Sodium hypochlorite

2652:(chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 0.5-2.5% sodium hypochlorite is used to remove all traces of nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry is made by personnel into toxic areas. 0.5-2.5% sodium hypochlorite is also used to neutralize any accidental releases of the nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in a similar fashion in the Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released into the furnace flue gas. 412: 273: 718: 49: 713: 2339: 841: 2671:, which makes managing it difficult. Staphylococcus aureus infection is related to the pathogenesis of eczema and AD. Bleach baths are one method for lowering the risk of staph infections in people with eczema. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of sodium hypochlorite contribute to the reduction of harmful bacteria on the skin and the reduction of inflammation, respectively. According to work published by researchers at the 1031: 1267:. The Cl–O bond length in the pentahydrate is 1.686 Å. The transparent, light greenish-yellow, orthorhombic crystals contain 44% NaOCl by weight and melt at 25–27 °C. The compound decomposes rapidly at room temperature, so it must be kept under refrigeration. At lower temperatures, however, it is quite stable: reportedly only 1% decomposition after 360 days at 7 °C. 40: 844: 2462:

5000 ppm free chlorine) used for disinfecting areas contaminated with body fluids, including large blood spills (the area is first cleaned with detergent before being disinfected). It may be made by diluting household bleach as appropriate (normally 1 part bleach to 9 parts water). Such solutions have been demonstrated to inactivate both

1306:) and chloride. In one test, the dihydrate was claimed to show only 6% decomposition after 13.5 months of storage at −25 °C. The patent also claims that the dihydrate can be reduced to the anhydrous form by vacuum drying at about 50 °C, yielding a solid that showed no decomposition after 64 hours at −25 °C. 2730:. Solutions burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. As recognized by the NFPA, however, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000). 2937:. These compounds may be formed during household storage and use as well as during industrial use. For example, when household bleach and wastewater were mixed, 1–2% of the available chlorine was observed to form organic compounds. As of 1994, not all the byproducts had been identified, but identified compounds include 846: 2845:

A 2008 study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., surfactants, fragrances) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated organic compounds. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for chloroform

2494:

US government regulations allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine

2461:

Sodium hypochlorite in solution exhibits broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and is widely used in healthcare facilities in a variety of settings. It is usually diluted in water depending on its intended use. "Strong chlorine solution" is a 0.5% solution of hypochlorite (containing approximately

2498:

A similar concentration of bleach in warm water is used to sanitize surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine. Surfaces must be rinsed with sterilized (boiled) water to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant

2304:

by reacting a chloride-free solution of hypochlorous acid HClO (such as prepared from chlorine monoxide ClO and water), with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 255 mL of a solution with 118 g/L HClO is slowly added with stirring to a solution of 40 g of NaOH in

2699:(NF-κB) is known to play a critical role in inflammation, aging, and response to radiation. The researchers found that if NF-κB activity was blocked in elderly mice by bathing them in bleach solution, the animals' skin began to look younger, going from old and fragile to thicker, with increased 2191:

This method was commonly used to produce hypochlorite solutions for use as a hospital antiseptic that was sold after World War I under the names "Eusol", an abbreviation for Edinburgh University Solution Of (chlorinated) Lime – a reference to the university's pathology department, where it was

1530:). The solutions are fairly stable at pH 11–12. Even so, one report claims that a conventional 13.6% NaOCl reagent solution lost 17% of its strength after being stored for 360 days at 7 °C. For this reason, in some applications one may use more stable chlorine-releasing compounds, such as 3957: 2618:

removal. In addition to higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, longer time exposure and warming the solution (60 °C) also increases its effectiveness in removing soft tissue and bacteria within the root canal chamber. 2% is a common concentration as there is less risk of an

2249:

Both electric power and brine solution were in cheap supply at the time, and various enterprising marketers took advantage of the situation to satisfy the market's demand for sodium hypochlorite. Bottled solutions of sodium hypochlorite were sold under numerous trade names.

4795: 1639:

These two decomposition reactions of NaClO solutions are maximized at pH around 6. The chlorate-producing reaction predominates at pH above 6, while the oxygen one becomes significant below that. For example, at 80 °C, with NaOCl and NaCl concentrations of 80

2080:

for industrial and laboratory use. In a typical process, chlorine gas is added to a 45–48% NaOH solution. Some of the sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the pentahydrate is then obtained by cooling the filtrate to 12 °C .

2354:

of sodium hypochlorite at the time of manufacture. Strength varies from one formulation to another and gradually decreases with long storage. Sodium hydroxide is usually added in small amounts to household bleach to slow down the decomposition of NaClO.

3599: 2372:, and a 15% solution is more commonly used for disinfection of waste water in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water, taking 0.2–2 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter of water. 2635:

as a consequence of the solution escaping the confines of the tooth and entering the periapical space. This may be caused by binding or excessive pressure on the irrigant syringe, or it may occur if the tooth has an unusually large apical

2608:. Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher concentrations it also dissolves vital tissue and additional bacterial species. One study has shown that 2865:) produces chloramines. These gaseous products can cause acute lung injury. Chronic exposure, for example, from the air at swimming pools where chlorine is used as the disinfectant, can lead to the development of atopic asthma. 4789: 2324:. Typically, a 35% solution (by weight) of HClO is combined with sodium hydroxide at about or below 25 °C. The resulting slurry contains about 35% NaClO, and are relatively stable due to the low concentration of chloride. 2495:(for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing. 847: 3316: 726: 4161:

Cárdenas Flores A, Flores Reyes H, Gordillo Moscoso A, Castanedo Cázares JP, Pozos Guillén A (2009). "Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis".

2711:

Dilute sodium hypochlorite solutions (as in household bleach) are irritating to mainly the skin and respiratory tract. Short-term skin contact with household bleach may cause dryness of the skin.

3231:

Topić F, Marrett JM, Borchers TH, Titi HM, Barrett CJ, Friščić T (2021). "After 200 Years: The Structure of Bleach and Characterization of Hypohalite Ions by Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction".

693: 4342:

Heggers JP, Sazy JA, Stenberg BD, Strock LL, McCauley RL, Herndon DN, Robson MC (1991). "Bactericidal and wound-healing properties of sodium hypochlorite solutions: the 1991 Lindberg Award".

2922:

In spite of its strong biocidal action, sodium hypochlorite per se has limited environmental impact, since the hypochlorite ion rapidly degrades before it can be absorbed by living beings.

2575:

wastes. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions. Toxic cyanide is oxidized to

4149:

This Support Dossier deals with information on the environmental and human safety evaluation of hypochlorite, and on its benefits as a disinfecting, deodorising and stain removing agent.

1230:

Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite can be prepared but, like many hypochlorites, it is highly unstable and decomposes explosively on heating or friction. The decomposition is accelerated by

2667:

in humans,. Still, it has not been clear why they work. One of the reasons why bleach helps is that eczema can frequently result in secondary infections, especially from bacteria like

845: 4406: 2596:

in industrial applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc., in solutions typically of 10–15% by weight.

3562:

Okada T, Asawa T, Sugiyama Y, Iwai T, Kirihara M, Kimura Y (June 2016). "Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate (NaOCl·5H2O) crystals; An effective re-oxidant for TEMPO oxidation".

5627: 3284: 796: 2614:

was still present in the dentin after 40 minutes of exposure of 1.3% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, whereas 40 minutes at a concentration of 5.25% was effective in

3390: 2714:

It is estimated that there are about 3,300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002).

4972: 855: 1644:, and pH 6–6.5, the chlorate is produced with ~95% efficiency. The oxygen pathway predominates at pH 10. This decomposition is affected by light and metal ion 788: 4747:

Nickmilder M, Carbonnelle S, Bernard A (February 2007). "House cleaning with chlorine bleach and the risks of allergic and respiratory diseases in children".

1987:

is an effective chlorine neutralizer. Rinsing with a 5 mg/L solution, followed by washing with soap and water, will remove chlorine odor from the hands.

6775: 3091: 648: 6546: 2753:

Contact of sodium hypochlorite solutions with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated due to release of chlorine gas.

2898:

Explosive reactions or byproducts can also occur in industrial and laboratory settings when sodium hypochlorite is mixed with diverse organic compounds.

3642:"Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent: part I. Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity" 2691:

given daily 30-minute baths in bleach solution experienced less severe skin damage and better healing and hair regrowth than animals bathed in water. A

7147: 6404: 6378: 4196: 1044: 3840: 2907: 2526:

disinfection. Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example

4409:. Endodontics: Colleagues for Excellence. Published for the Dental Professional Community by the American Association of Endodontists. Winter 2011. 2846:

and 1–1170 times for carbon tetrachloride, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products.

7160: 4435: 1259:, which is not explosive and is much more stable than the anhydrous compound. The formula is sometimes given in its hydrous crystalline form as 4866:

Bonnard M, Brondeau MT, Falcy M, Jargot D, Miraval S, Protois J, Schneider O. "Eaux et extraits de Javel Hypochlorite de sodium en solution".

4918: 4390: 4815: 2305:

water 0 °C. Some sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration. The solution is vacuum evaporated at 40–50 °C and 1–2

7060: 461: 6502: 4965: 4928: 4924: 5469: 3955:, Duncan BL, Ness RC, "Process for the production of highly pure concentrated slurries of sodium hypochlorite", issued 1991 4908: 3427: 1423:

in solution are also pH dependent. At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental

1290:), which are present in the output of common manufacturing processes and are said to catalyze the decomposition of hypochlorite into 3881: 2447:). Organic dirt exposed to hypochlorite becomes water-soluble and non-volatile, which reduces its odor and facilitates its removal. 1737:

According to one US patent, the stability of sodium hypochlorite content of solids or solutions can be determined by monitoring the

869: 4548: 1162:

Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as chlorine bleach, which is a

792: 2737:(caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. This additive will by itself cause caustic irritation or burns due to 7242: 4069: 4007: 3741:

Ayres GH, Booth MH (1955). "Catalytic Decomposition of Hypochlorite Solution by Iridium Compounds. I. The pH-Time Relationship".

3233: 2703:. The effect diminished after the baths were stopped, indicating that regular exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness. 2675:

in November 2013, a very dilute (0.005%) solution of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful in treating skin damage with an

3859: 3197:"Sodium Hypochlorite Pentahydrate Crystals (NaOCl· 5H2O): A Convenient and Environmentally Benign Oxidant for Organic Synthesis" 2257:), is the only large-scale industrial method of sodium hypochlorite production. In the process, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and 4958: 3916: 2672: 1625:

In hot sodium hypochlorite solutions, this reaction competes with chlorate formation, yielding sodium chloride and oxygen gas:

1039: 3692:

Sandin S, Karlsson RK, Cornell A (April 2015). "Catalyzed and uncatalyzed decomposition of hypochlorite in dilute solutions".

3291: 5413: 4052: 3819: 3449: 3100: 3034: 616: 4134: 1495:

Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions:

3492: 4504:"Hypochlorite solution as a decontaminant in sulfur mustard contaminated skin defects in the euthymic hairless guinea pig" 1201:. A common misconception is that mixing bleach with ammonia also releases chlorine, but in reality they react to produce 5151: 3341: 2604:

Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice due to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion in

2537:

The undissociated (nonionized) hypochlorous acid is believed to react with and inactivate bacterial and viral enzymes.

1185:

Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular,

4724: 2472:. "Weak chlorine solution" is a 0.05% solution of hypochlorite used for washing hands, but is normally prepared with 426: 4898: 4272: 6831: 5430: 5252: 4216: 3839:

Vogt H, Balej J, Bennett JE, Wintzer P, Sheikh SA, Gallone P (2007). "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids".

2309:

until the dihydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are vacuum-dried to produce a free-flowing crystalline powder.

2253:

Today, an improved version of this method, known as the Hooker process (named after Hooker Chemicals, acquired by

1051: 6848: 4944: 3430:" Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory Safe Handling Guideline, chapter 53, product 202. Accessed on 2018-06-12 1707:

of hypochlorite solutions is often done by adding a measured sample to an excess amount of acidified solution of

1322:

ions. The density of the solution is 1.093 g/mL at 5% concentration, and 1.21 g/mL at 14%, 20 °C.

1198: 4567: 2849:

In particular, mixing hypochlorite bleaches with amines (for example, cleaning products that contain or release

5462: 3121:

Hamano A (1997). "The formation and decomposition of sodium hypochlorite anhydrous salt and its pentahydrate".

2351: 1696:

may be added industrially to reduce the oxygen pathway, but a report claims that only the latter is effective.

674: 1314:

At typical ambient temperatures, sodium hypochlorite is more stable in dilute solutions that contain solvated

6615: 6583: 5205: 4140:. AISE – International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products. March 1997. Archived from 2463: 2733:

Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of

2388:

Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite, by weight, and 0.01–0.05%

2361:

A 10–25% solution of sodium hypochlorite is, according to Univar's safety sheet, supplied with synonyms or

1179: 762: 359: 268: 3781:

Mirafzal GA, Lozeva AM (1998). "Phase transfer catalyzed oxidation of alcohols with sodium hypochlorite".

3364: 717: 7235: 7220: 6864: 6258: 6038: 4029: 390: 190: 3466: 780: 6627: 6226: 6179: 6167: 5399: 4511:

Vetarinary Medicine and Surgery Branch and Basic Assessment Branch, United States Army Medical Research

2983: 2815:

Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst.

2660: 2522:) and need to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an 2429: 592: 574: 4665:"Halogenated volatile organic compounds from the use of chlorine-bleach-containing household products" 3952: 3594: 2277:. The solution must be kept below 40 °C (by cooling coils) to prevent the undesired formation of 7751: 7746: 6278: 6268: 6107: 5455: 3722:

Hamano A, Ikeda A (1995). "The pH effect on the photodecomposition of sodium hypochlorite solution".

2805: 2777: 2284:

Commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main

1541: 280: 2925:

However, one major concern arising from sodium hypochlorite use is that it tends to form persistent

2745:

of skin oils and destruction of tissue. The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process.

2623:

hypochlorite incident. A hypochlorite incident is an immediate reaction of severe pain, followed by

2559:

Sodium hypochlorite has deodorizing properties, which go hand in hand with its cleaning properties.

2375:

Dilute solutions (50 ppm to 1.5%) are found in disinfecting sprays and wipes used on hard surfaces.

7135: 6250: 6210: 5237: 4247: 2978: 2945:. The exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits. 2491:

to stabilize the pH. It has been found to be effective with NaOCl concentrations as low as 0.025%.

1591:

In particular, this reaction occurs in sodium hypochlorite solutions at high temperatures, forming

407: 2408:

Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties. Among other applications, it can be used to remove

1178:, which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is still the most important 6300: 5418: 4812: 4070:"Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment: updated recommendations" 3971: 3597:, Walsh RH, Dietz A, "Process for preparing stable sodium hypochlorites", issued 1966 2801: 2797: 2004: 1789: 3613: 3011: 7741: 7736: 7352: 7228: 6123: 6063: 6050: 5364: 5271: 4476: 2966: 2000: 962: 4714: 2772:. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include 712: 6819: 6450: 5276: 5218: 5213: 4190: 3889: 3331: 2668: 2610: 2306: 1235: 740: 705: 94: 17: 4791:

Do not use Eusol and gauze to manage surgical wounds that are healing by secondary intention

4160: 1485:, the amount of undissociated (nonionized) HOCl is highest. The reaction can be written as: 7726: 7359: 7285: 7092: 7051: 6807: 6735: 6655: 6458: 6333: 6026: 6014: 5863: 5613: 5330: 5281: 5247: 5231: 5161: 4679: 4664: 4248:"For General Healthcare Settings in West Africa: How to Prepare and Use Chlorine Solutions" 2972: 2954: 2942: 2688: 2473: 2469: 2254: 2094: 1932: 1878: 1874: 1531: 1435: 1206: 967: 957: 368: 230: 165: 2483:" is a disinfectant solution containing low concentration of sodium hypochlorite and some 784: 157: 8: 7486: 7453: 6787: 6763: 6747: 6683: 6466: 6424: 6383: 6349: 6091: 6079: 5599: 5227: 5007: 4892: 4886: 3783: 3059: 2911: 2738: 2727: 2480: 2358:

Domestic use patio blackspot remover products are ~10% solutions of sodium hypochlorite.

2201: 1010: 977: 972: 898: 894: 147: 4934: 4683: 4552: 4174: 2544: 2534:

so as not to drain quickly from vertical surfaces, such as the inside of a toilet bowl.

1323: 411: 272: 210: 7076: 7039: 6445: 6396: 6292: 5998: 5895: 5831: 5735: 5727: 5585: 5301: 4772: 4640: 4615: 4386: 4319: 4294: 3658: 3641: 3630:

Environment Canada (1985): "Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hypochlorite (Draft)".

3257: 3025:

Budavari S, O'Neil M, Smith A, Heckelman P, Obenchain J (1996). "Sodium hypochlorite".

2793: 2700: 2605: 2488: 2369: 2212:

and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. The key reactions are:

2066: 2028: 1984: 1727: 1723: 1566: 1163: 1070: 936: 4950: 4945:

Guidelines for the Use of Chlorine Bleach as a Sanitizer in Food Processing Operations

3796: 7731: 7267: 7007: 6966: 6920: 6530: 6437: 6416: 6365: 6309: 6191: 5951: 5911: 5879: 5847: 5756: 5551: 5504: 5384: 5343: 5262: 5039: 4854: 4764: 4760: 4720: 4695: 4645: 4526: 4458: 4454: 4359: 4355: 4324: 4178: 4091: 4048: 3815: 3663: 3640:

Wang L, Bassiri M, Najafi R, Najafi K, Yang J, Khosrovi B, et al. (April 2007).

3445: 3337: 3261: 3249: 3096: 3030: 2869: 2835: 2680: 2456: 2425: 2392:; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into 2114: 1665: 1482: 1439: 1331: 1141: 1107: 1073: 1005: 1000: 888: 332: 4776: 4295:"Susceptibility of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 to clinical disinfectants" 3912: 3195:

Kirihara M, Okada T, Sugiyama Y, Akiyoshi M, Matsunaga T, Kimura Y (December 2017).

2540: 7301: 6893: 6711: 6695: 6603: 6591: 6562: 6474: 6218: 5959: 5823: 5815: 5772: 5677: 5618: 5580: 5478: 4846: 4756: 4719:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 968. 4687: 4635: 4627: 4518: 4450: 4351: 4314: 4306: 4170: 4081: 3792: 3750: 3701: 3653: 3571: 3241: 3208: 3156: 2734: 2413: 2389: 2262: 2209: 2104: 2090: 1894: 1708: 1683: 1443: 1405:

The second equilibrium equation above will be shifted to the right if the chlorine

1210: 1103: 1092: 1077: 800: 659: 563: 484: 4568:"Bleach baths using Milton Sterilising Fluid for recurrent infected atopic eczema" 1741:

absorption due to the O–Cl bond. The characteristic wavelength is given as 140.25

1526:

At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions (

754: 7173: 6991: 6946: 6933: 6902: 6671: 6518: 6155: 6143: 5939: 5927: 5719: 5711: 5686: 5632: 5604: 5568: 5527: 5512: 5499: 5156: 5078: 5012: 4819: 4799: 4589: 4503: 4141: 4118: 2757: 2723: 2684: 2397: 2393: 2278: 2258: 1825: 1782: 1592: 1171: 931: 926: 921: 4436:"Complications during root canal irrigation--literature review and case reports" 2531: 514:

Colorless or slightly yellow or greenish-yellow crystalline solid (pentahydrate)

7023: 6982: 6915: 6723: 6639: 6486: 6432: 6391: 6373: 5990: 5982: 5803: 5791: 5748: 5740: 5652: 5590: 5543: 5517: 5424: 5320: 5185: 4837:

Jones FL (December 1972). "Chloride poisoning from mixing household cleaners".

3537: 2926: 2742: 2572: 2527: 2444: 2089:

Another method involved the reaction of sodium carbonate ("washing soda") with

1924: 1890: 1889:

If not properly stored in airtight containers, sodium hypochlorite reacts with

1231: 1022: 876: 4914: 4522: 4387:"Toilet Cleaners: Learn About Chemicals Around Your House: Pesticides: US EPA" 3938: 3575: 768: 7720: 7122: 6574: 5764: 5522: 5132: 5103: 5044: 4850: 4135:"Benefits and Safety Aspects of Hypochlorite Formulated in Domestic Products" 3213: 3196: 2988: 2781: 2515: 2409: 2365:

bleach, Hypo, Everchlor, Chloros, Hispec, Bridos, Bleacol, or Vo-redox 9110.

1851: 552: 542: 261: 250: 48: 3391:"Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory" 1609:

This reaction is exploited in the industrial production of sodium chlorate.

7252: 7109: 6885: 5669: 5661: 5559: 5394: 5190: 5098: 5083: 5059: 4989: 4985: 4768: 4699: 4649: 4462: 4328: 4182: 4095: 3667: 3253: 3245: 2930: 2789: 2785: 2773: 2756:

Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive to common container materials such as

2676: 2519: 2266: 2008: 1928: 1570: 1249: 1239: 1194: 1167: 1119: 995: 654: 7250: 4858: 4549:"Inflammatory skin damage in mice blocked by bleach solution, study finds" 4530: 4363: 4119:

Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: Global Perspectives

2204:: a method of producing sodium hypochlorite involving the electrolysis of 1352:

The following species and equilibria are present in NaOCl/NaCl solutions:

1174:. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating 868: 6238: 5291: 5223: 5180: 5049: 4310: 3160: 2826:

Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, will release toxic

2649: 2338: 1923:

Sodium hypochlorite reacts with most nitrogen compounds to form volatile

1870: 1859: 1833: 1478: 1202: 875: 804: 4086: 4008:"Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment" 3768: 3754: 854: 7190: 5379: 5338: 5296: 5195: 5123: 5108: 5054: 4981: 4616:"Topical hypochlorite ameliorates NF-κB-mediated skin diseases in mice" 4217:"Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities" 3810:

Eaton AD, Greenberg AE, Rice EW, Clesceri LS, Franson MA, eds. (2005).

3442:

The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals

3333:

Behind the Gas Mask: The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service in War and Peace

2938: 2934: 2632: 2620: 2548: 2499:

action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid.

2484: 2440: 2362: 2285: 2020: 1742: 1565:

In solution, under certain conditions, the hypochlorite anion may also

1238:

levels - around 4 parts per ten thousand. It is a white solid with the

1144:

is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a

861: 495: 281: 221: 4691: 4117:

Smith WT. (1994). Human and Environmental Safety of Hypochlorite. In:

3705: 1612:

An alternative decomposition of hypochlorite produces oxygen instead:

1430:. At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite 808: 5286: 5242: 5171: 5113: 5093: 5027: 5017: 4631: 4614:

Leung TH, Zhang LF, Wang J, Ning S, Knox SJ, Kim SK (December 2013).

4575: 2761: 2628: 2503: 2436: 2312:

The same principle was used in a 1993 patent to produce concentrated

2062: 1817: 1809: 1704: 1645: 1335: 1214: 1190: 1156: 750: 379: 4822:". Online Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Accessed on 2018-06-14. 3144: 2435:

Its bleaching, cleaning, deodorizing and caustic effects are due to

1021:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

5447: 5374: 4998: 2854: 2827: 2769: 2765: 2692: 2032: 2016: 1837: 1797: 1793: 1778: 1774: 1738: 1641: 1574: 1554: 1291: 1283: 1189:

liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids found in

1175: 1087: 827: 307: 241: 79: 3825: 2027:" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of potassium hypochlorite. 820: 557:

101 °C (214 °F; 374 K) (decomposes) (pentahydrate)

189: 5348: 5031: 4293:

Meyers J, Ryndock E, Conway MJ, Meyers C, Robison R (June 2014).

2850: 2839: 2637: 2593: 2576: 2568: 2523: 2296:

A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate

2274: 2242: 2200:

Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented the

1813: 1805: 1661: 1246: 1186: 1145: 1111: 862: 772: 532: 319: 4273:"How to Make Strong (0.5%) Chlorine Solution from Liquid Bleach" 3336:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 9. 3024: 5311: 5142: 5088: 5069: 4423:. VitalBook (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. p. 265. 3978: 2664: 2417: 2347: 2333: 2313: 1840: 1801: 1770: 1731: 1712: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1271: 1122: 1100: 1096: 1084: 1081: 1067: 776: 69: 59: 4935:

NTP Study Report TR-392: Chlorinated & Chloraminated Water

4068:

Wilhelm N, Kaufmann A, Blanton E, Lantagne D (February 2018).

4067: 2697:

nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

2502:

Solutions containing more than 500 ppm available chlorine are

6317: 5389: 3194: 2862: 2823:

Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous.

2809: 2696: 2624: 2567:

Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to treat dilute

2511: 2507: 2270: 2224: 2205: 2058: 2012: 1829: 1821: 343: 201: 179: 4746: 3812:

Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater

395: 3995:(3rd ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 1991. p. 497. 3444:(2nd ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 734. 2858: 2831: 2261:(NaCl) are formed when chlorine is passed into cold dilute 1855: 522: 298: 3809: 1091:(also written as NaClO). It is commonly known in a dilute 4938: 4341: 4292: 2421: 2416:, and stains on crockery, especially those caused by the 948: 912: 3993:

Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, & Reuse

3230: 2861:, or related compounds and biological materials such as 2768:(which however is not compatible with dry chlorine) and 1877:

proceed somewhat faster. This has been exploited in the

1477:

At a pH of about 4, such as obtained by the addition of

1309: 39: 4980: 4590:"Eczema Bleach Bath: A Step-by-Step Guide and Benefits" 4477:"Sodium hypochlorite - Medical Countermeasure Database" 3838: 3639: 2818: 2663:

have been used for decades to treat moderate to severe

1745:

for water solutions, 140.05 μm for the solid dihydrate

1327: 1274:

claims that stable solid sodium hypochlorite dihydrate

4865: 3771:". Online product description. Accessed on 2018-06-14. 3561: 3095:. Vol. 1 (7th ed.). Elsevier. p. 1433. 3060:"sodium hypochlorite | chemical compound | Britannica" 1560: 3691: 2072:

The process is also used to prepare the pentahydrate

4565: 2543:

of the human immune system produce small amounts of

2368:

A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the

1854:

reactions of sodium hypochlorite and metals such as

1846: 3814:(21 ed.). American Public Health Association. 2265:solution. The chlorine is prepared industrially by 547:18 °C (64 °F; 291 K) (pentahydrate) 4613: 3951: 3092:Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards 2933:, that can be absorbed by organisms and enter the 2291: 746: 4716:Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures 4418: 3593: 2908:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 1764: 7718: 1804:). Sodium hypochlorite can also oxidize organic 331: 4712: 4542: 4540: 4501: 3694:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 1734:as indicator, until the blue color disappears. 843: 812: 164: 156: 27:Chemical compound (known in solution as bleach) 4195:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3842:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3780: 3365:"April 22, 1915: Germans introduce poison gas" 1245:Sodium hypochlorite can also be obtained as a 816: 7236: 5463: 4966: 4919:United States Environmental Protection Agency 4899:Institut national de recherche et de sécurité 4551:. Stanford School of Medicine. Archived from 4391:United States Environmental Protection Agency 4344:The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 3824:. Method 9060a. Also available on CD-ROM and 3724:Science and Technology of Energetic Materials 3149:Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 3123:Science and Technology of Energetic Materials 2901: 2643: 2428:and as a surface cleaner. It is also used in 1792:, alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding 1753:, and 139.08 μm for the anhydrous mixed salt 899:ICSC 0482 (solution, <10% active chlorine) 895:ICSC 1119 (solution, >10% active chlorine) 4537: 4433: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 3317:"Pamphlet 96, The Sodium Hypochorite Manual" 2342:Bleach packaged for household use, with 2.6% 2084: 1553:Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is soluble in 1155:, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not 4214: 4163:The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 3721: 2655: 2582:) that is not toxic, idealized as follows: 2350:sold for use in laundering clothes is a 3–8 2048:(g) + 2 NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H 1412:is allowed to escape as gas. The ratios of 7243: 7229: 5470: 5456: 4973: 4959: 4402: 4400: 4280:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4252:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4210: 4208: 4206: 3740: 3717: 3715: 3464: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3201:Organic Process Research & Development 2914:should not be used in routine wound care. 2717: 2592:Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a 1166:widely used (since the 18th century) as a 527:Chlorine-like and sweetish (pentahydrate) 410: 271: 229: 4909:Home and Leisure Accident Statistics 2002 4639: 4318: 4299:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4215:Rutala WA, Weber DJ (15 February 2017) . 4102: 4085: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3657: 3226: 3224: 3212: 3190: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3006: 3004: 1781:groups, is relevant to the production of 1225: 367: 4915:Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water 4566:Pett K, Batta K, Vlachou C, Nicholls G. 4005: 3743:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3589: 3587: 3585: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3142: 2562: 2337: 2195: 1438:can be shifted by adding acids (such as 4893:International Chemical Safety Card 1119 4887:International Chemical Safety Card 0482 4662: 4656: 4397: 4335: 4203: 4129: 4127: 3972:"SAFETY DATA SHEET Sodium Hypochlorite" 3860:"Sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant" 3712: 3532: 3530: 3467:"What is sodium hypochlorite used for?" 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3268: 3138: 3136: 2917: 1995: 1282:can be obtained by carefully excluding 406: 249: 14: 7719: 7275: 7251:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 4805: 4672:Environmental Science & Technology 4546: 4407:Root Canal Irrigants and Disinfectants 4042: 3945: 3854: 3852: 3832: 3674: 3624: 3606: 3555: 3484: 3285:"OxyChem Sodium Hypochlorite Handbook" 3221: 3120: 3109: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3049:Sodium hypochlorite: chemical activity 3001: 2673:Stanford University School of Medicine 2035:, thus obtaining sodium hypochlorite ( 1711:(KI) and then titrating the liberated 262: 7607: 7224: 5451: 4954: 4836: 4620:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 4242: 4240: 3919:from the original on 13 December 2016 3734: 3582: 3514:MatWeb Material Property Data website 3388: 3382: 3329: 3323: 3167: 3088: 2551:, which digest bacteria and viruses. 2327: 1310:Equilibria and stability of solutions 438:Key: SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 209: 5477: 4811:ASC – PT Asahimas Chemical (2009): " 4124: 3767:ASC – PT Asahimas Chemical (2009): " 3620:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 3527: 3439: 3433: 3413: 3133: 3018: 2819:Reactions with other common products 2764:. The few compatible metals include 2269:with minimal separation between the 1159:and is stable if kept refrigerated. 658: 511:White crystalline solid (anhydrous); 4713:Krieger GR, Sullivan JB Jr (2001). 4175:10.17796/jcpd.33.3.c6282t1054584157 3849: 3761: 3493:"Sodium Hypochlorite Pentahydrate, 3077: 2093:("bleaching powder"), a mixture of 2031:replaced potash lye by the cheaper 1561:Decomposition to chlorate or oxygen 448:Key: SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYAD 322: 306: 24: 5152:Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether 4237: 3465:Bell-Young L (29 September 2019). 2748: 2683:, excess sun exposure or aging in 2057:Hence, chlorine is simultaneously 2023:. The resulting liquid, known as " 1884: 1773:by sodium hypochlorite, that adds 839: 132:Surgical chlorinated soda solution 25: 7763: 4880: 3845:(7th ed.). Wiley. p. 2. 3052: 2969:KOCl (the original "Javel water") 2910:in October 2008 recommended that 2288:, as seen in the equation above. 2007:in his laboratory on the Quai de 1979: 1847:Oxidation of metals and complexes 1468:(g) + 2 OH → ClO(aq) + Cl(aq) + H 1197:. Chlorine gas was utilized as a 1193:-removing products, will release 5253:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 4761:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00487.x 4749:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 4455:10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00303.x 4443:International Endodontic Journal 4419:Torabinejad M, Walton R (2008). 4356:10.1097/00004630-199109000-00005 3939:"How Products Are Made Volume 2" 2868:Bleach can react violently with 2722:Sodium hypochlorite is a strong 2412:stains, dental stains caused by 1600:3 NaOCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + NaClO 1029: 716: 711: 47: 38: 5344:Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) 4829: 4783: 4740: 4706: 4607: 4582: 4559: 4495: 4469: 4434:Hülsmann M, Hahn W (May 2000). 4427: 4412: 4379: 4370: 4286: 4265: 4154: 4061: 4036: 4022: 3999: 3985: 3964: 3931: 3910: 3904: 3874: 3803: 3774: 3633: 3458: 3357: 3309: 3029:(12th ed.). p. 1478. 2885:(aq) + NaOCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2450: 2292:From hypochlorous acid and soda 1025:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 5395:Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide) 4502:Gold M, Bongiovanni R (1994). 4047:. Springer. pp. 381–382. 3913:"Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)" 3043: 2599: 2554: 2003:was first produced in 1789 by 1765:Oxidation of organic compounds 1722:) with a standard solution of 1240:orthorhombic crystal structure 1199:chemical weapon in World War I 1099:or chlorine bleach. It is the 675:Occupational safety and health 13: 1: 5206:Quaternary ammonium compounds 4895:(solutions >10% active Cl) 4547:Conger K (15 November 2013). 3797:10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01584-6 2994: 2927:chlorinated organic compounds 1990: 1330:, with pH 11 or higher since 4889:(solutions<10% active Cl) 4793:, October 2008, NICE, London 2383: 1699: 1630:2 NaOCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + O 1557:, and solutions are stable. 1220: 569:29.3 g/(100 mL) (0 °C) 435:InChI=1S/ClO.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 7: 4947:(Oklahoma State University) 4250:. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. 4177:(inactive 27 August 2024). 4074:Journal of Water and Health 3646:Journal of Burns and Wounds 2948: 2424:. It has also been used in 2403: 2065:; this process is known as 1858:proceed slowly to give the 688:corrosive, oxidizing agent 445:InChI=1/ClO.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 10: 7768: 7609: 5400:Octenidine dihydrochloride 4925:Chlorinated Drinking Water 2984:Sodium hypochlorite washes 2902:Limitations in health care 2726:. Oxidation reactions are 2644:Nerve agent neutralization 2454: 2430:sodium hypochlorite washes 2331: 2019:gas through a solution of 1209:. With excess ammonia and 500:74.442 g/mol 7277: 7260: 6884: 6203: 5975: 5784: 5699: 5645: 5536: 5492: 5485: 5408: 5357: 5339:Propanol (propyl alcohol) 5329: 5310: 5261: 5204: 5170: 5141: 5122: 5068: 5026: 4997: 4523:10.3109/01480549409014314 3915:. University of Bristol. 3886:Oxford English Dictionary 3576:10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.064 3319:. The Chlorine Institute. 3290:. OxyChem. Archived from 2806:ethylene propylene rubber 2778:high density polyethylene 2706: 2085:From calcium hypochlorite 1542:trichloroisocyanuric acid 1019: 904: 692: 672: 667: 641: 609: 477: 457: 422: 140: 129:Modified Dakin's solution 103: 93: 88: 46: 37: 4851:10.1001/jama.222.10.1312 4663:Odabasi M (March 2008). 3389:Gross DA (Spring 2015). 3214:10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00288 2979:Milton sterilizing fluid 2872:and produce oxygen gas: 2656:Reduction of skin damage 2532:formulated to be viscous 1451:ClO(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → Cl 763:Precautionary statements 5349:Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) 4813:Sodium hypochlorite 10% 4045:Elementary Food Science 4030:"What is Chlorination?" 2830:gas when mixed with an 2802:polyvinylidene fluoride 2798:polytetrafluoroethylene 2718:Oxidation and corrosion 2378: 2005:Claude Louis Berthollet 1866:NaOCl + Zn → ZnO + NaCl 1790:phase-transfer catalyst 1110:, consisting of sodium 5365:Potassium permanganate 5272:Mercuric amidochloride 4802:.Accessed 3 July 2014. 3246:10.1002/anie.202108843 2967:Potassium hypochlorite 2343: 2001:Potassium hypochlorite 1875:coordination complexes 1500:HOCl(aq) + Cl + H ⇌ Cl 1362:HOCl(aq) + Cl + H ⇌ Cl 1226:Stability of the solid 963:Potassium hypochlorite 850: 5277:Phenylmercuric borate 5219:Benzethonium chloride 3614:"Sodium hypochlorite" 3538:"Sodium Hypochlorite" 3234:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 3145:"Sodium hypochlorite" 3012:"Sodium Hypochlorite" 2669:Staphylococcus aureus 2611:Enterococcus faecalis 2571:waste water, such as 2563:Waste water treatment 2370:chlorination of water 2341: 2196:Electrolysis of brine 2015:, France, by passing 1873:reactions with metal 1788:In the presence of a 1595:and sodium chloride: 1326:solutions are fairly 1180:chlorine-based bleach 849: 126:Carrel-Dakin solution 5248:Benzoxonium chloride 5162:Diiodohydroxypropane 4818:12 July 2018 at the 4798:14 July 2014 at the 4578:on 12 December 2013. 4006:Lantagne DS (2018). 3161:10.1039/CT9191501106 3143:Applebey MP (1919). 2973:Lithium hypochlorite 2963:("bleaching powder") 2955:Calcium hypochlorite 2943:carbon tetrachloride 2918:Environmental impact 2689:radiation dermatitis 2679:component caused by 2530:. Some cleaners are 2474:calcium hypochlorite 2316:of the pentahydrate 2255:Occidental Petroleum 2095:calcium hypochlorite 1996:Chlorination of soda 1933:nitrogen trichloride 1879:Jacobsen epoxidation 1532:calcium hypochlorite 1442:) or bases (such as 1207:nitrogen trichloride 968:Calcium hypochlorite 958:Lithium hypochlorite 832:(fire diamond) 169: (pentahydrate) 33:Sodium hypochlorite 5370:Sodium hypochlorite 5008:Ethacridine lactate 4868:Fiche Toxicologique 4684:2008EnST...42.1445O 4555:on 7 December 2013. 4087:10.2166/wh.2017.012 4032:. 27 November 2016. 3784:Tetrahedron Letters 3769:Sodium hypochlorite 3755:10.1021/ja01609a001 3428:Sodium Hypochlorite 3369:This Day In History 3240:(46): 24400–24405. 3155:(XCVI): 1106–1109. 2804:(PVDF); as well as 2661:Dilute bleach baths 2587:CN + OCl → OCN + Cl 2202:chloralkali process 1446:) to the solution: 1064:Sodium hypochlorite 1011:Methyl hypochlorite 978:Silver hypochlorite 973:Barium hypochlorite 564:Solubility in water 98:Sodium hypochlorite 34: 5435:Never to phase III 4594:skinsuperclear.com 4483:. 16 November 2022 4311:10.1093/jac/dku006 4147:on 30 March 2014. 4043:Vieira ER (1999). 3064:www.britannica.com 2929:, including known 2794:polyvinyl chloride 2701:cell proliferation 2606:endodontic therapy 2489:sodium bicarbonate 2426:laundry detergents 2344: 2328:Packaging and sale 2067:disproportionation 2029:Antoine Labarraque 1985:Sodium thiosulfate 1728:phenylarsine oxide 1724:sodium thiosulfate 1573:) to chloride and 1357:HOCl(aq) ⇌ H + OCl 1217:may be generated. 1164:household chemical 1129:, also written as 1052:Infobox references 937:Sodium perchlorate 905:Related compounds 851: 32: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7218: 7217: 6880: 6879: 5445: 5444: 5385:Hydrogen peroxide 5282:Mercuric chloride 5040:Dibrompropamidine 4692:10.1021/es702355u 4054:978-0-8342-1657-0 3892:on 31 August 2013 3821:978-0-87553-047-5 3791:(40): 7263–7266. 3706:10.1021/ie504890a 3451:978-0-12-801146-1 3102:978-0-08-052340-8 3036:978-0-911910-12-4 2870:hydrogen peroxide 2836:hydrochloric acid 2792:polymers such as 2681:radiation therapy 2457:Hypochlorous acid 2144:(s) + 2 NaOCl(aq) 2115:calcium hydroxide 2037:Eau de Labarraque 1957:Cl + NaOCl → NHCl 1666:sodium dichromate 1664:. Catalysts like 1483:hydrochloric acid 1440:hydrochloric acid 1332:hypochlorous acid 1108:hypochlorous acid 1074:chemical compound 1060:Chemical compound 1058: 1057: 1006:Hypochlorous acid 1001:Chlorine monoxide 988:Related compounds 889:Safety data sheet 741:Hazard statements 391:CompTox Dashboard 191:Interactive image 161: (anhydrous) 118:Sodium chloroxide 16:(Redirected from 7759: 7752:Sodium compounds 7747:Oxidizing agents 7492: 7456: 7365: 7355: 7325: 7307: 7288: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7222: 7221: 6288: 6274: 6264: 5976:Oxypnictogenides 5785:Oxychalcogenides 5490: 5489: 5479:Sodium compounds 5472: 5465: 5458: 5449: 5448: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4875: 4862: 4823: 4809: 4803: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4678:(5): 1445–1451. 4669: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4632:10.1172/JCI70895 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4574:. Archived from 4563: 4557: 4556: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4508: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4440: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4122: 4115: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3981:. 9 August 2007. 3976: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3888:. Archived from 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3828:by subscription. 3807: 3801: 3800: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3689: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3440:Yaws CL (2015). 3437: 3431: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3330:Faith T (2014). 3327: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3297:on 18 April 2018 3296: 3289: 3281: 3266: 3265: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3192: 3165: 3164: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3089:Urben P (2006). 3086: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3008: 2962: 2912:Dakin's solution 2894: 2588: 2581: 2481:Dakin's Solution 2390:sodium hydroxide 2323: 2303: 2263:sodium hydroxide 2240: 2222: 2210:sodium hydroxide 2187: 2186:(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) 2166: 2165:(s) + 2 NaCl(aq) 2145: 2122: 2112: 2105:calcium chloride 2102: 2091:chlorinated lime 2079: 2053: 1975: 1962: 1949: 1919: 1895:sodium carbonate 1826:sulfonyl halides 1760: 1752: 1721: 1709:potassium iodide 1695: 1684:sodium molybdate 1681: 1635: 1621: 1617:2 OCl → 2 Cl + O 1605: 1587: 1582:3 ClO + H → HClO 1567:disproportionate 1549: 1539: 1529: 1522: 1509: 1491: 1473: 1460: 1444:sodium hydroxide 1433: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1401: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1371: 1358: 1348: 1321: 1317: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1281: 1266: 1258: 1211:sodium hydroxide 1154: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1117: 1093:aqueous solution 1090: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1032: 878: 871: 864: 857: 842: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 756: 752: 748: 720: 715: 662: 633: 610:Thermochemistry 485:Chemical formula 415: 414: 399: 397: 371: 335: 324: 310: 283: 275: 264: 253: 233: 213: 193: 168: 160: 115:Chloride of soda 77: 67: 57: 51: 42: 35: 31: 21: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7491: 7487: 7454: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7323: 7306: 7302: 7286: 7268: 7256: 7249: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7168: 7164: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7130: 7126: 7117: 7113: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6928: 6924: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6441: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6387: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6304: 6296: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5760: 5752: 5744: 5731: 5723: 5715: 5695: 5690: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5656: 5641: 5636: 5622: 5608: 5594: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5532: 5508: 5481: 5476: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5425:Clinical trials 5404: 5353: 5325: 5306: 5302:Mercuric iodide 5257: 5238:Cetylpyridinium 5200: 5166: 5157:Povidone-iodine 5137: 5118: 5079:Hexachlorophene 5072:and derivatives 5064: 5022: 5013:9-Aminoacridine 4993: 4979: 4883: 4878: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4820:Wayback Machine 4810: 4806: 4800:Wayback Machine 4788: 4784: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4626:(12): 5361–70. 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4564: 4560: 4545: 4538: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4376:21 CFR Part 178 4375: 4371: 4340: 4336: 4291: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4188: 4187: 4159: 4155: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4116: 4103: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3808: 3804: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3713: 3700:(15): 3767–74. 3690: 3675: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3583: 3570:(22): 2818–27. 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3471:Chemicals.co.uk 3463: 3459: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3269: 3229: 3222: 3207:(12): 1925–37. 3193: 3168: 3141: 3134: 3119: 3110: 3103: 3087: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3027:The Merck Index 3023: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2920: 2904: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2821: 2780:(HDPE, PE-HD), 2758:stainless steel 2751: 2749:Storage hazards 2720: 2709: 2685:laboratory mice 2658: 2648:At the various 2646: 2602: 2586: 2579: 2565: 2557: 2528:toilet cleaners 2459: 2453: 2406: 2398:sodium chlorate 2394:sodium chloride 2386: 2381: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2279:sodium chlorate 2259:sodium chloride 2238: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2198: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2077: 2073: 2051: 2047: 2043: 1998: 1993: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1887: 1885:Other reactions 1849: 1783:modified starch 1767: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1720: 1716: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1616: 1603: 1599: 1593:sodium chlorate 1585: 1581: 1563: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1342: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1264: 1261:2NaOCl·10H 1260: 1256: 1252: 1228: 1223: 1172:bleaching agent 1152: 1148: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1115: 1080: 1061: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1047: ?) 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1015: 989: 982: 951: 941: 932:Sodium chlorate 927:Sodium chlorite 922:Sodium chloride 915: 897: 883: 882: 881: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 848: 840: 765: 743: 729: 708: 685: 651: 634: 631: 625: 621: 618: 617:Std enthalpy of 601: 583: 566: 517: 487: 473: 470: 465: 464: 453: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 418: 400: 393: 374: 354: 338: 325: 313: 293: 256: 236: 216: 196: 183: 172: 150: 136: 135: 99: 84: 83: 75: 73: 65: 63: 55: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7765: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5321:Silver nitrate 5317: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5186:Chlorquinaldol 5183: 5177: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4994: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4932: 4922: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4881:External links 4879: 4877: 4876: 4863: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4804: 4782: 4739: 4725: 4705: 4655: 4606: 4581: 4572:www.eczema.org 4558: 4536: 4517:(4): 499–527. 4494: 4468: 4426: 4411: 4396: 4378: 4369: 4334: 4305:(6): 1546–50. 4285: 4264: 4236: 4202: 4153: 4123: 4101: 4080:(1): 112–125. 4060: 4053: 4035: 4021: 4012:IWA Publishing 3998: 3984: 3963: 3944: 3930: 3903: 3873: 3862:. Lenntech.com 3848: 3831: 3820: 3802: 3773: 3760: 3749:(4): 825–827. 3733: 3711: 3673: 3632: 3623: 3605: 3581: 3554: 3526: 3503: 3483: 3457: 3450: 3432: 3412: 3381: 3356: 3343:978-0252080265 3342: 3322: 3308: 3267: 3220: 3166: 3132: 3108: 3101: 3076: 3051: 3042: 3035: 3017: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2950: 2947: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2820: 2817: 2750: 2747: 2743:saponification 2719: 2716: 2708: 2705: 2657: 2654: 2645: 2642: 2601: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2573:electroplating 2564: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2516:thermoplastics 2452: 2449: 2445:saponification 2405: 2402: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2332:Main article: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2247: 2246: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2136:(aq) + Ca(OCl) 2133: 2129: 2119: 2109: 2099: 2086: 2083: 2075: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1981: 1980:Neutralization 1978: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1925:monochloramine 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1891:carbon dioxide 1886: 1883: 1868: 1867: 1862:or hydroxide: 1848: 1845: 1836:. It can also 1766: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1718: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1562: 1559: 1546: 1536: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1490:OCl + H ⇌ HOCl 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1426: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1379:(aq) + Cl ⇌ Cl 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1324:Stoichiometric 1311: 1308: 1277: 1262: 1254: 1232:carbon dioxide 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1150: 1140:The anhydrous 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1028: 1027: 1023:standard state 1020: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 992: 990: 987: 984: 983: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 954: 952: 946: 943: 942: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 918: 916: 910: 907: 906: 902: 901: 892: 885: 884: 874: 867: 860: 853: 838: 837: 836: 835: 833: 824: 823: 797:P305+P351+P338 789:P303+P361+P353 785:P301+P330+P331 766: 761: 758: 757: 744: 739: 736: 735: 730: 725: 722: 721: 709: 704: 701: 700: 690: 689: 686: 683: 680: 679: 670: 669: 665: 664: 652: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 637:−347.1 kJ/mol 635: 629: 623: 615: 612: 611: 607: 606: 603: 599: 589: 588: 585: 581: 571: 570: 567: 562: 559: 558: 555: 549: 548: 545: 539: 538: 535: 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 516: 515: 512: 508: 506: 502: 501: 498: 492: 491: 488: 483: 480: 479: 475: 474: 472: 471: 468: 460: 459: 458: 455: 454: 452: 451: 447: 444: 443: 441: 437: 434: 433: 425: 424: 423: 420: 419: 417: 416: 403: 401: 389: 386: 385: 382: 376: 375: 373: 372: 364: 362: 356: 355: 353: 352: 348: 346: 340: 339: 337: 336: 328: 326: 318: 315: 314: 312: 311: 303: 301: 295: 294: 292: 291: 287: 285: 277: 276: 266: 258: 257: 255: 254: 246: 244: 238: 237: 235: 234: 226: 224: 218: 217: 215: 214: 206: 204: 198: 197: 195: 194: 186: 184: 177: 174: 173: 171: 170: 162: 153: 151: 146: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 119: 116: 113: 110: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 86: 85: 74: 64: 54: 53: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7764: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7742:Hypochlorites 7740: 7738: 7737:Disinfectants 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7358: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7211: 7189: 7187: 7172: 7170: 7159: 7157: 7146: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7121: 7119: 7108: 7106: 7091: 7089: 7075: 7073: 7059: 7057: 7050: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7022: 7020: 7006: 7004: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6979: 6965: 6963: 6945: 6943: 6932: 6930: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6901: 6899: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6847: 6845: 6830: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6786: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6746: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6694: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6654: 6652: 6638: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6545: 6543: 6529: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6501: 6499: 6485: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6348: 6346: 6332: 6330: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6265: 6257: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6122: 6120: 6106: 6104: 6090: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6062: 6060: 6049: 6047: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5910: 5908: 5894: 5892: 5878: 5876: 5862: 5860: 5846: 5844: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646:Pnictogenides 5644: 5638: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537:Chalcogenides 5535: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5133:Nitrofurazone 5131: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104:Chloroxylenol 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:Chlorhexidine 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4986:disinfectants 4983: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4728: 4726:9780683080278 4722: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4482: 4481:chemm.hhs.gov 4478: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449:(3): 186–93. 4448: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4393:. 9 May 2012. 4392: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169:(3): 187–91. 4168: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3487: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3400: 3396: 3395:Distillations 3392: 3385: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3129:(4): 152–155. 3128: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2990: 2989:Mixed oxidant 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:polypropylene 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2335: 2325: 2318:NaClO·5H 2315: 2310: 2308: 2298:NaOCl·2H 2289: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2229: 2226: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2178:(aq) + Ca(OH) 2168: 2147: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2074:NaOCl·5H 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1988: 1986: 1970:+ NaOCl → NCl 1964: 1951: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1929:dichloramines 1926: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:Heterogeneous 1844: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769:Oxidation of 1762: 1747:NaOCl·2H 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1685: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1543: 1533: 1511: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1462: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1390: 1373: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1347:O ⇌ HOCl + OH 1341: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1307: 1293: 1285: 1276:NaOCl·2H 1273: 1268: 1253:NaOCl·5H 1251: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1149:NaOCl·5H 1147: 1143: 1138: 1124: 1121: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 991: 986: 985: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 953: 950: 945: 944: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 917: 914: 909: 908: 903: 900: 896: 893: 890: 887: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 834: 831: 830: 826: 825: 767: 764: 760: 759: 745: 742: 738: 737: 734: 731: 728: 724: 723: 719: 714: 710: 707: 703: 702: 698: 696: 691: 687: 682: 681: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642:Pharmacology 640: 636: 628: 620: 614: 613: 608: 604: 598: 594: 591: 590: 586: 580: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 561: 560: 556: 554: 553:Boiling point 551: 550: 546: 544: 543:Melting point 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 530: 526: 524: 521: 520: 513: 510: 509: 507: 504: 503: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 482: 481: 476: 467: 466: 463: 456: 442: 432: 431: 428: 421: 413: 409: 408:DTXSID8021276 405: 404: 402: 392: 388: 387: 383: 381: 378: 377: 370: 366: 365: 363: 361: 358: 357: 350: 349: 347: 345: 342: 341: 334: 330: 329: 327: 321: 317: 316: 309: 305: 304: 302: 300: 297: 296: 289: 288: 286: 284: 279: 278: 274: 270: 267: 265: 263:ECHA InfoCard 260: 259: 252: 248: 247: 245: 243: 240: 239: 232: 228: 227: 225: 223: 220: 219: 212: 208: 207: 205: 203: 200: 199: 192: 188: 187: 185: 181: 176: 175: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154: 152: 149: 145: 144: 139: 131: 128: 125: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 102: 96: 92: 87: 81: 71: 61: 50: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 7322: 7253:hypochlorite 5706: 5369: 5214:Benzalkonium 5191:Oxyquinoline 5099:Triclocarban 5084:Policresulen 5060:Polihexanide 4902: 4871: 4867: 4845:(10): 1312. 4842: 4838: 4830:Bibliography 4807: 4790: 4785: 4755:(1): 27–35. 4752: 4748: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4715: 4708: 4675: 4671: 4658: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4597:. Retrieved 4593: 4584: 4576:the original 4571: 4561: 4553:the original 4514: 4510: 4497: 4485:. Retrieved 4480: 4471: 4446: 4442: 4429: 4420: 4414: 4381: 4372: 4350:(5): 420–4. 4347: 4343: 4337: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4279: 4267: 4255:. Retrieved 4251: 4227:. Retrieved 4223: 4191:cite journal 4166: 4162: 4156: 4148: 4142:the original 4121:, pp. 183–5. 4077: 4073: 4063: 4044: 4038: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3987: 3966: 3947: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3890:the original 3885: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3841: 3834: 3811: 3805: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3763: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3697: 3693: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3545:. Retrieved 3541: 3517:. Retrieved 3513: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3470: 3460: 3441: 3435: 3403:. Retrieved 3398: 3394: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3368: 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3332: 3325: 3311: 3299:. Retrieved 3292:the original 3237: 3232: 3204: 3200: 3152: 3148: 3126: 3122: 3090: 3067:. Retrieved 3063: 3054: 3045: 3026: 3020: 2924: 2921: 2905: 2897: 2867: 2848: 2844: 2825: 2822: 2814: 2800:(PTFE), and 2774:polyethylene 2755: 2752: 2732: 2721: 2713: 2710: 2687:. Mice with 2677:inflammatory 2659: 2647: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2591: 2566: 2558: 2545:hypochlorite 2539: 2536: 2520:acetal resin 2501: 2497: 2493: 2478: 2465:C. difficile 2464: 2460: 2451:Disinfection 2434: 2407: 2387: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2345: 2311: 2295: 2283: 2267:electrolysis 2252: 2248: 2199: 2190: 2088: 2071: 2056: 2036: 2025:Eau de Javel 2024: 1999: 1983: 1944:+ NaOCl → NH 1922: 1902:2 NaOCl + CO 1888: 1869: 1850: 1838:de-aromatize 1834:oxaziridines 1787: 1768: 1736: 1703: 1638: 1624: 1611: 1608: 1590: 1564: 1552: 1525: 1494: 1479:strong acids 1476: 1419:, HOCl, and 1404: 1351: 1313: 1269: 1250:pentahydrate 1244: 1229: 1195:chlorine gas 1184: 1168:disinfectant 1161: 1146:pentahydrate 1139: 1120:hypochlorite 1063: 1062: 996:Hypochlorite 828: 732: 694: 684:Main hazards 673: 626: 596: 578: 490:NaOCl 344:RTECS number 251:DBSALT001517 141:Identifiers 122:In dilution: 121: 104:Other names 29: 7727:Antiseptics 5421:from market 5292:Nitromersol 5224:Cetrimonium 5181:Dequalinium 5174:derivatives 5126:derivatives 5050:Propamidine 5001:derivatives 4982:Antiseptics 4421:Endodontics 4224:www.cdc.gov 3941:. May 2011. 3923:13 December 3730:(2): 59–63. 3564:Tetrahedron 2931:carcinogens 2790:fluorinated 2786:chlorinated 2784:(PP), some 2650:nerve agent 2616:E. faecalis 2600:Endodontics 2555:Deodorizing 2541:Neutrophils 2363:trade names 2235:O + 2 e → H 2208:to produce 2192:developed. 2161:(aq) → CaCO 2157:(aq) + CaCl 2140:(aq) → CaCO 1871:Homogeneous 1860:metal oxide 1436:equilibrium 1247:crystalline 1236:atmospheric 1234:at Earth's 1203:chloramines 727:Signal word 678:(OHS/OSH): 505:Appearance 478:Properties 269:100.028.790 211:CHEBI:32146 7721:Categories 5700:Oxyhalides 5380:Monalazone 5297:Thiomersal 5196:Clioquinol 5124:Nitrofuran 5109:Biphenylol 5055:Hexamidine 5028:Biguanides 4931:Monograph) 4911:(UK RoSPA) 3953:US 5194238 3595:US 3498924 3401:(1): 16–23 3301:6 February 2995:References 2939:chloroform 2935:food chain 2834:, such as 2633:ecchymosis 2621:iatrogenic 2549:phagosomes 2485:boric acid 2476:granules. 2455:See also: 2441:hydrolysis 2352:% solution 2346:Household 2286:by-product 2182:(s) → CaCO 2021:potash lye 1991:Production 1818:disulfides 1810:sulfoxides 1796:compound ( 1785:products. 1571:autoxidize 1459:O + Cl(aq) 1270:A 1966 US 706:Pictograms 537:1.11 g/cm 496:Molar mass 369:DY38VHM5OD 222:ChemSpider 178:3D model ( 166:10022-70-5 148:CAS Number 109:Antiformin 95:IUPAC name 5486:Inorganic 5431:Phase III 5419:Withdrawn 5314:compounds 5287:Merbromin 5263:Mercurial 5243:Cetrimide 5172:Quinoline 5114:Fenticlor 5094:Triclosan 5018:Euflavine 4903:in French 4732:30 August 4487:28 August 4229:29 August 3542:StudFiles 3476:29 August 3426:(2013): " 3262:236199263 2906:The UK's 2762:aluminium 2739:defatting 2728:corrosive 2629:haematoma 2518:(such as 2514:and many 2504:corrosive 2437:oxidation 2414:fluorosis 2384:Bleaching 2217:2 Cl → Cl 1948:Cl + NaOH 1759:(OCl)(OH) 1705:Titration 1700:Titration 1646:catalysts 1517:(aq) ⇌ Cl 1396:(aq) ⇌ Cl 1336:weak acid 1221:Chemistry 1215:hydrazine 1191:limescale 1157:explosive 1076:with the 1071:inorganic 793:P304+P340 697:labelling 619:formation 380:UN number 351:NH3486300 290:231-668-3 282:EC Number 158:7681-52-9 7732:Bleaches 5375:Halazone 5331:Alcohols 5265:products 5232:chloride 5145:products 5032:amidines 4999:Acridine 4816:Archived 4796:Archived 4777:24606118 4769:17295796 4700:18441786 4650:24231355 4599:13 March 4463:11307434 4329:24500190 4257:27 April 4183:19476089 4096:29424725 3917:Archived 3866:7 August 3668:17492050 3405:20 March 3374:14 April 3349:14 April 3254:34293249 3069:21 March 2949:See also 2855:ammonium 2828:chlorine 2770:tantalum 2766:titanium 2724:oxidizer 2693:molecule 2506:to some 2404:Cleaning 2314:slurries 2273:and the 2241:(at the 2223:(at the 2063:oxidized 2033:soda lye 2017:chlorine 1918:+ 2 HOCl 1893:to form 1814:sulfones 1806:sulfides 1798:aldehyde 1794:carbonyl 1779:carboxyl 1775:carbonyl 1739:infrared 1730:, using 1648:such as 1575:chlorate 1555:methanol 1504:(aq) + H 1366:(aq) + H 1328:alkaline 1292:chlorate 1284:chloride 1205:such as 1176:chlorine 1142:compound 1068:alkaline 829:NFPA 704 668:Hazards 663:) 649:ATC code 593:Basicity 333:23665760 242:DrugBank 80:Chlorine 7610: 7488:Ba(ClO) 7361:Ca(OCl) 6886:Organic 6239:NaAl(SO 5493:Halides 5228:bromide 4859:4678160 4680:Bibcode 4641:3859383 4531:7821235 4364:1752875 4320:4019329 3911:May P. 3882:"eusol" 3659:1853323 3618:PubChem 3547:14 June 3519:12 July 2958:Ca(OCl) 2857:salts, 2851:ammonia 2840:vinegar 2796:(PVC), 2695:called 2638:foramen 2594:biocide 2577:cyanate 2569:cyanide 2547:inside 2524:ethanol 2418:tannins 2275:cathode 2243:cathode 2098:Ca(OCl) 2059:reduced 1841:phenols 1662:iridium 1545:(CNClO) 1535:Ca(ClO) 1455:(g) + H 1343:OCl + H 1112:cations 1078:formula 1045:what is 1043: ( 949:cations 657: ( 655:D08AX07 605:6.4815 587:7.5185 575:Acidity 533:Density 320:PubChem 7016:(OH)CO 6916:HCOONa 6836:[Co(NO 6780:Fe(CN) 6768:Fe(CN) 6728:Zn(OH) 6417:NaHXeO 6251:NaAuCl 6204:Others 5952:NaHSeO 5414:WHO-EM 5312:Silver 5143:Iodine 5089:Phenol 5070:Phenol 4857: 4775: 4767: 4723: 4698: 4648: 4638: 4529: 4461: 4362: 4327: 4317: 4181: 4094: 4051: 3979:Univar 3959: 3896:3 July 3826:online 3818: 3666: 3656: 3652:: e5. 3601: 3510:]" 3448: 3340: 3260: 3252: 3099: 3033: 2808:, and 2776:(PE), 2707:Safety 2665:eczema 2631:, and 2512:alloys 2508:metals 2348:bleach 2334:Bleach 2239:+ 2 OH 2118:Ca(OH) 2113:, and 1974:+ NaOH 1961:+ NaOH 1931:, and 1910:O → Na 1830:imines 1822:thiols 1802:ketone 1771:starch 1732:starch 1713:iodine 1660:, and 1658:cobalt 1654:nickel 1650:copper 1586:+ 2 Cl 1434:. The 1286:ions ( 1272:patent 1187:mixing 1123:anions 1118:) and 1101:sodium 1097:bleach 1066:is an 1040:verify 1037: 947:Other 913:anions 911:Other 891:(SDS) 733:Danger 462:SMILES 308:D01711 112:Bleach 89:Names 78: 76: 70:Oxygen 68: 66: 60:Sodium 58: 56: 7455:AgOCl 7324:NaOCl 7303:ClONO 7287:LiOCl 7169:COONa 7156:COONa 7069:AlNaO 6942:COONa 6929:COONa 6849:NaNSi 6844:] 6459:NaTcO 6451:NaTcO 6446:NaSCN 6438:NaReO 6433:NaOCN 6425:NaMnO 6397:NaHCO 6384:NaCoO 6379:NaCNO 6366:NaBiO 6270:NaAsF 6260:NaSbF 6219:NaAlO 6211:NaAlH 6192:NaSbO 5824:NaHSO 5816:NaHSO 5757:NaBrO 5749:NaBrO 5741:NaBrO 5736:NaBrO 5728:NaClO 5720:NaClO 5712:NaClO 5707:NaClO 5628:NaHTe 5614:NaSeH 5390:Eosin 5358:Other 4773:S2CID 4668:(PDF) 4507:(PDF) 4439:(PDF) 4276:(PDF) 4220:(PDF) 4145:(PDF) 4138:(PDF) 3975:(PDF) 3495:NaOCl 3295:(PDF) 3288:(PDF) 3258:S2CID 2975:LiOCl 2889:O + O 2863:urine 2810:Viton 2625:edema 2271:anode 2225:anode 2221:+ 2 e 2206:brine 2013:Paris 2009:Javel 1481:like 1472:O(aq) 1334:is a 427:InChI 384:1791 231:22756 202:ChEBI 180:JSmol 18:Eusol 7354:KOCl 7269:HOCl 6983:NaCH 6869:PdCl 6792:Fe(C 6644:O(UO 6632:PtCl 6620:IrCl 6467:NaVO 6374:NaCN 6310:NaBO 6305:(CN) 6301:NaBH 6293:NaBH 6172:HAsO 6027:NaPO 5991:NaNO 5983:NaNO 5773:NaIO 5765:NaIO 5670:NaNH 5600:NaSH 5586:NaOD 5581:NaOH 5528:NaAt 5518:NaBr 5513:NaCl 5505:NaHF 5030:and 4984:and 4937:(US 4929:IARC 4855:PMID 4839:JAMA 4765:PMID 4734:2016 4721:ISBN 4696:PMID 4646:PMID 4601:2023 4527:PMID 4489:2023 4459:PMID 4360:PMID 4325:PMID 4259:2016 4231:2017 4197:link 4179:PMID 4092:PMID 4049:ISBN 4018:(1). 3925:2016 3898:2014 3868:2011 3816:ISBN 3664:PMID 3549:2018 3521:2018 3478:2023 3446:ISBN 3407:2018 3376:2017 3351:2017 3338:ISBN 3303:2015 3250:PMID 3097:ISBN 3071:2022 3031:ISBN 2941:and 2859:urea 2832:acid 2788:and 2760:and 2741:and 2468:and 2439:and 2410:mold 2396:and 2379:Uses 2307:mmHg 2108:CaCl 2061:and 1966:NHCl 1856:zinc 1777:and 1682:and 1604:(aq) 1318:and 1170:and 1133:and 1104:salt 821:P501 817:P405 813:P391 809:P363 805:P321 801:P310 781:P280 777:P273 773:P264 769:P260 755:H410 751:H314 747:H302 523:Odor 360:UNII 299:KEGG 82:, Cl 62:, Na 7704:No 7701:Md 7698:Fm 7695:Es 7692:Cf 7689:Bk 7686:Cm 7683:Am 7680:Pu 7677:Np 7671:Pa 7668:Th 7665:Ac 7662:** 7657:Yb 7654:Tm 7651:Er 7648:Ho 7645:Dy 7642:Tb 7639:Gd 7636:Eu 7633:Sm 7630:Pm 7627:Nd 7624:Pr 7621:Ce 7618:La 7603:Og 7600:Ts 7597:Lv 7594:Mc 7591:Fl 7588:Nh 7585:Cn 7582:Rg 7579:Ds 7576:Mt 7573:Hs 7570:Bh 7567:Sg 7564:Db 7561:Rf 7558:Lr 7555:** 7552:Ra 7549:Fr 7544:Rn 7541:At 7538:Po 7535:Bi 7532:Pb 7529:Tl 7526:Hg 7523:Au 7520:Pt 7517:Ir 7514:Os 7511:Re 7505:Ta 7502:Hf 7499:Lu 7483:Cs 7478:Xe 7472:Te 7469:Sb 7466:Sn 7463:In 7460:Cd 7450:Pd 7447:Rh 7444:Ru 7441:Tc 7438:Mo 7435:Nb 7432:Zr 7424:Sr 7421:Rb 7416:Kr 7413:Br 7410:Se 7407:As 7404:Ge 7401:Ga 7398:Zn 7395:Cu 7392:Ni 7389:Co 7386:Fe 7383:Mn 7380:Cr 7374:Ti 7371:Sc 7347:Ar 7344:Cl 7335:Si 7332:Al 7329:Mg 7317:Ne 7292:Be 7280:He 7255:ion 7197:256 7193:164 7136:NaC 7077:NaC 7056:NO] 7040:NaC 7024:NaC 7008:NaC 6992:NaC 6987:COO 6975:NaO 6911:ONa 6898:ONa 6853:(CH 6824:SiF 6812:SiO 6688:TiO 6676:SiO 6608:MoO 6596:MnO 6567:GeO 6523:CrO 6409:XeO 6392:NaH 6284:TiF 6231:AlF 6184:AsO 6180:NaH 6160:AsO 6148:AsO 6043:HPO 6015:NaH 5964:TeO 5944:SeO 5932:SeO 5662:NaN 5552:NaO 5544:NaO 5523:NaI 5500:NaF 4990:D08 4939:NIH 4872:157 4847:doi 4843:222 4757:doi 4688:doi 4636:PMC 4628:doi 4624:123 4519:doi 4451:doi 4352:doi 4315:PMC 4307:doi 4171:doi 4082:doi 3793:doi 3751:doi 3702:doi 3654:PMC 3572:doi 3242:doi 3209:doi 3157:doi 3153:115 2893:(g) 2838:or 2735:lye 2580:OCN 2487:or 2470:HPV 2422:tea 2420:in 2231:2 H 2039:). 2011:in 1906:+ H 1832:to 1824:to 1820:or 1812:or 1808:to 1800:or 1726:or 1691:MoO 1634:(g) 1540:or 1528:OCl 1521:(g) 1432:ClO 1421:OCl 1400:(g) 1320:OCl 1296:ClO 1137:). 1135:ClO 1131:OCl 1127:OCl 1106:of 1095:as 695:GHS 660:WHO 630:298 469:.Cl 396:EPA 323:CID 72:, O 7723:: 7674:U 7615:* 7508:W 7496:* 7475:I 7429:Y 7377:V 7341:S 7338:P 7314:F 7311:O 7298:C 7295:B 7207:Na 7201:68 7186:Na 7180:35 7176:18 7167:33 7163:17 7154:31 7150:15 7131:Na 7118:Na 7105:Na 7101:NO 7067:16 7052:Na 7042:10 7030:23 7026:12 7000:CO 6947:Na 6894:CH 6865:Na 6832:Na 6820:Na 6808:Na 6788:Na 6776:Na 6764:Na 6758:28 6754:10 6748:Na 6740:VO 6736:Na 6724:Na 6716:WO 6712:Na 6696:Na 6684:Na 6672:Na 6656:Na 6640:Na 6628:Na 6616:Na 6604:Na 6592:Na 6584:Na 6579:He 6575:Na 6563:Na 6557:10 6551:Cr 6547:Na 6535:Cr 6531:Na 6519:Na 6503:Na 6487:Na 6479:CO 6475:Na 6405:Na 6360:13 6350:Na 6334:Na 6318:Na 6280:Na 6227:Na 6168:Na 6156:Na 6144:Na 6124:Na 6108:Na 6102:10 6092:Na 6084:PO 6080:Na 6068:PS 6064:Na 6055:PO 6051:Na 6039:Na 6019:PO 5999:Na 5960:Na 5940:Na 5928:Na 5912:Na 5896:Na 5880:Na 5864:Na 5848:Na 5832:Na 5808:SO 5804:Na 5796:SO 5792:Na 5691:As 5687:Na 5678:Na 5653:Na 5637:Po 5633:Na 5623:Te 5619:Na 5609:Se 5605:Na 5591:Na 5569:Na 5560:Na 5427:: 4870:. 4853:. 4841:. 4771:. 4763:. 4753:18 4751:. 4694:. 4686:. 4676:42 4674:. 4670:. 4644:. 4634:. 4622:. 4618:. 4592:. 4570:. 4539:^ 4525:. 4515:17 4513:. 4509:. 4479:. 4457:. 4447:33 4445:. 4441:. 4399:^ 4389:. 4358:. 4348:12 4346:. 4323:. 4313:. 4303:69 4301:. 4297:. 4278:. 4239:^ 4222:. 4205:^ 4193:}} 4189:{{ 4167:33 4165:. 4126:^ 4104:^ 4090:. 4078:16 4076:. 4072:. 4016:16 4014:. 4010:. 3977:. 3884:. 3851:^ 3789:39 3787:. 3747:77 3745:. 3728:56 3726:. 3714:^ 3698:54 3696:. 3676:^ 3662:. 3648:. 3644:. 3616:. 3584:^ 3568:72 3566:. 3540:. 3529:^ 3512:. 3497:·5 3469:. 3415:^ 3397:. 3393:. 3367:. 3270:^ 3256:. 3248:. 3238:60 3223:^ 3205:21 3203:. 3199:. 3169:^ 3151:. 3147:. 3135:^ 3127:58 3125:. 3111:^ 3079:^ 3062:. 3003:^ 2853:, 2842:. 2812:. 2640:. 2627:, 2510:, 2432:. 2400:. 2281:. 2174:CO 2170:Na 2153:CO 2149:Na 2132:CO 2128:Na 2123:: 2103:, 2069:. 2044:Cl 1953:NH 1940:NH 1935:: 1927:, 1914:CO 1897:: 1881:. 1843:. 1828:, 1816:, 1761:. 1755:Na 1743:μm 1687:Na 1673:Cr 1669:Na 1656:, 1652:, 1642:mM 1577:: 1550:. 1513:Cl 1464:Cl 1425:Cl 1414:Cl 1407:Cl 1392:Cl 1375:Cl 1338:: 1316:Na 1288:Cl 1242:. 1213:, 1182:. 1116:Na 1088:Cl 1082:Na 877:OX 819:, 815:, 811:, 807:, 803:, 799:, 795:, 791:, 787:, 783:, 779:, 775:, 771:, 753:, 749:, 699:: 622:(Δ 602:) 595:(p 584:) 577:(p 7490:2 7363:2 7305:2 7244:e 7237:t 7230:v 7209:2 7205:2 7203:S 7199:O 7195:H 7191:C 7184:2 7182:O 7178:H 7174:C 7165:H 7161:C 7152:H 7148:C 7142:5 7140:H 7138:5 7129:9 7127:H 7125:4 7123:C 7116:5 7114:H 7112:6 7110:C 7103:4 7099:8 7097:H 7095:5 7093:C 7087:6 7085:O 7083:7 7081:H 7079:6 7071:4 7065:H 7063:6 7061:C 7054:2 7046:8 7044:H 7034:2 7032:O 7028:H 7018:2 7014:4 7012:H 7010:6 7002:2 6998:5 6996:H 6994:6 6985:3 6977:6 6973:5 6971:H 6969:4 6967:C 6961:6 6959:O 6957:4 6955:H 6953:4 6951:C 6949:2 6940:7 6938:H 6936:3 6934:C 6927:5 6925:H 6923:2 6921:C 6909:5 6907:H 6905:2 6903:C 6896:3 6871:4 6867:2 6859:6 6857:) 6855:3 6851:2 6842:6 6840:) 6838:2 6834:3 6826:6 6822:2 6814:4 6810:4 6802:3 6800:) 6798:4 6796:O 6794:2 6790:3 6782:6 6778:3 6770:6 6766:4 6756:O 6752:V 6750:6 6742:4 6738:3 6730:4 6726:2 6718:4 6714:2 6706:7 6704:O 6702:2 6700:U 6698:2 6690:3 6686:2 6678:3 6674:2 6666:6 6664:O 6662:4 6660:S 6658:2 6650:2 6648:) 6646:3 6642:2 6634:6 6630:2 6622:6 6618:3 6610:4 6606:2 6598:4 6594:2 6586:2 6577:2 6569:3 6565:2 6555:O 6553:3 6549:2 6541:7 6539:O 6537:2 6533:2 6525:4 6521:2 6513:5 6511:S 6509:3 6507:C 6505:2 6497:4 6495:O 6493:2 6491:C 6489:2 6481:3 6477:2 6469:3 6461:4 6453:3 6440:4 6427:4 6419:4 6411:6 6407:4 6399:3 6386:2 6368:3 6358:O 6356:8 6354:B 6352:2 6344:9 6342:O 6340:2 6338:B 6336:2 6328:7 6326:O 6324:4 6322:B 6320:2 6312:2 6303:3 6295:4 6286:6 6282:2 6272:6 6262:6 6253:4 6245:2 6243:) 6241:4 6233:6 6229:3 6221:2 6213:4 6194:3 6186:4 6182:2 6174:4 6170:2 6162:4 6158:3 6150:3 6146:3 6138:7 6136:O 6134:2 6132:P 6130:2 6128:H 6126:2 6118:7 6116:O 6114:2 6112:P 6110:4 6100:O 6098:3 6096:P 6094:5 6086:4 6082:3 6074:2 6072:O 6070:2 6066:3 6059:F 6057:3 6053:2 6045:3 6041:2 6033:2 6031:H 6029:2 6021:4 6017:2 6009:2 6007:O 6005:2 6003:N 6001:2 5993:3 5985:2 5966:3 5962:2 5954:3 5946:4 5942:2 5934:3 5930:2 5922:8 5920:O 5918:2 5916:S 5914:2 5906:7 5904:O 5902:2 5900:S 5898:2 5890:6 5888:O 5886:2 5884:S 5882:2 5874:5 5872:O 5870:2 5868:S 5866:2 5858:4 5856:O 5854:2 5852:S 5850:2 5842:3 5840:O 5838:2 5836:S 5834:2 5826:4 5818:3 5810:4 5806:2 5798:3 5794:2 5775:4 5767:3 5759:4 5751:3 5743:2 5730:4 5722:3 5714:2 5689:3 5682:P 5680:3 5672:2 5664:3 5657:N 5655:3 5635:2 5621:2 5607:2 5595:S 5593:2 5575:2 5573:O 5571:2 5564:O 5562:2 5554:2 5546:3 5507:2 5471:e 5464:t 5457:v 5234:) 5230:/ 5226:( 4992:) 4988:( 4974:e 4967:t 4960:v 4941:) 4927:( 4921:) 4917:( 4905:) 4901:( 4874:. 4861:. 4849:: 4779:. 4759:: 4736:. 4702:. 4690:: 4682:: 4652:. 4630:: 4603:. 4533:. 4521:: 4491:. 4465:. 4453:: 4366:. 4354:: 4331:. 4309:: 4282:. 4261:. 4233:. 4199:) 4185:. 4173:: 4098:. 4084:: 4057:. 3927:. 3900:. 3870:. 3799:. 3795:: 3757:. 3753:: 3708:. 3704:: 3670:. 3650:6 3578:. 3574:: 3551:. 3523:. 3508:O 3504:2 3499:H 3490:" 3480:. 3454:. 3409:. 3399:1 3378:. 3353:. 3305:. 3264:. 3244:: 3217:. 3211:: 3163:. 3159:: 3105:. 3073:. 3039:. 3014:. 2960:2 2891:2 2887:2 2883:2 2881:O 2879:2 2877:H 2479:" 2443:( 2322:O 2320:2 2302:O 2300:2 2245:) 2237:2 2233:2 2227:) 2219:2 2184:3 2180:2 2176:3 2172:2 2163:3 2159:2 2155:3 2151:2 2142:3 2138:2 2134:3 2130:2 2120:2 2110:2 2100:2 2078:O 2076:2 2052:O 2050:2 2046:2 1972:3 1968:2 1959:2 1955:2 1946:2 1942:3 1916:3 1912:2 1908:2 1904:2 1757:2 1751:O 1749:2 1719:2 1717:I 1715:( 1693:4 1689:2 1679:7 1677:O 1675:2 1671:2 1632:2 1619:2 1602:3 1584:3 1569:( 1547:3 1537:2 1519:2 1515:2 1508:O 1506:2 1502:2 1470:2 1466:2 1457:2 1453:2 1427:2 1416:2 1409:2 1398:2 1394:2 1385:3 1382:− 1377:2 1370:O 1368:2 1364:2 1345:2 1302:3 1299:− 1294:( 1280:O 1278:2 1265:O 1263:2 1257:O 1255:2 1153:O 1151:2 1125:( 1114:( 1085:O 1035:N 870:1 863:0 856:2 632:) 627:H 624:f 600:b 597:K 582:a 579:K 398:) 394:( 182:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.