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reflected in her diaries. In the concentration camp of
Westerbork, she had unusual experiences of spiritual awakenings and insight: "Those two months behind barbed wire have been the two richest and most intense months of my life, in which my highest values were so deeply confirmed. I have learnt to love Westerbork". Hillesum addressed God repeatedly in her diaries, regarding him not as a saviour, but as a power one must nurture inside of oneself: "Alas, there doesn't seem to be much You Yourself can do about our circumstances, about our lives. Neither do I hold You responsible. You cannot help us, but we must help You and defend Your dwelling place inside us to the last." Still in Amsterdam, Hillesum developed an ideology of showing others the way to their own interior in a time of great adversity – the Nazi terror. Her time at Westerbork – as reflected in her diaries – portrays the redemption of her spirit, while her body was captured and eventually murdered. She neither denies the horror of the Nazi terror, nor identifies with her victimhood. In the midst of extreme conditions, Hillesum develops an awareness of the indestructible beauty of this world. She writes during her time at Westerbork: "The sky is full of birds, the purple lupins stand up so regally and peacefully, two little old women have sat down for a chat, the sun is shining on my face – and right before our eyes, mass murder... The whole thing is simply beyond comprehension." Hillesum continuously writes from a place of great tenderness, empathy, and realization.
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262:. She worked there for a month, but returned in June 1943, by which time she had refused offers to go into hiding, much to the consternation of her non-Jewish friends. This refusal was due to her belief that her duty was to support others scheduled to be transported from Westerbork to the concentration camps in German-occupied Poland and Germany. On 5 July 1943, her personnel status was suddenly revoked, and she became a camp internee, along with her father, mother, and brother Mischa.
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make the best of things; everything is fine just as it is. Every situation, however miserable, is complete in itself and contains the good as well as the bad." In touch with the equilibrium of a bigger picture she is aware of, she continuously draws from this place to find meaning in her current reality. Hillesum saw it as her duty to assist her people in preserving their human dignity in the face of Nazi attempts to not only murder Jews but also take away their humanity.
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335:), followed by a collection of her letters from Westerbork. A complete edition of her letters and diaries was published in Dutch in 1986 and translated into English in 2002. Her diaries were translated into 18 languages. Her letters were sent to friends and Hillesum's final postcard was thrown from the train in
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Hillesum suffers great inner turmoil during her young adulthood, but increasingly transforms into a woman of maturity and wisdom. She writes: "Everywhere things are both very good and very bad at the same time. The two are in balance, everywhere and always. I never have the feeling that I have got to
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Etty
Hillesum's youth was chaotic and turbulent, possibly resulting from her emotionally unstable family, to which she herself referred as a "madhouse". Her diaries reflect the inner turmoil that she experiences during her young adulthood, as well as the healing and growth during the years before her
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On 7 September 1943, less than 3 months before her murder, she threw a postcard with her final words out of a train: "Opening the Bible at random I find this: 'The Lord is my high tower'. I am sitting on my rucksack in the middle of a full freight car. Father, Mother, and Mischa are a few cars away.
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Her diaries record the increasing anti-Jewish measures imposed by the occupying German army, and the growing uncertainty about the fate of fellow Jews who had been deported by them. As well as forming a record of oppression, her diaries describe her spiritual development and deepening faith in God.
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Etty
Hillesum began writing her diary in March 1941, possibly at the suggestion of her analyst Julius Spier, whom she had been consulting for a month. Although his patient, Etty also became his secretary, friend, and, eventually, his lover. His influence on her spiritual development is apparent in
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Before she left for
Westerbork, Etty Hillesum gave her diaries to Maria Tuinzing, with the instruction they be passed to Klaas Smelik for publication, should she not survive. Attempts to have them published proved fruitless until 1979, when Smelik's son, the director of the Etty Hillesum Research
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Russian authors and
Christian mystics likely contributed to Hillesum's understanding of spirituality. She did not strive for ecstasy, but longed to meet the depth of her own interior and life itself. Her spirituality was not confined to her intellectual understanding of a greater power and is
215:, the oldest of the three children – she had two brothers: Jacob, or "Jaap" (1916–1945), and Michael, or "Mischa" (1920–1944) – of Levie Hillesum (1880–1943) and Riva Bernstein (1881–1943). After completing school in 1932, she moved to Amsterdam to study
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on the riverfront, and the local secondary schools are named after her. There is also a modest museum dedicated to her memory, the Etty
Hillesum Centre, housed at Roggestraat 3, Deventer, the location of a former synagogue and Jewish school.
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Etty
Hillesum's parents are recorded as having died on 10 September 1943, suggesting they died in transit or were murdered immediately upon their arrival. Mischa Hillesum remained in Auschwitz until October 1943, when he was moved to the
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which contain quotes from
Hillesum's writings in English, Hebrew, and Arabic. Both women were inspired by Hillesum's writings and have used the cards as the basis for a ritual commemoration on Holocaust Memorial Day in Israel/Palestine.
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On 13 June 2006, the Etty
Hillesum Research Centre (EHOC) was officially opened as part of Ghent University with a celebration at Sint-Pietersplein 5. It studies and promotes the research of Hillesum's World War II letters and diaries.
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The Centre is directed by Klaas A.D. Smelik, who edited and published the
Complete edition of the Letters and Diaries, and teaches Hebrew and Judaism at Ghent University. Staff member Meins G. S. Coetsier is the author of
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Edited with an introduction by Klaas A. D. Smelik, translation by Arnold J. Pomerans. Ottawa, Ontario: Novalis Saint Paul University – William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002. (
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Rowan Rheingans has drawn on Hillesum's writing, particularly on the coexistence of beauty and horror, and on allowing room for sorrow, in her album "The lines we draw together".
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755:"The Aim of Meditation, to Listen Everywhere: Palestinian and Israeli Peacebuilders Reflect on the Wisdom of Holocaust writer Etty Hillesum, Captured in Cards"
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God? ... Licht in het duister: Twee denkers in barre tijden: de Duitse filosoof Eric Voegelin en de Nederlands-Joodse schrijfster Etty Hillesum
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Avec Etty Hillesum : Dans la quête du bonheur, un chemin inattendu. Une lecture d'une vie bouleversée et des lettres de Westerbork,
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and Slavic languages. There, she met Hendrik (Hans) J. Wegerif, with whom she had a relationship that she describes in her diaries.
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1055:. Translation by Mischa F. C. Hoyinck and Robert E. Chesal. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
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author of confessional letters and diaries which describe both her religious awakening and the persecutions of Jewish people in
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Spirituality in the Writings of Etty Hillesum: Proceedings of the Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, November 2008
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Spirituality in the Writings of Etty Hillesum, Proceedings of the Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, November 2008
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In the end, the departure came without warning... We left the camp singing... Thank you for all your kindness and care."
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her diaries; as well as teaching her how to deal with her depressive and egocentric episodes, he introduced her to the
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729:"Richard Layard's Confessions – History, happiness and mental health", interview with Giles Fraser, January 2020,
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Centre, approached publisher J. G. Gaarlandt. An abridged edition of her diaries appeared in 1981 under the title
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Writing as Resistance: Four Women Confronting the Holocaust: Edith Stein, Simone Weil, Anne Frank, Etty Hillesum
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957:"Etty Hillesum. Un Itineraire Spirituel, Amsterdam 1941-Auscwitz 1943" Paul Lebau, Collections Spiritualites.
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902:. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Arnold J. Pomerans. New York: Pantheon Books,1984.
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has spoken with great appreciation of Hillesum's view that one must preserve one's inner self, or core.
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Men zou een pleister op vele wonden willen zijn: Reacties op de dagboeken en brieven van Etty Hillesum
896:. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Arnold J. Pomerans. London: Johathan Cape, 1983.
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914:. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Arnold J. Pomerans. London: Johathan Cape,1987.
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sees Hillesum's ability to hold both intellectual skepticism yet humanitarian vulnerability in
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946:. Edited, introduced and annotated by Klaas A. D. Smelik. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Balans, 1986.(
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When round-ups of Jews intensified in July 1942, Etty took on administrative duties for the "
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Etty Hillesum: An Interrupted Life the Diaries, 1941–1943 and Letters from Westerbork
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Esther (Etty) Hillesum was born on 15 January 1914 in her family home in the town of
289:, he died before 31 March 1944. Etty was murdered in Auschwitz on 30 November 1943.
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Journal 1941–1943, translation par Philippe Noble. Editions du Sieul. Paris, 1985.
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https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2019/08/rowan-rheingans-the-lines-we-draw-together
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890:. Edited with an introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. Haarlem: De Haan, 1984.
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884:. Edited with an introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. Haarlem: De Haan,1982.
814:. Introduction by David Koning. The Hague: Bert Bakker/Daamen N.V., 1962.
774:"Repairing the World Through "Etty-ism": An Unusual Yom HaShoah Ceremony"
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An Interrupted Life: The Diaries and Letters of Etty Hillesum 1941–1943
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In duizend zoete armen: Nieuwe dagboekaantekeningen van Etty Hillesum
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https://soundcloud.com/unherd-confessions/richard-layards-confessions
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red. Ria van den Brandt en Klaas A.D. Smelik, Assen: Gorcum, 2008. (
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Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum: Inscribing spirituality and sexuality
908:, translation by Arnold J. Pomerans. New York: Pantheon Books,1986.
586:"Spiritual Maturity: The Case of Etty Hillesum Part 3 – Final Days"
500:– wrote a diary in 's-Hertogenbosch concentration camp (Camp Vught)
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Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum: Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality
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An interrupted life : the diaries of Etty Hillesum, 1941–1943
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Smelik, K.A.D; Van Den Brandt, Ria; Coman, Carolyn, eds. (2010).
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On 7 September 1943, the family were deported from Westerbork to
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231:, and helped her develop a deeper understanding of the work of
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Etty Hillesum and the Flow of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis
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The original handwritten letters and diaries of Etty Hillesum.
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Etty Hillesum and the Flow of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis
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An Interrupted Life: The Diaries and Letters of Etty Hillesum
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1105:"Etty Hillesum, 'Life Is Beautiful, In Spite of Everything'"
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Letters from Westerbork. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt
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Etty Hillesum: Essential Writings (Modern Spiritual Masters)
339:, where it was discovered by Dutch farmers after her death.
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An Interrupted Life: The Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941–1943
1016:. Columbia Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2008. (
1005:. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
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Etty: De nagelaten geschriften van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943
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after their removal, and in February 1944, he was sent to
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1061:"The Netherlands – The Spiritual Legacy of Etty Hillesum"
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Etty: The Letters and Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941–1943.
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Het denkende hart van de barak. Brieven van Etty Hillesum
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Het Verstoorde leven: Dagboek van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943
269:. Only Jaap Hillesum did not go with them; he arrived in
216:
926:. Preface by Eva Hoffman, London: Persephone Books,1999.
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is translated in at least fourteen languages: England:
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Lat/long (from Google Earth) 52°15'14.97"N 6° 8'59.05"E
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Dutch people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
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Mischa's Spel en de ondergang van de familie Hillesum
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are friends and peace activists who together created
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List of posthumous publications of Holocaust victims
277:, dying shortly after its liberation in April 1945.
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in Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum in context,
553:Walters, Kerry (2011). "Gratitude: Etty Hillesum".
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969:Etty Hillesum témoin de Dieu dans l'abîme du mal
199:. In 1943, she was deported and murdered in the
1134:L’esperienza dell’Altro: Studi su Etty Hillesum
1075:Tant souffrir et tant aimer selon Etty Hillesum
983:Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum in context
918:An Interrupted Life and Letters from Westerbork
741:"Rowan Rheingans: The Lines We Draw Together",
981:Brandt, Ria van den & Smelik, Klaas A.D.
974:Brandt, Ria van den & Smelik, Klaas A.D.
808:Amsterdam: Jewish Historical Museum, 1941–43.
633:The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
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455:. Monument in remembrance of Etty Hillesum.
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187:(15 January 1914 – 30 November 1943) was a
473:A monument to Etty Hillesum is located in
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1229:Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
1110:Unitarian Universalist Church of Berkeley
1077:, Éditions Salvator, Paris, 2011, 256 pp.
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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32:This article includes a list of general
757:(Interview). Interviewed by Rami Efal.
711:"How to Stay Sane in Brutalizing Times"
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690:Des Pres, Terrence (29 January 1984).
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424:Etty Hillesum: Letters from Westerbork
971:, Montreal, MĂ©diaspaul, 2010, 192 pp.
669:. New York: Washington Square Press.
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352:How to Stay Sane in Brutalizing Times
1264:Dutch Jews who died in the Holocaust
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812:Twee brieven uit Westerbork van Etty
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584:Culliford, Larry (10 October 2011).
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978:. Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Damon, 2003.
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1183:. London, Continuum, 2009, 166 pp.
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38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1334:Westerbork transit camp survivors
1206:The Etty Hillesum Research Centre
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1181:Etty Hillesum: A life transformed
1059:Downey, Michael (21 March 2017).
820:. Edited with an introduction by
709:Brooks, David (2 November 2023).
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1329:20th-century Dutch women writers
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1073:Du Parc Locmaria, Marie-Hélène.
772:Ner-David, Haviva (9 May 2016).
374:" which is in his 2016's album "
370:dedicated to Hillesum the poem "
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16:Dutch Jewish diarist (1914-1943)
1289:People from Middelburg, Zeeland
1084:Genève: Labor et Fides, 2002. (
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872:Chajjiem Kerotiem; Jomana sjel
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696:The New York Times Book Review
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293:Personal growth and philosophy
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920:. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
836:Das denkende Herz der Baracke
608:Lev, Gid'on (25 April 2020).
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1299:Dutch non-fiction literature
1143:. Amsterdam: Balans, 2012. (
1119:Feeling life: Etty Hillesum
201:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
1259:20th-century Dutch diarists
1211:Etty Hillesum Congress 2008
556:The Art of Dying and Living
481:
10:
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1324:Jewish non-fiction writers
1136:. Rome: Sant’Oreste, 1990.
1103:Kroner, Stephanie (2015).
1099:. Amsterdam: Balans, 1989.
692:"Eros, God, and Auschwitz"
488:List of Holocaust diarists
430:Research centre and museum
285:, where, according to the
1339:Amsterdam in World War II
1117:Nocita, Maria Gabriella,
976:Etty Hillesum in facetten
824:. Haarlem: De Haan, 1981.
376:The lost New York diaries
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1139:Regenhardt, Jan Willem.
1095:Gaarland, J. Geurt, ed.
985:. Assen: Gorcum, 2007. (
372:Etty Hillesum is my life
1304:Women religious writers
1220:FundaciĂłn Etty Hillesum
997:Brenner, Rachel Feldhay
912:Letters from Westerbork
894:Etty: A Diary 1941–1943
663:Hillesum, Etty (1985).
535:Joods Historisch Museum
260:Westerbork transit camp
206:
175:Diary and letters from
53:more precise citations.
1233:Jewish Women's Archive
1132:Oord, Gerrit van, ed.
1066:Charter for Compassion
637:Jewish Women's Archive
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185:Esther (Etty) Hillesum
149:German-occupied Poland
1201:at Wikimedia Commons
1028:Coetsier, Meins G. S.
1009:Coetsier, Meins G. S.
967:BĂ©riault, Yves o.p.,
868:Una Vida Interrompida
860:Una Vida Interrompida
852:Päiväkirja, 1941–1943
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1284:People from Deventer
1269:Jewish Dutch writers
1179:Woodhouse, Patrick.
876:Une Vie Bouleversée.
828:Het Verstoorde leven
444:Het Verstoorde Leven
322:Het verstoorde leven
856:An Interrupted Life
848:Det förstörda livet
844:Det tenkende hjerte
822:Jan Geurt Gaarlandt
779:The Times of Israel
563:. pp. 74–102.
391:Etty Hillesum cards
387:Emma Sham-Ba Ayalon
381:Palestinian writer
330:An Interrupted Life
1319:Holocaust diarists
1049:Costa, Denise de.
866:(1985) Argentina:
716:The New York Times
504:List of Dutch Jews
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385:and Israeli Rabbi
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145:Auschwitz-Birkenau
1197:Media related to
1149:978-94-600-3371-1
1044:978-0-8262-1797-4
1022:978-0-8262-1797-4
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962:Secondary sources
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