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Ezuwarha (who had become the ruler of Iyowa) became rivals and ended up poisoning each other causing Ewuare to go into significant mourning. In his sorrow, Ewuare passed a law prohibiting sex in the kingdom for three years which resulted in many members of the kingdom migrating to other areas. Ewuare overturned the law but because few migrants returned, he told all neighboring states to refuse to give entry to his citizens and developed the scarification practice to allow clear identification of their citizens.
245:. At this point, Ewuare was known by the name Prince Ogun. Ohen was deposed and stoned to death after both of his legs were paralyzed since it meant he lost the divine powers. A controversy arose upon the death of Ohen when both Prince Ogun and his brother Prince Irughe were exiled by Oba Orobiru, Ohen's second son. Ohen's first son, Oba Egbeka had ruled upon their father's death but did not last long. In exile Ogun then traveled widely throughout the region visiting many different kingdoms. Local historian
38:
288:
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him trying to find Ogun who had hidden. Ogun then exited the house and gathered his supporters and was able to assert his right to the throne. In
Egharevba's version, during a visit to the city during his exile, Ogun was taken in by a prominent chief who hid him in a dried well but then went to tell the authorities. The head slave of the chief, named Edo, let down a ladder into the well and advised Ewuare to escape.
223:
338:(palace chiefs). These acted as administrative arms, directly appointed and accountable to the Oba, who would collect tribute, deal with legal issues, and generally take part of the affairs of state. To foster this, Ewuare encouraged the freeborn population to work in the palace for small wages as part of these different orders.
256:. Agbavboko had the magical qualities that no matter what Ogun put into the bag, it had more space and whenever he reached in he could pull out whatever he desired. During his travels, he gathered significant magical and herbal knowledge from a variety of sources. At one point, he felt the need to sleep under the sacred
323:
revolt. Because he did not have anyone to rule Uselu, Ewuare sent his oldest son
Kuoboyuwa to serve in the town until the war was over. Iken died in the fighting and since he had no heir, Kuoboyuwa became the ruler. This incident created a clear succession to the oldest son of the king with the title
360:
within the city, and clearly divided zones for different craft work. Archeological evidence has found that the walls built around the palace and the city, and even out into the country, were significant constructions taking multiple years to complete. In addition, he rebuilt the palace and created
271:
and pulled out a bow with a poison arrow which he then used to assassinate
Uwaifaikon. In the confusion that ensued, he hid with a slave, named Edo, that had taken care of him when he was young and who recognized him immediately in the chaos. Supporters of Uwaifaikon entered Edo's house and killed
399:
during his reign and was aided greatly in this through increased trade. Ewuare is generally credited with expanding ivory and wood carving in the empire and the creation of Bronze heads for shrines to deceased Obas. In addition, Ewuare began many of the royal decoration traditions involving coral.
378:
arrived in 1472. It is unclear whether he went into the city, but contacts between the
Portuguese and the Oba were initiated. This established limited trade between the two empires, to be expanded greatly starting in the 1480s. The king of Portugal developed a close alliance with Oba Esigie, who
403:
In both folktales and artistic representations, Ewuare is considered someone with significant magical powers. His herbal and magical knowledge is attested to in a number of significant art work from the era. Crucial in this is the creation during Ewuare of the Igue festival, which was originally
322:
title for the oldest son to clearly establish the lineage. One oral history dates this development to a situation in the city of Uselu. The chief of Uselu, Iken, had become an ally to Ewuare. At one point, another city was revolting against Ewuare's rule and Iken mobilized an army to end the
365:
for freeborn citizens to differentiate them from the slave population. Egharevba establishes a different source of the scarification that developed in the
Kingdom. Oral histories used by Egharevba suggest that during his reign, his oldest son Kuoboyuwa (the ruler of Iken) and his second son
266:
which he could use to create any situation in the world he desired. He arrived in Benin City surprised to find a parade for his brother
Uwaifaikon while the people were in destitute circumstances. Prince Ogun used the talisman to set large parts of the city on fire. He then reached into
279:(the Great) was appended and he is often known as Ewuare Ogidigan or Ewuare the Great. The date for his rise to the throne is usually dated to 1440. To honor the slave that had sacrificed his life to save his, Ewuare also renamed the city to Edo (now Benin City).
353:. In towns that he took over, he quickly replaced the ruling elite with chiefs of his administrative system who were his allies. Oral history recount 201 victories by Ewuare over the various cities and towns creating a large empire centered in Edo.
211:. After the war, Ewuare rebuilt much of the city of Benin, reformed political structures in the kingdom, greatly expanded the territory of the kingdom, and fostered the arts and festivals. He left a significant legacy in the
303:. He consolidated the power of the Oba, changed lineage procedures, and created an administrative structure for the Empire. In addition, he greatly expanded the empire and took over a significant territory.
310:
chiefs which were a limiting force on the Oba. Ewuare removed their ability to appoint the Oba and instead adopted a clear succession going to the first-born son. In adopting this
262:
tree and the tree told him to return to Benin City and reclaim the throne. On his way back to the city, he removed an infected thorn from a lion's paw and the lion gave him a magic
249:
contended that after the death of
Orobiru, both Ogun and Uwaifaikon were banished from the city, but then Uwaifaikon was able to return, lied to the Uzama, and was named king.
341:
In addition, Ewuare was successful at taking over a number of cities and towns in the region for expanding the empire. He personally led the army against many of the
356:
The capital city of the empire was rebuilt during Ewuare with significant redesign. Around Benin City (then Edo), Ewuare built significant walls and moats, large
408:
was set initially to the marriage between Ewuare and a wife named Ewere. He is also said to have founded the Ugie Erha Ọba festival which honored the Obas.
252:
One popular oral history contends that while Prince Ogun was exiled he performed a favour for a jungle spirit and as a result got a magic bag, called
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361:
a clear division between it and the rest of the capital city. The division was further emphasized through the introduction by Ewuare of
641:
Bradbury, R.E. (1969). "Patrimonialism and
Gerontocracy in Benin Political Culture". In Mary Douglas & Phyllis M. Kaberry (ed.).
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793:
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241:
The rise of Ewuare to a position of power is chronicled by Benin's oral history. Ewuare was born as the third son of the Oba
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became Oba around 1483 and ruled until 1514. The royal lineage from Ewuare would continue for multiple generations.
697:
416:
Details about his death are not generally known but
Egharevba says that he was buried at Esi, near the town of Edo (
207:
from 1440 until 1473. Ewuare became king in a violent coup against his brother
Uwaifiokun which destroyed much of
1093:
771:
330:
Ewuare also created two additional layers of administration in towns and villages with the creation of the
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387:
238:
were able to appoint the Oba of Benin upon the death of an Oba and could limit any efforts by the Oba.
299:
Ewuare is often considered a key state-reformer and crucial in many aspects of state formation in the
404:
celebrated as a festival to renew his magical powers. One oral history says that the date of the
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Ogun then took the name Ewuare translated to "the trouble has ceased". Eventually, the honorific
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779:
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A Benin Bronze head for display at a shrine to the Obas, a tradition started under Ewuare
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Unverified size of the Benin Empire at its height. Borders are modern states of Nigeria.
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A major administrative development undertaken by Ewuare was reducing the power of the
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was greatly decreased. In addition, to clarify the situation, Ewuare developed the
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Prior to Ewuare, the Oba of Benin was limited in their power and authority by the
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420:). His first remaining son, Ezoti, died from assassination and his second son,
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communities, living west of the Niger river, and key Yoruba settlements like
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463:
General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
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619:
International Dictionary of Historical Places: the Middle East and Africa
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Art Institute of Chicago: Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria
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Ewuare was the Oba of the Benin empire when the Portuguese explorer
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Depiction of Benin City (1668)- Many features, the large walls, the
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543:(in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Рипол Классик. p. 420.
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Art Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth Century Benin
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was the first Oba of Benin to have spoken Portuguese.
424:, ruled for a short period and was replaced when the
483:(Vol. I ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis.
478:
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539:Кирилл Бабаев, Александра Архангельская (2015).
987:(1816 AD – 1816 AD) (Reigned for eight months)
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621:. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 126.
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665:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
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180:Bronze of Oba Ewuare I, flanked by guards
692:. British Museum Press. pp. 32–33.
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461:Ryder, A.F.C. (1981). D.T. Niane (ed.).
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42:Wooden sculpture of Ewuare took in 2016.
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314:lineage system, the authority of the
645:. London: Tavistock. pp. 17–36.
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603:. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
509:. New York: Frank Cass Publishing.
507:Dawn to Dusk: Folktales from Benin
465:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 339–370.
14:
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688:Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1995).
690:The Art of Benin Revised Edition
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1089:15th-century monarchs in Africa
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481:Encyclopedia of African History
479:Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005).
1010:Under British rule (1897–1960)
880:Uwaifiokun (1430 AD – 1440 AD)
532:
522:"Benin Obas (1200CE -Present)"
513:
195:), originally known as Prince
16:Oba of Benin (1440 AD–1473 AD)
1:
1002:N'Ogbaise (1888 AD – 1914 AD)
966:Akenzua I (1713 AD – 1735 AD)
951:Akengbedo (1684 AD – 1689 AD)
948:Ahenkpaye (1675 AD – 1684 AD)
945:Akengboi ( 1669 AD – 1675 AD)
897:The Great (1440 AD – 1473 AD)
841:Ehenmihen (1243 AD – 1255 AD)
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1084:15th-century Nigerian people
969:Eresoyen (1735 AD – 1750 AD)
954:Oroghene (1689 AD – 1700 AD)
139:Unknown, first Ogughoton of
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942:Akenzae (1661 AD – 1669 AD)
939:Ohenzae (1641 AD – 1661 AD)
900:Ezoti (Reigned for 14 days)
877:Orobiru (1400 AD – 1430 AD)
370:Contact with the Portuguese
327:derived from the incident.
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963:Ozuere (1712 AD – 1713 AD)
428:revolted. His third son,
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601:A Short History of Benin
395:Ewuare greatly expanded
617:Watson, Noelle (1996).
569:Asante, Molefi (2007).
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1094:People from Benin City
573:. New York: Routledge.
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571:The History of Africa
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383:Arts and celebration
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853:(1280 AD – 1295 AD)
847:(1255 AD – 1280 AD)
838:(1235 AD – 1243 AD)
832:(1200 AD – 1235 AD)
505:Eweka, Iro (1998).
930:(1578 AD -1606 AD)
758:1440 AD – 1473 AD
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334:(town chiefs) and
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247:Jacob U. Egharevba
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1079:1473 deaths
1048:(1978–2016)
63:Predecessor
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1040:Akenzua II
1023:Akenzua II
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836:Uwakhuahen
747:Uwaifiokun
436:References
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66:Uwaifiokun
1052:Ewuare II
1046:Erediauwa
991:Osemwende
973:Akengbuda
928:Ehengbuda
269:Agbavboko
254:Agbavboko
71:Successor
58:1440–1473
1017:Eweka II
922:Orhogbua
860:Udagbedo
809:and the
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264:Talisman
193:Ewuare I
123:Ezuwarha
979:Obanosa
958:Ewuakpe
830:Eweka I
805:of the
726:Unknown
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325:Edaiken
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187:(also
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165:Father
135:Ozolua
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22:Ewuare
934:Ohuan
845:Ewedo
811:Benin
764:Ezoti
731:Died:
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347:Akure
316:uzama
308:uzama
259:uloko
236:uzama
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159:Eweka
154:House
126:Ezoti
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104:Ewere
74:Ezoti
55:Reign
904:Olua
866:Ohen
803:Obas
733:1473
694:ISBN
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422:Olua
349:and
293:moat
283:Rule
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197:Ogun
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130:Olua
90:1474
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