382:
65:
593:, the silk nests are maintained on the edge of roof tops of houses. Like other Lepidopteran larvae, they are used in a variety of dishes such as tortilla, omelets, pies and rice. They are perceived as ‘good’ and ‘nutritious’ food due to their high protein content. In the Mixteca region of Oaxaca, excessive consumption of the larvae led to the disappearance of the species from this region. However, it has been reintroduced into this region from the state of Mexico and Durango.
258:
401:
eggs in a clump are full siblings. The number of eggs in a clump can vary from very few to as much as 350-400 eggs. The females also tend to lay these egg clumps near other conspecific eggs. It has been observed that isolated clutches tend to suffer from higher mortality than grouped clutches. It is speculated that the ovipositional behavior of the females has been under strong selection in the past to maximize social interaction among larvae.
44:
418:
This secondary nest is very tough and made of multiple layers of interlaced double-stranded silk. By the end of the growing season the nest walls can be thick enough to resist tear and hold water. The larvae maintain the nests constantly, and mend any wear and tear. The entrance and exit to the bolsa is at the bottom of the nest. This protects the shelter from rain and predation and facilitates the removal of
496:, but sub-populations are highly differentiated. There is an excess of heterozygotes, and moderate levels of relatedness amongst nest-mates within the sub-populations. The high differentiation among sub-populations is thought to have been caused by weak adult dispersal, and patchiness of madrone habitats due to their restriction to higher elevations. The northern and southern populations of
458:
the trails that are commonly used are much thicker and stronger than trails that are less-frequented. When presented with alternate trail pathways, there is a strong preference to select for newer and stronger trails. The nocturnal foraging is thought to be an evolutionary response to avoid day-active parasitoids, and predators such as birds and social wasps.
330:
six larval instars. Larval mortality is disproportionately high in males than in females. Despite extremely low temperatures in the winter, the larvae do not undergo diapause, and continue to feed and grow throughout the year. A fully-grown larva is generally between 25 and 30 millimeters long, and pupates by April.
234:. It takes an entire year for this adult butterfly to develop from an egg. The eggs are laid in the month of June and the adults emerge the following May–June. The adults have a black and white pattern on their wings, and the males are generally much smaller and paler than the females. The larvae do not undergo
547:
The species show a general behavioral mechanism to minimize predation and parasitism. The oviposition of the eggs on the underside of the leaves, and nocturnal foraging of larvae decrease exposure to predators and other parasitoids. The final instars of the larvae also exhibit chemical defenses. When
457:
The later instars are nocturnal and leave their nest for foraging to remote sites an hour or two after sunset. They feed gregariously on the leaves of the host plant until the early hours of morning, and return to the nest before sunrise. The caterpillars in general spin silk whenever they walk, thus
299:
is dependent on the availability of their preferred host plant, the madrone. In recent times, the madrone trees have been cut and used as firewood and for making furniture and other crafts. The destruction of the madrone habitat threatens the relationship between the plant and the butterfly. However,
470:
larvae spend more time spinning silk and lesser amount of time foraging as compared to female larvae. Males were also observed to be more active and the first ones to lead a foraging foray. Thus, the males disproportionately bore more of the cost of silk production and exploration for new trails. It
329:
and leave the venous skeleton of the leaf intact. The larvae then build their first communal nest by folding these consumed leaves and securing them with silken strands. The larvae are a bright green and mildly fuzzy when they hatch, but turn brown and less pubescent as they grow. There are in total
417:
caterpillars are social, and they construct communal nests. The freshly hatched larvae forage and rest together, and aggregate in a loosely woven tent-like silk structure over the surface of the leaf. This is called the primary bolsa. Encompassing this structure, the larvae build a secondary bolsa.
324:
The eggs are bluish-white and are laid in clumps on the underside of the host plant
Madrone in the month of June–July. The larvae hatch out of the eggs after approximately 3–4 weeks, sometimes after up to 60 days, in August. Upon hatching, they communally feed on the leaves and terminal branches of
400:
spp.). Though there is much variation in the tree quality of the madrone, the females do not show any preferential oviposition with regard to host plant quality. The eggs are laid in a clump on the undersurface of a single leaf of the madrone. The females mate only once, and consequently, all the
538:
Although mating, flight, and oviposition occurs in the warmest and wettest months of the year, much of the growth of the caterpillar occurs in the coldest months of the year. Even though the days are much warmer than the nights in the winter, the caterpillars remain aggregated in their nests and
444:
among nest-mates is 0.285, which is much lower than 0.5 that is expected amongst full-siblings. This implies that nest-mates are both kin and non-kin, which can be explained by the proximity of clutches in general. Therefore, it is proposed that communal nesting behavior evolved initially due to
520:
with heterogametic females. But, the primary sex-ratio i.e., the sex-ratio at conception is extremely male-biased with an average of about 70% males. This bias has been observed in both the eastern and western sub-populations, and is thought to be caused by meiotic instability. Furthermore, the
425:
The nests are roughly pyramidal, but can show great variation in size. The size of the nest correlates with the size of the population. The number of individuals in a nest can vary from as low as 3 individuals to 528 individuals, with an average of about 112 individuals. The survivorship of the
565:
The silk nests built by the larvae are believed to have been used in the past for making a paper-like fabric and small boxes. They also served as a base for paintings, and for bandaging wounds. The entire nests have also been recorded to be used as purses and as a container for liquid.
350:
adapted to escape the nest. The adults have black and white coloration on the wings, and the pattern is more prominent on the males. The males also are usually much paler and smaller than the females. The males have larger eyes and higher wing venation as compared to the females. The
338:
in the size of pupa. The male pupae are generally much smaller (18–20 mm) than female pupae (21–23 mm). Pupal mortality is much higher in females than in males. The pupal stage lasts for about a month and the adults finally emerge in May–June.
320:
and all instars are known to be gregarious. It takes nearly an entire year for the adult to emerge from an egg. The eggs are laid in July, and the adults eventually eclose in May–June. Consequently, there is only one generation of eggs laid each year.
449:, facilitated by a single oviposition event leading to an egg mass with high-relatedness. But the maintenance of this behavior among non-kin could be due to high benefits of communal nesting such as predator avoidance and thermodynamic efficiency.
333:
The pupae are initially light-green on pupation and later turn yellow. They pupate head down in the silk nests, and lack silken girdle unlike other
Pieridae. The black and white adult wing markings are visible through the pupal case. There exists
372:
The adults are weak fliers, and display simple sexual behavior. Mating takes place near the communal nests right after the adults emerge from the nests. The females mate only once in their lifetime, and most males fail to find mates.
539:
venture out to forage strictly after sunset. Even within the nests, the caterpillars choose to cluster in the coolest regions of the nest. This type of voluntary hypothermia is expected to be an adaptation to foraging in the night.
1106:
Underwood, Dessie L. A.; Hussein, Shafinaz; Goodpasture, Carll; Luis, Armando; Bousquets, Jorge
Llorente; Shapiro, Arthur M. (2005-03-01). "Geographic Variation in Meiotic Instability in Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)".
471:
has also been observed that nests with male-biased ratios produced heavier male and female pupae than female-biased nests. There seems to be a sexual division of labor, which explains the observation of highly male-biased nests.
548:
threatened, they regurgitate a droplet of brownish-green fluid. This fluid is assumed to be distasteful to predators, and has been described as having a ‘bitter’ and ‘nutty’ flavor. The fluid also contains alkaloids, such as
1339:
892:
Fitzgerald, T. D.; Underwood, D. L. A. (1998-03-01). "Trail
Marking by the Larva of the Madrone Butterfly Eucheira socialis and the Role of the Trail Pheromone in Communal Foraging Behavior".
433:
by providing a cool shelter for the larvae on sun-intensive days. The quality of the nest i.e., the thickness of the nest wall correlates with survivorship of the larvae.
426:
larvae is directly proportional to size of the group. Larger groups of larvae tend to forage for longer periods, and gain more weight than larvae from smaller groups.
798:
Underwood, Dessie L. A. (1994-08-01). "Intraspecific variability in host plant quality and ovipositionaI preferences in
Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)".
1174:
The other silk producer was the
Madrone butterfly... Aztec artisans cut up the large sacs, piecing together the resulting swatches into larger pieces of "fabric."
1055:
Fitzgerald, Terrence D.; Underwood, Dessie L. A. (2000-02-01). "Winter foraging patterns and voluntary hypothermia in the social caterpillar
Eucheira socialis".
525:
is also male-biased. Such a ratio is thought to be evolutionarily maintained because of the selective advantage of male-biased groups in the communal nests.
292:
in the north. The population distribution is patchy due to the poor dispersal ability of the adults, and the patchy distribution of the host-plant, madrone.
609:
764:"natural history, sociobiology, and ethnobiology of Eucheira socialis Westwood (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a unique and little-known butterfly from Mexico"
429:
The construction and maintenance of this nest is essential for survival of the larval species into adulthood. The nest plays an important role in
940:
Factors influencing oviposition behavior in the
Mexican Pierid butterfly, Eucheira socialis, on its host plant, Arbutus xalapensis (Ericaceae)
1412:
1187:
280:
habitats. They are generally found in pine-oak and arid tropical scrub ecosystems. They are distributed from northern Sonora to
Jalisco.
687:
1206:
Ramos-Elorduy, Julieta; Moreno, José MP; Vázquez, Adolfo I.; Landero, Ivonne; Oliva-Rivera, Héctor; Camacho, Víctor HM (2011-01-06).
1373:
1458:
1473:
1463:
1208:"Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people"
686:
Porter, Adam H.; Geiger, HansjüRg; Underwood, Dessie L. A.; Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge; Shapiro, Arthur M. (1997-03-01).
1399:
1159:
1005:
Underwood, Dessie L. A.; Shapiro, Arthur M. (1999-09-01). "Evidence for division of labor in the social caterpillar
1417:
1120:
1468:
688:"Relatedness and Population Differentiation in a Colonial Butterfly, Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)"
300:
the inaccessibility of these habitats due to their confinement in high elevations possibly decreases the risk.
316:
and go through four distinct developmental stages namely egg, larva, pupa and adult. There are six larval
1404:
1324:
976:"Maintenance of sociality in a communal caterpillar, Eucheira socialis westwoodi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)"
441:
1329:
238:
and continue to feed and grow communally in the coldest months of the year. There are two subspecies of
763:
577:
extracted the silk fibres from the nests and wove them into sashes. This practise had ceased by 1997.
64:
866:"A male-biased primary sex ratio and larval mortality in Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)"
17:
625:
346:. Their escape is facilitated by soft, pliable wings. The wings also have an atypical shape and
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485:
975:
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522:
159:
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8:
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within 3 hours post-eclosion. They lay their eggs exclusively on the host plant madrone (
227:
1068:
811:
226:
spp.) as a host-plant. The species is of considerable interest to lepidopterists due to
1305:
1242:
1207:
1132:
1088:
1034:
917:
831:
819:
624:
Fischer, Hanna M.; Wheat, Christopher W.; Heckel, David G.; Vogel, Heiko (2008-05-01).
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Adult butterflies emerge from their nests through the small exits while they are still
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59:
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1018:
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637:
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203:
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626:"Evolutionary Origins of a Novel Host Plant Detoxification Gene in Butterflies"
313:
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is restricted to the highlands of Mexico at elevations of 1800 meters in
195:
116:
1378:
685:
517:
1391:
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is one of the many lepidopterans consumed in Mexico. In some part of
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231:
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76:
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43:
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136:
126:
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549:
343:
277:
219:
1189:
The
Unbroken Thread: Conserving the Textile Traditions of Oaxaca
422:
and dead larvae. The nests are not reused by later generations.
1105:
570:
317:
215:
106:
86:
1365:
1195:. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. p. 125.
1121:
10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0227:GVIMII]2.0.CO;2
326:
1154:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 328.
623:
864:
Underwood*, Dessie L.A.; Shapiro, Arthur M. (1999).
1054:
891:
1186:de Avila, Alejandro (1997). Klein, Kathryn (ed.).
863:
1445:
1004:
1109:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
692:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
230:in the larval stages, and heavily male-biased
973:
325:the plant. They consume the epidermis and
42:
1241:
1223:
1212:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
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797:
641:
1185:
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14:
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436:Although all the eggs in a clutch are
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1152:Latin American insects and entomology
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974:Sun, J.J.; Underwood, D.L.A. (2011).
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308:Characteristic of all lepidopterans,
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681:
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214:, it is endemic to the highlands of
1011:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
533:
409:
284:are found in central Mexico, while
24:
1045:
820:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1994.tb00416.x
404:
25:
1485:
954:
938:Underwood, Dessie LeeAnn (1992).
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666:
1077:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00236.x
218:, and exclusively relies on the
63:
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1150:Hogue, Charles Leonard (1993).
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1099:
998:
762:P.G., Kevan; R.A., Bye (1991).
630:Molecular Biology and Evolution
466:It has been observed that male
362:
252:
1459:Taxa named by John O. Westwood
617:
603:
376:
355:does not anneal properly post-
13:
1:
1474:Butterflies described in 1834
980:Evolutionary Ecology Research
870:Evolutionary Ecology Research
596:
528:
303:
1464:Butterflies of North America
512:The determination of sex in
507:
202:. It was first described by
7:
542:
474:
206:in 1834. Locally known as
198:that belongs to the family
10:
1490:
1009:(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)".
894:Journal of Insect Behavior
1274:
573:and other communities in
367:
165:
158:
60:Scientific classification
58:
50:
41:
34:
942:(Thesis). Davis, Calif.
228:gregarious nest-building
190:, commonly known as the
906:10.1023/A:1021000108290
359:and is non-functional.
290:Sierra Madre Occidental
262:Sierra Madre Occidental
389:
269:
248:E. socialis westwoodi.
1469:Lepidoptera of Mexico
1225:10.1186/1746-4269-7-2
1057:Ecological Entomology
1023:10.1007/s002650050614
800:Ecological Entomology
704:10.1093/aesa/90.2.230
643:10.1093/molbev/msn014
523:operational sex-ratio
384:
286:E. socialis westwoodi
260:
490:genetic architecture
282:E. socialis socialis
272:The distribution of
244:E. socialis socialis
208:Mariposa del madroño
27:Species of butterfly
1069:2000EcoEn..25...35F
812:1994EcoEn..19..245U
581:Use as food source
556:Human interactions
390:
386:Arbutus xalapensis
270:
1441:
1440:
1426:Open Tree of Life
1268:Taxon identifiers
1007:Eucheira socialis
561:Use of silk nests
504:differentiation.
484:There is limited
480:Genetic structure
462:Division of labor
453:Communal foraging
348:venation patterns
336:sexual dimorphism
268:habitat in Sonora
192:Madrone butterfly
187:Eucheira socialis
183:
182:
169:Eucheira socialis
53:Eucheira socialis
36:Eucheira socialis
16:(Redirected from
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534:Thermoregulation
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410:Communal nesting
204:John O. Westwood
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1161:978-0520078499
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1115:(2): 227–235.
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900:(2): 247–263.
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585:The larva of
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295:The range of
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160:Binomial name
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30:
19:
1275:
1215:
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1188:
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1173:
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1145:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1063:(1): 35–44.
1060:
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1000:
983:
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768:Entomologist
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633:
629:
619:
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513:
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500:show strong
497:
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486:polymorphism
483:
467:
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456:
435:
428:
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397:
392:The females
391:
385:
371:
363:Reproduction
341:
332:
323:
309:
307:
296:
294:
288:is found in
285:
281:
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253:Distribution
247:
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211:
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196:lepidopteran
191:
186:
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184:
168:
166:
150:
149:
137:
52:
35:
29:
1387:iNaturalist
1300:Wikispecies
587:E. socialis
518:chromosomal
514:E. socialis
498:E. socialis
494:E. socialis
468:E. socialis
442:relatedness
415:E. socialis
377:Oviposition
310:E. socialis
297:E. socialis
274:E. socialis
266:E. socialis
240:E. socialis
117:Lepidoptera
1448:Categories
614:, funet.fi
597:References
529:Physiology
502:karyotypic
304:Life cycle
97:Arthropoda
1337:ButMoth:
1234:1746-4269
1129:0013-8746
1085:1365-2311
1031:0340-5443
992:1522-0613
914:0892-7553
828:1365-2311
776:0013-8878
712:0013-8746
652:0737-4038
508:Sex-ratio
353:proboscis
327:mesophyll
232:sex ratio
145:Species:
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
1400:LepIndex
1314:BioLib:
1306:Eucheira
1291:Q1768392
1285:Wikidata
1276:Eucheira
1252:21211040
1170:25164105
1137:86117866
1093:84930808
1039:11984074
948:29716202
922:23710704
836:85119308
660:18296701
611:Eucheira
591:Huasteca
543:Defenses
475:Genetics
394:oviposit
357:eclosion
242:, named
236:diapause
200:Pieridae
176:Westwood
138:Eucheira
127:Pieridae
123:Family:
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
18:Eucheira
1454:Pierini
1379:1920812
1340:10671.0
1243:3034662
1065:Bibcode
808:Bibcode
550:arbutin
488:in the
420:excreta
398:Arbutus
344:teneral
318:instars
278:madrone
224:Arbutus
220:Madrone
133:Genus:
113:Order:
107:Insecta
103:Class:
51:Female
1431:205906
1418:320212
1405:177273
1392:247789
1317:531567
1250:
1240:
1232:
1168:
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1135:
1127:
1091:
1083:
1037:
1029:
990:
946:
920:
912:
834:
826:
774:
710:
658:
650:
575:Oaxaca
571:Mixtec
440:, the
368:Mating
216:Mexico
178:, 1834
1366:20314
1330:80856
1218:: 2.
1193:(PDF)
1133:S2CID
1089:S2CID
1035:S2CID
986:(6).
918:S2CID
832:S2CID
194:is a
1413:NCBI
1374:GBIF
1353:4F5V
1325:BOLD
1248:PMID
1230:ISSN
1166:OCLC
1156:ISBN
1125:ISSN
1081:ISSN
1027:ISSN
988:ISSN
944:OCLC
910:ISSN
876:(6).
824:ISSN
772:ISSN
708:ISSN
656:PMID
648:ISSN
569:The
312:are
246:and
1361:EoL
1348:CoL
1238:PMC
1220:doi
1117:doi
1073:doi
1019:doi
902:doi
816:doi
700:doi
638:doi
516:is
492:of
210:or
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640::
222:(
20:)
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