788:
log as normal, and replay the "winners" (transactions with a commit block, including the invalid transaction above, which happened to be tagged with a valid commit block). The unfinished disk write above will thus proceed, but using corrupt journal data. The file system will thus mistakenly overwrite normal data with corrupt data while replaying the journal. If checksums had been used, where the blocks of the "fake winner" transaction were tagged with a mutual checksum, the file system could have known better and not replayed the corrupt data onto the disk. Journal checksumming has been added to ext4.
654:
858:, the principal developer of ext3, announced an enhanced version, called ext4. On October 11, 2008, the patches that mark ext4 as stable code were merged in the Linux 2.6.28 source code repositories, marking the end of the development phase and recommending its adoption. In 2008, Ts'o stated that although ext4 has improved features such as being much faster than ext3, it is not a major advance, it uses old technology, and is a stop-gap; Ts'o believes that
838:
640:" should not be used while the filesystem is mounted for writing. Attempting to check a filesystem that is already mounted in read/write mode will (very likely) detect inconsistencies in the filesystem metadata. Where filesystem metadata is changing, and fsck applies changes in an attempt to bring the "inconsistent" metadata into a "consistent" state, the attempt to "fix" the inconsistencies will corrupt the filesystem.
595:
causing garbage at the end. Older versions of files could also appear unexpectedly after a journal recovery. The lack of synchronization between data and journal is faster in many cases. JFS uses this level of journaling, but ensures that any "garbage" due to unwritten data is zeroed out on reboot. XFS also uses this form of journaling.
442:. This situation might sometimes be a disadvantage, but for recoverability, it is a significant advantage. The file system metadata is all in fixed, well-known locations, and data structures have some redundancy. In significant data corruption, ext2 or ext3 may be recoverable, while a tree-based file system may not.
807:
to flush pending writes to disk, and the barrier implementation doesn't always clear the drive's write cache in response to that call. There is also a potential issue with the barrier implementation related to error handling during events, such as a drive failure. It is also known that sometimes some
795:
and LVM implementations) may not support barriers, and will issue a warning if that mount option is used. There are also some disks that do not properly implement the write cache flushing extension necessary for barriers to work, which causes a similar warning. In these situations, where barriers are
703:
However, as the Linux System
Administrator Guide states, "Modern Linux filesystem(s) keep fragmentation at a minimum by keeping all blocks in a file close together, even if they can't be stored in consecutive sectors. Some filesystems, like ext3, effectively allocate the free block that is nearest to
585:
can be corrupted because the original version of the file is not stored. Thus it's possible to end up with a file in an intermediate state between new and old, without enough information to restore either one or the other (the new data never made it to disk completely, and the old data is not stored
422:
Without these features, any ext3 file system is also a valid ext2 file system. This situation has allowed well-tested and mature file system maintenance utilities for maintaining and repairing ext2 file systems to also be used with ext3 without major changes. The ext2 and ext3 file systems share the
787:
write speeds), it is likely that one will write a commit block of a transaction before the other relevant blocks are written. If a power failure or unrecoverable crash should occur before the other blocks get written, the system will have to be rebooted. Upon reboot, the file system will replay the
699:
There are userspace defragmentation tools, like Shake and defrag. Shake works by allocating space for the whole file as one operation, which will generally cause the allocator to find contiguous disk space. If there are files which are used at the same time, Shake will try to write them next to one
812:
technologies do not properly forward fsync or flush commands to the underlying devices (files, volumes, disk) from a guest operating system. Similarly, some hard disks or controllers implement cache flushing incorrectly or not at all, but still advertise that it is supported, and do not return any
580:
while a file is being written or appended to, the journal will indicate that the new file or appended data has not been "committed", so it will be purged by the cleanup process. (Thus appends and new files have the same level of integrity protection as the "journaled" level.) However, files being
566:
Both metadata and file contents are written to the journal before being committed to the main file system. Because the journal is relatively continuous on disk, this can improve performance, if the journal has enough space. In other cases, performance gets worse, because the data must be written
594:
Only metadata is journaled; file contents are not. The contents might be written before or after the journal is updated. As a result, files modified right before a crash can become corrupted. For example, a file being appended to may be marked in the journal as being larger than it actually is,
780:), and if the hardware is doing out-of-order write caching, one runs the risk of severe filesystem corruption during a crash. This is because storage devices with write caches report to the system that the data has been completely written, even if it was written to the (volatile) cache.
599:
In all three modes, the internal structure of file system is assured to be consistent even after a crash. In any case, only the data content of files or directories which were being modified when the system crashed will be affected; the rest will be intact after recovery.
707:
While ext3 is resistant to file fragmentation, ext3 can get fragmented over time or for specific usage patterns, like slowly writing large files. Consequently, ext4 (the successor to ext3) has an online filesystem defragmentation utility e4defrag and currently supports
813:
error when it is used. There are so many ways to handle fsync and write cache handling incorrectly, it is safer to assume that cache flushing does not work unless it is explicitly tested, regardless of how reliable individual components are believed to be.
575:
Only metadata is journaled; file contents are not, but it's guaranteed that file contents are written to disk before associated metadata is marked as committed in the journal. This is the default on many Linux distributions. If there is a power outage or
1781:
ext2/ext3 file system driver for MS Windows NT4.0/2000/XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/Server 2003/2008/2008 R2/2012/2012 R2 (freeware, closed source, supports read & write, supports inodes of 256 bytes at maximum to access larger
398:
and restore data. Benchmarks suggest that ext3 also uses less CPU power than ReiserFS and XFS. It is also considered safer than the other Linux file systems, due to its relative simplicity and wider testing base.
723:
There are still several techniques and some free and proprietary software for recovery of deleted or lost files using file system journal analysis; however, they do not guarantee any specific file recovery.
1394:
We found heavily fragmented free areas on an intensively used IMAP server which stores all its emails in individual files – although more than 900 GB of the total disk space of 1.4 TB were still
366:
in a 1998 paper, and later in a
February 1999 kernel mailing list posting. The filesystem was merged with the mainline Linux kernel in November 2001 from 2.4.15 onward. Its main advantage over ext2 is
700:
another. Defrag works by copying each file over itself. However, this strategy works only if the file system has enough free space. A true defragmentation tool does not exist for ext3.
1605:
1775:
GPL ext2/ext3 file system driver for
Windows 2000/XP/2003/VISTA/2008 (opensource, supports read & write, supports inode of 256 bytes at maximum to access larger disks)
752:, the ability to quickly capture the state of the filesystem at arbitrary times. Instead, it relies on less-space-efficient, volume-level snapshots provided by the Linux
862:
is the better direction, because "it offers improvements in scalability, reliability, and ease of management". Btrfs also has "a number of the same design ideas that
1872:
740:. It is a direct port of e2compr and still needs further development. It compiles and boots well with upstream kernels, but journaling is not implemented yet.
626:
1542:
1271:
1034:
3221:
633:, because an inode can have at most 32,000 links (each direct subdirectory increases their parent folder inode link counter in the ".." reference).
586:
anywhere). Even worse, the intermediate state might intersperse old and new data, because the order of the write is left up to the disk's hardware.
1525:
1506:
1653:
696:
may destroy data, depending on the feature bits turned on in the filesystem; it does not know how to handle many of the newer ext3 features.
431:
tool. The close relationship also makes conversion between the two file systems (both forward to ext3 and backward to ext2) straightforward.
720:
ext3 does not support the recovery of deleted files. The ext3 driver actively deletes files by wiping file inodes for crash safety reasons.
1239:
241:
allow-undelete, append-only, h-tree (directory), immutable, journal, no-atime, no-dump, secure-delete, synchronous-write, top (directory)
1204:
1149:
617:
with the earlier ext2, many of the on-disk structures are similar to those of ext2. Consequently, ext3 lacks recent features, such as
1433:
1700:
1570:
825:
using four bytes in the file header. 32 bits does not give enough scope to continue processing files beyond
January 18, 2038 - the
760:
file system is a modified version of ext3 which offers snapshots support, yet retains compatibility with the ext3 on-disk format.
930:/2. The default was deemed sufficient for most applications. The max number of subdirectories in one directory is fixed to 32000.
1785:
918:
The maximum number of inodes (and hence the maximum number of files and directories) is set when the file system is created. If
1932:
1907:
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for ext3 is 2. The size of a block can vary, affecting the maximum number of files and the maximum size of the file system:
1389:
1200:
370:, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean shutdown. Its successor is
3164:
2639:
1115:
3154:
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2134:
2532:
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not supported or practical, reliable write ordering is possible by turning off the disk's write cache and using the
2442:
2164:
2124:
1788:
ext2/ext3 file system driver (read only) for MS Windows NT/2000/XP (opensource), latest version in the web archive
1268:
1134:
753:
1866:
1406:
2221:
1376:
The default Ubuntu filesystem ("ext3") will fragment large (>1GB), slowly growing files (<1 MB/s)
3159:
2575:
2149:
1667:
1617:
3080:
2928:
2860:
2154:
1961:
1814:
1225:
1135:"Which Linux filesystem to choose for your PC? Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, ReiserFS (Reiser3), Reiser4, XFS, Btrfs"
749:
272:
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1927:
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other blocks in a file. Therefore it is not necessary to worry about fragmentation in a Linux system."
394:, but ext3 has a significant advantage in that it allows in-place upgrades from ext2 without having to
1342:
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2462:
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1473:
889:
800:
mount option. Turning off the disk's write cache may be required even when barriers are available.
382:
The performance (speed) of ext3 is less attractive than competing Linux filesystems, such as ext4,
254:
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1971:
783:
If hard disk writes are done out-of-order (due to modern hard disks caching writes in order to
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2405:
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2085:
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709:
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2102:
2058:
2023:
1831:
879:
451:
99:
95:
1555:
536:
In Linux, 8 KiB block size is only available on architectures which allow 8 KiB
8:
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351:
1567:
940:
667:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3180:
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1981:
1800:
A windows application to read/copy ext2/ext3/ext4 files with extent and LVM2 support.
1762:
Introducing ext3 – IBM developerWorks
Advanced filesystem implementor's guide, Part 7
826:
383:
318:
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tool that works on the filesystem level. There is an offline ext2 defragmenter,
3025:
3010:
2950:
2128:
1999:
1806:
Commercial data recovery and file undelete software for Ext2/Ext3 file systems.
1803:
1461:
1049:
809:
201:
84:
1794:
An explorer-like GUI tool for accessing ext2/ext3 filesystems under MS Windows
748:
Unlike a number of modern file systems, ext3 does not have native support for
3205:
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1367:
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2415:
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is the volume size in bytes, then the default number of inodes is given by
577:
343:
56:
1368:"#849 closed Enhancement (fixed) - preallocation to prevent fragmentation"
791:
Filesystems going through the device mapper interface (including software
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1916:
804:
347:
20:
3095:
2893:
1791:
567:
twice—once to the journal, and once to the main part of the filesystem.
1837:
1686:
772:
when writing to the journal. On a storage device with extra cache, if
3050:
2791:
2669:
2400:
1881:
Linux clockpocalypse in 2038 is looming and there's no 'serious plan'
1859:
1809:
1725:
1687:"Theodore Ts'o": Proposal and plan for ext2/3 future development work
1449:
1318:
822:
541:
424:
926:/2 (or the number of blocks, whichever is less), and the minimum by
816:
217:
modification (mtime), attribute modification (ctime), access (atime)
2868:
2812:
2781:
2570:
2395:
2251:
2144:
2097:
1991:
1851:
1487:
863:
769:
636:
On ext3, like for most current Linux filesystems, the system tool "
488:
482:
476:
387:
168:
164:
153:
149:
1817:
by Dr. Stephen
Tweedie at the Ottawa Linux Symposium, 20 July 2000
1797:
1772:
2822:
2796:
2623:
2256:
2226:
2117:
2073:
1656:. Mysqlperformanceblog.com (2009-03-02). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1644:. Mysqlperformanceblog.com (2011-03-21). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1205:"Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide, Part 8"
894:
867:
439:
395:
314:
1654:
SSD, XFS, LVM, fsync, write cache, barrier and lost transactions
1069:"Filesystems (ext3, reiser, xfs, jfs) comparison on Debian Etch"
837:
2832:
2741:
2736:
2540:
2241:
1885:
537:
116:
3090:
2888:
2873:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2751:
2746:
2684:
2565:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2447:
2437:
2342:
2310:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2090:
2018:
1966:
1228:. Evuraan.blogspot.com (2007-01-09). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
899:
859:
757:
622:
435:
415:
306:
1778:
1035:"Chapter 6. The Ext4 File System Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"
2761:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2649:
2585:
2555:
2550:
2486:
2481:
2452:
2361:
2352:
2305:
2246:
2216:
2107:
2078:
2063:
2028:
2010:
1701:"Panelists ponder the kernel at Linux Collaboration Summit"
1523:
Re: Frequent metadata corruption with ext3 + hard power-off
1504:
Re: Frequent metadata corruption with ext3 + hard power-off
849:
841:
792:
637:
428:
371:
359:
77:
67:
1558:. Article.gmane.org (2008-02-26). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1409:. Kernelnewbies.org (2011-05-19). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
2367:
2347:
2236:
2138:
1620:. Mail-archive.com (2008-02-26). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1618:
Re: Proposal for "proper" durable fsync() and fdatasync()
1306:
434:
ext3 lacks "modern" filesystem features, such as dynamic
391:
310:
1821:
State of the Art: Where we are with the Ext3 filesystem
1321:. Ck.kolivas.org (2012-08-19). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
257:
and arbitrary security attributes (Linux 2.6 and later)
2471:
1568:
Re: write barrier over device mapper supported or not?
1830:
by
Mingming Cao, Theodore Y. Ts'o, Badari Pulavarty,
1596:. Madduck.net (2008-07-11). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1421:. Batleth.sapienti-sat.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1668:"10 Highlights of Jon Corbet's Linux Kernel Report"
1345:. Redhat.com (2005-03-04). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
974:
Proceedings of the 4th Annual LinuxExpo, Durham, NC
1440:. Xs4all.nl (2008-02-07). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1431:HOWTO recover deleted files on an ext3 file system
992:
964:
777:
1723:
1357:. Tldp.org (2002-11-09). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1195:
1193:
817:Near-time extinction due to date-stamp limitation
3203:
1846:An open source ext2/ext3 file system driver for
1532:. Archives.free.net.ph. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1513:. Archives.free.net.ph. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1499:
1497:
1333:. Bazaar.launchpad.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
358:first revealed that he was working on extending
1387:
1343:RE: searching for ext3 defrag/file move program
1226:curious onloooker: Speeding up ext3 filesystems
559:available in the Linux implementation of ext3:
1642:Virtualization and IO Modes = Extra Complexity
1199:
1190:
844:time dependence on inode count (ext3 vs. ext4)
1901:
1494:
1116:"Introduction to Linux filesystems and files"
803:Applications like databases expect a call to
763:
743:
1485:
1476:. Sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1464:. Ufsexplorer.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
3222:File systems supported by the Linux kernel
1908:
1894:
1865:Windows port of Ext2/Ext4 and other FS in
1815:Presentation on EXT3 Journaling Filesystem
1452:. Cgsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1287:
1177:
902:, modified version of ext3 which snapshots
402:ext3 adds the following features to ext2:
1698:
1630:I/O Barriers, as of kernel version 2.6.31
1011:
1804:UFS Explorer Standard Recovery version 4
1779:Ext2 Installable File System For Windows
1632:. Mjmwired.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1462:UFS Explorer Standard Recovery version 4
1132:
993:Stephen C. Tweedie (February 17, 1999).
967:"Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem"
836:
1577:. Oss.sgi.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
279:No (provided at the block device level)
3204:
1556:ext4: Add the journal checksum feature
364:Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem
1889:
1665:
1479:
1290:"Post to the ext3-users mailing list"
1237:
1113:
776:is not enabled as a mount option (in
629:. A directory can have at most 31998
127:bitmap (free space), table (metadata)
1309:. Vleu.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
1180:"Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt"
1029:
1027:
647:
550:
225:December 14, 1901 – January 18, 2038
182:Variable, allocated at creation time
96:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
1840:– Determining Your EXT3 Size Limits
1834:, IBM Linux Technology Center, 2005
1390:"Tuning the Linux file system Ext3"
1388:Oliver Diedrich (27 October 2008).
1269:Re: How many sub-directories ?
13:
1608:. forums.opensuse.org (March 2007)
1050:"Benchmarking Filesystems Part II"
1047:
643:
14:
3233:
1746:
1666:Clark, Libby (19 February 2015).
1184:Linux kernel source documentation
1114:Smith, Roderick W. (2003-10-09).
1066:
1024:
958:
1915:
1689:. LKML. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
652:
608:
603:
423:same standard set of utilities,
16:Journaling file system for Linux
1717:
1692:
1680:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1580:
1561:
1549:
1535:
1516:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1381:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1281:
1261:
1231:
1219:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1012:Rob Radez (November 23, 2001).
965:Stephen C. Tweedie (May 1998).
797:
736:for ext3 that does transparent
530:
418:indexing for larger directories
1450:PhotoRec – GPL'd File Recovery
1133:Trageser, James (2010-04-23).
1107:
1060:
1041:
1005:
986:
933:
912:
727:
445:
176:
1:
1769:Free ext2/ext3 Windows driver
1240:"Extents, Delayed Allocation"
906:
377:
342:that is commonly used by the
1773:Ext2 File System For Windows
1726:"Re: reiser4 for 2.6.27-rc1"
1724:Theodore Ts'o (2008-08-01).
1294:ext3-users mailing list post
1267:Robert Nichols (2007-04-03)
346:. It used to be the default
7:
3081:Filesystem-level encryption
1407:Ext4 – Linux Kernel Newbies
1154:Features found in Linux 2.6
1118:. Linux.com. Archived from
873:
715:
712:(contiguous file regions).
10:
3238:
1928:Comparison of file systems
1875:Chapter 22. Write Barriers
1871:Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
1544:Chapter 20. Write Barriers
1541:Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
1474:e3compr – ext3 compression
995:"Re: fsync on large files"
885:Comparison of file systems
847:
764:No checksumming in journal
555:There are three levels of
47:Third extended file system
18:
3173:
3145:
3110:
3066:
2991:
2984:
2906:
2859:
2805:
2707:
2700:
2605:
2531:
2414:
2381:
1957:
1948:
1923:
1018:Linux kernel mailing list
999:Linux kernel mailing list
744:Lack of snapshots support
661:This section needs to be
412:Online file system growth
336:third extended filesystem
298:
293:
283:
271:
261:
245:
237:
229:
221:
213:
208:
194:
186:
174:
159:
144:
139:
131:
123:
111:
106:
83:
73:
63:
51:
43:
31:
3031:Extended file attributes
2732:Compact Disc File System
1810:ext2/ext3 resizing tools
1699:Ryan Paul (2009-04-13).
1331:Defrag written in Python
941:"ReactOS 0.4.2 Released"
890:Extended file attributes
684:There is no online ext3
621:, dynamic allocation of
613:Because ext3 aims to be
591:Writeback (highest risk)
3130:Installable File System
1372:trac.transmissionbt.com
1319:Defrag written in shell
832:
2178:TiVo Media File System
2042:Encrypting File System
1488:"The Next3 filesystem"
1095:Cite journal requires
845:
450:The maximum number of
119:with dir_index enabled
2173:Macintosh File System
840:
821:Ext3 stores dates as
572:Ordered (medium risk)
563:Journal (lowest risk)
340:journaled file system
3186:GUID Partition Table
2533:Distributed parallel
2281:Shared File System (
1832:Suparna Bhattacharya
1587:XFS and zeroed files
1150:"Directory indexing"
880:List of file systems
627:block sub-allocation
427:, which includes an
3191:Apple Partition Map
3137:Virtual file system
3076:Access-control list
2190:NetWare File System
1278:linux.derkeiler.com
1238:Radez, Rob (2005).
1122:on August 30, 2011.
615:backward-compatible
352:Linux distributions
187:Max filename length
55:November 2001 with
28:
3181:Master Boot Record
3006:Data deduplication
2645:Google File System
2561:Google File System
2047:Extent File System
2009:Byte File System (
1826:2010-12-31 at the
1767:Paragon ExtBrowser
1592:2008-04-30 at the
1573:2009-05-04 at the
1528:2007-09-28 at the
1509:2007-09-28 at the
1436:2010-09-19 at the
1274:2008-10-06 at the
1209:IBM developerWorks
854:On June 28, 2006,
846:
285:Data deduplication
253:Unix permissions,
112:Directory contents
26:
19:For the gene, see
3217:Disk file systems
3199:
3198:
3106:
3105:
2996:Case preservation
2902:
2901:
2601:
2600:
2527:
2526:
2289:Smart File System
1758:as of 2004-10-14.
1486:Jonathan Corbet.
1355:5.10. Filesystems
827:Year 2038 problem
768:ext3 does not do
682:
681:
551:Journaling levels
527:
526:
470:file-system size
350:for many popular
329:
328:
302:operating systems
200:All bytes except
3229:
3016:Execute in place
2989:
2988:
2722:Boot File System
2705:
2704:
2469:
2468:
2005:Boot File System
1955:
1954:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1856:Universal Binary
1854:10.4 and later (
1757:
1754:"Linux ext3 FAQ"
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1584:
1578:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1288:Andreas Dilger.
1285:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1246:. Archived from
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1211:. Archived from
1197:
1188:
1187:
1178:Matthew Wilcox.
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1156:. Archived from
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1071:. Archived from
1064:
1058:
1057:
1048:Piszcz, Justin.
1045:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1003:
1002:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
971:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
937:
931:
916:
799:
734:unofficial patch
695:
691:
677:
674:
668:
656:
655:
648:
545:
534:
457:
456:
195:Allowed filename
178:
29:
25:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3169:
3141:
3125:File system API
3102:
3062:
3038:File change log
2980:
2956:Record-oriented
2929:Self-certifying
2898:
2855:
2801:
2696:
2597:
2523:
2467:
2410:
2377:
1950:
1944:
1940:Unix filesystem
1919:
1914:
1828:Wayback Machine
1752:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1594:Wayback Machine
1585:
1581:
1575:Wayback Machine
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1530:Wayback Machine
1521:
1517:
1511:Wayback Machine
1502:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1438:Wayback Machine
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1282:
1276:Wayback Machine
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1198:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1148:Cao, Mingming.
1146:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1065:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1010:
1006:
991:
987:
978:
976:
969:
963:
959:
949:
947:
939:
938:
934:
917:
913:
909:
876:
852:
835:
819:
766:
746:
730:
718:
693:
689:
686:defragmentation
678:
672:
669:
666:
657:
653:
646:
644:Defragmentation
611:
606:
553:
548:
535:
531:
469:
464:
448:
438:allocation and
380:
356:Stephen Tweedie
300:
274:
263:
248:
230:Date resolution
196:
145:Max volume size
124:File allocation
94:
38:Stephen Tweedie
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3165:Log-structured
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3068:Access control
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3026:File attribute
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Data scrubbing
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Steganographic
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Log-structured
2943:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2269:Reliance Nitro
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2129:Classic Mac OS
2122:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:Be File System
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1841:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1748:
1747:External links
1745:
1743:
1742:
1732:(Mailing list)
1716:
1691:
1679:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1579:
1560:
1548:
1534:
1515:
1493:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1423:
1419:Linux ext3 FAQ
1411:
1399:
1380:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1280:
1260:
1244:future of ext3
1230:
1218:
1215:on 2007-10-13.
1203:(2001-12-01).
1201:Daniel Robbins
1189:
1170:
1140:
1125:
1106:
1097:|journal=
1059:
1040:
1023:
1014:"2.4.15-final"
1004:
985:
957:
932:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
897:
892:
887:
882:
875:
872:
848:Main article:
834:
831:
818:
815:
810:virtualization
765:
762:
745:
742:
732:e3compr is an
729:
726:
717:
714:
680:
679:
660:
658:
651:
645:
642:
631:subdirectories
610:
607:
605:
602:
597:
596:
592:
588:
587:
573:
569:
568:
564:
552:
549:
547:
546:
528:
525:
524:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
485:
479:
472:
471:
466:
461:
447:
444:
420:
419:
413:
410:
379:
376:
327:
326:
304:
296:
295:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
277:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
251:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:Dates recorded
211:
210:
206:
205:
204:('\0') and '/'
198:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
172:
171:
161:
157:
156:
146:
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
115:Table, hashed
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
87:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3234:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:2001 software
3210:
3209:
3207:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Cryptographic
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Copy-on-write
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2474:wear leveling
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1250:on 2008-07-08
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1185:
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1160:on 2019-07-18
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1075:on 2008-09-13
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1067:Ivers, Hans.
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1054:Linux Gazette
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3120:File manager
2689:
2590:
2416:Flash memory
2383:Optical disc
2321:soft updates
2301:Soup (Apple)
2068:
1951:non-rotating
1917:File systems
1874:
1850:. (Supports
1734:. Retrieved
1730:linux-kernel
1729:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1705:Ars Technica
1704:
1694:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:
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1606:Barrier Sync
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1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1243:
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1213:the original
1208:
1183:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1153:
1143:
1128:
1120:the original
1109:
1088:cite journal
1077:. Retrieved
1073:the original
1062:
1053:
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977:. Retrieved
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798:data=journal
790:
782:
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770:checksumming
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731:
722:
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702:
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683:
673:January 2020
670:
662:
635:
630:
612:
598:
582:
578:kernel panic
554:
532:
449:
433:
421:
401:
381:
363:
344:Linux kernel
335:
331:
330:
321:(through an
74:Succeeded by
33:Developer(s)
3086:Permissions
2701:Specialized
1933:distributed
945:reactos.org
738:compression
728:Compression
692:. However,
583:overwritten
460:Block size
446:Size limits
348:file system
273:Transparent
264:compression
262:Transparent
249:permissions
247:File system
64:Preceded by
21:EXT3 (gene)
3206:Categories
3112:Interfaces
3096:Sticky bit
2976:Versioning
2941:Journaling
2884:Rubberhose
2680:SMB (CIFS)
2472:host-side
1798:"Ext2read"
1792:Explore2fs
1736:2010-12-31
1710:2009-08-22
1673:2019-01-26
1254:2008-07-30
1164:2009-04-01
1079:2010-11-03
979:2007-06-23
907:References
778:/etc/fstab
557:journaling
540:, such as
465:file size
378:Advantages
368:journaling
275:encryption
255:POSIX ACLs
238:Attributes
222:Date range
197:characters
132:Bad blocks
107:Structures
52:Introduced
2971:Synthetic
2914:Clustered
2861:Encrypted
2792:OverlayFS
2401:ISO 13490
1977:Amiga OFS
1972:Amiga FFS
1867:CROSSMETA
1858:), using
1844:fuse-ext2
1395:available
950:17 August
823:Unix time
774:barrier=1
750:snapshots
425:e2fsprogs
299:Supported
190:255 bytes
44:Full name
3056:Symbolic
2985:Features
2961:Semantic
2869:eCryptfs
2813:configfs
2782:SquashFS
2670:POHMELFS
2571:OrangeFS
2396:ISO 9660
2316:UFS/UFS2
2264:Reliance
2252:ReiserFS
2098:Files-11
1992:bcachefs
1949:Disk and
1852:Mac OS X
1838:Tutorial
1824:Archived
1786:EXT2 IFS
1590:Archived
1571:Archived
1526:Archived
1507:Archived
1434:Archived
1272:Archived
874:See also
785:amortize
716:Undelete
694:e2defrag
690:e2defrag
498:256 GiB
388:ReiserFS
233:1 s
209:Features
179:of files
3174:Layouts
3160:Default
2823:debugfs
2797:UnionFS
2691:more...
2624:OpenAFS
2592:more...
2257:Reiser4
2227:OpenZFS
2118:HAMMER2
2074:ext3cow
2054:Episode
1860:MacFuse
895:Ext2Fsd
864:reiser3
805:fsync()
710:extents
663:updated
619:extents
523:32 TiB
512:16 TiB
468:Maximum
463:Maximum
440:extents
408:journal
396:back up
338:, is a
319:Windows
315:ReactOS
3047:Links
3021:Extent
2951:Object
2919:Global
2837:specfs
2833:procfs
2828:kernfs
2806:Pseudo
2787:UMSDOS
2742:Davfs2
2737:cramfs
2675:Hadoop
2655:Lustre
2541:BeeGFS
2507:NILFS2
2242:QNX4FS
2205:NILFS2
2113:HAMMER
2103:Fossil
1782:disks)
1490:. LWN.
1056:(122).
870:had".
756:. The
625:, and
623:inodes
520:2 TiB
517:8 KiB
509:2 TiB
506:4 KiB
501:8 TiB
495:2 KiB
452:blocks
390:, and
140:Limits
117:B-tree
89:0x83 (
59:2.4.15
3147:Lists
3091:Modes
2936:Flash
2907:Types
2889:SSHFS
2874:EncFS
2851:WinFS
2846:tmpfs
2841:sysfs
2818:devfs
2752:FTPFS
2747:EROFS
2685:SSHFS
2566:OCFS2
2519:UBIFS
2514:YAFFS
2502:NILFS
2497:LogFS
2492:JFFS2
2448:EROFS
2438:exFAT
2343:Xiafs
2326:WAPBL
2311:UBIFS
2222:OneFS
2200:NILFS
2195:Next3
2185:MINIX
2091:exFAT
2019:Btrfs
1987:AthFS
1967:AdvFS
1307:Shake
970:(PDF)
900:Next3
860:Btrfs
758:Next3
542:Alpha
538:pages
436:inode
416:HTree
334:, or
307:Linux
294:Other
152:– 32
135:Table
57:Linux
3051:Hard
3043:Fork
2924:Grid
2777:MVFS
2772:NOVA
2767:LTFS
2762:Lnfs
2757:FUSE
2727:CDfs
2717:AXFS
2712:Aufs
2650:GPFS
2635:Coda
2586:Xsan
2576:PVFS
2556:GFS2
2551:CXFS
2546:Ceph
2487:JFFS
2482:CHFS
2463:NVFS
2453:F2FS
2443:TFAT
2428:APFS
2418:and
2362:z/OS
2353:Xsan
2338:WAFL
2333:VxFS
2306:Tux3
2296:SNFS
2278:SFS
2247:ReFS
2217:NTFS
2169:MFS
2155:HTFS
2150:HPFS
2145:HFS+
2108:GPFS
2079:ext4
2069:ext3
2064:ext2
2038:EFS
2029:CXFS
2024:CVFS
2011:z/VM
1996:BFS
1982:APFS
1962:ADFS
1848:FUSE
1101:help
952:2016
850:ext4
842:fsck
833:ext4
793:RAID
638:fsck
429:fsck
372:ext4
360:ext2
332:ext3
175:Max
167:– 2
78:ext4
68:ext2
27:ext3
2894:ZFS
2879:EFS
2665:NFS
2660:NCP
2640:DFS
2630:AFP
2620:AFS
2607:NAS
2581:QFS
2458:JFS
2433:FAT
2420:SSD
2406:UDF
2391:HSF
2372:Sun
2368:ZFS
2358:zFS
2348:XFS
2274:RFS
2237:QFS
2232:PFS
2212:NSS
2165:LFS
2160:JFS
2139:MVS
2135:HFS
2125:HFS
2086:FAT
2059:ext
2034:DFS
754:LVM
489:TiB
483:GiB
481:16
477:KiB
392:XFS
384:JFS
362:in
323:IFS
311:BSD
202:NUL
177:no.
169:TiB
165:GiB
163:16
154:TiB
150:TiB
100:GPT
91:MBR
3208::
2615:9P
2283:VM
1728:.
1703:.
1496:^
1392:.
1374:.
1370:.
1292:.
1242:.
1207:.
1192:^
1182:.
1152:.
1092::
1090:}}
1086:{{
1052:.
1026:^
1016:.
997:.
972:.
943:.
829:.
487:2
475:1
406:A
386:,
374:.
354:.
317:,
313:,
309:,
289:No
267:No
148:4
93:)
2626:)
2622:(
2374:)
2370:(
2364:)
2360:(
2285:)
2141:)
2137:(
2131:)
2127:(
2013:)
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1902:t
1895:v
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1862:)
1756:.
1739:.
1713:.
1676:.
1296:.
1257:.
1186:.
1167:.
1137:.
1103:)
1099:(
1082:.
1037:.
1020:.
1001:.
982:.
954:.
928:V
924:V
920:V
868:4
866:/
675:)
671:(
665:.
544:.
325:)
102:)
98:(
23:.
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