207:
33:
65:
221:
383:. Several of the men that Cook had sent ashore to cut wood had been blinded for a time. He accordingly instructed his men not to cut that type of tree when he sent them ashore in Tahiti to gather wood and water in 1789. It was just as well that he did so, because even the smoke from the burning wood is poisonous and can harm the eyes, so it would not have been useful as fuel.
360:
is very poisonous and powerfully irritant, which is not unusual in milky species of plant in the family
Euphorbiaceae. Contact with skin causes irritation and rapid blistering; slight contact with eyes can cause temporary blindness, hence the common names that refer to blindness. Even the generic
344:
This small tree species may grow up to 15 m high. Trees are either male or female (dioecious). Male flowers form drooping tassels, while female flowers appear as shorter spikes. Pollinators such as bees commonly visit the flowers. The fruit is a small dark capsule.
502:
has been found to have various medicinal and pharmacological benefits, including the treatment for epilepsy, ulcers, leprosy, rheumatism, and paralysis. Owing to its complex chemistry, the plant may have many new medicinal uses.
479:
is able to sequester chemical compounds from its host plants that are toxic to their predators, and use them towards its own defenses. These chemical compounds are concentrated and stored in a pair of scent glands located on the
1118:
1082:
Konoshima,T, T. Konishi, M. Takasaki, K. Yamazoe, and H. Tokuda. 2001. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of the diterpene from
Excoecaria agallocha. II Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 24:1440-1442.
571:
Kelvin K. P. Lim; Dennis H. Murphy; T. Morgany; N. Sivasothi; Peter K. L. Ng; B. C. Soong; Hugh T. W. Tan; K. S. Tan; T. K. Tan (2001). "Flowering plants". In Ng, Peter K.L.; Sivasothi, N. (eds.).
898:
Kelvin K. P. Lim; Dennis H. Murphy; T. Morgany; N. Sivasothi; Peter K. L. Ng; B. C. Soong; Hugh T. W. Tan; K. S. Tan; T. K. Tan (2001). "Insects". In Ng, Peter K.L.; Sivasothi, N. (eds.).
688:
Joshi, H. and M. Ghose. 2003. Forest structure and species distribution along soil salinity and pH gradient in mangrove swamps of the
Sundarbans. Tropical Ecology 44: 197-206.
1108:
333:, known as a back mangrove, is found at higher elevations back away from the ocean where salinity is lower. Mangroves of this plant surround the ancient
488:. When these insects are threatened or handled, they can secrete an irritating and toxic fluid from these glands as a deterrent to potential predators.
1358:
1034:"A Complete Profile on Blind-your-eye Mangrove Excoecaria Agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Aspects"
522:"A Complete Profile on Blind-your-eye Mangrove Excoecaria Agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Aspects"
726:
Zou JH, Dai J, Chen X, and Yuan JQ. 2006. Pentacyclic triterpenoids from leaves of
Excoecaria agallocha. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 54:920-921.
1397:
927:"Defensive chemistry of an aposematic bug, Pachycoris stalli Uhler and volatile compounds of its host plant Croton californicus Muell.-Arg"
750:
CRC World
Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)
634:
Greenhalgh S, Booth P, Walsh P, Korovulavula I, Copeland L, Tikoibua T (2018). "Mangroves species in Ra
Province and their condition".
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found in the tropics and subtropics. Within a mangrove forest, the most salt-tolerant species occur near the ocean.
1514:
1402:
775:
701:
1207:
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577:. BP Guide to Nature Series. Vol. 1: The Ecosystem and Plant Diversity. Singapore: Singapore Science Centre.
1345:
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mentioned that he was already aware of this hazard when he embarked on the voyage that ended in the notorious
822:
496:
Even dried and powdered leaves retain the poison and can kill fish very quickly or be used on a poison dart.
1298:
1272:
392:
1557:
1176:
1098:
Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, N.Y. 497 p.
598:
Pradeepa, P.; k.Subalakshmi, K.Subalakshmi; Saranya, A.; Dinesh, P.; Raj, Vinoth; Ramanathan, T. (2015).
1324:
1475:
439:, including the excoecariatoxins, which are powerful irritants to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
334:
64:
44:
1285:
1567:
1519:
776:"Cryptic and free skin irritants of the daphnane and tigliane types in latex of Excoecaria agallocha"
1095:
Tomlinson, P.B. (1986). The Botany of
Mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 413 p.
206:
32:
1293:
1233:
904:. BP Guide to Nature Series. Vol. 2: Animal Diversity. Singapore: Singapore Science Centre.
436:
1467:
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283:. Most of the names refer to its toxic properties or its propensity to cause blindness when its
1552:
1363:
1267:
1129:
748:
181:
1441:
1389:
600:"Milky Mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. Plant as a source for potential mosquito larvicides"
599:
1241:
736:
372:
8:
1542:
1259:
985:"Is the hibiscus harlequin bug aposematic? The importance of testing multiple predators"
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640:. Suva, Fiji: University of South Pacific – Institute of Applied Sciences. p. 5.
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Bligh, William. A Voyage to the South Sea. 1792 From
Project Gutenberg at
702:"Family Euphorbiaceae: Excoecaria agallocha (Buta-buta or Blind-your-eye)"
637:
Mangrove restoration: An overview of the benefits and costs of restoration
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352:; these include diterpenoids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The milky
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657:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 497.
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401:
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115:
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597:
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925:
Williams Iii, Livy; Evans, Philip E.; Bowers, William S. (2001).
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Karalai, C.; Wiriyachitra, P.; Opferkuch, H.; Hecker, E. (1994).
465:
404:
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Despite the powerful chemical defense mechanisms of this plant,
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76:
52:
823:"Skin and eye injury due to latex of Excoecaria agallocha"
520:
Mondal, Sumanta; Ghosh, Debjit; Ramakrishna, K. (2016).
924:
820:
519:
746:
471:in some parts of Asia. Like many other species of
1534:
983:Fabricant, Scott A.; Smith, Carolynn L. (2014).
814:
290:This plant grows in saline or brackish water in
740:
696:
694:
259:. The species has many common names, including
982:
976:
706:Text index of land plants on Singapore shores
627:
309:. Within Australia, it thrives from northern
918:
691:
654:Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation
375:, having learned of it in 1777 from Captain
1031:
821:Kumarasinghe, SPW; Seneviratne, R. (1998).
767:
591:
297:, in a distribution bounded to the west by
31:
1059:
1049:
1008:
618:
607:Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
547:
537:
513:
379:during the time that he served as Cook's
644:
219:
205:
1032:Mondal, Sumanta; Ghosh, Debjit (2016).
891:
861:
325:Mangrove swamps form a type of coastal
313:along the northern coastline around to
1535:
564:
361:name is from the Latin for "blinder".
1128:
1127:
1114:Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants
650:
867:
827:Australasian Journal of Dermatology
13:
1089:
839:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1998.tb01492.x
747:Umberto Quattrocchi (3 May 2012).
287:comes into contact with the eyes.
14:
1584:
1102:
901:A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore
574:A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore
1481:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348815-1
446:is the sole food source for the
63:
1076:
1025:
348:The plant is well-protected by
729:
720:
682:
320:
1:
753:. CRC Press. pp. 1709–.
506:
393:List of Euphorbiaceae genera
7:
1563:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1109:Milky mangrove in Australia
931:Journal of Chemical Ecology
450:of the mangrove jewel bug (
386:
10:
1589:
1573:Central Indo-Pacific flora
426:
390:
335:Thillai Chidambaram Temple
45:Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary
1136:
187:
180:
60:Scientific classification
58:
39:
30:
23:
1548:Plants described in 1759
1051:10.4103/0973-7847.194049
539:10.4103/0973-7847.194049
943:10.1023/a:1005692502595
870:"Mangrove shield bugs,
651:Keddy, Paul A. (2010).
620:10.7324/JAPS.2015.50317
491:
369:Voyage to the South Sea
261:blind-your-eye mangrove
435:contains a variety of
431:The latex produced by
228:
217:
1038:Pharmacognosy Reviews
792:10.1055/s-2006-959499
526:Pharmacognosy Reviews
223:
209:
1286:Excoecaria agallocha
1208:Excoecaria_agallocha
1195:excoecaria-agallocha
1168:Excoecaria agallocha
1138:Excoecaria agallocha
1119:Biology of mangroves
500:Excoecaria agallocha
398:Excoecaria agallocha
373:mutiny on the Bounty
358:Excoecaria agallocha
331:Excoecaria agallocha
233:Excoecaria agallocha
225:Excoecaria agallocha
215:Excoecaria agallocha
191:Excoecaria agallocha
41:Excoecaria agallocha
25:Excoecaria agallocha
1558:Flora of Australia
872:Calliphara nobilis
484:of the adults and
453:Calliphara nobilis
305:, to the south by
301:, to the north by
229:
218:
1530:
1529:
1437:Open Tree of Life
1130:Taxon identifiers
911:978-981-04-1308-8
868:Tan, Ria (2009).
760:978-1-4200-8044-5
664:978-0-521-51940-3
584:978-981-04-1308-8
407:, belongs to the
350:chemical defenses
315:Western Australia
281:river poison tree
243:, belongs to the
204:
203:
173:E. agallocha
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1568:Dioecious plants
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1090:Further reading
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277:poisonfish tree
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963:the original
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833:(4): 275–6.
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139:Malpighiales
122:
109:
96:
83:
40:
24:
18:
1333:iNaturalist
1162:Wikispecies
460:species of
437:phytotoxins
321:Description
103:Angiosperms
1543:Excoecaria
1537:Categories
1450:Plant List
969:2021-01-18
883:18 January
712:18 January
675:2012-07-11
507:References
482:metathorax
477:C. nobilis
473:aposematic
413:Excoecaria
377:James Cook
339:Tamil Nadu
303:Bangladesh
249:Excoecaria
160:Excoecaria
1455:kew-83292
1299:220005169
1273:220005169
1255:FloraBase
989:Ecol Evol
464:found in
462:jewel bug
307:Australia
227:in flower
167:Species:
73:Kingdom:
1494:50119658
1489:Tropicos
1364:10423670
1351:348815-1
1153:Q5419710
1147:Wikidata
1070:28082796
1019:24558567
951:14768810
855:39276900
808:12966870
558:28082796
466:tropical
402:mangrove
387:Taxonomy
292:tropical
238:mangrove
145:Family:
116:Eudicots
1411:NTFlora
1312:3071702
1247:1143602
1229:Ecocrop
1061:5214557
1010:3925375
959:9220667
847:9838732
800:7938270
549:5214557
427:Ecology
416:of the
405:species
327:wetland
252:of the
241:species
155:Genus:
135:Order:
77:Plantae
1520:235057
1463:PLANTS
1442:475587
1429:235057
1403:241838
1390:178842
1377:507312
1338:192360
1325:410154
1190:ARKive
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957:
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708:. 2013
661:
581:
556:
546:
486:nymphs
448:larvae
418:family
279:, and
254:family
129:Rosids
1515:WoRMS
1359:IRMNG
1281:FoAO2
1260:10886
1221:3DJXX
1182:57709
955:S2CID
851:S2CID
804:S2CID
603:(PDF)
456:), a
409:genus
354:latex
299:India
285:latex
245:genus
123:Clade
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
53:India
1476:POWO
1468:EXAG
1424:OBIS
1416:2021
1398:NCBI
1385:IUCN
1372:ITIS
1346:IPNI
1320:GRIN
1307:GBIF
1234:1059
1203:ATRF
1177:APNI
1066:PMID
1015:PMID
947:PMID
906:ISBN
885:2021
843:PMID
796:PMID
755:ISBN
714:2021
659:ISBN
579:ISBN
554:PMID
492:Uses
400:, a
236:, a
1502:WFO
1294:FoC
1268:FNA
1242:EoL
1216:CoL
1056:PMC
1046:doi
1005:PMC
997:doi
939:doi
835:doi
788:doi
615:doi
544:PMC
534:doi
356:of
337:in
213:of
43:in
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263:,
198:L.
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