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641:. The upper 200 metres is referred to as the photic or euphotic zone. This represents the region where enough light can penetrate to support photosynthesis, and it corresponds to the epipelagic zone. From 200 to 1000 metres lies the dysphotic zone, or the twilight zone (corresponding with the mesopelagic zone). There is still some light at these depths, but not enough to support photosynthesis. Below 1000 metres is the aphotic (or midnight) zone, where no light penetrates. This region includes the majority of the ocean volume, which exists in complete darkness.
509:
650:
598:
606:
colour of light available at depth underwater, so it is the only colour that can be reflected back to the eye, and everything has a blue tinge under water. A red object at depth will not appear red to us because there is no red light available to reflect off of the object. Objects in water will only appear as their real colours near the surface where all wavelengths of light are still available, or if the other wavelengths of light are provided artificially, such as by illuminating the object with a dive light.
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402:
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469:(animals that can propel themselves, like fish, squids, and crabs), which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest among all the groups. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants living suspended in the water column that have little or no means of motility. They are primary producers that use solar energy as a food source.
368:) of the phytoplankton. The thicknesses of the photic and euphotic zones vary with the intensity of sunlight as a function of season and latitude and with the degree of water turbidity. The bottommost, or aphotic, zone is the region of perpetual darkness that lies beneath the photic zone and includes most of the ocean waters.
472:
Detritivores and scavengers are rare in the photic zone. Microbial decomposition of dead organisms begins here and continues once the bodies sink to the aphotic zone where they form the most important source of nutrients for deep sea organisms. The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency
1798:
Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Keigwin, Lloyd D.; Plessen, Birgit; Schettler, Georg; Cook, Mea S.; Haug, Gerald H. (2010). "Glacial/interglacial changes in nutrient supply and stratification in the western subarctic North
Pacific since the penultimate glacial maximum".
633:
than the open ocean. Many of these organisms, such as phytoplankton, absorb light in the blue and red range through their photosynthetic pigments, leaving green as the dominant wavelength of reflected light. Therefore the higher the phytoplankton concentration in water, the greener it appears. Small
593:
In addition to overall attenuation, the oceans absorb the different wavelengths of light at different rates. The wavelengths at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum are attenuated faster than those wavelengths in the middle. Longer wavelengths are absorbed first; red is absorbed in the upper 10
589:
Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth. At one metre depth only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 metres depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only
585:
Most of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the range of visible light, with wavelengths between about 400-700 nm. Each colour of visible light has a unique wavelength, and together they make up white light. The shortest wavelengths are on the violet and ultraviolet end of the spectrum, while
494:
of inorganic nitrogen across the nutricline. Chemical factors include oxygen and trace elements. Biological factors include grazing and migrations. Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the photic zone, strengthening phytoplankton growth. The remixing and upwelling eventually bring
499:
additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affects the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect for other species. Besides phytoplankton, many
865:
Dimethylsulfide loss within the photic zone is controlled by microbial uptake and photochemical degradation. But what exactly is dimethylsulfide and why is it important? This compound (see the photo) helps regulate sulfur cycle and ecology within the ocean. Marine bacteria, algae, coral and most
605:
This is why things appear blue underwater. How colours are perceived by the eye depends on the wavelengths of light that are received by the eye. An object appears red to the eye because it reflects red light and absorbs other colours. So the only colour reaching the eye is red. Blue is the only
476:
Animals within the photic zone use the cycle of light and dark as an important environmental signal, migration is directly linked to this fact, fishes use the concept of dusk and dawn when its time to migrate, the photic zone resembles this concept providing a sense of time. These animals can be
845:
Phytoplankton are restricted to the photo zone only. As its growth is completely dependent upon photosynthesis. This results in the 50–100 m water level inside the ocean. Growth can also come from land factors, for example minerals that are dissolved from rocks, mineral nutrients from
617:, such as phytoplankton or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. Blue light penetrates deeply and is scattered by the water molecules, while all other colours are absorbed; thus the water appears blue. On the other hand,
388:
grow extremely quickly because of sunlight's heavy influence, enabling it to be produced at a fast rate. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis in the ocean occurs in the photic zone. Therefore, if we go deeper, beyond the photic zone, such as into the
869:
However this compound can be toxic to humans if swallowed, absorbed through the skin and inhaled. Proteins within plants and animals depend on this compound. Making it a significant part of ecology, it's good to know that it lives in the photic zone as well.
813:
water upwelling associated with this may have contributed to the establishment of globally cooler conditions and the expansion of glaciers across the
Northern Hemisphere from 2.73 Ma. While the halocline appears to have prevailed through the
500:
other animals also live in this zone and utilize these nutrients. The majority of ocean life occurs in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone by water volume. The photic zone, although small, has a large impact on those who reside in it.
580:
Comparison of the depths which different colors of light penetrate open ocean waters and the murkier coastal waters. Water absorbs the warmer long wavelengths colours, like reds and oranges, and scatter the cooler short wavelength
1888:
1442:
Haug, Gerald H.; Ganopolski, Andrey; Sigman, Daniel M.; Rosell-Mele, Antoni; Swann, George E. A.; Tiedemann, Ralf; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Bollmann, Jörg; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Eglinton, Geoffrey (2005).
485:
Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low levels of nutrient concentrations. As a result, phytoplankton doesn't receive enough nutrients when there is high water-column stability. The
1555:
Nie, Junsheng; King, John; Liu, Zhengyu; Clemens, Steve; Prell, Warren; Fang, Xiaomin (2008). "Surface-water freshening: A cause for the onset of North
Pacific stratification from 2.75 Ma onward?".
520:
in the water column. As incoming light at the surface can vary widely, this says little about the net growth of phytoplankton. Typical euphotic depths vary from only a few centimetres in highly
586:
the longest wavelengths are at the red and infrared end. In between, the colours of the visible spectrum comprise the familiar “ROYGBIV”; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
393:, there is little to no phytoplankton, because of insufficient sunlight. The zone which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to the aphotic zone is sometimes called the dysphotic zone.
2413:
2905:
1698:
Jaccard, S.L.; Galbraith, E.D.; Sigman, D.M.; Haug, G.H. (2010). "A pervasive link between
Antarctic ice core and subarctic Pacific sediment records over the past 800kyrs".
1655:
Sarnthein, M.; Gebhardt, H.; Kiefer, T.; Kucera, M.; Cook, M.; Erlenkeuser, H. (2004). "Mid
Holocene origin of the sea-surface salinity low in the subarctic North Pacific".
857:
An increase in the amount of phytoplankton also creates an increase in zooplankton, the zooplankton feeds on the phytoplankton as they are at the bottom of the food chain.
594:
metres, orange by about 40 metres, and yellow disappears before 100 metres. Shorter wavelengths penetrate further, with blue and green light reaching the deepest depths.
543:
is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other
723:
refer to preserved or fossilized physical markers which serve as substitutes for direct meteorological or ocean measurements. An example of proxies is the use of
1508:"Diatom δ18O evidence for the development of the modern halocline system in the subarctic northwest Pacific at the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation"
2408:
634:
silt particles may also absorb blue light, further shifting the colour of water away from blue when there are high concentrations of suspended particles.
490:
of organisms can be controlled by a number of factors. Physical factors include: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, turbulent mixing such as the upward
1741:
Galbraith, Eric D.; Kienast, Markus; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Pedersen, Thomas F.; Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Kiefer, Thorsten (2008-05-23).
516:
The depth is, by definition, where radiation is degraded down to 1% of its surface strength. Accordingly, its thickness depends on the extent of light
473:
of the water. If the water is very clear, the photic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet (fifteen meters) deep.
3963:
3953:
3012:
2438:
1101:
Longhurst, Alan R.; Glen
Harrison, W. (June 1988). "Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton".
307:
1743:"Consistent relationship between global climate and surface nitrate utilization in the western subarctic Pacific throughout the last 500 ka"
1930:
1638:
2278:
2023:
1291:"What Are "Proxy" Data? | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)"
754:). In 2015, Swann and Snelling used these isotope records to document historic changes in the photic zone conditions of the north-west
2253:
1241:
3869:
2428:
2213:
805:
at 2.73 Ma, which increased the flux of freshwater to the region, via increased monsoonal rainfall and/or glacial meltwater, and
719:
is used in order to relate elements collected in modern-day sedimentary samples to climatic and oceanic conditions in the past.
4236:
3284:
3052:
1085:
943:
763:
4274:
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2443:
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lives in the photic zone, which is approximately two hundred meters deep. This includes phytoplankton (plants), including
3005:
2541:
2403:
881:
413:
Zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration. The mesopelagic is sometimes referred to as the
3406:
4111:
3538:
3426:
1842:
Kohfeld, Karen E.; Chase, Zanna (2011). "Controls on deglacial changes in biogenic fluxes in the North
Pacific Ocean".
300:
3958:
3229:
2433:
3416:
3376:
2068:
1923:
1600:"Salinity changes in the North West Pacific Ocean during the late Pliocene/early Quaternary from 2.73Ma to 2.52Ma"
4146:
3132:
1044:
1020:
871:
4226:
3819:
2998:
2895:
789:
780:
17:
293:
3274:
2915:
2900:
770:. Peaks in opal productivity in the marine isotope stage are associated with the breakdown of the regional
1193:
Lee, ZhongPing; Weidemann, Alan; Kindle, John; Arnone, Robert; Carder, Kendall L.; Davis, Curtiss (2007).
2910:
1916:
1506:
Swann, George E. A.; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Haug, Gerald H. (2006-02-24).
637:
The ocean can be divided into depth layers depending on the amount of light penetration, as discussed in
3334:
3471:
2218:
967:
376:
In the photic zone, the photosynthesis rate exceeds the respiration rate. This is due to the abundant
4006:
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2420:
365:
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3511:
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806:
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996:
4168:
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3533:
3219:
2506:
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2198:
2183:
1146:"Some Chemical and Microbiological Observations in the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands1"
980:
798:
569:
158:
409:
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3983:
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2486:
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2013:
891:
680:
1618:
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3446:
3157:
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1953:
1851:
1808:
1754:
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1664:
1614:
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1519:
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1389:
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727:
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8:
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1711:
1668:
1568:
1523:
1460:
1393:
1334:
1210:
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1114:
825:, other studies have shown that the stratification boundary may have broken down in the
590:
1% of the original light is left at 100 metres. No light penetrates beyond 1000 metres.
4126:
3839:
3829:
3794:
3694:
3679:
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2797:
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2043:
1986:
1780:
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961:
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other organisms within the ocean release this, constituting a range of gene families.
649:
614:
536:
390:
802:
477:
herrings and sardines and other fishes that consistently live within the photic zone.
4208:
4198:
4141:
4121:
3804:
3769:
3704:
3684:
3674:
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3244:
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2812:
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2188:
2128:
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2028:
1939:
1867:
1824:
1772:
1723:
1680:
1630:
1580:
1537:
1480:
1472:
1445:"North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago"
1413:
1405:
1348:
1290:
1224:
1175:
1126:
1122:
1081:
949:
939:
938:. Fa2000lkowski, Paul G., Knoll, Andrew H. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2007.
531:. It also varies with seasonal changes in turbidity, which can be strongly driven by
381:
361:
276:
101:
1863:
1820:
1719:
1676:
1576:
1492:
352:. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply
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3436:
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1971:
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1762:
1715:
1672:
1622:
1572:
1527:
1464:
1425:
1397:
1338:
1214:
1195:"Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing"
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1118:
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712:
684:
540:
90:
597:
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2053:
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911:
886:
826:
759:
708:
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438:
1270:, chapter 6.5 Light, Rebus Community, Roger Williams University, open textbook.
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2001:
1996:
1991:
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1194:
1144:
Gundersen, K.; Mountain, C. W.; Taylor, Diane; Ohye, R.; Shen, J. (July 1972).
563:
426:
349:
281:
261:
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1170:
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3224:
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2968:
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2827:
2728:
2723:
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2018:
1981:
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1727:
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1409:
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2078:
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1417:
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generations of plants and animals ,that made its way into the photic zone.
668:
638:
618:
576:
377:
357:
149:
112:
79:
46:
1343:
1318:
555:
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concentrations, such that the depth of the photic zone often decreases as
4193:
3854:
3719:
3659:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3496:
3431:
3391:
3381:
3356:
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3152:
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2123:
1976:
1767:
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517:
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230:
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1468:
1401:
4011:
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3259:
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3147:
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2782:
2571:
2551:
2335:
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2093:
2006:
716:
610:
491:
462:
206:
195:
173:
123:
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3930:
3844:
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3162:
3082:
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3029:
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2777:
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2325:
2318:
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2203:
1908:
771:
524:
521:
450:
217:
184:
27:
The uppermost layer of a sea water column that is exposed to sunlight
912:"Photic zone | Marine Life, Photosynthesis & Light | Britannica"
829:
at glacial terminations and during the early part of interglacials.
4178:
3900:
3759:
3651:
3641:
3586:
3062:
2822:
2632:
2178:
2173:
2098:
1319:"Photic zone changes in the north-west Pacific Ocean from MIS 4–5e"
819:
696:
692:
621:
often appears greenish. Coastal water contains much more suspended
544:
353:
341:
758:, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue
4047:
4037:
3207:
3177:
2832:
2792:
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1362:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1276:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
810:
664:
560:
Phytoplankton growth is affected by the colour spectrum of light,
458:
2581:
1951:
735:
731:
654:
Intricate silicate (glass) shell, 32-40 million years old, of a
3754:
3167:
2817:
2143:
1740:
1441:
1376:
Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Haug, Gerald H. (2004).
767:
724:
688:
655:
466:
430:
465:
distributed everywhere in the photic zone. Finally, there are
401:
4116:
3935:
3714:
3669:
1654:
1358:
1272:
626:
528:
1797:
3548:
2313:
1143:
849:
704:
622:
1697:
1455:(7028). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 821–825.
2375:
2365:
1388:(6978). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 59–63.
1192:
380:
which is used as an energy source for photosynthesis by
1103:
Deep Sea
Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1364:
Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
1278:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1100:
1072:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. p. 636.
1505:
613:
appears clear and blue because it contains much less
480:
495:
nutrient-rich wastes back into the photic zone. The
774:and increased nutrient supply to the photic zone.
1045:"Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1021:"Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
695:. When diatoms die their shells can settle on the
3964:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1554:
1375:
703:. Over time, these microfossils become buried as
4261:
371:
3954:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1883:
1881:
1317:Swann, G. E. A.; Snelling, A. M. (2015-01-06).
1068:Sheppard, Charles R. C. (1982). "Photic zone".
1378:"Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate"
449:, the consumers in the photic zone. There are
3006:
2214:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1924:
1316:
797:The initial development of the halocline and
360:. The photic zone is home to the majority of
301:
1878:
1841:
1753:(2). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a.
1518:(1). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a.
1312:
1310:
832:
2279:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1437:
1435:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
3013:
2999:
1931:
1917:
801:has been attributed to the onset of major
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308:
294:
3020:
1766:
1531:
1342:
1307:
1218:
1169:
936:Evolution of primary producers in the sea
1432:
1247:
1067:
848:
836:
648:
596:
575:
554:
527:lakes, to around 200 meters in the open
507:
408:
400:
1548:
1199:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
14:
4262:
3285:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1938:
2994:
2467:
2466:
1950:
1912:
1597:
4232:
691:, which grow silicate shells called
550:
503:
2542:Oceanic physical-biological process
2404:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1607:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
882:Electromagnetic absorption by water
644:
24:
4112:National Oceanographic Data Center
3539:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3427:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
860:
568:in the blue and red range through
481:Nutrient uptake in the photic zone
25:
4286:
3959:Global Sea Level Observing System
1850:(23–24). Elsevier BV: 3350–3363.
1807:(19–20). Elsevier BV: 2579–2590.
1663:(20–22). Elsevier BV: 2089–2099.
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4231:
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4221:
3417:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3333:
3322:
2975:
2974:
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2948:
2580:
2252:
2069:Colored dissolved organic matter
1644:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1357:
1271:
788:
779:
4147:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3870:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2414:Latin America and the Caribbean
1864:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.007
1835:
1821:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.010
1791:
1734:
1720:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.007
1691:
1677:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.008
1648:
1591:
1577:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.08.003
1499:
1369:
1283:
1235:
1186:
997:"Trophic Levels of Coral Reefs"
853:Drawn image of a phytoplankton
715:is the study of past climates.
601:Cycling of marine phytoplankton
2896:Ecological values of mangroves
2439:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1244:NOAA. Updated: 26 August 2010.
1137:
1094:
1061:
1037:
1013:
989:
984:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
974:
928:
904:
803:Northern Hemisphere glaciation
762:, from the modern day back to
336:) is the uppermost layer of a
13:
1:
1706:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 206–212.
1613:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 332–338.
1329:(1). Copernicus GmbH: 15–25.
897:
384:such as phytoplankton. These
372:Photosynthesis in photic zone
3407:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3377:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3133:Luke's variational principle
2916:Marine conservation activism
2901:Fisheries and climate change
1267:Introduction to Oceanography
1123:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90065-9
7:
4275:Oceanographical terminology
2911:Human impact on marine life
2788:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2024:Aquatic population dynamics
1598:Swann, George E.A. (2010).
1563:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 49–52.
1557:Global and Planetary Change
1070:Beaches and Coastal Geology
875:
823:glacial–interglacial cycles
766:, which coincides with the
683:which form the base of the
512:Depth of light penetration
10:
4291:
3472:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3320:
1844:Quaternary Science Reviews
1801:Quaternary Science Reviews
1700:Quaternary Science Reviews
1657:Quaternary Science Reviews
1627:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.035
1150:Limnology and Oceanography
841:Dimethyl sulfide structure
662:
562:and in the process called
405:Layers of the pelagic zone
4217:
4056:
4030:
4007:Ocean acoustic tomography
3992:
3944:
3883:
3820:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3778:
3650:
3547:
3412:General circulation model
3342:
3048:Benjamin–Feir instability
3028:
2942:
2881:
2753:
2689:
2651:
2598:
2589:
2578:
2527:Marine primary production
2479:
2475:
2462:
2421:List of marine ecoregions
2396:
2261:
2250:
1964:
1960:
1946:
1171:10.4319/lo.1972.17.4.0524
1078:10.1007/0-387-30843-1_325
833:Phytoplankton side notes.
539:increases. Moreover, the
4137:Ocean surface topography
3512:Thermohaline circulation
3502:Subsurface ocean current
3442:Hydrothermal circulation
3275:Wave–current interaction
3053:Boussinesq approximation
2773:Coastal biogeomorphology
2768:Marine coastal ecosystem
807:sea surface temperatures
772:halocline stratification
768:last interglacial period
687:. They are dominated by
4174:Sea surface temperature
4157:Outline of oceanography
3352:Atmospheric circulation
3290:shallow water equations
3280:Waves and shallow water
3173:Significant wave height
2681:Paradox of the plankton
2492:Diel vertical migration
2386:Freshwater swamp forest
2104:GIS and aquatic science
1952:General components and
1619:2010E&PSL.297..332S
799:stratified water column
764:marine isotope stage 5e
570:photosynthetic pigments
397:Life in the photic zone
4169:Sea surface microlayer
3534:Wind generated current
2507:Large marine ecosystem
2199:Shoaling and schooling
966:: CS1 maint: others (
854:
842:
660:
602:
582:
573:
513:
418:
406:
4002:Deep scattering layer
3984:World Geodetic System
3492:Princeton Ocean Model
3372:Coriolis–Stokes force
3022:Physical oceanography
2926:Marine protected area
2853:Salt pannes and pools
2628:Marine larval ecology
2603:Census of Marine Life
2487:Deep scattering layer
2444:San Francisco Estuary
2409:Africa and Madagascar
2234:Underwater camouflage
2014:Aquatic biomonitoring
1954:freshwater ecosystems
1893:www.dnr.louisiana.gov
1344:10.5194/cp-11-15-2015
1049:www.sciencedirect.com
1025:www.sciencedirect.com
892:Mesophotic coral reef
852:
840:
663:Further information:
652:
631:microscopic organisms
600:
579:
558:
511:
412:
404:
364:due to the activity (
4022:Underwater acoustics
3582:Perigean spring tide
3447:Langmuir circulation
3158:Rossby-gravity waves
2661:Marine bacteriophage
2623:Marine invertebrates
1768:10.1029/2007pa001518
1533:10.1029/2005pa001147
1220:10.1029/2006JC003802
721:Paleoclimate proxies
488:spatial distribution
457:plant eaters. Next,
272:Ocean stratification
4184:Science On a Sphere
3790:Convergent boundary
3462:Modular Ocean Model
3422:Geostrophic current
3138:Mild-slope equation
2537:Ocean fertilization
2346:Trophic state index
2304:Lake stratification
2034:Aquatic respiration
1856:2011QSRv...30.3350K
1813:2010QSRv...29.2579B
1759:2008PalOc..23.2212G
1712:2010QSRv...29..206J
1669:2004QSRv...23.2089S
1569:2008GPC....64...49N
1524:2006PalOc..21.1009S
1469:10.1038/nature03332
1461:2005Natur.433..821H
1402:10.1038/nature02357
1394:2004Natur.428...59S
1335:2015CliPa..11...15S
1323:Climate of the Past
1211:2007JGRC..112.3009L
1162:1972LimOc..17..524G
1115:1988DSRA...35..881L
445:. It also includes
267:Lake stratification
3840:Seafloor spreading
3830:Outer trench swell
3795:Divergent boundary
3695:Continental margin
3680:Carbonate platform
3577:Lunitidal interval
2803:Intertidal wetland
2798:Intertidal ecology
2666:Marine prokaryotes
2608:Deep-sea community
2502:Iron fertilization
2425:Specific examples
2351:Upland and lowland
2269:Freshwater biology
2134:Microbial food web
2044:Aquatic toxicology
1987:Aquatic adaptation
1940:Aquatic ecosystems
1264:Webb, Paul (2019)
916:www.britannica.com
855:
843:
809:. The decrease of
661:
615:particulate matter
603:
583:
574:
537:primary production
514:
421:Ninety percent of
419:
407:
391:compensation point
366:primary production
277:Aquatic ecosystems
4257:
4256:
4249:Oceans portal
4209:World Ocean Atlas
4199:Underwater glider
4142:Ocean temperature
3805:Hydrothermal vent
3770:Submarine volcano
3705:Continental shelf
3685:Coastal geography
3675:Bathymetric chart
3557:Amphidromic point
3245:Wave nonlinearity
3103:Infragravity wave
2988:
2987:
2969:Oceans portal
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2813:Hydrothermal vent
2749:
2748:
2638:Seashore wildlife
2469:Marine ecosystems
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2224:Thermal pollution
2189:Ramsar Convention
2129:Microbial ecology
2089:Fisheries science
2029:Aquatic predation
1295:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
1087:978-0-87933-213-6
986:. 14 August 2009.
945:978-0-08-055051-0
685:ocean food chains
551:Light attenuation
504:Photic zone depth
382:primary producers
318:
317:
16:(Redirected from
4282:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4164:Pelagic sediment
4102:Marine pollution
3896:Deep ocean water
3765:Submarine canyon
3700:Continental rise
3592:Rule of twelfths
3507:Sverdrup balance
3437:Humboldt Current
3362:Boundary current
3337:
3326:
3143:Radiation stress
3113:Iribarren number
3088:Equatorial waves
3043:Ballantine scale
3038:Airy wave theory
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2955:Lakes portal
2953:
2952:
2951:
2921:Marine pollution
2613:Deep-water coral
2596:
2595:
2584:
2517:Marine chemistry
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2381:Freshwater marsh
2274:Freshwater biome
2256:
1972:Acoustic ecology
1962:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1770:
1747:Paleoceanography
1738:
1732:
1731:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1512:Paleoceanography
1503:
1497:
1496:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
993:
987:
978:
972:
971:
965:
957:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
908:
820:early Quaternary
792:
783:
713:Paleoclimatology
707:deposits in the
645:Paleoclimatology
541:respiration rate
453:meat eaters and
439:coccolithophores
310:
303:
296:
240:
238:
229:
227:
216:
214:
205:
203:
194:
192:
183:
181:
172:
170:
148:
146:
137:
135:
122:
120:
111:
109:
100:
98:
89:
87:
78:
76:
67:
65:
56:
54:
45:
43:
30:
29:
21:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4270:Aquatic ecology
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4241:
4213:
4052:
4026:
3988:
3969:Sea-level curve
3940:
3879:
3865:Transform fault
3815:Mid-ocean ridge
3781:
3774:
3740:Oceanic plateau
3646:
3632:Tidal resonance
3602:Theory of tides
3543:
3452:Longshore drift
3402:Ekman transport
3338:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3270:Wave turbulence
3203:Trochoidal wave
3128:Longshore drift
3024:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2930:
2891:Coral bleaching
2877:
2858:Seagrass meadow
2755:Marine habitats
2745:
2719:Coral reef fish
2685:
2671:Marine protists
2647:
2585:
2576:
2547:Ocean turbidity
2522:Marine food web
2471:
2450:
2392:
2331:River ecosystem
2284:Freshwater fish
2257:
2248:
2054:Bioluminescence
2039:Aquatic science
1956:
1942:
1937:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1840:
1836:
1796:
1792:
1739:
1735:
1696:
1692:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1553:
1549:
1504:
1500:
1440:
1433:
1374:
1370:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1263:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1191:
1187:
1142:
1138:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
995:
994:
990:
979:
975:
959:
958:
946:
934:
933:
929:
920:
918:
910:
909:
905:
900:
887:Epipelagic fish
878:
863:
861:Dimethylsulfide
835:
827:late Quaternary
793:
784:
760:biological pump
753:
749:
745:
728:isotope records
709:marine sediment
671:
659:
647:
572:
567:
561:
553:
506:
497:Ekman transport
483:
427:dinoflagellates
399:
374:
356:into the upper
330:epipelagic zone
314:
262:Marine habitats
236:
235:
225:
224:
212:
211:
201:
200:
190:
189:
179:
178:
168:
167:
144:
143:
133:
132:
118:
117:
107:
106:
96:
95:
85:
84:
74:
73:
63:
62:
52:
51:
41:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4239:
4229:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Stratification
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4079:Color of water
4076:
4074:Benthic lander
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:Sea level rise
3976:
3974:Sea level drop
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Marine geology
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Passive margin
3747:
3745:Oceanic trench
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Ocean dynamics
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Coriolis force
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Stokes problem
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Kinematic wave
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2958:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2709:Saltwater fish
2706:
2704:Marine reptile
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2676:Marine viruses
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2653:Microorganisms
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2643:Wild fisheries
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Thorson's rule
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Marine biology
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Brackish marsh
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:Lake ecosystem
2296:
2291:
2289:Hyporheic zone
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Microbial loop
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Eutrophication
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Cascade effect
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:Aquatic animal
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1889:"Accumulation"
1877:
1834:
1790:
1733:
1690:
1647:
1590:
1547:
1498:
1431:
1368:
1306:
1282:
1246:
1242:Ocean Explorer
1234:
1205:(C3): C03009.
1185:
1156:(4): 524–532.
1136:
1109:(6): 881–889.
1093:
1086:
1060:
1036:
1012:
988:
973:
944:
927:
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
877:
874:
862:
859:
834:
831:
795:
794:
787:
785:
778:
751:
747:
743:
681:microorganisms
653:
646:
643:
564:photosynthesis
559:
552:
549:
505:
502:
492:turbulent flux
482:
479:
461:are the small
415:dysphotic zone
398:
395:
373:
370:
350:photosynthesis
340:that receives
316:
315:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
282:Wild fisheries
279:
274:
269:
264:
256:
255:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
222:
221:
220:
209:
187:
162:
161:
159:Stratification
155:
154:
153:
152:
141:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
115:
104:
93:
71:
70:
69:
35:
34:
33:Aquatic layers
26:
18:Euphotic depth
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4287:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Marine energy
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Acidification
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:SOFAR channel
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Oceanic crust
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Fracture zone
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Oceanic basin
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Abyssal plain
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Internal tide
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Ocean current
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3325:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Wave shoaling
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Ursell number
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Internal wave
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Breaking wave
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Sponge ground
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Marine biomes
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Demersal fish
2727:
2725:
2724:Deep-sea fish
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Marine mammal
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Trophic level
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Sediment trap
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Phytoplankton
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Aquatic plant
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Anoxic waters
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1002:
998:
992:
985:
982:
977:
969:
963:
955:
951:
947:
941:
937:
931:
917:
913:
907:
903:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
873:
872:
867:
858:
851:
847:
839:
830:
828:
824:
821:
817:
816:late Pliocene
812:
808:
804:
800:
791:
786:
782:
777:
776:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Pacific Ocean
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
674:Phytoplankton
670:
666:
657:
651:
642:
640:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:coastal water
616:
612:
609:Water in the
607:
599:
595:
591:
587:
578:
571:
565:
557:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:phytoplankton
530:
526:
523:
519:
510:
501:
498:
493:
489:
478:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:cyanobacteria
432:
428:
424:
416:
411:
403:
394:
392:
387:
386:phytoplankton
383:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:phytoplankton
343:
339:
338:body of water
335:
334:sunlight zone
331:
327:
326:euphotic zone
323:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
253:
252:
243:
234:
233:
232:
223:
219:
210:
208:
199:
198:
197:
188:
186:
177:
176:
175:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
142:
140:
131:
125:
116:
114:
113:Abyssopelagic
105:
103:
94:
92:
83:
82:
81:
72:
61:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4204:Water column
4152:Oceanography
4127:Observations
4122:Explorations
4092:Marginal sea
4085:
4043:OSTM/Jason-2
3925:
3875:Volcanic arc
3850:Slab suction
3567:Head of tide
3457:Loop Current
3397:Ekman spiral
3183:Stokes drift
3093:Gravity wave
3068:Cnoidal wave
2883:Conservation
2734:Pelagic fish
2714:Coastal fish
2618:Marine fungi
2356:Water garden
2239:Water column
2184:Productivity
2163:
2159:Pelagic zone
2119:Macrobenthos
2109:Hydrobiology
2079:Ecohydrology
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1610:
1606:
1593:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1452:
1448:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1326:
1322:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1266:
1237:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1069:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
991:
983:
976:
935:
930:
919:. Retrieved
915:
906:
868:
864:
856:
844:
796:
701:microfossils
672:
669:microfossils
639:pelagic zone
636:
608:
604:
592:
588:
584:
566:absorb light
515:
484:
475:
471:
443:cryptomonads
420:
414:
378:solar energy
375:
362:aquatic life
358:water column
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
242:Thermohaline
102:Bathypelagic
57:
4194:Thermocline
3911:Mesopelagic
3884:Ocean zones
3855:Slab window
3720:Hydrography
3660:Abyssal fan
3627:Tidal range
3617:Tidal power
3612:Tidal force
3497:Rip current
3432:Gulf Stream
3392:Ekman layer
3382:Downwelling
3357:Baroclinity
3344:Circulation
3240:Wave height
3230:Wave action
3213:megatsunami
3193:Stokes wave
3153:Rossby wave
3118:Kelvin wave
3098:Green's law
2868:Sponge reef
2843:Rocky shore
2838:Oyster reef
2808:Kelp forest
2691:Vertebrates
2591:Marine life
2567:Viral shunt
2532:Marine snow
2434:Maharashtra
2341:Stream pool
2244:Zooplankton
2164:Photic zone
2124:Meiobenthos
1977:Algal bloom
981:Photic zone
750:, and δ30Si
699:and become
678:unicellular
658:microfossil
518:attenuation
463:crustaceans
455:herbivorous
451:carnivorous
447:zooplankton
423:marine life
348:to perform
344:, allowing
322:photic zone
231:Thermocline
124:Hadopelagic
91:Mesopelagic
4264:Categories
4132:Reanalysis
4031:Satellites
4012:Sofar bomb
3860:Subduction
3835:Ridge push
3730:Ocean bank
3710:Contourite
3637:Tide gauge
3622:Tidal race
3607:Tidal bore
3597:Slack tide
3562:Earth tide
3482:Ocean gyre
3302:Wind setup
3297:Wind fetch
3260:Wave setup
3255:Wave radar
3250:Wave power
3148:Rogue wave
3078:Dispersion
2848:Salt marsh
2783:Coral reef
2572:Whale fall
2552:Photophore
2429:Everglades
2397:Ecoregions
2336:Stream bed
2309:Macrophyte
2262:Freshwater
2094:Food chain
2007:Water bird
1898:2023-12-01
1300:2020-10-20
1054:2023-12-01
1030:2023-11-27
1006:2019-11-22
921:2023-11-27
898:References
717:Proxy data
611:open ocean
207:Nutricline
196:Chemocline
174:Pycnocline
68:Epipelagic
3994:Acoustics
3946:Sea level
3845:Slab pull
3782:tectonics
3690:Cold seep
3652:Landforms
3529:Whirlpool
3524:Upwelling
3307:Wind wave
3235:Wave base
3163:Sea state
3083:Edge wave
3073:Cross sea
2873:Tide pool
2778:Cold seep
2562:Upwelling
2326:Rheotaxis
2319:Fish pond
2294:Limnology
2219:Substrate
2204:Siltation
2074:Dead zone
1872:0277-3791
1829:0277-3791
1777:0883-8305
1728:0277-3791
1685:0277-3791
1635:0012-821X
1585:0921-8181
1542:0883-8305
1477:0028-0836
1410:0028-0836
1353:1814-9332
1229:2156-2202
1180:0024-3590
1131:0198-0149
1001:Sciencing
962:cite book
954:173661015
693:frustules
545:food webs
525:eutrophic
354:nutrients
218:Halocline
185:Isopycnal
4227:Category
4179:Seawater
3906:Littoral
3901:Deep sea
3760:Seamount
3642:Tideline
3587:Rip tide
3517:shutdown
3487:Overflow
3220:Undertow
3063:Clapotis
2980:Category
2906:HERMIONE
2823:Mangrove
2633:Seagrass
2179:Pleuston
2174:Plankton
2154:Particle
2099:Food web
1639:Archived
1493:24116155
1485:15729332
1418:14999278
876:See also
697:seafloor
581:colours.
459:copepods
342:sunlight
254:See also
139:Demersal
4237:Commons
4107:Mooring
4057:Related
4048:Jason-3
4038:Jason-1
3921:Pelagic
3916:Oceanic
3891:Benthic
3208:Tsunami
3178:Soliton
2833:Mudflat
2793:Estuary
2763:Bay mud
2741:Seabird
2497:f-ratio
2480:General
2361:Wetland
2149:Neuston
2114:Hypoxia
2059:Biomass
2049:Benthos
1965:General
1852:Bibcode
1809:Bibcode
1785:4082469
1755:Bibcode
1708:Bibcode
1665:Bibcode
1615:Bibcode
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1457:Bibcode
1426:4329978
1390:Bibcode
1331:Bibcode
1207:Bibcode
1158:Bibcode
1111:Bibcode
811:abyssal
689:diatoms
665:diatoms
431:diatoms
150:Benthic
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47:Pelagic
3926:Photic
3755:Seabed
3168:Seiche
2818:Lagoon
2144:Nekton
2002:Mammal
1997:Insect
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748:diatom
746:, δ18O
744:diatom
725:diatom
656:diatom
522:turbid
467:nekton
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4117:Ocean
4086:Alvin
3936:Swash
3780:Plate
3725:Knoll
3715:Guyot
3670:Atoll
3549:Tides
3312:model
3198:Swell
3030:Waves
2209:Spawn
1781:S2CID
1642:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1489:S2CID
1422:S2CID
742:(δ13C
740:δ30Si
627:algae
529:ocean
332:, or
4084:DSV
4069:Argo
3931:Surf
3387:Eddy
2314:Pond
1868:ISSN
1825:ISSN
1773:ISSN
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1681:ISSN
1631:ISSN
1581:ISSN
1538:ISSN
1481:PMID
1473:ISSN
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1406:ISSN
1349:ISSN
1225:ISSN
1176:ISSN
1127:ISSN
1082:ISBN
968:link
950:OCLC
940:ISBN
818:and
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732:δ13C
705:opal
676:are
667:and
629:and
625:and
623:silt
324:(or
320:The
2376:Fen
2366:Bog
1860:doi
1817:doi
1763:doi
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1528:doi
1465:doi
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