1864:, which coordinates cross-border insolvency cases within the EU, except for Denmark. The regulation determines the jurisdiction and applicable law based on the debtor's center of main interests (COMI) and ensures automatic recognition of insolvency proceedings across member states. It promotes cooperation among administrators, courts, and creditors from different jurisdictions to streamline processes and protect the interests of all parties involved. In addition to the EU framework, individual countries have their own national insolvency laws that complement the European regulations.
1440:
1167:
1043:
37:
1698:
firms. Similarly, it requires authorisation to sell products EU wide, and then basic transparency requirements on products being sold, requirements in remuneration policies for fund managers that are perceived to reduce "risk" or make pay "performance" related. They do not, however, require limits to
1669:
is primarily concerned with creating a "passport". If a firm complies with rules on authorisation, and governance of the management and investment companies in an overall fund structure, it can sell its shares in a collective investment scheme across the EU. This forms a broader package of
Directives
1030:
of businesses in the
European Union through a process of harmonising the basic laws. The object is that when laws are harmonised, business will not be deterred by different or more onerous laws, but at the same time harmonisation provides a basic level of protection for investors in each member
1674:. Additional rules on remuneration practices, separating depositary bodies in firms from management and investment companies, and more penalties for violations were inserted in 2014. These measures are meant to decrease the risk to investors that an investment goes insolvent. The
1147:. This sets out basic provisions on the method of registration (e.g. by merger or reincorporation of an existing company) but then states that wherever the SE has its registered office, the law of that member state supplements the rules of the Statute. The
1682:. It requires similar authorisation procedures to have a "passport" to sell in any EU country, and transparency of financial contracts through duties to disclose material information about products being sold, including disclosure of potential
1503:
or banks, depending on the member state) who are holding "other people's money". A large proportion of this money comes from employees and other people saving for retirement, but who do not have an effective voice. Unlike
Switzerland after a
1084:
First
Company Law Directive 68/151/EEC, on co-ordination of safeguards (...) for the protection of the interests of members and others, repealed by 2009/101/EC. This concerned company registrations, transactional validity, the effect of
1025:
There have been, since the
European Community was founded in 1957, a series of directives creating minimum standards for business across the European Union. A central aim restated in each Directive is to reduce the barriers to
1653:. This requires duties of disclosure in how a retirement fund is run, funding and insurance to guard against insolvency, but not yet that voting rights are only cast on the instructions of investors. By contrast, the
1117:
in company law, adopted 20 June 2019, requiring member state transposition, in most respects, by 1 August 2021, but at a later date if agreed by the
Commission where there were "particular difficulties" with national
1923:
Directive (EU) 2019/1151 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132 as regards the use of digital tools and processes in company law (Text with EEA relevance)
1654:
1791:
Merger Tax
Directive 90/434/EEC, on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States, repealed by
1396:
972:
1419:
736:
continue to operate separate companies acts, which are amended from time to time to comply with EU Directives and
Regulations. There is, however, also the option of businesses to incorporate as a
949:
1110:
Directive (EU) 2017/1132 replaced
Directive 68/151/EEC and laid down rules concerning the disclosure and interconnection of central, commercial and companies registers of Member States
892:
1991:
1410:
1427:
1095:
Eleventh Company Law Directive 89/666/EEC, on disclosure requirements in respect of branches opened in a Member State by certain types of company governed by the law of another State
2041:
1650:
913:
925:
868:
2016:
1495:
be able to make proposals, ask questions at meetings, vote by proxy and vote through intermediaries. This has become increasingly important as most company shares are held by
880:
835:
901:
856:
823:
1898:
2200:
2032:
See M Gold, 'Worker directors in the UK and the limits of policy transfer from Europe since the 1970s' (2005) 20 Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 29, 35
1585:
1728:
998:
1596:
2168:
1155:
is incorporated, employees have the default right to retain all existing representation on the board of directors that they have, unless the negotiate by
2096:
1687:
1618:
783:
586:
1711:
is directed particularly at insurance firms, requiring minimum capital and best practices in valuation of assets, again to avoid insolvency. The
1675:
1607:
1256:
1948:
1934:
1144:
1229:
302:
544:
1532:
proposed in 1972, which would have required EU-wide rights for employees to vote for boards stalled mainly because it attempted to require
1284:
1298:
2083:
1324:
1977:
1270:
1860:
Europe Insolvency Law governs the rules and procedures related to insolvency and bankruptcy in European countries. It includes the EU
1720:
1716:
499:
1512:
in relation to brokers, the EU has not yet prevented intermediaries casting votes without express instructions of beneficiaries.
708:
1405:
1312:
2292:
2193:
776:
403:
212:
1505:
391:
335:
294:
1400:
that freedom of establishment requires companies operate in any member state they choose. This has been argued to risk a "
1962:
1148:
273:
1569:
733:
61:
2004:
1671:
1529:
1488:
1222:
847:
340:
769:
417:
318:
2110:
1965:
1951:
1937:
1712:
1849:
1843:
1793:
1776:
1770:
1753:
1099:
1001:
989:
977:
963:
940:
928:
916:
904:
883:
871:
859:
838:
826:
814:
802:
2277:
2044:
1824:
Eighth Company Law Directive 84/253/EEC, on the approval of persons responsible for carrying out the statutory
757:
243:
177:
1098:
Twelfth Company Law Directive 89/667/EEC, on single-member private limited-liability companies, repealed by
2020:
1745:
1662:
1451:
1215:
1178:
1054:
986:
811:
427:
1805:
Fourth Company Law Directive 78/660/EEC, on accounting standards, repealed by the EU Accounting Directive
2150:
1922:
1878:
1336:
1105:
952:
799:
732:. The EU creates minimum standards for companies throughout the EU, and has its own corporate forms. All
701:
614:
91:
2099:
2058:
1819:
1806:
1724:
1708:
1629:
1366:
1090:
310:
86:
71:
2137:
2125:
1893:
659:
594:
383:
253:
81:
1414:
that companies must still comply with proportionate requirements that are in the "public interest".
1027:
554:
421:
96:
56:
1670:
on securities and financial market regulation, much of which has been shaped by experience in the
1496:
263:
184:
1562:
1354:
1203:
1114:
1089:
transactions, or transactions by improperly incorporated businesses. Now replaced by Directive
1032:
1015:
960:
753:
694:
576:
350:
223:
137:
102:
66:
20:
2073:(3rd edn 2014). On the original conception of the need for securities market regulation, see
1861:
1679:
728:
which concerns the formation, operation and insolvency of companies (or corporations) in the
519:
51:
2272:
2114:
2055:
1815:
1715:
contain analogous rules, with a similar goals, for banks. To administer the new rules, the
1700:
1683:
1666:
1156:
644:
581:
8:
1749:
1690:
applies to firms with massive quantities of capital, over €100 million, essentially
1509:
619:
373:
345:
199:
172:
167:
157:
2262:
P Dyrberg, 'Full Free Movement of Companies in the European Community at Last' ELR 528
1883:
1401:
937:
725:
539:
459:
432:
112:
107:
76:
1555:
1533:
1152:
1140:
1134:
739:
599:
469:
357:
232:
194:
189:
1775:
Sixth Company Law Directive 82/891/EEC, on division of public companies, amended by
1888:
1517:
1128:
677:
664:
609:
509:
1704:
1537:
1207:
1106:
on cross-border transfer of the registered offices of limited liability companies
649:
604:
327:
152:
1655:
Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive 2009
1113:
Directive (EU) 2019/1151 amended Directive (EU) 2017/1132 as regards the use of
1873:
1695:
1500:
1159:
a different or better plan than is provided for in existing member state law.
729:
2286:
1812:
411:
378:
28:
529:
1492:
1479:
for who is on the board of directors for investors of labour and capital.
489:
479:
2194:"New EU insolvency rules give troubled businesses a chance to start anew"
1658:
1547:
1348:
625:
162:
147:
142:
1439:
1166:
1042:
1691:
682:
448:
398:
1420:
Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
761:
2078:
2074:
654:
1992:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
1719:
was established in 2011, and consists of three main branches: the
744:(SE), which allows a company to operate across all member states.
2042:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
1651:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
132:
1829:
1825:
1782:
1766:
1639:
1428:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction Company Baumanagement GmbH
1379:
1011:
2017:
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010
295:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
1828:
of accounting document, repealed by 2006/43/EC, on statutory
1788:
Thirteenth Company Law Directive 2004/25/EC, on takeover bids
1475:
Among the most important governance standards are rights to
1476:
1245:
2259:
M Andenas, 'Free Movement of Companies' (2003) 119 LQR 221
36:
1391:
1781:
Tenth Company Law Directive 2005/56/EC, on cross-border
1649:
A series of rights for ultimate investors exist in the
1587:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Directive 2003
1729:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
1899:
Swiss referendum "against corporate Rip-offs" of 2013
1752:, updated by 2006/68/EC and 2009/109/EC, repealed by
1598:
Undertakings for Collective Investment Directive 2009
1197:
1748:
77/91/EEC, on formation of public companies and the
2140:
respectively arts 22–23, 13 and Annex II, 14 and 30
1769:of public limited liability companies, repealed by
1688:
Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011
1620:
Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011
1237:
2284:
2240:Europäisches Unternehmens- und Kapitalmarktrecht
1536:structures, although most EU member states have
1676:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004
1609:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004
1258:R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v Treasury
1143:") has been available for incorporation in the
2071:EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation
1949:Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001
1935:Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001
1145:Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001
303:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
1811:Seventh Company Law Directive 83/349/EEC, on
1563:
1223:
777:
702:
1832:of annual accounts and consolidated accounts
1286:Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen
2084:The Modern Corporation and Private Property
1848:Transparency of Listed Companies Directive
1765:Third Company Law Directive 78/855/EEC, on
1759:
1132:
1073:
737:
2278:EU list of company law directives in force
1978:Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen
1818:, repealed by the EU Accounting Directive
1577:
1570:
1556:
1272:Gebhard v Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
1230:
1216:
974:Transparency of Listed Companies Directive
784:
770:
709:
695:
1721:European Securities and Markets Authority
1665:") should control the voting rights. The
1300:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
1122:
2191:
1717:European System of Financial Supervision
1917:
1915:
1913:
1799:
1699:pay. There are general prohibitions on
1470:
1104:Draft Fourteenth Company Law Directive
791:
2285:
2273:EU internal market page on company law
1739:
1516:Draft Ninth Company Law Directive, on
1313:Kamer van Koophandel v Inspire Art Ltd
950:Draft Fourteenth Company Law Directive
404:Limited liability limited partnership
319:Industrial and provident society
2151:"EUR-Lex - 32009L0138 - EN - EUR-Lex"
1750:maintenance and alteration of capital
1551:
1482:
1211:
1078:
1031:state, none of which are forced into
765:
501:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
1910:
1836:
1734:
1678:applies to other businesses selling
1434:
1161:
1037:
2169:"EUR-Lex - 230203_2 - EN - EUR-Lex"
1963:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
1149:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
13:
2206:from the original on May 19, 2023.
1703:, and specialised prohibitions on
1543:
1523:
1198:Conflicts of law and free movement
14:
2304:
2266:
2005:Shareholder Rights Directive 2007
1657:does suggest that investors in a
1530:Draft Fifth Company Law Directive
1489:Shareholder Rights Directive 2007
1325:Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt
893:Draft Ninth Company Law Directive
848:Draft Fifth Company Law Directive
1438:
1165:
1041:
546:Société à responsabilité limitée
35:
2238:Lutter, M/Bayer, W/Schmidt, J,
2233:Europäisches Gesellschaftsrecht
2185:
2161:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2104:
2090:
2063:
2049:
2035:
1713:Capital Requirements Directives
2245:Jung, S/Krebs, P/Stiegler, S,
2026:
2010:
1998:
1984:
1970:
1956:
1942:
1928:
1785:of limited liability companies
1238:Freedom of establishment cases
914:Eleventh Company Law Directive
1:
2213:
1995:(2003) C-167/01, ECR I-10155
1855:
1672:financial crisis of 2007–2008
1404:" in standards, although the
926:Twelfth Company Law Directive
869:Seventh Company Law Directive
758:History of the European Union
2293:European Union corporate law
2247:Gesellschaftsrecht in Europa
2021:Securities Exchange Act 1934
1981:(1999) C-212/97, ECR I-1459
1746:Second Company Law Directive
1663:collective investment scheme
1540:today with unified boards.
987:Shareholder Rights Directive
881:Eighth Company Law Directive
836:Fourth Company Law Directive
812:Second Company Law Directive
428:Massachusetts business trust
7:
1879:European Union shipping law
1867:
1115:digital tools and processes
902:Tenth Company Law Directive
857:Sixth Company Law Directive
824:Third Company Law Directive
800:First Company Law Directive
615:Piercing the corporate veil
311:Community interest company
286:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
274:Economic interest grouping
10:
2309:
1725:European Banking Authority
1709:Solvency II Directive 2009
1630:Solvency II Directive 2009
1367:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
1201:
751:
747:
384:Limited liability company
2231:M Habersack and D Verse,
1925:, accessed 14 August 2023
1894:List of company registers
1636:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1375:
1363:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1243:
1008:
996:
984:
970:
958:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
890:
878:
866:
854:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
595:Internal affairs doctrine
590:and estoppel corporations
2192:Stamegna, Carla (2018).
1904:
1760:Mergers and acquisitions
1506:2013 people's initiative
1151:also adds that, when an
1074:Formations and civil law
1028:freedom of establishment
19:This article is part of
1842:Market Abuse Directive
1497:institutional investors
265:Societas unius personae
127:General corporate forms
1578:Investment law sources
1355:ITWF v Viking Line ABP
1204:Regulatory competition
1133:
1123:European company forms
1033:regulatory competition
1016:European corporate law
961:Market Abuse Directive
754:History of company law
738:
577:Business judgment rule
2115:conflicts of interest
1862:Insolvency Regulation
1701:conflicts of interest
1684:conflicts of interest
1680:financial instruments
521:Naamloze vennootschap
511:Kabushiki gaisha
328:Limited company
2226:European Company Law
2056:UCITS Directive 2009
2007:2007/36/EC arts 5-14
1800:Accounting and audit
1667:UCITS Directive 2009
1471:Corporate governance
1423:ECR I-4165 (C-55/94)
1337:Commission v Germany
1157:collective agreement
999:Merger Tax Directive
722:European company law
645:Beneficial ownership
582:Corporate governance
418:Delaware corporation
245:Societas cooperativa
1740:Capital maintenance
1510:Dodd-Frank Act 2010
792:Company law sources
660:Corporate registers
620:Rochdale Principles
374:Benefit corporation
200:Sole proprietorship
2228:(Intersentia 2006)
1884:German company law
1727:in London and the
1686:with clients. The
1483:Shareholder rights
1450:. You can help by
1402:race to the bottom
1177:. You can help by
1139:, abbreviated to "
1079:Registration rules
1053:. You can help by
938:Takeover Directive
726:European Union law
461:Aktiengesellschaft
433:Nevada corporation
2242:(De Gruyter 2017)
2173:eur-lex.europa.eu
2155:eur-lex.europa.eu
2097:UCITS V Directive
1837:Market regulation
1735:Corporate finance
1646:
1645:
1468:
1467:
1408:soon affirmed in
1387:
1386:
1340:(2007) C-112/2005
1262:(1988) Case 81/87
1195:
1194:
1135:Societas Europaea
1071:
1070:
1022:
1021:
740:Societas Europaea
719:
718:
600:Limited liability
562:
561:
471:Ansvarlig selskap
358:Unlimited company
195:Shelf corporation
190:Shell corporation
178:Limited liability
2300:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2019:§957, inserting
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1889:US corporate law
1621:
1610:
1599:
1588:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1518:corporate groups
1463:
1460:
1442:
1435:
1406:Court of Justice
1392:Court of Justice
1301:
1287:
1273:
1259:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1138:
1129:European Company
1066:
1063:
1045:
1038:
975:
786:
779:
772:
763:
762:
743:
711:
704:
697:
665:Registered agent
610:Drag-along right
550:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
485:
475:
465:
455:
424:
407:
387:
331:
322:
314:
306:
298:
287:
277:
269:
259:
255:Societas privata
249:
239:
220:
219:
39:
16:
15:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2283:
2282:
2269:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2091:
2087:(1932) Part III
2069:See N Moloney,
2068:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1870:
1858:
1839:
1802:
1762:
1742:
1737:
1705:asset stripping
1647:
1642:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1546:
1544:Investor rights
1538:codetermination
1526:
1524:Employee rights
1485:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1448:needs expansion
1388:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1358:(2007) C-438/05
1341:
1329:
1328:(2008) C-210/06
1317:
1316:(2003) C-167/01
1305:
1304:(2002) C-208/00
1299:
1291:
1290:(1999) C-212/97
1285:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1175:needs expansion
1127:Since 2002, a "
1125:
1118:implementation.
1081:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1051:needs expansion
1023:
1018:
1004:
992:
980:
973:
966:
954:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
886:
874:
862:
850:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
790:
760:
752:Main articles:
750:
724:is the part of
715:
670:
669:
650:Civil procedure
640:
632:
631:
605:Tag-along right
572:
564:
563:
548:
533:
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
473:
463:
453:
422:statutory trust
416:
405:
385:
329:
326:
320:
312:
304:
296:
285:
275:
267:
257:
247:
237:
217:
215:by jurisdiction
214:
213:Corporate forms
205:
204:
185:Private limited
153:Holding company
128:
120:
119:
101:
47:
46:By jurisdiction
12:
11:
5:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2267:External links
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2235:(CH Beck 2011)
2229:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2184:
2160:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2103:
2089:
2062:
2048:
2034:
2025:
2009:
1997:
1983:
1969:
1955:
1941:
1927:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:UK company law
1869:
1866:
1857:
1854:
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1838:
1835:
1834:
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1822:
1809:
1801:
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1731:in Frankfurt.
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2018:
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1446:This section
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1049:This section
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639:Related areas
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412:S corporation
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389:
388:
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380:
379:C corporation
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366:United States
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92:United States
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65:
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58:
55:
53:
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49:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
29:Corporate law
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2249:(Nomos 2019)
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2113:, art 18 on
2106:
2092:
2082:
2070:
2065:
2059:art 19(3)(o)
2051:
2037:
2028:
2012:
2000:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1972:
1958:
1944:
1938:No 2157/2001
1930:
1859:
1648:
1527:
1493:shareholders
1486:
1474:
1456:
1452:adding to it
1447:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1183:
1179:adding to it
1174:
1126:
1086:
1059:
1055:adding to it
1050:
1024:
721:
720:
624:
587:
545:
530:
520:
510:
500:
491:Aksjeselskap
490:
481:Aktieselskab
480:
470:
460:
449:
336:by guarantee
264:
254:
244:
233:
138:Conglomerate
82:South Africa
1850:2004/109/EC
1794:2009/133/EC
1692:hedge funds
1659:mutual fund
1499:(primarily
1411:Inspire Art
1349:The Rosella
1100:2009/102/EC
1087:ultra vires
1002:2009/133/EC
978:2004/109/EC
929:2009/102/EC
803:2009/101/EC
626:Ultra vires
346:proprietary
163:Partnership
158:Joint-stock
148:Corporation
143:Cooperative
2214:References
2178:2023-05-19
2138:2011/61/EU
2126:2011/61/EU
2111:2004/39/EC
2100:2014/91/EU
2045:2003/41/EC
1856:Insolvency
1820:2013/34/EU
1807:2013/34/EU
1777:2007/63/EC
1771:2011/35/EU
1754:2012/30/EU
1431:(C-208/00)
1248:arts 49-55
990:2007/36/EC
941:2004/25/EC
917:89/666/EEC
905:2005/56/EC
884:2006/43/EC
872:83/349/EEC
860:82/891/EEC
839:78/660/EEC
827:2011/35/EU
815:2012/30/EU
683:Law portal
531:Osakeyhtiö
450:Aktiebolag
399:Series LLC
2023:§6(b)(10)
1921:EUR-Lex,
1844:2003/6/EC
1491:requires
1370:ECHR 1345
1091:2017/1132
964:2003/6/EC
571:Doctrines
341:by shares
57:Australia
2287:Category
2254:Articles
2201:Archived
2128:art 3(2)
2079:GC Means
2075:AA Berle
1868:See also
1816:accounts
1394:held in
655:Contract
588:De facto
420: /
234:Societas
52:Anguilla
21:a series
1783:mergers
1767:mergers
1397:Centros
748:History
555:more...
173:Limited
168:General
133:Company
113:Germany
97:Vietnam
1830:audits
1826:audits
1707:. The
1640:EU law
1380:EU law
1131:" (or
1012:EU law
549:(SARL)
524:(N.V.)
514:(K.K.)
504:(GmbH)
452:
441:Others
406:(LLLP)
351:public
330:(Ltd.)
305:(SCIO)
276:(EEIG)
236:
108:France
67:Canada
2219:Books
2204:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
1966:Annex
1952:art 3
1905:Notes
1813:group
1661:or ("
484:(A/S)
474:(ANS)
386:(LLC)
321:(IPS)
313:(CIC)
297:(CIO)
268:(SUP)
258:(SPE)
248:(SCE)
77:India
2077:and
1694:and
1638:See
1487:The
1477:vote
1390:The
1377:See
1246:TFEU
1014:and
1010:See
756:and
540:S.A.
534:(Oy)
494:(AS)
464:(AG)
454:(AB)
238:(SE)
1454:.
1352:or
1181:.
1057:.
62:BVI
2289::
2199:.
2171:.
2153:.
2081:,
1912:^
1528:A
1153:SE
1141:SE
1035:.
87:UK
23:on
2181:.
2157:.
1571:e
1564:t
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1457:(
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1184:(
1064:)
1060:(
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710:e
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696:v
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