1069:
745:
1127:(WSL) which was introduced with Windows 10 Anniversary Update (version 1607) on 2 August 2016. WSL is available only in 64-bit versions of Windows 10 from version 1607. It is also available in Windows Server 2019. Big changes to the WSL architecture came with the release of WSL 2 on 12 June 2019. WSL 2 requires Windows 10 version 1903 or higher, with build 18362 or higher, for x64 systems, and version 2004 or higher, with build 19041 or higher, for ARM64 systems.
476:
793:
1076:
Linux kernel
Virtual File System is a subsystem or layer inside of the Linux kernel. It is the result of an attempt to integrate multiple file systems into an orderly single structure. The key idea, which dates back to the pioneering work done by Sun Microsystems employees in 1986, is to abstract out
1045:
flag (the default on most Linux distributions). Given that both file systems will be in use for some time, this complicates matters for end-user application developers. In response, ext4 in Linux kernels 2.6.30 and newer detect the occurrence of these common cases and force the files to be allocated
955:
Because delayed allocation changes the behavior that programmers have been relying on with ext3, the feature poses some additional risk of data loss in cases where the system crashes or loses power before all of the data has been written to disk. Due to this, ext4 in kernel versions 2.6.30 and later
886:
limits to a particular project ID. The project ID of a file is a 32-bit number stored on each file and is inherited by all files and subdirectories created beneath a parent directory with an assigned project ID. This allows assigning quota limits to a particular subdirectory tree independent of file
1028:
standards – i.e. either the old file remains, or it's overwritten with the new one. Because the ext3 default "ordered" journaling mode guarantees file data is written out on disk before metadata, this technique guarantees that either the old or the new file contents will persist on disk. ext4's
914:
ext4 enables write barriers by default. It ensures that file system metadata is correctly written and ordered on disk, even when write caches lose power. This goes with a performance cost especially for applications that use fsync heavily or create and delete many small files. For disks with a
429:
A preliminary development version of ext4 was included in version 2.6.19 of the Linux kernel. On 11 October 2008, the patches that mark ext4 as stable code were merged in the Linux 2.6.28 source code repositories, denoting the end of the development phase and recommending ext4 adoption. Kernel
694:
ext4 does not limit the number of subdirectories in a single directory, except by the inherent size limit of the directory itself. (In ext3 a directory can have at most 32,000 subdirectories.) To allow for larger directories and continued performance, ext4 in Linux 2.6.23 and later turns on
722:
in the journal to improve reliability, since the journal is one of the most used files of the disk. This feature has a side benefit: it can safely avoid a disk I/O wait during journaling, improving performance slightly. Journal checksumming was inspired by a research article from the
1046:
immediately. For a small cost in performance, this provides semantics similar to ext3 ordered mode and increases the chance that either version of the file will survive the crash. This new behavior is enabled by default, but can be disabled with the "noauto_da_alloc" mount option.
887:
access permissions on the file, such as user and project quotas that are dependent on the UID and GID. While this is similar to a directory quota, the main difference is that the same project ID can be assigned to multiple top-level directories and is not strictly hierarchical.
982:
flag), then new data is written out. Since the write can take some time, there is an opportunity of losing contents even with ext3, but usually very small. However, because ext4 can delay writing file data for a long time, this opportunity is much
706:) by default, which allows directories up to approximately 10–12 million entries to be stored in the 2-level HTree index and 2 GB directory size limit for 4 KiB block size, depending on the filename length. In Linux 4.12 and later the
620:
ext3 and ext2 as ext4. This will slightly improve performance, because certain new features of the ext4 implementation can also be used with ext3 and ext2, such as the new block allocation algorithm, without affecting the on-disk
682:. That is, ext4 delays block allocation until data is flushed to disk; in contrast, some file systems allocate blocks immediately, even when the data goes into a write cache. Delayed allocation improves performance and reduces
947:, which is supposed to cause overwriting of files upon deletion. A patch to implement secure deletion was proposed in 2011, but did not solve the problem of sensitive data ending up in the file-system journal.
1080:
All system calls related to files (or pseudo files) are directed to the Linux kernel
Virtual File System for initial processing. These calls, coming from user processes, are the standard POSIX calls, such as
273:
acl, bh, bsddf, commit=nrsec, data=journal, data=ordered, data=writeback, delalloc, extents, journal_dev, mballoc, minixdf, noacl, nobh, nodelalloc, noextents, nomballoc, nombcache, nouser_xattr, oldalloc,
1136:
macOS has full ext2/3/4 read–write capability through the extFS for Mac by
Paragon Software, which is a commercial product. Free software such as ext4fuse has read-only support with limited functionality.
1222:). Linux never had a separate unique partition type GUID defined for its data partitions. This created problems when dual-booting Linux and Windows in UEFI-GPT setup. The new GUID (Linux filesystem data:
1576:
815:
on disk. However, ext4 uses delayed allocation, which allows it to buffer data and allocate groups of blocks. Consequently, the multiblock allocator can make better choices about allocating files
1377:
999:
If other processes have the file open and do not expect its contents to change, those processes may crash. One notable example is a shared library file which is mapped into running programs.
586:
scheme used by ext2 and ext3. An extent is a range of contiguous physical blocks, improving large-file performance and reducing fragmentation. A single extent in ext4 can map up to 128
1403:
906:
The lazyinit feature allows cleaning of inode tables in background, speeding initialization when creating a new ext4 file system. It is available since 2010 in Linux kernel version 2.6.37.
559:
the practical limit. The maximum file, directory, and filesystem size limits grow at least proportionately with the filesystem block size up to the maximum 64 KiB block size available on
1521:
668:, a new system call in the Linux kernel, can be used. The allocated space would be guaranteed and likely contiguous. This situation has applications for media streaming and databases.
1133:
offers its commercial product Linux File
Systems for Windows which allows read/write capabilities for ext2/3/4 on Windows 7 SP1/8/8.1/10 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1/2012/2016.
1077:
that part of the file system that is common to all file systems and put that code in a separate layer that calls the underlying concrete file systems to actually manage the data.
660:
ext4 can pre-allocate on-disk space for a file. To do this on most file systems, zeroes would be written to the file when created. In ext4 (and some other file systems such as
989:
If the write does not succeed (which may be due to error conditions in the writing program, or due to external conditions such as a full disk), then both the original version
422:
the source code of ext3, rename it as ext4, and perform all the development there, without affecting existing ext3 users. This proposal was accepted, and on 28 June 2006,
870:). These changes will require coordination of many projects. Therefore, the creation date stored by ext4 is currently only available to user programs on Linux via the
731:, with modifications within the implementation of compound transactions performed by the IRON file system (originally proposed by Sam Naghshineh in the RedHat summit).
932:
is the better direction because "it offers improvements in scalability, reliability, and ease of management". Btrfs also has "a number of the same design ideas that
811:
When ext3 appends to a file, it calls the block allocator, once for each block. Consequently, if there are multiple concurrent writers, files can easily become
1020:
A new temporary file ("file.new") is created, which initially contains the new contents. Then the new file is renamed over the old one. Replacing files by the
1101:
1568:
1646:
Prabhakaran, Vijayan; Bairavasundaram, Lakshmi N.; Agrawal, Nitin; Gunawi, Haryadi S.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. (October 2005).
1272:
3624:
1852:
1624:
1302:
1052:
These patches don't completely prevent potential data loss or help at all with new files. The only way to be safe is to write and use software that does
1029:
delayed allocation breaks this expectation, because the file write can be delayed for a long time, and the rename is usually carried out before new file
1407:
839:. In addition, 2 bits of the expanded timestamp field are added to the most significant bits of the seconds field of the timestamps to defer the
1430:
1231:
628:
with ext4. Practically, ext4 will not mount as an ext3 filesystem out of the box, unless certain new features are disabled when creating it, such as
1445:
1381:
2217:
2226:
2201:
1529:
1686:
928:, stated that although ext4 has improved features, it is not a major advance, it uses old technology, and is a stop-gap. Ts'o believes that
2007:
819:
on disk. The multiblock allocator can also be used when files are opened in O_DIRECT mode. This feature does not affect the disk format.
1072:
Simplified structure of the Linux kernel: ext4 is implemented between the Linux kernel
Virtual File System and the generic block layer.
1463:
1049:
The new patches have become part of the mainline kernel 2.6.30, but various distributions chose to backport them to 2.6.28 or 2.6.29.
959:
The typical scenario in which this might occur is a program replacing the contents of a file without forcing a write to the disk with
755: with: How metadata checksum is done? The explanation needs to be easily understandable by non-technical readers. You can help by
226:('\0') and '/' and the special file names "." and ".." which are not forbidden but are always used for a respective special purpose.
1889:
710:
feature enabled a 3-level HTree and directory sizes over 2 GB, allowing approximately 6 billion entries in a single directory.
2335:
2310:
1984:
2994:
1830:
2033:
788:
to skip them entirely and greatly reduces the time it takes to check the file system. Linux 2.6.24 implements this feature.
3567:
3042:
2084:
3557:
2728:
2537:
2935:
854:(thus technically enabling support for these timestamps in ext4), it is more difficult to modify or add the necessary
3179:
515:
3093:
2845:
2567:
2527:
993:
the new version of the file will be lost, and the file may be corrupted because only a part of it has been written.
2267:
Open source ext2/ext3/ext4 read/write file system driver for
Windows. ext4 is supported from version 0.50 onwards
1659:. Brighton, United Kingdom: CS Dept, University of Wisconsin. Section 6.1, Paragraph 5 "Transactional Checksums"
1041:
more often to reduce the risk for ext4 could lead to performance penalties on ext3 filesystems mounted with the
497:
2253:
1800:
1773:
1746:
1616:
1313:
2624:
1495:
414:
between 2003 and 2006, meant to extend storage limits and add other performance improvements. However, other
239:
modification (mtime), data or attribute modification (ctime), access (atime), delete (dtime), create (crtime)
1708:
831:
applications, the granularity of second-based timestamps becomes insufficient. To solve this, ext4 provides
3562:
2978:
2552:
1972:
1181:
3483:
3331:
3263:
2557:
2364:
1124:
419:
308:
1727:
1244:
3619:
3368:
3358:
3348:
2740:
2330:
2303:
1151:
1120:
940:
had". However, ext4 has continued to gain new features such as file encryption and metadata checksums.
443:
882:
Support for project quotas was added in Linux kernel 4.4 on 8 Jan 2016. This feature allows assigning
430:
2.6.28, containing the ext4 filesystem, was finally released on 25 December 2008. On 15 January 2010,
2264:
1362:
1343:
812:
683:
2223:
3433:
3286:
3189:
3134:
3009:
2865:
2634:
2198:
1156:
915:
battery-backed write cache, disabling barriers (option 'barrier=0') may safely improve performance.
590:
of contiguous space with a 4 KiB block size. There can be four extents stored directly in the
291:
1056:
when it needs to. Performance problems can be minimized by limiting crucial disk writes that need
784:
In ext4 unallocated block groups and sections of the inode table are marked as such. This enables
3532:
3488:
3470:
3169:
3159:
2614:
2274:
1870:
1678:
816:
724:
486:
283:
2211:
2192:
2187:
1959:
3614:
3378:
3343:
3281:
2760:
2580:
2444:
2374:
2058:
1218:
Previously, Linux used the same GUID for the data partitions as
Windows (Basic data partition:
1130:
407:
392:
366:
3514:
3423:
3373:
3316:
3062:
3032:
2983:
2835:
2808:
2685:
2575:
2488:
2379:
2296:
2109:
1656:
595:
579:
493:
275:
1226:) was defined jointly by GPT fdisk and GNU Parted developers. It is identified as type code
594:. When there are more than four extents to a file, the rest of the extents are indexed in a
3588:
3549:
3363:
3082:
3057:
2698:
2515:
2505:
2461:
2426:
1647:
1298:
1176:
1068:
996:
If other processes access the file while it is being written, they see a corrupted version.
756:
699:
583:
544:
411:
118:
98:
94:
84:
8:
3593:
3539:
3478:
3067:
2735:
2676:
2592:
2134:
1095:
863:
605:
3583:
3445:
3408:
3321:
3047:
3037:
3022:
2963:
2793:
2456:
2449:
2436:
2389:
1089:
1083:
969:
625:
418:
developers opposed accepting extensions to ext3 for stability reasons, and proposed to
320:
260:
205:
80:
27:
410:
extensions to ext3, many of them originally developed by
Cluster File Systems for the
3398:
3338:
3174:
2860:
2830:
2822:
2691:
2666:
2587:
2562:
2384:
2261:
A windows application to read/copy ext2/ext3/ext4 files with extent and LVM2 support.
1543:
1171:
1116:
840:
675:
617:
2671:
3418:
3326:
3124:
2774:
2718:
2407:
2159:
1004:
Because of these issues, often the following idiom is preferred over the one above:
925:
847:
828:
560:
423:
337:
33:
1975:
Long discussion between Ubuntu developers and
Theodore Ts'o on potential data loss
1822:
438:
to ext4. On 14 December 2010, Google also announced it would use ext4, instead of
3527:
3440:
2948:
2342:
2230:
2205:
963:. There are two common ways of replacing the contents of a file on Unix systems:
3428:
3413:
3353:
2531:
2402:
2236:
944:
223:
71:
895:
Support for transparent encryption was added in Linux kernel 4.1 on June 2015.
3608:
3458:
3403:
3077:
3017:
2876:
3522:
3230:
2818:
2785:
2723:
2703:
855:
415:
827:
As computers become faster in general, and as Linux becomes used more for
3220:
2319:
859:
836:
134:
978:
In this case, an existing file is truncated at the time of open (due to
850:
points out, while it is easy to add an extra creation-date field in the
744:
3498:
3296:
1645:
1011:
883:
500: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
454:
ext4 is the default file system for many Linux distributions including
426:, the ext3 maintainer, announced the new plan of development for ext4.
1358:
532:
The ext4 filesystem can support volumes with sizes in theory up to 64
3453:
3194:
3072:
2803:
2282:
2270:
2218:
Kernel Log: Ext4 completes development phase as interim step to btrfs
1915:
1481:
1339:
1161:
832:
587:
568:
541:
537:
372:
32:
Mingming Cao, Andreas Dilger, Alex
Zhuravlev (Tomas), Dave Kleikamp,
1301:; Dilger, Andreas; Zhuravlev (Tomas), Alex; Vivier, Laurent (2007).
924:
In 2008, the principal developer of the ext3 and ext4 file systems,
475:
3271:
3215:
3184:
2973:
2798:
2654:
2547:
2500:
2394:
2278:
2258:
1942:
1796:
1769:
1742:
933:
719:
556:
552:
548:
533:
181:
170:
3225:
3199:
3026:
2659:
2629:
2520:
2476:
1598:
1186:
1166:
1113:
Currently, ext4 has full support on non-Linux operating systems.
937:
564:
362:
350:
209:
2246:
2241:
1569:"Mount of ext4 (created without extents) as ext3 fails on RH6.2"
846:
ext4 also adds support for time-of-creation timestamps. But, as
792:
434:
announced that it would upgrade its storage infrastructure from
3235:
3144:
3139:
2943:
2644:
2288:
2110:"Windows Subsystem for Linux Installation Guide for Windows 10"
785:
703:
459:
455:
431:
138:
1719:
1378:"Higher and further: The innovations of Linux 2.6.28 (page 2)"
3493:
3291:
3276:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3154:
3149:
3087:
2968:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2850:
2840:
2745:
2713:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2493:
2421:
2369:
1446:"Google upgrading to Ext4, hires former Linux Foundation CTO"
1146:
1025:
960:
950:
929:
867:
862:(which would probably require a new version) and the various
851:
696:
591:
439:
396:
356:
345:
53:
3164:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3052:
2988:
2958:
2953:
2889:
2884:
2855:
2764:
2755:
2708:
2649:
2619:
2510:
2471:
2466:
2431:
2413:
1890:"Panelists ponder the kernel at Linux Collaboration Summit"
1296:
1108:
800:
796:
686:
by effectively allocating larger amounts of data at a time.
613:
609:
555:
clusters, though a limitation in the extent format makes 1
435:
400:
64:
2212:"The new ext4 filesystem: current status and future plans"
1853:"kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree"
1303:"The new ext4 filesystem: current status and future plans"
943:
The ext4 file system does not honor the "secure deletion"
2770:
2750:
2639:
2541:
1237:
1196:
1191:
661:
2874:
1359:"Proposal and plan for ext2/3 future development work"
1267:
1265:
1788:
1431:"Higher and further: The innovations of Linux 2.6.28"
1657:
Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '05)
2008:"Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 20211"
1262:
1954:
1952:
1913:
1526:SANS Digital Forensics and Incident Response Blog
1464:"Android 2.3 Gingerbread to use Ext4 file system"
1010:fd=open("file.new"); write(fd, data); close(fd);
196:4 billion (specified at filesystem creation time)
3606:
2237:"Ext4: The Next Generation of Ext2/3 Filesystem"
956:automatically handles these cases as ext3 does.
2034:"Access Linux filesystems in Windows and WSL 2"
2005:
1943:"Securely deleting files from ext4 filesystems"
1987:A blog posting of Theodore Ts'o on the subject
1949:
972:("file", O_TRUNC); write(fd, data); close(fd);
2304:
2224:"Ext4 block and inode allocator improvements"
2031:
2252:Native Windows port of Ext4 and other FS in
2233:(materials from Ottawa Linux Symposium 2008)
2214:(materials from Ottawa Linux Symposium 2007)
2208:(materials from Ottawa Linux Symposium 2007)
2085:"WSL 2 is now available in Windows Insiders"
2082:
2059:"Get started mounting a Linux disk in WSL 2"
1761:
353:(full read/write support since version 12.0)
1960:"ext4 documentation in Linux kernel source"
1522:"Understanding EXT4 (Part 3): Extent Trees"
986:There are several problems that can arise:
3625:File systems supported by the Linux kernel
2311:
2297:
1728:"Re: creation time stamps for ext4 ?"
951:Delayed allocation and potential data loss
359:(read-only with ext4fuse, full with ExtFS)
2188:ext4 documentation in Linux kernel source
1985:Thoughts by Ted blog entry, 12 March 2009
1312:. Ottawa, ON, CA: Red Hat. Archived from
674:ext4 uses a performance technique called
516:Learn how and when to remove this message
1794:
1725:
1519:
1428:
1375:
1356:
1337:
1292:
1290:
1214:
1212:
1109:Compatibility with Windows and Macintosh
1067:
791:
776:Since Linux kernel 3.5 released in 2012.
1429:Leemhuis, Thorsten (23 December 2008).
1376:Leemhuis, Thorsten (23 December 2008).
1273:"ext4: Fix handling of extended tv_sec"
3607:
2273:Open source read-only ext4 driver for
1940:
1776:from the original on 20 September 2023
1749:from the original on 20 September 2023
1627:from the original on 23 September 2023
1121:Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 20211
36:, Eric Sandeen, Sam Naghshineh, others
2292:
2006:Brandon LeBlanc (10 September 2020).
1833:from the original on 14 February 2022
1734:
1287:
1209:
536:and single files with sizes up to 16
1941:Corbet, Jonathan (11 October 2011).
1887:
1803:from the original on 12 October 2023
1740:
1689:from the original on 6 November 2023
1443:
1406:. Linus' kernel tree. Archived from
1224:0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
1220:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
739:
498:adding citations to reliable sources
469:
115:3B8F8425-20E0-4F3B-907F-1A25A76F98E8
109:933AC7E1-2EB4-4F13-B844-0E14E2AEF915
104:0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
91:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
2032:Pierre Boulay (10 September 2020).
1024:call is guaranteed to be atomic by
13:
2193:Theodore Ts'o's discussion on ext4
1767:
1709:"Linux_3.5 - Linux Kernel Newbies"
1579:from the original on 5 August 2023
1310:Proceedings of the Linux Symposium
1230:in GPT fdisk. (See definitions in
691:Unlimited number of subdirectories
14:
3636:
2181:
1770:"ext4: add project quota support"
1726:Ts'o, Theodore (5 October 2006).
1297:Mathur, Avantika; Cao, MingMing;
1063:
547:, and volumes with sizes up to 1
2318:
2135:"Linux File Systems for Windows"
1679:"Ext4 Metadata Checksums - Ext4"
799:time dependence on inode count (
743:
474:
399:, developed as the successor to
16:Journaling file system for Linux
2152:
2127:
2102:
2076:
2051:
2025:
1999:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1934:
1914:Theodore Ts'o (1 August 2008).
1907:
1881:
1863:
1845:
1815:
1795:Ts'o, Theodore (8 April 2015).
1701:
1671:
1639:
1609:
1591:
1561:
1536:
1520:Pomeranz, Hal (28 March 2011).
1513:
1488:
1474:
1456:
1437:
1357:Ts'o, Theodore (28 June 2006).
1338:Torvalds, Linus (9 June 2006).
485:needs additional citations for
406:ext4 was initially a series of
204:255 bytes (fewer for multibyte
1444:Paul, Ryan (15 January 2010).
1422:
1404:"ext4: Rename ext4dev to ext4"
1396:
1380:. Heise Online. Archived from
1369:
1350:
1331:
919:
247:14 December 1901 - 10 May 2446
190:
1:
2199:"ext4 online defragmentation"
2083:Craig Loewen (12 June 2019).
1599:"Ext4 - Linux Kernel Newbies"
1202:
121:/srv (server data) partition.
1916:"Re: reiser4 for 2.6.27-rc1"
1888:Paul, Ryan (14 April 2009).
1741:Edge, Jake (31 March 2017).
1245:"DiscoverablePartitionsSpec"
1182:List of default file systems
843:for an additional 408 years.
702:(a specialized version of a
106:: GPT Linux filesystem data.
7:
3484:Filesystem-level encryption
1140:
1125:Windows Subsystem for Linux
1123:. It is possible thanks to
781:Faster file-system checking
465:
449:
44:Fourth extended file system
10:
3641:
2331:Comparison of file systems
1768:Li, Xi (12 January 2016).
1617:"New ext4 features - Ext4"
1496:"ext4 - High Level Design"
1275:. Linux-stable kernel tree
1152:Comparison of file systems
1060:to occur less frequently.
866:that depend on them (like
389:fourth extended filesystem
3576:
3548:
3513:
3469:
3394:
3387:
3309:
3262:
3208:
3110:
3103:
3008:
2934:
2817:
2784:
2360:
2351:
2326:
2249:wiki at kernelnewbies.org
2242:Ext4 (and Ext2/Ext3) Wiki
1363:Linux kernel mailing list
1344:Linux kernel mailing list
657:Persistent pre-allocation
334:
329:
319:
307:
297:
282:
269:
259:
251:
243:
235:
230:
216:
200:
188:
184:(for 4-64 KiB block size)
176:
165:
160:
152:
144:
130:
125:
70:
60:
48:
40:
26:
3434:Extended file attributes
3135:Compact Disc File System
2204:30 December 2019 at the
1340:"extents and 48bit ext3"
1157:Extended file attributes
616:, making it possible to
582:replace the traditional
3533:Installable File System
725:University of Wisconsin
2581:TiVo Media File System
2445:Encrypting File System
2281:10.5 and later, using
1573:www.linuxquestions.org
1482:"FileSystem in debian"
1119:can access ext4 since
1073:
892:Transparent encryption
804:
601:Backward compatibility
393:journaling file system
111:: GPT /home partition.
2576:Macintosh File System
2229:31 March 2010 at the
1299:Bhattacharya, Suparna
1071:
1014:("file.new", "file");
795:
736:Metadata checksumming
52:10 October 2006 with
3589:GUID Partition Table
2936:Distributed parallel
2684:Shared File System (
2089:Windows Command Line
2038:Windows Command Line
1683:ext4.wiki.kernel.org
1621:ext4.wiki.kernel.org
1484:. 14 September 2019.
1232:gdisk's parttypes.cc
1177:List of file systems
808:Multiblock allocator
540:with the standard 4
494:improve this article
365:(read–write without
3594:Apple Partition Map
3540:Virtual file system
3479:Access-control list
2593:NetWare File System
1743:"Extending statx()"
1470:. 14 December 2010.
903:Lazy initialization
824:Improved timestamps
606:backward-compatible
408:backward-compatible
206:character encodings
201:Max filename length
23:
3584:Master Boot Record
3409:Data deduplication
3048:Google File System
2964:Google File System
2450:Extent File System
2412:Byte File System (
1973:Ubuntu bug #317781
1532:on 18 August 2019.
1074:
805:
680:delayed allocation
671:Delayed allocation
626:forward-compatible
624:ext3 is partially
412:Lustre file system
321:Data deduplication
290:Unix permissions,
131:Directory contents
21:
3620:Disk file systems
3602:
3601:
3509:
3508:
3399:Case preservation
3305:
3304:
3004:
3003:
2930:
2929:
2692:Smart File System
2220:, 17 October 2008
1827:Thomas-Krenn-Wiki
1823:"Ext4 Filesystem"
1797:"Ext4 encryption"
1713:kernelnewbies.org
1649:IRON File Systems
1603:kernelnewbies.org
1544:"Anatomy of ext4"
1384:on 3 January 2009
1117:Microsoft Windows
841:year 2038 problem
773:
772:
729:IRON File Systems
715:Journal checksums
676:allocate-on-flush
529:Large file system
526:
525:
518:
382:
381:
338:operating systems
222:All bytes except
3632:
3419:Execute in place
3392:
3391:
3125:Boot File System
3108:
3107:
2872:
2871:
2408:Boot File System
2358:
2357:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2164:Paragon Software
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2139:Paragon Software
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1962:. 28 March 2009.
1956:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:(Mailing list).
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:. Archived from
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1307:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1023:
1015:
981:
973:
873:
829:mission-critical
768:
765:
747:
740:
709:
678:, also known as
667:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
521:
514:
510:
507:
501:
478:
470:
217:Allowed filename
192:
148:Extents / Bitmap
116:
110:
105:
92:
78:
24:
20:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3572:
3544:
3528:File system API
3505:
3465:
3441:File change log
3383:
3359:Record-oriented
3332:Self-certifying
3301:
3258:
3204:
3099:
3000:
2926:
2870:
2813:
2780:
2353:
2347:
2343:Unix filesystem
2322:
2317:
2231:Wayback Machine
2206:Wayback Machine
2184:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2160:"extFS for Mac"
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1433:. Heise Online.
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1249:freedesktop.org
1243:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1143:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1033:reach the disk.
1021:
1009:
979:
967:
953:
922:
899:
871:
769:
763:
760:
753:needs expansion
707:
665:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
538:tebibytes (TiB)
522:
511:
505:
502:
491:
479:
468:
452:
378:
336:
310:
299:
285:
252:Date resolution
218:
166:Max volume size
145:File allocation
114:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
90:
88:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3568:Log-structured
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3471:Access control
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3429:File attribute
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Data scrubbing
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3369:Steganographic
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Log-structured
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2672:Reliance Nitro
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2532:Classic Mac OS
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2403:Be File System
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2195:, 29 June 2006
2190:
2183:
2182:External links
2180:
2177:
2176:
2151:
2126:
2101:
2075:
2063:Microsoft Docs
2050:
2024:
1998:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1948:
1933:
1922:(Mailing list)
1906:
1880:
1862:
1857:git.kernel.org
1844:
1814:
1787:
1760:
1733:
1718:
1700:
1670:
1638:
1608:
1590:
1560:
1535:
1512:
1487:
1473:
1455:
1436:
1421:
1410:on 29 May 2012
1395:
1368:
1349:
1330:
1319:on 6 July 2010
1286:
1261:
1236:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1110:
1107:
1065:
1064:Implementation
1062:
1035:
1034:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
984:
975:
974:
952:
949:
945:file attribute
921:
918:
917:
916:
912:
911:Write barriers
908:
907:
904:
897:
896:
893:
889:
888:
880:
879:Project quotas
876:
875:
844:
825:
821:
820:
809:
790:
789:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
770:
750:
748:
737:
733:
732:
716:
712:
711:
692:
688:
687:
672:
669:
658:
654:
653:
622:
602:
599:
577:
573:
572:
557:exbibyte (EiB)
549:yobibyte (YiB)
534:zebibyte (ZiB)
530:
524:
523:
482:
480:
473:
467:
464:
451:
448:
380:
379:
377:
376:
370:
360:
354:
348:
342:
340:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
313:
305:
304:
301:
295:
294:
288:
280:
279:
271:
267:
266:
263:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
236:Dates recorded
233:
232:
228:
227:
220:
214:
213:
202:
198:
197:
194:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
74:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:2008 software
3613:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Cryptographic
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Copy-on-write
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2877:wear leveling
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
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2155:
2140:
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2105:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2013:
2012:Windows Blogs
2009:
2002:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1937:
1921:
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1910:
1895:
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1884:
1876:
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1564:
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1548:IMB Developer
1545:
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1527:
1523:
1516:
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1497:
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1469:
1465:
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1372:
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1128:
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1118:
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1103:
1097:
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1085:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1032:
1027:
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1008:
1007:
1003:
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995:
992:
988:
987:
985:
977:
976:
971:
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965:
964:
962:
957:
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Theodore Ts'o
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
900:
894:
891:
890:
885:
881:
878:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Theodore Ts'o
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
783:
780:
779:
775:
767:
758:
754:
751:This section
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
735:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
714:
713:
705:
701:
698:
693:
690:
689:
685:
684:fragmentation
681:
677:
673:
670:
663:
659:
656:
655:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:block mapping
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
527:
520:
517:
509:
499:
495:
489:
488:
483:This section
481:
477:
472:
471:
463:
461:
457:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
425:
424:Theodore Ts'o
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
374:
371:
369:with ext2fsd)
368:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
339:
333:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
312:
306:
302:
296:
293:
289:
287:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
183:
179:
177:Max file size
175:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
124:
120:
113:
100:
96:
86:
82:
75:
73:
72:Partition IDs
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:Theodore Ts'o
31:
29:
25:
19:
3523:File manager
3092:
2993:
2819:Flash memory
2786:Optical disc
2724:soft updates
2704:Soup (Apple)
2481:
2354:non-rotating
2320:File systems
2277:. (Supports
2167:. Retrieved
2163:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2114:Windows Docs
2113:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2001:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:linux-kernel
1919:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1894:Ars Technica
1893:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1736:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1648:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1530:the original
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1450:Ars Technica
1449:
1439:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1371:
1352:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1309:
1277:. Retrieved
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1135:
1129:
1115:
1112:
1079:
1075:
1051:
1048:
1043:data=ordered
1036:
1030:
990:
958:
954:
942:
923:
898:
856:system calls
835:measured in
817:contiguously
761:
757:adding to it
752:
728:
679:
650:^extra_isize
512:
503:
492:Please help
487:verification
484:
453:
428:
416:Linux kernel
405:
388:
384:
383:
278:, user_xattr
89:
28:Developer(s)
18:
3489:Permissions
3104:Specialized
2336:distributed
1926:31 December
1279:14 February
920:Limitations
837:nanoseconds
666:fallocate()
444:Android 2.3
375:(read-only)
309:Transparent
300:compression
298:Transparent
286:permissions
284:File system
135:Linked list
61:Preceded by
3609:Categories
3515:Interfaces
3499:Sticky bit
3379:Versioning
3344:Journaling
3287:Rubberhose
3083:SMB (CIFS)
2875:host-side
1837:8 December
1807:8 December
1780:8 December
1753:8 December
1693:8 December
1663:8 December
1631:8 December
1583:8 December
1505:8 December
1500:kernel.org
1468:The H Open
1414:20 October
1323:15 January
1203:References
884:disk quota
833:timestamps
813:fragmented
718:ext4 uses
646:^dir_nlink
642:^uninit_bg
638:^huge_file
545:block size
367:journaling
311:encryption
292:POSIX ACLs
270:Attributes
255:Nanosecond
244:Date range
219:characters
153:Bad blocks
126:Structures
49:Introduced
3374:Synthetic
3317:Clustered
3264:Encrypted
3195:OverlayFS
2804:ISO 13490
2380:Amiga OFS
2375:Amiga FFS
2254:CROSSMETA
1899:22 August
1388:9 January
1162:e2fsprogs
864:libraries
803:vs. ext4)
727:, titled
720:checksums
708:large_dir
569:Power ISA
373:KolibriOS
335:Supported
137:, hashed
41:Full name
3459:Symbolic
3388:Features
3364:Semantic
3272:eCryptfs
3216:configfs
3185:SquashFS
3073:POHMELFS
2974:OrangeFS
2799:ISO 9660
2719:UFS/UFS2
2667:Reliance
2655:ReiserFS
2501:Files-11
2395:bcachefs
2352:Disk and
2279:Mac OS X
2271:Ext4fuse
2259:Ext2read
2227:Archived
2202:Archived
1875:ArchWiki
1871:"Ext4 -"
1831:Archived
1801:Archived
1774:Archived
1747:Archived
1687:Archived
1625:Archived
1577:Archived
1141:See also
1031:contents
1022:rename()
983:greater.
764:May 2024
634:^flex_bg
604:ext4 is
551:with 64
506:May 2024
466:Features
450:Adoption
231:Features
208:such as
193:of files
97:Windows
3577:Layouts
3563:Default
3226:debugfs
3200:UnionFS
3094:more...
3027:OpenAFS
2995:more...
2660:Reiser4
2630:OpenZFS
2521:HAMMER2
2477:ext3cow
2457:Episode
2283:MacFuse
2265:Ext2Fsd
1996:Kleiman
1254:7 April
1187:Reiser4
1167:Ext2Fsd
1131:Paragon
1105:, etc.
1058:fsync()
1054:fsync()
1039:fsync()
980:O_TRUNC
934:reiser3
872:statx()
858:, like
700:indices
630:^extent
621:format.
580:Extents
576:Extents
565:PowerPC
391:) is a
363:Windows
351:FreeBSD
210:Unicode
180:16-256
3450:Links
3424:Extent
3354:Object
3322:Global
3240:specfs
3236:procfs
3231:kernfs
3209:Pseudo
3190:UMSDOS
3145:Davfs2
3140:cramfs
3078:Hadoop
3058:Lustre
2944:BeeGFS
2910:NILFS2
2645:QNX4FS
2608:NILFS2
2516:HAMMER
2506:Fossil
2169:25 May
2144:25 May
2119:25 May
2094:25 May
2068:25 May
2043:25 May
2017:25 May
1553:27 May
1228:0x8300
1037:Using
1012:rename
860:stat()
786:e2fsck
704:B-tree
648:, and
460:Ubuntu
456:Debian
432:Google
161:Limits
139:B-tree
56:2.6.19
3550:Lists
3494:Modes
3339:Flash
3310:Types
3292:SSHFS
3277:EncFS
3254:WinFS
3249:tmpfs
3244:sysfs
3221:devfs
3155:FTPFS
3150:EROFS
3088:SSHFS
2969:OCFS2
2922:UBIFS
2917:YAFFS
2905:NILFS
2900:LogFS
2895:JFFS2
2851:EROFS
2841:exFAT
2746:Xiafs
2729:WAPBL
2714:UBIFS
2625:OneFS
2603:NILFS
2598:Next3
2588:MINIX
2494:exFAT
2422:Btrfs
2390:AthFS
2370:AdvFS
1653:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1147:Btrfs
1102:lseek
1096:write
1026:POSIX
961:fsync
930:Btrfs
868:glibc
852:inode
697:HTree
618:mount
608:with
592:inode
571:CPUs.
442:, on
440:YAFFS
397:Linux
357:macOS
346:Linux
330:Other
276:orlov
261:Forks
156:Table
54:Linux
3454:Hard
3446:Fork
3327:Grid
3180:MVFS
3175:NOVA
3170:LTFS
3165:Lnfs
3160:FUSE
3130:CDfs
3120:AXFS
3115:Aufs
3053:GPFS
3038:Coda
2989:Xsan
2979:PVFS
2959:GFS2
2954:CXFS
2949:Ceph
2890:JFFS
2885:CHFS
2866:NVFS
2856:F2FS
2846:TFAT
2831:APFS
2821:and
2765:z/OS
2756:Xsan
2741:WAFL
2736:VxFS
2709:Tux3
2699:SNFS
2681:SFS
2650:ReFS
2620:NTFS
2572:MFS
2558:HTFS
2553:HPFS
2548:HFS+
2511:GPFS
2482:ext4
2472:ext3
2467:ext2
2441:EFS
2432:CXFS
2427:CVFS
2414:z/VM
2399:BFS
2385:APFS
2365:ADFS
2275:FUSE
2247:Ext4
2171:2021
2146:2021
2121:2021
2096:2021
2070:2021
2045:2021
2019:2021
1928:2010
1901:2009
1839:2023
1809:2023
1782:2023
1755:2023
1695:2023
1665:2023
1633:2023
1585:2023
1555:2024
1507:2023
1416:2008
1390:2010
1325:2008
1281:2017
1256:2018
1090:read
1084:open
970:open
874:API.
801:ext3
797:fsck
614:ext2
612:and
610:ext3
596:tree
563:and
458:and
436:ext2
420:fork
401:ext3
395:for
385:ext4
224:NULL
189:Max
77:0x83
65:ext3
22:ext4
3297:ZFS
3282:EFS
3068:NFS
3063:NCP
3043:DFS
3033:AFP
3023:AFS
3010:NAS
2984:QFS
2861:JFS
2836:FAT
2823:SSD
2809:UDF
2794:HSF
2775:Sun
2771:ZFS
2761:zFS
2751:XFS
2677:RFS
2640:QFS
2635:PFS
2615:NSS
2568:LFS
2563:JFS
2542:MVS
2538:HFS
2528:HFS
2489:FAT
2462:ext
2437:DFS
1197:ZFS
1192:XFS
1172:JFS
991:and
968:fd=
759:.
662:XFS
588:MiB
561:ARM
553:KiB
542:KiB
496:by
315:Yes
191:no.
182:TiB
171:EiB
119:GPT
99:BDP
95:GPT
85:EBR
81:MBR
3611::
3018:9P
2686:VM
2162:.
2137:.
2112:.
2087:.
2061:.
2036:.
2010:.
1951:^
1918:.
1892:.
1873:.
1855:.
1829:.
1825:.
1799:.
1745:.
1711:.
1685:.
1681:.
1655:.
1623:.
1619:.
1601:.
1575:.
1571:.
1546:.
1524:.
1498:.
1466:.
1448:.
1361:.
1342:.
1308:.
1289:^
1264:^
1247:.
1211:^
1099:,
1093:,
1087:,
664:)
644:,
640:,
636:,
632:,
462:.
446:.
403:.
325:No
303:No
265:No
169:1
117::
93::
83:/
79::
3029:)
3025:(
2777:)
2773:(
2767:)
2763:(
2688:)
2544:)
2540:(
2534:)
2530:(
2416:)
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2285:)
2173:.
2148:.
2123:.
2098:.
2072:.
2047:.
2021:.
1945:.
1930:.
1903:.
1877:.
1859:.
1841:.
1811:.
1784:.
1757:.
1730:.
1715:.
1697:.
1667:.
1635:.
1605:.
1587:.
1557:.
1509:.
1452:.
1418:.
1392:.
1365:.
1346:.
1327:.
1283:.
1258:.
1234:)
938:4
936:/
766:)
762:(
652:.
598:.
567:/
519:)
513:(
508:)
504:(
490:.
387:(
212:)
101:.
87:.
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