303:
3081:
6088:
446:
36:
354:
While IBM was a chief proponent of the ASCII standardization committee, the company did not have time to prepare ASCII peripherals (such as card punch machines) to ship with its System/360 computers, so the company settled on EBCDIC. The System/360 became wildly successful, together with clones such
2008:
Besides U+0085 (Next Line), the
Unicode Standard does not prescribe an interpretation of C1 control characters, leaving their interpretation to higher level protocols (it suggests, but does not require, their ISO/IEC 6429 interpretations in the absence of use for other purposes), so this mapping is
3799:
The mnemonic for the Start of
Significance control character in EBCDIC has been modified to include a dot (.) at the end (SOS.). This has been done to distinguish it from the SOS mnemonic used in ISO-8 for the Start of String control character. The dot does not alter the property of the control in
2553:
Marks the beginning of a variable-length device specific control sequence. Followed by a class byte specifying a category of control function, a count byte giving the sequence length (including count and type bytes, but not the class byte or initial CSP), a type byte identifying a control function
3512:
The 64 control characters...the ASCII DELETE character (U+007F)...are mapped respecting EBCDIC conventions, as defined in IBM Character Data
Representation Architecture, CDRA, with one exception -- the pairing of EBCDIC Line Feed and New Line control characters are swapped from their CDRA default
3132:
EBCDIC: /eb´s@·dik/, /eb´see`dik/, /eb´k@·dik/, n. An alleged character set used on IBM dinosaurs. It exists in at least six mutually incompatible versions, all featuring such delights as non-contiguous letter sequences and the absence of several ASCII punctuation characters fairly important for
636:
intended for use in different parts of the world, including code pages for non-Latin scripts such as
Chinese, Japanese (e.g., EBCDIC 930, JEF, and KEIS), Korean, and Greek (EBCDIC 875). There is also a huge number of variations with the letters swapped around for no discernible reason.
3654:
For other C0 or C1 sets, the final octet F shall be obtained from the
International Register of Coded Character Sets....If such an escape sequence appears within a code unit sequence conforming to this International Standard, it shall be padded in accordance with Clause
2907:
Different countries have different code pages because these code pages originated as code pages with country-specific character repertoires, and were later expanded to contain the entire ISO 8859-1 repertoire, meaning that a given ISO 8859-1 character may have different
656:(one of the code page variants of EBCDIC). The blank cells are filled with region-specific characters in the variants, but the characters in gray are often swapped around or replaced as well. Like ASCII, the invariant subset works only for languages using the
3197:
This is a large room full of assorted heavy machinery, whirring noisily. The room smells of burned resistors. Along one wall are three buttons which are, respectively, round, triangular, and square. Naturally, above these buttons are instructions written in
600:
If seven-bit ASCII was used, there was an "unused" high bit in 8-bit bytes, and many pieces of software stored other information there. Software would also pack the seven bits and discard the eighth, such as packing five seven-bit ASCII characters in a
1984:
Although the default mapping of New Line (NL) corresponds to the ISO/IEC 6429 Next Line (NEL) character (the behaviour of which is also specified, but not required, in
Unicode Annex 14), most of these C1-mapped controls match neither those in the
309:
with the
Hollerith encoding of the 1964 EBCDIC character set. Contrast at the top is enhanced to show the printed characters. The "number" punches (0-9) directly translate to the lower 4 bits of EBCDIC, though the upper 4 bits of EBCDIC are more
3133:
modern computer languages (exactly which characters are absent varies according to which version of EBCDIC you're looking at). IBM adapted EBCDIC from punched card code in the early 1960s and promulgated it as a customer-control tactic (see
350:
into six bits. The distinct encoding of 's' and 'S' (using position 2 instead of 1) was maintained from punched cards where it was desirable not to have hole punches too close to each other to ensure the integrity of the physical card.
1981:, or have additional uses. When mapped to Unicode, these are mostly mapped to C1 control character codepoints in a manner specified by IBM's Character Data Representation Architecture (CDRA).
3210:
of the right to timely "rectification of inaccurate personal data." The bank's argument included the fact that their system used EBCDIC, as well as that it did not support letters with
409:, but not intended to be used in open interchange environments. Even on systems with extensive EBCDIC support, it has not been popular. For example, z/OS supports Unicode (preferring
3143:
company, but IBM's own description of the EBCDIC variants and how to convert between them is still internally classified top-secret, burn-before-reading. Hackers blanch at the very
3396:
17:
5706:
613:, causing unexpected problems if the high bit was set. These all made it difficult to switch from ASCII to the 8-bit EBCDIC (and also made it difficult to switch to 8-bit
3202:
In 2021, it became public that a
Belgian bank was still using EBCDIC internally in 2019. A customer insisted that the correct spelling of his surname included an
3128:
that EBCDIC was loathed by hackers, by which he meant members of a subculture of enthusiastic programmers. The Jargon File 4.4.7 gives the following definition:
4551:
2667:
Followed by two one-byte parameters (firstly function, secondly number of either column or line) to set the current position. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's
179:
660:, such as English (excluding loanwords and some uncommon orthographic variations) and Dutch (if the "ij" and "IJ" ligatures are written as two characters).
4388:
5497:
1993:. Although this effectively makes the non-ASCII EBCDIC controls a unique C1 control set, they are not among the C1 control sets registered in the
3721:
3667:
3602:
2446:
De-activates output, i.e. ignores all graphical characters and control characters besides transmission control codes and RES/ENP, until the next
597:, even if there is a NEL in the target encoding. This causes the LF and NEL to translate to the same character and be unable to be distinguished.
3968:
3400:
562:
Most programming languages and file formats and network protocols designed for ASCII used available punctuation marks (such as the curly braces
4496:
653:
3428:
4571:
4085:
2892:(ISO/IEC 8859-1). The first column gives the original code page number. The second column gives the number of the code page updated with the
3956:
3946:
2238:
Followed by two one-byte operators that identify the specific function, for example a light or function key. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's
3936:
4027:
386:
can browse and edit both EBCDIC and ASCII encoded files). Software can translate to and from encodings, and modern mainframes (such as
6110:
172:
1986:
5798:
5552:
3773:[Information technology. 8-bit coded character sets. Binary code for information processing] (in Russian). GOST 19768-93.
3625:
3584:
3256:
556:
would print the alphabet from A to Z if ASCII is used, but print 41 characters (including a number of unassigned ones) in EBCDIC.
5788:
5537:
4491:
3698:
3475:
5671:
3643:
571:
3883:
165:
3977:
Contains more information about EBCDIC derived from IBM's CDRA, including DBCS EBCDIC (Double Byte
Character Set EBCDIC)
559:
Sorting EBCDIC put lowercase letters before uppercase letters and letters before numbers, exactly the opposite of ASCII.
6065:
5576:
5379:
4123:
3862:
3207:
632:
There are hundreds of EBCDIC code pages based on the original EBCDIC character encoding; there are a variety of EBCDIC
5621:
5237:
5232:
4735:
4566:
4113:
4078:
3305:
3263:
2536:; newer IBM specifications for EBCDIC control codes list only CU1 and CU3 as customer-use, and use this position for
485:
119:
100:
4655:
3994:
1039:
72:
4037:
3981:
5873:
5808:
5562:
5542:
4047:
288:
3898:
3452:
5626:
4219:
3328:
1205:
467:
57:
79:
5740:
5711:
5361:
3461:
2668:
1978:
1161:
394:
284:
3421:
2221:. Mappings sometimes swapped with Line Feed (EBCDIC 0x25) in accordance with UNIX line breaking convention.
5803:
5691:
5651:
4071:
644:
have the same assignments on all EBCDIC code pages that use the Latin alphabet. (This includes most of the
390:) include processor instructions, at the hardware level, to accelerate translation between character sets.
257:
3529:
3247:
302:
6045:
5656:
5586:
5572:
5557:
5461:
5374:
5346:
5312:
86:
6115:
6019:
5964:
5885:
5666:
5322:
5317:
4670:
579:
5661:
3733:
1997:
registry, meaning that they do not have an assigned control set designation sequence (as specified by
5726:
5681:
5517:
5066:
4770:
4715:
4680:
3916:
3771:"Информационная технология. Наборы 8-битных кодированных символов. Двоичный код обработки информации"
2768:
2555:
2376:
2247:
2243:
2218:
2140:
1198:
1054:
1046:
877:
870:
863:
856:
739:
732:
926:
903:
570:) that did not exist in EBCDIC, making translation to EBCDIC systems difficult. Workarounds such as
5241:
4750:
4730:
4725:
4665:
4660:
4169:
3616:
3171:
2703:
Followed by one byte parameter that indicates the number of bytes of transparent data that follow.
2579:
Marks the beginning of a variable-length device specific control sequence. Deprecated in favour of
2492:
Marks the beginning of a variable-length device specific control sequence. Deprecated in favour of
657:
610:
155:
144:
68:
5616:
3943: (archived 2018-05-13). Contains IBM's official information on code pages and character sets.
2426:
6091:
6075:
6002:
5997:
5959:
5930:
5895:
5327:
5061:
4760:
4645:
3685:
3380:
3140:
2897:
463:
456:
53:
46:
2469:
Marks the beginning of a fixed-length device specific control sequence. Deprecated in favour of
5686:
5676:
5532:
5522:
5056:
4765:
4210:
4197:
4133:
3577:
Additional
Control Functions for Bibliographic Use according to International Standard ISO 6630
3344:...but their printers and punches were not ready to handle ASCII, and IBM just HAD to announce.
2559:
2239:
498:
There were numerous difficulties to writing software that would work in both ASCII and EBCDIC.
331:
4028:
EBCDIC character list, including decimal and hex values, symbolic name, and character/function
5863:
5701:
5636:
5512:
5051:
4205:
1099:
746:
627:
429:
5081:
3499:
1977:
Following are the definitions of EBCDIC control characters which either do not map onto the
6024:
5696:
5456:
5076:
4009:
3135:
3115:
2119:
1214:
652:.) It also shows (in gray) missing ASCII and EBCDIC punctuation, located where they are in
502:
The gaps between letters made simple code that worked in ASCII fail on EBCDIC. For example
4060:
Contains computer readable Unicode mapping tables for EBCDIC and many other character sets
3812:
609:
bytes with the high bit set were treated as negative numbers, behavior that was copied to
8:
5979:
5606:
5091:
4976:
4966:
4961:
3820:
3206:, which the bank omitted, and the customer filed a complaint citing the guarantee in the
1769:
1702:
1429:
264:
of the late 1950s and early 1960s. It is supported by various non-IBM platforms, such as
261:
6060:
5908:
5721:
5716:
5641:
4640:
4614:
4138:
4094:
3681:
3639:
3618:
ISO/IEC International Register of Coded Character Sets To Be Used With Escape Sequences
3560:
3537:
3507:
3356:
2341:), or used as a transmission control code to delimit the end of an intermediate block.
2114:
Non-locking shift that changes the interpretation of the following character (see e.g.
402:
238:
3838:
3788:
3552:
6050:
5989:
5969:
5631:
5611:
5591:
5219:
4695:
4675:
4187:
3816:
3694:
3661:
3596:
3513:
pairings to ISO/IEC 6429 Line Feed (U+000A) and Next Line (U+0085) control characters
3301:
3269:
3259:
2554:
within that category, and zero or more parameter bytes. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's
1391:
1092:
589:(NEXT LINE) code between lines. Converters to other encodings often replace NEL with
375:
249:
3329:"EBCDIC and the P-Bit (The Biggest Computer Goof Ever) - Computer History Vignettes"
3214:(or lower case, for that matter). The appeals court ruled in favor of the customer.
93:
6007:
5581:
5547:
5257:
5086:
2379:; where distinguishing them is necessary, IBM abbreviates Start of Significance as
1122:
965:
918:
776:
649:
367:
273:
202:
3974:
3157:
EBCDIC design was also the source of many jokes. One such joke, found in the Unix
640:
The table below shows the "invariant subset" of EBCDIC, which are characters that
6055:
5974:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4635:
4320:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4051:
4041:
4031:
3960:
3950:
3940:
3834:
3729:
3293:
3203:
3181:
References to the EBCDIC character set are made in the 1979 computer game series
3119:
2331:
Either used as an information separator to terminate a block called a "unit" (as
1684:
1679:
1227:
957:
825:
378:, use EBCDIC as their inherent encoding (with toleration for ASCII, for example,
326:. It is an eight-bit character encoding, developed separately from the seven-bit
265:
2515:
Device specific control that sets a mode of operation, such as a buffer switch.
5507:
5502:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5441:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5252:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4775:
4360:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4108:
3385:(NB. IBM had four staff members on the final 21-member ASA X3.2 sub-committee.)
3158:
3139:), spurning the already established ASCII standard. Today, IBM claims to be an
2405:
2332:
1262:
1106:
972:
949:
761:
725:
614:
425:
421:
356:
319:
4755:
2375:
Used by S/360 CPU edit (ED) instruction. (Note: different from ISO/IEC 6429's
6104:
5827:
5247:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4710:
4685:
4650:
4609:
4355:
3770:
2115:
2002:
347:
242:
3852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5567:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
4745:
4740:
4720:
4604:
4596:
4229:
3912:
3061:
1998:
1345:
1277:
807:
360:
306:
253:
3397:"IBM confirms the use of EBCDIC in their mainframes as a default practice"
4162:
4145:
4057:
3857:
3427:. Revision 5.10. April 2003. § MSE.4: Support for invariant ISO/IEC 646.
3124:
3095:
2901:
2425:
Underscores the immediately preceding word. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's
1449:
1434:
1325:
1267:
645:
6012:
5920:
5773:
5451:
4546:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4466:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4128:
4118:
3223:
3211:
2909:
2889:
2872:
1962:
1444:
1386:
470: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
398:
5953:
4063:
3575:
3170:
Professor: "So the American government went to IBM to come up with an
5900:
5878:
5783:
5596:
4625:
4556:
4536:
4531:
4456:
4451:
3971:
from IBM, shows code charts for several single-byte IBM EBCDIC pages.
3533:
3324:
2893:
1287:
1257:
1031:
834:
816:
633:
590:
338:, which itself was devised as an efficient means of encoding the two
3332:
2947:
Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, USA
582:) that got used on IBM systems and could not be translated to ASCII.
445:
35:
6070:
5925:
5890:
5868:
5778:
5601:
4541:
4526:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4461:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4192:
4182:
4178:
4152:
1990:
1320:
843:
323:
3422:"Rationale for International Standard – Programming Languages – C"
5940:
5736:
5646:
5527:
5101:
4471:
4446:
4436:
4174:
4017:
4013:
3189:
2900:(¤) (or in the case of EBCDIC 924, with the set changed to match
2212:
586:
417:
413:
specifically), but z/OS only has limited support for UTF-EBCDIC.
406:
291:
3454:
PDP-10 Reference Handbook, Book 2: Assembling the Source Program
3273:
585:
The most common newline convention used with EBCDIC is to use a
5945:
5935:
5913:
5793:
5768:
5763:
5446:
5227:
4586:
4576:
4561:
4378:
4021:
3588:
3162:
2408:, as abbreviated FS in ASCII, is at 0x1C and abbreviated IFS.)
1994:
606:
602:
410:
405:, designed to allow easy updating of EBCDIC software to handle
277:
269:
416:
Not all operating systems running on IBM hardware use EBCDIC;
6040:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5365:
5071:
4581:
4521:
4383:
4157:
2926:
594:
387:
371:
335:
327:
3645:
Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)
2767:
Begin subscript or undo superscript. Compare ISO/IEC 6429's
2139:
Begin superscript or undo subscript. Compare ISO/IEC 6429's
1454:
5351:
4441:
3766:
3183:
2747:
2715:
2683:
2533:
2328:
Interchange Unit Separator, Intermediate Transmission Block
2294:
2262:
2172:
2094:
2056:
1972:
428:
all use ASCII, as do all operating systems that run on the
383:
379:
280:
208:
3937:
Character Data Representation Architecture (CDRA) from IBM
2217:
Line break. Default mapping (0085) matches ISO/IEC 6429's
1521:
1371:
1335:
1252:
574:
were used. Conversely EBCDIC had a few characters such as
5818:
3999:
3986:
3793:
3784:
3649:
3147:
of EBCDIC and consider it a manifestation of purest evil.
3058:
2883:
2044:
Device control character taking a single-byte parameter.
315:
246:
235:
223:
217:
3917:"EBCDIC is incompatible with GDPR – Terence Eden's Blog"
3642:(2017). "12.4: Identification of control function set".
3193:, EBCDIC is used to imply an incomprehensible language:
1989:, nor those in other registered C1 control sets such as
954:
252:
operating systems. It descended from the code used with
1836:
1424:
1396:
1381:
1272:
946:
330:
encoding scheme. It was created to extend the existing
3899:"Court of Appeal of Brussels - 2019/AR/1006 - GDPRhub"
1037:
970:
962:
3090:
appears to contradict another section of this article
2160:
Switch to an operation mode repeating a print buffer
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
226:
214:
4048:
All EBCDIC code pages and 3270 graphics escape codes
3722:"Appendix G-1. EBCDIC control character definitions"
1315:
220:
211:
4038:
EBCDIC-code pages with Latin-1-charset (JavaScript)
3789:"Character Data Representation Architecture (CDRA)"
2788:Indents the current and all following lines, until
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1597:
1439:
1376:
1330:
1310:
205:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Eight-bit character encoding system invented by IBM
3680:
3638:
2912:values in different code pages. They are known as
1683:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1203:
875:
822:
758:
6102:
6020:Unicode control, format and separator characters
3241:
3239:
2404:Used by S/360 CPU edit (ED) instruction. (Note:
1768:
1678:
1196:
1159:
3255:. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.).
2728:
2696:
2660:
2525:
2275:
2231:
2153:
2069:
2037:
2009:permissible in, but not specified by, Unicode.
1701:
868:
861:
2725:
2693:
2657:
2644:), or terminate an information unit (see also
2522:
2272:
2228:
2150:
1658:
1390:
1324:
193:Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
18:Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
4079:
4020:(as opposed to IBM) EBCDIC pages used on the
3497:
3319:
3317:
3249:Coded Character Sets, History and Development
3236:
2532:This appears in some specifications, such as
2066:
2034:
1309:
1266:
1120:
854:
730:
173:
4012:, shows code charts for several single-byte
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3493:
3491:
3489:
2638:Either move to start of next line (see also
2387:, otherwise they are abbreviated the same.)
1835:
1520:
891:
804:
3666:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3601:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1453:
1261:
1028:
813:
435:
4086:
4072:
3726:Character Data Representation Architecture
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3573:
3314:
1438:
1395:
1276:
923:
737:
318:and was announced with the release of the
180:
166:
3740:
3486:
3245:
1423:
1380:
1344:
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
363:, and Fujitsu FACOM, thus so did EBCDIC.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3885:4.3BSD-Reno/share/games/fortune/fortunes
3805:
3550:
3523:
3521:
3388:
3080:
2358:Used by S/360 CPU edit (ED) instruction
1973:Definitions of non-ASCII EBCDIC controls
1939:
1934:
1914:
1448:
1433:
1314:
1097:
744:
301:
4093:
3833:
3707:
3292:
3257:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
2888:The following code pages have the full
1944:
1924:
1919:
1899:
1443:
1370:
1212:
314:EBCDIC was devised in 1963 and 1964 by
14:
6103:
3527:
3070:
2884:Code pages with Latin-1 character sets
2735:Move backward the width of one digit.
1929:
1909:
1904:
1329:
1286:
1271:
1256:
1251:
900:
831:
4067:
3693:(12.0.0 ed.). pp. 868–870.
3518:
3394:
1385:
1334:
1319:
840:
3911:
3845:
3765:
3553:"NL: Next Line (A) (Non-tailorable)"
3530:"cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table"
3373:
3074:
2383:(with a dot) and Start of String as
1349:
1090:
468:adding citations to reliable sources
439:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2868:
2865:
2849:
2840:Not used by IBM; for customer use.
2833:
2810:
2781:
2760:
2631:
2612:
2594:
2572:
2508:
2485:
2462:
2439:
2418:
2397:
2368:
2351:
2314:Not used by IBM; for customer use.
2307:
2208:
2185:
2132:
2107:
1044:
916:
774:
621:
24:
5430:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
3498:Umamaheswaran, V.S. (1999-11-08).
3208:General Data Protection Regulation
2877:All ones character used as filler
2846:
2830:
2807:
2778:
2757:
2628:
2609:
2591:
2569:
2505:
2482:
2459:
2436:
2415:
2394:
2365:
2348:
2324:
2321:
2304:
2205:
2182:
1596:
1428:
1375:
1224:
25:
6127:
3927:
3652:. pp. 19–20. ISO/IEC 10646.
3357:"Doug Jones's punched card codes"
3323:
2129:
2104:
1104:
723:
648:invariant repertoire, except the
6087:
6086:
4058:ICU Character Set Mapping Tables
3510:. Unicode Technical Report #16.
3118:advocate and software developer
3079:
1350:
444:
201:
34:
6111:IBM mainframe operating systems
5874:Digital encoding of APL symbols
5809:Comparison of Unicode encodings
4327:Proposed but not approved
4054: (archived August 27, 2016)
3905:
3891:
3876:
3865:from the original on 2018-05-13
3827:
3783:
3777:
3684:(2019). "23.1: Control Codes".
3674:
3632:
3609:
3567:
3557:Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm
3544:
3434:from the original on 2016-06-06
3174:, and they came up with—"
2858:Reserved for future use by IBM
2621:Reserved for future use by IBM
2603:Reserved for future use by IBM
2384:
2380:
503:
455:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
3468:
3445:
3414:
3349:
3286:
3246:Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980).
2235:Program Operator Communication
2001:, and optionally permitted in
272:, OS-IV, MSP, and MSP-EX, the
13:
1:
3839:"The New Hacker's Dictionary"
3563:. Unicode Standard Annex #14.
3551:Heninger, Andy (2019-02-15).
3500:"3.3 Step 2: Byte Conversion"
3462:Digital Equipment Corporation
3229:
395:Unicode Transformation Format
260:code used with most of IBM's
3528:Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24).
2896:(€) replacing the universal
2646:
2448:
2443:Bypass, Inhibit Presentation
2406:(Interchange) File Separator
2194:
2189:Restore, Enable Presentation
1021:
977:
884:
393:There is an EBCDIC-oriented
258:six-bit binary-coded decimal
7:
6046:Character encodings in HTML
5380:National Replacement (NRCS)
5347:Japanese language in EBCDIC
3300:. McGraw-Hill. p. 65.
3217:
3187:. In the "Machine Room" in
2914:Country Extended Code Pages
2746:Listed in this location by
2714:Listed in this location by
2682:Listed in this location by
2293:Listed in this location by
2261:Listed in this location by
2171:Listed in this location by
2093:Listed in this location by
2055:Listed in this location by
662:
334:(BCD) Interchange Code, or
10:
6132:
4044: (archived 2018-04-18)
4034: (archived 2016-03-03)
3963: (archived 2015-06-07)
3953: (archived 2015-06-19)
2432:
2317:
2178:
2118:). Compare ISO/IEC 6429's
1069:
625:
297:
6084:
6033:
5988:
5856:
5817:
5735:
5470:
5360:
5336:
5218:
5100:
4784:
4623:
4595:
4429:
4371:
4228:
4101:
3476:"Invariant character set"
161:
151:
139:
6076:Variable-length encoding
5857:Miscellaneous code pages
4615:Extended Unix Code / EUC
4306:-15 (New Western Europe)
4102:Early telecommunications
3969:Host Code Page Reference
3574:ISO/TC 46 (1986-02-01).
3013:Ireland, United Kingdom
2796:
2790:
2581:
2538:
2501:
2494:
2471:
2282:A fractional backspace.
1979:ASCII control characters
1191:
1184:
1168:
1154:
1147:
1085:
1078:
1062:
1014:
998:
941:
934:
911:
799:
792:
769:
753:
658:ISO basic Latin alphabet
436:Compatibility with ASCII
6003:C0 and C1 control codes
2819:
2640:
2550:Control Sequence Prefix
2337:
2168:Start of Manual Message
2078:
1176:
1139:
1130:
1006:
990:
894:
784:
4251:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
4202:World System Teletext
3975:ICU Converter Explorer
3200:
3179:
3155:
2826:
2803:
2753:
2721:
2706:
2689:
2576:Modify Field Attribute
2565:
2545:
2518:
2478:
2411:
2361:
2300:
2268:
2224:
2163:
2146:
2125:
2062:
2030:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1840:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1530:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1463:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1249:
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1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1210:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1019:
1012:
1003:
996:
987:
939:
932:
909:
882:
797:
790:
781:
767:
751:
311:
256:and the corresponding
135:EBCDIC encoding family
6025:Whitespace characters
5702:Ventura International
3995:"IBM i globalization"
3361:homepage.cs.uiowa.edu
3195:
3167:
3152:The Jargon file 4.4.7
3130:
3098:for more information.
3002:Latin America, Spain
2890:Latin-1 character set
2861:
2817:Page-break resetting
2774:
2738:
2674:
2664:Presentation Position
2653:
2624:
2455:
2390:
2372:Start of Significance
2344:
2285:
2253:
2201:
2192:Resume output (after
2100:
2085:
2076:Line-break resetting
2047:
626:Further information:
430:IBM Personal Computer
374:operating system for
305:
147:encodings (non‑ASCII)
5420:Norwegian and Danish
3687:The Unicode Standard
3480:IBM Knowledge Center
3136:connector conspiracy
3116:Open-source software
2489:Start Field Extended
464:improve this article
432:and its successors.
366:All IBM's mainframe
332:Binary-Coded Decimal
262:computer peripherals
54:improve this article
5980:Unified Hangul Code
5652:PostScript Standard
5375:Multinational (MCS)
4246:-2 (Central Europe)
4241:-1 (Western Europe)
4095:Character encodings
3821:Columbia University
3298:Systems Programming
3172:encryption standard
3071:Criticism and humor
1987:ISO/IEC 6429 C1 set
665:
136:
6061:Hardware code page
5821:typesetting system
5657:PostScript Latin 1
5313:Cyrillic + Finnish
5220:Windows code pages
5102:IBM AIX code pages
4430:National standards
4361:Ukrainian Cyrillic
3682:Unicode Consortium
3640:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
3561:Unicode Consortium
3538:Unicode Consortium
3508:Unicode Consortium
3383:. 1963. p. 4.
3176:Student: "EBCDIC!"
3165:Reno (1990) went:
2837:Customer Use Three
2814:Required Form Feed
663:
403:Unicode Consortium
376:midrange computers
322:line of mainframe
312:
239:character encoding
134:
6116:EBCDIC code pages
6098:
6097:
6051:Charset detection
5990:Control character
5672:Sharp calculators
5543:Casio calculators
5471:Platform specific
5323:Cyrillic + German
5318:Cyrillic + French
4736:Maltese/Esperanto
4372:Bibliographic use
4256:-4 (North Europe)
4188:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
4146:Baudot and Murray
3700:978-1-936213-22-1
3113:
3112:
3068:
3067:
2958:Austria, Germany
2881:
2880:
2732:Numeric Backspace
2073:Required New Line
1970:
1969:
628:EBCDIC code pages
496:
495:
488:
368:operating systems
250:midrange computer
190:
189:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6123:
6090:
6089:
5582:DG International
5457:Special Graphics
5258:Extended Latin-8
4656:Central European
4646:Barents Cyrillic
4351:Barents Cyrillic
4321:-12 (Devanagari)
4317:Abandoned parts
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4010:XHCS V2.0 manual
4004:
3991:
3921:
3920:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3835:Raymond, Eric S.
3831:
3825:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3738:
3737:
3732:. Archived from
3718:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3648:(5th ed.).
3636:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3582:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3495:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3399:. Archived from
3392:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3331:. Archived from
3321:
3312:
3311:
3294:Donovan, John J.
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3254:
3243:
3153:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3083:
3082:
3075:
2980:Finland, Sweden
2969:Denmark, Norway
2923:
2922:
2822:
2800:is encountered.
2799:
2793:
2649:
2643:
2584:
2541:
2529:Customer Use Two
2512:Set Mode, Switch
2497:
2474:
2451:
2386:
2382:
2340:
2311:Customer Use One
2197:
2081:
2012:
2011:
1966:
1231:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1001:
994:
980:
968:
960:
952:
944:
937:
930:
921:
914:
907:
898:
889:
880:
873:
866:
859:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
795:
788:
779:
772:
765:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
666:
650:exclamation mark
622:Code page layout
577:
569:
565:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
491:
484:
480:
477:
471:
448:
440:
401:proposed by the
274:SDS Sigma series
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
182:
175:
168:
137:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6080:
6056:Han unification
6029:
5984:
5852:
5813:
5731:
5553:Compucolor 8001
5466:
5462:Technical (TCS)
5385:French Canadian
5356:
5332:
5328:Polytonic Greek
5214:
5096:
4780:
4766:Turkic Cyrillic
4681:Font X (Kermit)
4676:Farsi (Persian)
4628:
4619:
4591:
4425:
4367:
4237:Approved parts
4224:
4097:
4092:
4052:Wayback Machine
4042:Wayback Machine
4032:Wayback Machine
3993:
3980:
3961:Wayback Machine
3951:Wayback Machine
3941:Wayback Machine
3930:
3925:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3797:. p. 327.
3782:
3778:
3764:
3741:
3730:IBM Corporation
3720:
3719:
3708:
3701:
3690:
3679:
3675:
3659:
3658:
3637:
3633:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3594:
3593:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3559:. Revision 43.
3549:
3545:
3526:
3519:
3496:
3487:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3266:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3220:
3175:
3154:
3151:
3120:Eric S. Raymond
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:Please see the
3093:
3084:
3073:
2932:
2886:
2818:
2795:
2789:
2645:
2639:
2580:
2537:
2493:
2470:
2447:
2422:Word Underscore
2401:Field Separator
2336:
2193:
2077:
1975:
1960:
1225:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1004:
997:
988:
976:
971:
963:
955:
947:
940:
933:
924:
917:
910:
901:
892:
886:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
798:
791:
782:
775:
768:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
630:
624:
575:
567:
563:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
492:
481:
475:
472:
461:
449:
438:
300:
266:Fujitsu-Siemens
241:used mainly on
204:
200:
186:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6096:
6095:
6092:Character sets
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6034:Related topics
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6000:
5998:Morse prosigns
5994:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
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5928:
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5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5692:TI calculators
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
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5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:United Kingdom
5397:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5358:
5357:
5355:
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5349:
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5341:
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5305:
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5280:
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5255:
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5235:
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5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
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4785:DOS code pages
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4731:Latin (Kermit)
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
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4339:
4338:
4333:
4331:KOI-8 Cyrillic
4325:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:-16 (Romanian)
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
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4109:Telegraph code
4105:
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3957:Code page 1047
3954:
3929:
3928:External links
3926:
3923:
3922:
3915:(2021-10-25).
3904:
3890:
3875:
3844:
3841:. p. 310.
3826:
3817:Kermit project
3804:
3776:
3739:
3736:on 2018-09-11.
3706:
3699:
3673:
3631:
3608:
3566:
3543:
3517:
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3464:. p. 221.
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3395:IBMnt (2008).
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3122:writes in his
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3057:Open Systems (
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3035:International
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2290:Cursor Control
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2279:Unit Backspace
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2111:Graphic Escape
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2019:
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693:
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669:
623:
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618:
615:extended ASCII
598:
583:
560:
557:
494:
493:
452:
450:
443:
437:
434:
426:Linux on Power
422:Linux on IBM Z
357:RCA Spectra 70
320:IBM System/360
299:
296:
234:) is an eight-
188:
187:
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177:
170:
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159:
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153:
149:
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141:
140:Classification
128:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6128:
6117:
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6112:
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5752:
5750:
5747:
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5744:
5742:
5741:ISO/IEC 10646
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
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5695:
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5688:
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5683:
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5678:
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5673:
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5585:
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5561:
5559:
5558:Compucolor II
5556:
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5544:
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5539:
5536:
5534:
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5513:Acorn RISC OS
5511:
5509:
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5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
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5484:
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5473:
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5463:
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5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:8-bit Turkish
5440:
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4639:
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4627:
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4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:ISO/IEC 10367
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4585:
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4397:
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4377:
4376:
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4362:
4359:
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4349:
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4337:
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4332:
4329:
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4322:
4319:
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4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:-5 (Cyrillic)
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
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4221:
4218:
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4209:
4207:
4204:
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4199:
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4180:
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4171:
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4147:
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4127:
4125:
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4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
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4059:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:IBM-related:
3932:
3931:
3918:
3914:
3913:Eden, Terence
3908:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:"iso8859.txt"
3808:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3482:. 2018-08-14.
3481:
3477:
3471:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3403:on 2013-01-03
3402:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3376:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3335:on 2018-05-13
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3307:0-07-085175-1
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3265:0-201-14460-3
3261:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3091:
3088:This section
3086:
3077:
3076:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:currency sign
2895:
2891:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2748:GOST 19768-93
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2722:
2717:
2716:GOST 19768-93
2713:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2690:
2685:
2684:GOST 19768-93
2681:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2534:GOST 19768-93
2531:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2466:Set Attribute
2465:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2295:GOST 19768-93
2292:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2269:
2264:
2263:GOST 19768-93
2260:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2173:GOST 19768-93
2170:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:Code page 310
2113:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2095:GOST 19768-93
2092:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2057:GOST 19768-93
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:ISO/IEC 10646
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1681:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
983:
979:
974:
967:
959:
951:
943:
936:
928:
920:
913:
905:
896:
888:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
850:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
801:
794:
786:
778:
771:
763:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
667:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
629:
616:
612:
608:
605:word. On the
604:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
573:
561:
558:
501:
500:
499:
490:
487:
479:
476:November 2022
469:
465:
459:
458:
453:This section
451:
447:
442:
441:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
352:
349:
348:punched cards
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
304:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:punched cards
251:
248:
244:
243:IBM mainframe
240:
237:
231:
198:
194:
183:
178:
176:
171:
169:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6008:ISO/IEC 6429
5965:Stanford/ITS
5952:
5886:ARIB STD-B24
5667:Sega SC-3000
5568:DEC RADIX 50
5337:
4605:ISO/IEC 8859
4597:ISO/IEC 2022
4342:Adaptations
4301:-14 (Celtic)
4296:-13 (Baltic)
4286:-10 (Nordic)
4281:-9 (Turkish)
4230:ISO/IEC 8859
3998:
3985:
3982:"Code Pages"
3947:Code page 37
3907:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3867:. Retrieved
3856:
3847:
3829:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3779:
3734:the original
3725:
3686:
3676:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3617:
3611:
3576:
3569:
3556:
3546:
3511:
3503:
3479:
3470:
3453:
3447:
3436:. Retrieved
3416:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:the original
3390:
3375:
3364:. Retrieved
3360:
3351:
3343:
3337:. Retrieved
3333:the original
3297:
3288:
3277:. Retrieved
3248:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3141:open-systems
3134:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3101:
3089:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2887:
2853:
2635:Index Return
2616:
2598:
2355:Digit Select
2027:Description
2021:CDRA pairing
2007:
2005:(Unicode)).
1999:ISO/IEC 2022
1983:
1976:
1175:
1129:
897:
846:
654:Code Page 37
641:
639:
631:
497:
482:
473:
462:Please help
457:verification
454:
415:
392:
365:
361:ICL System 4
353:
343:
339:
313:
307:Punched card
196:
192:
191:
131:
116:
110:January 2019
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5727:ZX Spectrum
5682:Sinclair QL
5518:Amstrad CPC
5437:8-bit Greek
5364:terminals (
5077:Iran System
4629:("scripts")
4276:-8 (Hebrew)
4266:-6 (Arabic)
4163:ISO/IEC 646
3858:Jargon File
3381:"X3.4-1963"
3125:Jargon File
2902:ISO 8859-15
2711:Reader Stop
2700:Transparent
2669:CUP and HVP
2558:(0090) and
2335:; see also
2246:(009D) and
2209:0085 (000A)
2136:Superscript
646:ISO/IEC 646
617:encodings).
529:'Z'
517:'A'
346:punches on
152:Preceded by
145:basic Latin
6105:Categories
6013:JIS X 0211
5921:ISO-IR-169
5774:UTF-EBCDIC
5340:code pages
5067:CSX+ Indic
4671:Devanagari
4626:Code pages
4547:LST 1590-4
4517:JIS X 0213
4512:JIS X 0212
4507:JIS X 0208
4502:JIS X 0201
4467:GOST 10859
4389:CCCII/EACC
4291:-11 (Thai)
4271:-7 (Greek)
4206:background
4129:Wabun/Kana
3869:2018-05-13
3504:UTF-EBCDIC
3438:2022-11-24
3407:2008-06-16
3366:2023-01-14
3339:2013-07-02
3325:Bemer, Bob
3279:2022-04-06
3230:References
3224:UTF-EBCDIC
3212:diacritics
3064:compiler)
2936:Countries
2910:code point
2873:Eight Ones
2854:(reserved)
2820:Indent Tab
2785:Indent Tab
2743:Upper Case
2617:(reserved)
2599:(reserved)
2090:Lower Case
2079:Indent Tab
634:code pages
399:UTF-EBCDIC
370:, and its
270:BS2000/OSD
80:newspapers
6066:MICR code
5901:IEC-P27-1
5879:ISO-IR-68
5784:DIN 91379
5662:SAM Coupé
5597:GSM 03.38
5587:Galaksija
5082:Kamenický
5062:CSX Indic
4771:Ukrainian
4557:Shift JIS
4537:KS X 1002
4532:KS X 1001
4457:DIN 66003
4452:CNS 11643
4220:Transcode
4198:ITU T.101
4124:Non-Latin
3534:Microsoft
3198:EBCDIC...
3096:talk page
2894:euro sign
2764:Subscript
2052:Punch Off
1070: SM/
572:trigraphs
324:computers
283:, Unisys
6071:Mojibake
5926:ISO 2033
5891:Fieldata
5869:ASMO 449
5779:GB 18030
5739: /
5687:Teletext
5677:Sharp MZ
5607:HP FOCAL
5602:HP Roman
5533:Atari ST
5523:Apple II
5057:CS Indic
4751:Romanian
4726:Keyboard
4706:Gurmukhi
4701:Gujarati
4691:Georgian
4666:Cyrillic
4661:Croatian
4636:Armenian
4542:LST 1564
4527:KPS 9566
4487:GB 18030
4482:GB 12052
4477:GB 12345
4462:ELOT 927
4396:ISO 5426
4356:Estonian
4193:ITU T.61
4183:Teletext
4179:Videotex
4153:Fieldata
4139:Cyrillic
3863:Archived
3853:"EBCDIC"
3837:(1997).
3800:any way.
3769:(1993).
3662:citation
3628:, ISO-IR
3624:, ITSCJ/
3597:citation
3583:. ITSCJ/
3429:Archived
3296:(1972).
3274:77-90165
3218:See also
3161:file of
3150:—
3104:May 2024
3046:Iceland
2771:(008B).
2679:Punch On
2562:(009B).
2333:in ASCII
2250:(009F).
2242:(009B),
2213:New Line
2143:(008C).
2122:(008E).
2015:Mnemonic
1991:ISO 6630
310:complex.
69:"EBCDIC"
5960:SEASCII
5954:Mojikyō
5941:KOI8-RU
5864:ABICOMP
5737:Unicode
5647:PETSCII
5637:NEC APC
5573:DEC MCS
5528:ATASCII
5425:Swedish
5410:Finnish
5395:Spanish
5087:Mazovia
5052:ABICOMP
4761:Turkish
4716:Iceland
4624:Mac OS
4567:TIS-620
4472:GB 2312
4447:BraSCII
4437:ArmSCII
4175:Teletex
4134:Chinese
4050:at the
4040:at the
4030:at the
4018:Fujitsu
4014:Siemens
3959:at the
3949:at the
3939:at the
3190:Zork II
3159:fortune
3024:France
2933:update
2647:IUS/ITB
2449:RES/ENP
2434:BYP/INP
2392:FS, FDS
2319:IUS/ITB
2195:BYP/INP
2180:RES/ENP
664:EBCDIC
580:US cent
544:putchar
418:IBM AIX
407:Unicode
397:called
298:History
94:scholar
5970:Symbol
5946:KOI8-U
5936:KOI8-R
5804:TACE16
5794:CESU-8
5789:BOCU-1
5769:UTF-32
5764:UTF-16
5707:WISCII
5697:TRS-80
5617:SQUOZE
5612:HP RPL
5452:Hebrew
5447:SI 960
5415:French
5338:EBCDIC
5228:CER-GS
4711:Hebrew
4686:Gaelic
4651:Celtic
4641:Arabic
4587:YUSCII
4577:VISCII
4562:SI 960
4552:PASCII
4401:5426-2
4379:MARC-8
4114:Needle
4022:BS2000
3697:
3589:ISO-IR
3304:
3272:
3262:
3204:umlaut
3163:4.3BSD
2991:Italy
2823:mode.
2157:Repeat
2041:Select
2018:EBCDIC
1995:ISO-IR
1965:
1961:
1278:|
1230:
1226:
1179:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1057:
1053:
1034:
1030:
1009:
1005:
993:
989:
964:
956:
948:
929:
925:
906:
902:
893:
842:
837:
833:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
806:
787:
783:
764:
760:
642:should
607:PDP-11
603:36-bit
424:, and
411:UTF-16
344:number
278:Unisys
197:EBCDIC
143:8-bit
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6041:CCSID
5914:8-bit
5909:7-bit
5905:INIS
5759:UTF-8
5754:UTF-7
5749:UTF-1
5627:LMBCS
5563:CP/M+
5405:Dutch
5390:Swiss
5072:CWI-2
4776:VT100
4746:Roman
4741:Ogham
4721:Inuit
4696:Greek
4582:VSCII
4572:TSCII
4522:KOI-7
4497:ISCII
4492:HKSCS
4384:ANSEL
4346:Welsh
4170:BCDIC
4158:ASCII
4119:Morse
3992:from
3691:(PDF)
3622:(PDF)
3591:-124.
3581:(PDF)
3458:(PDF)
3432:(PDF)
3425:(PDF)
3253:(PDF)
2927:CCSID
2503:SM/SW
2082:mode
1685:]
1680:[
1288:&
595:CR/LF
526:<=
388:IBM Z
372:IBM i
336:BCDIC
328:ASCII
101:JSTOR
87:books
5975:TRON
5828:Cork
5799:SCSU
5722:ZX81
5717:ZX80
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