wild species - CBS Pittsburgh"
2562:
1264:
412:
2481:
2716:
2886:
2493:
2469:
2457:
229:
881:
720:
2891:
669:
1482:
1274:
Haig, Susan M.; Ballou, Jonathan D. (1995). "Genetic
Diversity in Two Avian Species Formerly Endemic to Guam".
1145:
601:"Rapid diversification and secondary sympatry in Australo-Pacific kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae: Todiramphus)"
304:
populations, of which the Guam kingfisher was considered a subspecies, should be split into separate species.
1303:
Haig, S. M.; Ballou, J. D.; Casna, N. J. (1995). "Genetic
Identification of Kin in Micronesian Kingfishers".
505:
984:
747:"Sex determination of Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers using morphological and molecular genetic techniques"
391:
1390:
Draft
Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina)
1767:
74:
2445:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2283:
2122:
536:"Scientists Are Using 3-D-Printing Technology to Ready Guam Kingfishers for Reintroduction to the Wild"
483:
2589:
2331:
1922:
1779:
1623:
1475:
2433:
2358:
1952:
1912:
1851:
1650:
1215:
Population demography, resource use, and movement in cooperatively breeding
Micronesian Kingfishers
1442:
2576:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2217:
2022:
1863:
1803:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1039:"Conservation biology for suites of species: Demographic modeling for Pacific island kingfishers"
2755:
1436:
2881:
2835:
2677:
2597:
2524:
2244:
1992:
1962:
1791:
1599:
301:
273:
2703:
2750:
2271:
2162:
2052:
1982:
1902:
439:
196:
179:
2742:
1352:
Savidge, Julie A. (1987). "Extinction of an Island Forest
Avifauna by an Introduced Snake".
2876:
2602:
2571:
2182:
2172:
2082:
1361:
1091:
1050:
1017:
849:
612:
297:
2768:
1316:
8:
2388:
2370:
2032:
1839:
1827:
1611:
1587:
460:
277:
241:
54:
39:
1365:
1095:
1080:"Multiscale Habitat Use and Selection in Cooperatively Breeding Micronesian Kingfishers"
1054:
1021:
853:
616:
2142:
2072:
2042:
2012:
1972:
1875:
1377:
1333:
1291:
1218:
1201:
1158:
1115:
1107:
1066:
873:
774:
712:
633:
600:
581:
416:
356:
339:
317:
69:
2804:
2737:
2620:
2152:
2132:
2102:
2092:
1942:
1932:
1560:
1260:
1232:"Thermal characteristics of wild and captive Micronesian kingfisher nesting habitats"
1150:
865:
804:
766:
762:
704:
638:
585:
257:
221:
1222:
1205:
1162:
1070:
778:
2809:
2625:
2112:
2062:
1815:
1755:
1677:
1369:
1312:
1283:
1243:
1191:
1183:
1140:
1119:
1099:
1058:
1025:
857:
758:
628:
620:
573:
478:
360:
352:
344:
245:
237:
2612:
1231:
1128:
1079:
1038:
300:, behavioral, and ecological characteristics have been determined sufficient that
2795:
2724:
2192:
1746:
1498:
1449:
1431:
1062:
1029:
423:
308:
dark legs. The calls of
Micronesian kingfishers are generally raspy chattering.
293:
146:
1455:
1324:
Marshall, Samuel D. (1989). "Nest Sites of the
Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam".
506:"Species Spotlight: Guam Kingfisher (Sihek) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
368:
30:
2865:
2698:
2547:
1528:
1154:
869:
770:
708:
469:
406:
394:
379:
372:
363:. It was last seen in the wild in 1986, and the birds are now U.S. listed as
126:
59:
642:
402:
1404:
Draft
Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (
1187:
2729:
2659:
2556:
1893:
1695:
1540:
1534:
577:
156:
624:
2822:
2763:
2651:
2262:
1578:
1381:
1337:
1295:
1196:
1111:
930:"Extinct Guam Kingfisher Readying For Release On Remote Pacific Island"
877:
836:
716:
692:
565:
427:
382:
with plans for release to follow a few weeks in a transitional aviary.
364:
324:
225:
136:
1247:
2208:
1641:
1428:
1103:
661:
86:
2664:
2638:
2518:
1373:
1287:
861:
422:
A mated pair of Guam kingfishers can be viewed by the public at the
2789:
2541:
2235:
1516:
1467:
321:
106:
2584:
1668:
1439:– Description of Guam Micronesian kingfisher Conservation efforts
1172:"Microclimate and Nest-Site Selection in Micronesian Kingfishers"
270:
837:"Extinction of an Island Forest Avifauna by an Introduced Snake"
1551:
1510:
745:
Kesler, Dylan C.; Lopes, Iara F.; Haig, Susan M. (March 2006).
96:
2633:
809:
Smithsonian's
National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute
378:
As of August 2024, nine Guam kingfishers have been flown to
2349:
1522:
1452:– Threatened and Endangered Animals in the Pacific Islands.
598:
452:
233:
116:
1146:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[381:TPADIC]2.0.CO;2
430:, one of the participants in the species survival plan.
1399:. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17 49(167), 33881–33885.
458:
347:
drove the Guam kingfisher to extinction in the wild
1344:Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987.
1255:Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992).
835:
693:"Nest Sites of the Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam"
484:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725862A117372355.en
1458:– USGS Micronesian Avifauna Conservation Projects
2863:
1410:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.
1302:
744:
411:. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the
955:"Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species"
390:In 2023 the Guam kingfisher was featured on a
261:
1483:
1348:. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
1259:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
244:due primarily to predation by the introduced
16:Species of bird from the US Territory of Guam
1346:The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific
1254:
251:
1490:
1476:
1273:
1229:
1169:
1126:
1077:
1036:
1007:
48:
29:
2872:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species
1230:Kesler, Dylan C.; Haig, Susan M. (2004).
1195:
1170:Kesler, Dylan C.; Haig, Susan M. (2005).
1144:
1127:Kesler, Dylan C.; Haig, Susan M. (2007).
1078:Kesler, Dylan C.; Haig, Susan M. (2007).
1037:Kesler, Dylan C.; Haig, Susan M. (2007).
632:
482:
1323:
690:
338:
1443:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1351:
833:
288:1992), but was declared invalid by the
280:, is sometimes placed as a subspecies (
2864:
1402:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004.
1395:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984.
1388:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004.
1212:
902:
884:from the original on 24 September 2021
334:
2523:
2522:
1471:
1317:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111616
385:
290:International Ornithological Congress
2511:56 to 61 living species in 12 genera
1497:
1257:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers
740:
738:
672:from the original on 20 January 2022
656:
654:
652:
529:
527:
903:Bartos, Madeline (30 August 2024).
470:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
351:The Guam kingfisher population was
13:
1084:The Journal of Wildlife Management
785:from the original on 6 August 2023
413:National Grasslands Visitor Center
355:from its native habitat after the
14:
2903:
2482:Buff-breasted paradise kingfisher
1414:
735:
649:
558:
524:
2494:Black-capped paradise kingfisher
2470:Brown-headed paradise kingfisher
2458:Red-breasted paradise kingfisher
965:from the original on 11 May 2023
763:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00045.x
533:
459:BirdLife International (2017) .
401:set, based on a photograph from
230:occupied United States Territory
73:
1406:Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina
977:
947:
922:
896:
827:
815:from the original on 2 May 2020
723:from the original on 9 May 2022
296:. Among-island differences in
292:in 2022, rendering the species
1464:– The Brown Treesnake on Guam.
797:
684:
592:
498:
343:Predation from the introduced
1:
445:
1063:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.023
1030:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.016
959:United States Postal Service
751:Journal of Field Ornithology
691:Marshall, Samuel D. (1989).
570:IOC World Bird List Datasets
392:United States Postal Service
7:
1768:Chocolate-backed kingfisher
1421:BirdLife Species Factsheet.
433:
311:
10:
2908:
2446:Numfor paradise kingfisher
2422:Kofiau paradise kingfisher
2410:Common paradise kingfisher
2398:Little paradise kingfisher
2284:Rufous-collared kingfisher
2123:Cinnamon-banded kingfisher
834:Savidge, Julie A. (1987).
605:Royal Society Open Science
566:"IOC World Bird List 12.1"
2779:
2531:
2509:
2386:
2347:
2332:Scaly-breasted kingfisher
2260:
2233:
2206:
1923:Blue-and-white kingfisher
1891:
1780:White-throated kingfisher
1744:
1693:
1666:
1639:
1624:Rufous-bellied kookaburra
1576:
1549:
1505:
805:"Guam kingfisher (sihek)"
477:: e.T22725862A117372355.
185:
178:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2769:Todiramphus-cinnamominus
2577:Todiramphus_cinnamominus
2563:Todiramphus cinnamominus
2533:Todiramphus cinnamominus
2434:Biak paradise kingfisher
2359:Yellow-billed kingfisher
1953:White-mantled kingfisher
1852:Blue-breasted kingfisher
1651:Shovel-billed kookaburra
463:Todiramphus cinnamominus
252:Taxonomy and description
236:. It is restricted to a
213:Todiramphus cinnamominus
189:Todiramphus cinnamominus
2887:Birds described in 1821
2320:Green-backed kingfisher
2296:Spotted wood kingfisher
2218:White-rumped kingfisher
2023:Rusty-capped kingfisher
1864:Brown-hooded kingfisher
1804:Black-capped kingfisher
1729:Great-billed kingfisher
1717:Stork-billed kingfisher
1705:Brown-winged kingfisher
1448:9 December 2006 at the
1043:Biological Conservation
1010:Biological Conservation
662:"ECOS: Species Profile"
260:, it is referred to as
2892:ESA endangered species
2245:Hook-billed kingfisher
1993:Flat-billed kingfisher
1963:Ultramarine kingfisher
1792:Grey-headed kingfisher
1600:Blue-winged kookaburra
1426:Micronesian kingfisher
348:
316:Guam kingfishers were
302:Micronesian kingfisher
282:T. c. miyakoensis
276:, known from a single
262:
242:extinction in the wild
240:program following its
2751:Paleobiology Database
2272:Moustached kingfisher
2163:Chattering kingfisher
2053:Melanesian kingfisher
1983:Red-backed kingfisher
1913:Winchell's kingfisher
1903:Blue-black kingfisher
1188:10.1353/psc.2005.0045
440:List of birds of Guam
342:
2308:Hombron's kingfisher
2183:Mangareva kingfisher
2173:Marquesan kingfisher
2083:Torresian kingfisher
1462:US Geological Survey
1456:US Geological Survey
578:10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1
540:Smithsonian Magazine
171:T. cinnamominus
2781:Halcyon cinnamomina
2371:Mountain kingfisher
2033:Collared kingfisher
1997:(T. recurvirostris)
1840:Mangrove kingfisher
1828:Woodland kingfisher
1612:Spangled kookaburra
1588:Laughing kookaburra
1366:1987Ecol...68..660S
1326:The Wilson Bulletin
1305:Journal of Heredity
1213:Kesler, D. (2005).
1096:2007JWMan..71..765K
1055:2007BCons.136..520K
1022:2012BCons.155..178L
854:1987Ecol...68..660S
697:The Wilson Bulletin
625:10.1098/rsos.140375
617:2015RSOS....240375A
335:Conservation status
55:Extinct in the Wild
40:Conservation status
2143:Society kingfisher
2073:Mariana kingfisher
2043:Pacific kingfisher
2017:(T. reichenbachii)
2013:Pohnpei kingfisher
1973:Vanuatu kingfisher
1876:Striped kingfisher
985:"Guam Kingfishers"
417:Wall, South Dakota
399:Endangered Species
386:In popular culture
371:the Guam birds to
349:
256:In the indigenous
224:, is a species of
2859:
2858:
2738:Open Tree of Life
2525:Taxon identifiers
2516:
2515:
2157:(T. ruficollaris)
2153:Mewing kingfisher
2133:Sacred kingfisher
2103:Talaud kingfisher
2093:Sombre kingfisher
2007:(T. cinnamominus)
1943:Forest kingfisher
1933:Lazuli kingfisher
1907:(T. nigrocyaneus)
1561:Banded kingfisher
1248:10.1002/zoo.20010
961:. 19 April 2023.
361:brown tree snakes
274:Ryūkyū kingfisher
258:Chamorro language
204:
203:
63:
2899:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2590:73C1422FD423756A
2580:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2520:
2519:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2379:
2367:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2277:A. bougainvillei
2253:
2226:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2127:(T. australasia)
2119:
2113:Beach kingfisher
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2063:Islet kingfisher
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1987:(T. pyrrhopygia)
1979:
1969:
1967:(T. leucopygius)
1959:
1957:(T. albonotatus)
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1816:Javan kingfisher
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1756:Ruddy kingfisher
1737:
1734:P. melanorhyncha
1725:
1713:
1686:
1678:Lilac kingfisher
1659:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1569:
1499:Tree kingfishers
1492:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1437:Philadelphia Zoo
1385:
1341:
1320:
1299:
1270:
1251:
1226:
1209:
1199:
1166:
1148:
1123:
1104:10.2193/2006-011
1074:
1033:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
839:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
742:
733:
732:
730:
728:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
658:
647:
646:
636:
596:
590:
589:
562:
556:
555:
553:
551:
542:. Archived from
534:Zoon, Jennifer.
531:
522:
521:
519:
517:
502:
496:
495:
493:
491:
486:
456:
345:brown tree snake
265:
246:brown tree snake
238:captive breeding
191:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:Guam kingfisher
21:
20:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2725:Observation.org
2723:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2382:
2373:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2256:
2247:
2229:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2193:Niau kingfisher
2185:
2177:(T. godeffroyi)
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2117:(T. saurophaga)
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2027:(T. pelewensis)
2025:
2015:
2005:
2003:Guam kingfisher
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1887:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1845:H. senegaloides
1842:
1833:H. senegalensis
1830:
1821:H. cyanoventris
1818:
1806:
1797:H. leucocephala
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1740:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1689:
1680:
1662:
1653:
1635:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1593:D. novaeguineae
1590:
1572:
1563:
1545:
1501:
1496:
1450:Wayback Machine
1432:The Netherlands
1417:
1374:10.2307/1938471
1288:10.2307/4088732
1267:
1176:Pacific Science
1004:
1003:
993:
991:
989:National Aviary
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
909:www.cbsnews.com
901:
897:
887:
885:
862:10.2307/1938471
832:
828:
818:
816:
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
743:
736:
726:
724:
689:
685:
675:
673:
660:
659:
650:
597:
593:
564:
563:
559:
549:
547:
532:
525:
515:
513:
504:
503:
499:
489:
487:
457:
453:
448:
436:
424:National Aviary
397:as part of the
388:
337:
314:
269:The mysterious
254:
208:Guam kingfisher
200:
193:
187:
174:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2801:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2568:
2553:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2403:T. hydrocharis
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:S. megarhyncha
2368:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:M. macrorrhina
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2197:(T. gertrudae)
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2147:(T. veneratus)
2140:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2077:(T. albicilla)
2070:
2060:
2057:(T. tristrami)
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1977:(T. farquhari)
1970:
1960:
1950:
1947:(T. macleayii)
1940:
1930:
1920:
1917:(T. winchelli)
1910:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1869:H. albiventris
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1710:P. amauroptera
1701:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1416:
1415:External links
1413:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1360:(3): 660–668.
1349:
1342:
1332:(3): 472–477.
1321:
1311:(6): 423–431.
1300:
1282:(2): 445–455.
1271:
1266:978-0713680287
1265:
1252:
1242:(4): 301–308.
1227:
1210:
1182:(4): 499–508.
1167:
1124:
1090:(3): 765–772.
1075:
1049:(4): 520–530.
1034:
1002:
1001:
976:
946:
921:
895:
848:(3): 660–668.
826:
796:
757:(2): 229–232.
734:
703:(3): 472–477.
683:
648:
591:
557:
546:on 29 May 2022
523:
497:
450:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
435:
432:
387:
384:
336:
333:
313:
310:
253:
250:
202:
201:
194:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
161:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2904:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Birds of Guam
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:(T. gambieri)
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:(T. funebris)
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:(T. sordidus)
2084:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:H. smyrnensis
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1629:D. gaudichaud
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:Coraciiformes
1526:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
990:
986:
980:
964:
960:
956:
950:
935:
931:
925:
910:
906:
899:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
830:
814:
810:
806:
800:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
739:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
653:
644:
640:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:(2): 140375.
610:
606:
602:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
561:
545:
541:
537:
530:
528:
511:
507:
501:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
464:
455:
451:
441:
438:
437:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
395:Forever stamp
393:
383:
381:
380:Palmyra Atoll
376:
374:
373:Palmyra Atoll
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
341:
332:
328:
326:
323:
319:
309:
305:
303:
299:
298:morphological
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
209:
198:
192:
190:
184:
181:
180:Binomial name
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Coraciiformes
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2780:
2532:
2499:T. nigriceps
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2451:T. carolinae
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2289:A. concretus
2288:
2276:
2261:
2249:
2234:
2222:
2207:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2137:(T. sanctus)
2136:
2126:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2067:(T. colonus)
2066:
2056:
2046:
2037:(T. chloris)
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1892:
1881:H. chelicuti
1880:
1868:
1857:H. malimbica
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1761:H. coromanda
1760:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1694:
1682:
1667:
1655:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1577:
1566:L. pulchella
1565:
1550:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1308:
1304:
1279:
1275:
1256:
1239:
1235:
1214:
1179:
1175:
1136:
1132:
1087:
1083:
1046:
1042:
1013:
1009:
992:. Retrieved
988:
979:
967:. Retrieved
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
933:
924:
912:. Retrieved
908:
898:
886:. Retrieved
845:
841:
829:
817:. Retrieved
808:
799:
787:. Retrieved
754:
750:
725:. Retrieved
700:
696:
686:
674:. Retrieved
666:ecos.fws.gov
665:
608:
604:
594:
569:
560:
548:. Retrieved
544:the original
539:
514:. Retrieved
512:. 8 May 2023
509:
500:
488:. Retrieved
474:
468:
462:
454:
421:
407:
403:Joel Sartore
398:
389:
377:
357:introduction
350:
329:
315:
306:
285:
281:
268:
255:
217:
212:
211:
207:
205:
188:
186:
170:
169:
157:
18:
2877:Todiramphus
2660:iNaturalist
2557:Wikispecies
2439:T. riedelii
2389:Tanysiptera
2364:S. torotoro
2337:A. princeps
2325:A. monachus
2313:A. hombroni
2301:A. lindsayi
2223:C. fulgidus
2107:(T. enigma)
1937:(T. lazuli)
1894:Todiramphus
1722:P. capensis
1696:Pelargopsis
1683:C. cyanotis
1541:Halcyoninae
1539:Subfamily:
1535:Alcedinidae
1236:Zoo Biology
1197:10125/24196
1016:: 178–185.
939:6 September
510:www.fws.gov
490:13 November
369:reintroduce
318:terrestrial
158:Todiramphus
147:Halcyoninae
143:Subfamily:
137:Alcedinidae
2866:Categories
2764:Xeno-canto
2427:T. ellioti
2415:T. galatea
2263:Actenoides
2047:(T. sacer)
1927:(T. diops)
1809:H. pileata
1605:D. leachii
1217:(Thesis).
1139:(2): 381.
446:References
428:Pittsburgh
365:endangered
353:extirpated
325:termitaria
226:kingfisher
216:), called
2796:Q40997483
2487:T. sylvia
2463:T. nympha
2209:Caridonax
2167:(T. tuta)
1642:Clytoceyx
1509:Kingdom:
1429:Naturalis
1155:0004-8038
994:30 August
914:30 August
870:0012-9658
771:0273-8570
709:0043-5643
586:246050277
516:30 August
408:Photo Ark
294:monotypic
228:from the
165:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2836:10212429
2790:Wikidata
2704:22725862
2678:10528624
2603:22725862
2598:BirdLife
2542:Wikidata
2475:T. danae
2236:Melidora
1773:H. badia
1533:Family:
1517:Chordata
1515:Phylum:
1511:Animalia
1446:Archived
1223:82407115
1206:55536252
1163:14032686
1071:52254797
963:Archived
882:Archived
819:25 April
813:Archived
783:Archived
779:14034258
721:Archived
670:Archived
643:26064600
434:See also
322:arboreal
312:Behavior
278:specimen
222:Chamorro
197:Swainson
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2823:5228367
2717:1006542
2652:2475795
2639:mickin1
2613:mickin1
2585:Avibase
2548:Q204140
1747:Halcyon
1669:Cittura
1617:D. tyro
1527:Order:
1521:Class:
1382:1938471
1362:Bibcode
1354:Ecology
1338:4162756
1296:4088732
1276:The Auk
1133:The Auk
1120:4104260
1112:4495250
1092:Bibcode
1051:Bibcode
1018:Bibcode
878:1938471
850:Bibcode
842:Ecology
717:4162756
634:4448819
613:Bibcode
271:extinct
199:, 1821)
153:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2849:554261
2756:414247
2743:178964
2691:692702
1656:C. rex
1579:Dacelo
1552:Lacedo
1380:
1336:
1294:
1263:
1221:
1204:
1161:
1153:
1118:
1110:
1069:
969:11 May
934:Forbes
876:
868:
789:16 May
777:
769:
715:
707:
641:
631:
584:
286:et al.
284:; Fry
2831:IRMNG
2810:6KXRN
2730:71121
2673:IRMNG
2634:eBird
2626:7CG5Z
2610:BOW:
1378:JSTOR
1334:JSTOR
1292:JSTOR
1219:S2CID
1202:S2CID
1159:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1108:JSTOR
1067:S2CID
888:9 May
874:JSTOR
775:S2CID
727:9 May
713:JSTOR
676:9 May
582:S2CID
550:9 May
263:sihek
218:sihek
2844:ITIS
2818:GBIF
2712:NCBI
2699:IUCN
2686:ITIS
2665:2454
2647:GBIF
2350:Syma
1523:Aves
1261:ISBN
1151:ISSN
996:2024
971:2023
941:2024
916:2024
890:2022
866:ISSN
821:2024
791:2024
767:ISSN
729:2022
705:ISSN
678:2022
639:PMID
552:2022
518:2024
492:2021
475:2017
234:Guam
206:The
117:Aves
2805:CoL
2621:CoL
2572:ADW
1370:doi
1330:101
1313:doi
1284:doi
1280:112
1244:doi
1192:hdl
1184:doi
1141:doi
1137:124
1100:doi
1059:doi
1047:136
1026:doi
1014:155
858:doi
759:doi
701:101
629:PMC
621:doi
574:doi
479:doi
426:in
415:in
405:'s
359:of
232:of
220:in
2868::
2846::
2833::
2820::
2807::
2792::
2766::
2753::
2740::
2727::
2714::
2701::
2688::
2675::
2662::
2649::
2636::
2623::
2600::
2587::
2574::
2559::
2544::
1376:.
1368:.
1358:68
1356:.
1328:.
1309:86
1307:.
1290:.
1278:.
1240:23
1238:.
1234:.
1200:.
1190:.
1180:59
1178:.
1174:.
1157:.
1149:.
1135:.
1131:.
1114:.
1106:.
1098:.
1088:71
1086:.
1082:.
1065:.
1057:.
1045:.
1041:.
1024:.
1012:.
987:.
957:.
932:.
907:.
880:.
872:.
864:.
856:.
846:68
844:.
840:.
811:.
807:.
781:.
773:.
765:.
755:77
753:.
749:.
737:^
719:.
711:.
699:.
695:.
668:.
664:.
651:^
637:.
627:.
619:.
607:.
603:.
580:.
572:.
568:.
538:.
526:^
508:.
473:.
467:.
419:.
266:.
248:.
2501:)
2497:(
2489:)
2485:(
2477:)
2473:(
2465:)
2461:(
2453:)
2449:(
2441:)
2437:(
2429:)
2425:(
2417:)
2413:(
2405:)
2401:(
2378:)
2374:(
2366:)
2362:(
2339:)
2335:(
2327:)
2323:(
2315:)
2311:(
2303:)
2299:(
2291:)
2287:(
2279:)
2275:(
2252:)
2248:(
2225:)
2221:(
1883:)
1879:(
1871:)
1867:(
1859:)
1855:(
1847:)
1843:(
1835:)
1831:(
1823:)
1819:(
1811:)
1807:(
1799:)
1795:(
1787:)
1783:(
1775:)
1771:(
1763:)
1759:(
1736:)
1732:(
1724:)
1720:(
1712:)
1708:(
1685:)
1681:(
1658:)
1654:(
1631:)
1627:(
1619:)
1615:(
1607:)
1603:(
1595:)
1591:(
1568:)
1564:(
1491:e
1484:t
1477:v
1408:)
1392:.
1384:.
1372::
1364::
1340:.
1319:.
1315::
1298:.
1286::
1269:.
1250:.
1246::
1225:.
1208:.
1194::
1186::
1165:.
1143::
1122:.
1102::
1094::
1073:.
1061::
1053::
1032:.
1028::
1020::
998:.
973:.
943:.
918:.
892:.
860::
852::
823:.
793:.
761::
731:.
680:.
645:.
623::
615::
609:2
588:.
576::
554:.
520:.
494:.
481::
465:"
461:"
210:(
195:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
