894:, the database contains data inaccuracies. A few of the local authorities and schools had also never accessed the repository, and some of these institutions were unaware of its existence. The NPD was also used least by the majority of local authorities and schools, with 65 per cent deeming this method of educational data analysis to be of limited use, about 23 per cent considering it to be fairly useful, and only around 11 per cent regarding it as being very useful. Most schools and local authorities instead used the Welsh Assembly Government's national free school meal (FSM) benchmark data, which ranks a school's performance relative to other groups of schools with comparable free school meal levels. Around 55 per cent of schools and local authorities deemed the benchmark data very useful, 35 per cent considered it fairly useful, and only about 10 per cent regarded it as being of limited use. Additionally, researchers conducting analysis for the
161:, with "White" at the top. To redress this, the GOS established new, separate "African, African Scottish or African British" and "Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British" tick boxes for individuals from Africa and the Caribbean, respectively, who did not identify as "Black, Black Scottish or Black British". It found that most testing participants thereafter chose to tick "African" or "Caribbean" instead of "Black". In the write-in area, they also noted their own respective ethnic groups, with few opting to write-in "Black". Additionally, individuals who did not identify as "Black", "White" or "Asian" could write in their own ethnic group under "Other ethnic group". Persons with multiple ancestries could indicate their respective ethnic backgrounds under a "Mixed or multiple ethnic groups" write-in area.
208:. NABA reasoned that "lack of recognition of Arabs as a separate ethnic group, and hence their exclusion, has serious consequences for the planning of services and monitoring of such problems as racial discrimination". The specimen 2011 Census questions were published in 2009 and included new "Gypsy or Irish Traveller" and "Arab" categories. The final version of the census form included tick-boxes for "Gypsy or Irish Traveller" under the "White" heading, and "Arab" under the "Other ethnic group" heading. However, in the ONS's testing in England and Wales prior to the census, no Kurdish, Iranian, Berber, Somali or Egyptian participants chose to identify as Arab.
72:
133:
individual's ethnic group, did not reflect his or her true skin colour, and were stereotypical and outdated terms. The heading "Black or Black
British", which was used in 2001, was changed to "Black/African/Caribbean/Black British" for the 2011 census. As with earlier censuses, individuals who did not identify as "Black", "White" or "Asian" could instead write in their own ethnic group under "Other ethnic group". Persons with multiple ancestries could indicate their respective ethnic backgrounds under a "Mixed or multiple ethnic groups" tick box and write-in area.
89:
birthplaces. A number of different questions and answer classifications were suggested and tested, culminating in the April 1989 census test. The question used in the later 1991 census was similar to that tested in 1989, and took the same format on the census forms in
England, Wales and Scotland. However, the question was not asked in Northern Ireland. The tick-boxes used in 1991 were "White", "Black-Caribbean", "Black-African", "Black-Other (please describe)", "Indian", "Pakistani", "Bangladeshi", "Chinese" and "Any other ethnic group (please describe)".
882:. This includes ethnicity data for pupils who are aged 5 or over at the beginning of the school year in August. The guidance notes on data collection note that ethnicity is a personal, subjective awareness, and that pupils and their parents can refuse to answer the ethnicity question. The codes used are based on the categories used in the 2001 UK census, with added "Travellers of Irish heritage", "Gypsy/Roma heritage" and "Sri Lankan Other" categories. If these codes are judged to not meet local needs,
63:
176:. The tick boxes at the time only included "British", Irish or any other. Some experts, community and special interest group respondents also pointed out that the 'Black African' category was too broad. They remarked that the category did not provide enough information on the considerable diversity that existed within the various populations currently classified under this heading. This concealed heterogeneity ultimately made the gathered data of limited use analytically. To remedy this, the
936:, Charles Agyemang, Raj Bhopal and Marc Bruijnzeels argue that: "The current groupings of African descent populations in the USA and the UK such as Black, Black African, and African American hide the huge heterogeneity within these groups, which weakens the value of ethnic categorisation as a means of providing culturally appropriate health care, and in understanding the causes of ethnic differences in disease. Such broad terms may not fit with self definition of ethnicity".
148:(NISRA). The GOS found that "Black" was a polarising term for many focus group participants and interviewees. Some participants opposed the use of such terms, while others supported them. Opposition to the term "Black" was strongest among individuals originating from ethnic groups in Africa and the Caribbean, especially the former. The main reasons cited for this opposition were that racial terms like "Black" and "White" were invalid,
105:. David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel argue that this is the case in many censuses, and that "the case of Britain is illuminative of the recurring failure to distinguish race from ethnicity". Aspinall notes that sustained academic attention has been focused on "how the censuses measure ethnicity, especially the use of dimensions that many claim have little to do with ethnicity, such as skin colour, race, and nationality".
624:, they are asked to select one of the five main categories representing broad ethnic groups and then a more specific cultural background from within this group. Officers must record the respondent's answer, not their own opinion. The "6+1" IC code system remains widely used, when the police are unable to stop a suspect and ask them to give their self-defined ethnicity.
109:"Caribbean" and the "African" group in 1991 had switched to another group by 2001. They suggested that conscious changes in affiliation explained little of this instability, whereas unreliability of the question was significant, partly due to the ambiguous nature of the categories used and partly due to imprecision in the imputation of missing values.
616:, based on the 2001 census. From 1 April 2003, police forces were required to use this new system. Police forces and civil and emergency services, the NHS and local authorities in England and Wales may refer to this as the "6+1" system, named after the 6 classifications of ethnicity plus one category for "not stated".
234:
Is a person's ethnic group self-defined? Yes. Membership of an ethnic group is something that is subjectively meaningful to the person concerned, and this is the principal basis for ethnic categorisation in the United
Kingdom. So, in ethnic group questions, we are unable to base ethnic identification
975:
with BAME) are racially separate from the ethnic minority population, and for including under a single label heterogenous groups with little in common with each other. A survey published in
November 2020 found that the term "BAME" offended those whom it attempts to describe, with "ethnically diverse
966:
A number of terms have been used, by government and more generally, to refer to the collective ethnic minority population. These include "black and minority ethnic" (BME), "black, Asian and minority ethnic" (BAME) and "black and ethnic minority" (BEM). These terms have been criticised on a number of
96:
has categorised what he regards as a number of "persistent problems with salient collective terminology". These problems are ambiguity in respect of the populations that are described by different labels, the invisibility of white minority groups in official classifications, the acceptability of the
211:
Discussing the inclusion of nationalities such as "British" and "Irish" in the ethnic group categories of the census, Nissa Finney and Ludi
Simpson argue that "on purely technical grounds, this is a mistake, confirmed by enumerators reporting that some Asian respondents had ticked 'British', having
132:
in
England and Wales found that most of the respondents from all ethnic groups that took part in the testing felt comfortable with the use of the terms "Black" and "White". However, some participants suggested that these colour terms were confusing and unacceptable, did not adequately describe an
108:
In 2007, Simpson and Bola
Akinwale also studied the stability of individuals' responses to ethnic group questions between the 1991 and 2001 census. They concluded that the membership of the "White" category was stable, whereas 7–9 per cent of those in the "Asian" group and 23 per cent of both the
929:
Whether the official UK ethnic group classifications are useful for research on health is the subject of debate. Peter
Aspinall argues that the 2001 census categories fail to adequately break down the "white" group and ignore ethno-religious differences between South Asian groups, amongst other
120:
an ethnicity". The latter would be reflected in a question such as "choose one box to best describe your ethnic group", which was subsequently added in the 2011 census. Sociologist Steven
Vertovec argues that "much public discourse and service provision is still based on a limited set of Census
619:
The IC classification is still used for descriptions of suspects by police officers amongst themselves, but does risk incorrectly identifying a victim, a witness or a suspect compared to that person's own description of their ethnicity. When a person is stopped by a police officer exercising
88:
was the first to include a question on ethnicity. Field trials had started in 1975 to establish whether a question could be devised that was acceptable to the public and would provide information on race or ethnicity that would be more reliable than questions about an individual's parents'
156:
was distinct from ethnicity; that the "Black" and "White" categories from the earlier 2001 census were inconsistent with the "Asian" categories, thereby resulting in an unfair, double standard; and that the positioning of the "White" category atop the "non-White" categories implied a
506:
In addition to the above "tick-box" options, respondents can also make use of the "please describe" options, also known as "write-in" answers. To do this, they would have to select one of the "any other" tick-boxes on the census form and write in their answer in the box provided.
1776:
976:
communities" preferred when speaking broadly, and relevant terms for a specific community or person. In
December 2021, the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 committed not to use the term "BAME", in order to provide better representation of specific ethnic groups.
1141:
140:(GOS) conducted official consultation, research and question testing for the purpose of planning the 2011 Scottish census, with key evidence informing the new classification drawn from similar workshops carried out by the Office for National Statistics, the
255:, "to reflect local differences in the requirement for information". However, the data collected still allow for comparison across the UK. Different classifications were used in the 1991 Census, which was the first to include a question on ethnicity.
66:
The ethnic group question used in the 2011 census in England. In Wales, "Welsh" and "English" were listed in the opposite order of the "White" column. The options in Scotland and Northern Ireland were slightly different from those in England and
2105:
1719:
1687:
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2222:
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1134:
1945:
2099:"School census spring and summer 2014 guide for secondary schools: Instructions for preparing for and completing the school census 2014 for secondary schools and academies (including free schools) in England"
2134:
100:
A number of academics have pointed out that the ethnicity classification employed in the census and other official statistics in the UK since 1991 involve confusion between the concepts of ethnicity and
2621:
1391:
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have argued that broad ethnic groupings such as "black African" or "white other" can hide significant variation in educational performance, so they instead recommend the use of language categories.
1059:
1034:
181:
2288:
2098:
1712:
1680:
1423:
2313:
Aspinall, Peter J. (2000). "The New 2001 Census Question Set on Cultural Characteristics: Is it useful for the monitoring of the health status of people from ethnic groups in Britain?".
1334:
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2716:
1531:
1967:
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upon objective, quantifiable information as we would, say, for age or gender. And this means that we should rather ask people which group they see themselves as belonging to.
218:, argues that "the fact that hundreds of thousands choose to describe their own ethnicity as Welsh, Scottish, or Cornish shows that 'ethnic British' is a nebulous concept".
2060:"Code of Practice for the Exercise by Police Officers of Statutory Powers of Stop and Search; Police Officers and Police Staff of Requirements to Record Public Encounters"
1600:
2861:
971:
such as the Cornish, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish from the definition of ethnic minorities, for suggesting that black people (and Asian people, specifically the
2675:
2130:
2037:
2613:
1253:
Kertzer, David I.; Arel, Dominique (2002). "Censuses, identity formation, and the struggle for political power". In Kertzer, David I.; Arel, Dominique (eds.).
1398:
2254:
1941:
164:
There were calls for the 2011 national census in England and Wales to include extra tick boxes so people could identify their ethnic group in category A as
1066:
1027:
2358:"Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century"
1498:
2773:
2577:
Aspinall, Peter J. (2002). "Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population: The Persistence of Confusion and Ambiguity in Usage".
1801:
1225:
1166:
Aspinall, Peter J (2002). "Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population: The Persistence of Confusion and Ambiguity in Usage".
890:
attempts to match pupils' educational attainment to their characteristics gathered in the school census, including ethnicity. However, according to
1279:
Aspinall, Peter J (2012). "Answer Formats in British Census and Survey Ethnicity Questions: Does Open Response Better Capture 'Superdiversity'?".
1556:
145:
2281:
883:
2059:
2005:
955:", a term that is deprecated and offensive in modern-day usage. From the 1970s until the early 1990s, those who subscribed to the notion of
112:
It has also been argued that the wording of the ethnicity question in the 2001 census, "What is your ethnic group?", embodies "an essential
3973:
2724:
932:
1906:
1365:
959:
used the term "black" to refer to all ethnic minorities in the UK; however, this also came under scrutiny in the 1990s, especially from
121:
categories", and that "these categories do not begin to convey the extent and modes of diversity existing within the population today".
17:
3463:
2850:
1524:
2157:
3978:
3395:
1462:
2746:
Measuring Equality: A guide for the collection and classification of ethnic group, national identity and religion data in the UK
1836:
608:
was that people stopped and searched by the police should have their self-defined ethnic identity recorded. In March 2002, the
605:
2766:
2740:
2652:
1592:
621:
594:
2406:
188:
organisations also lobbied for the inclusion of a separate "Arab" entry, which would include under-reported groups from the
3921:
609:
137:
3400:
2987:
2823:
1557:"Arab Population in the UK - Study for consideration of inclusion of 'Arab' as an ethnic group on future census returns"
212:
seen it as the first box and wishing to confirm their British identity and nationality". Samira Shackle, writing in the
3380:
3375:
3356:
3351:
3338:
2794:
1753:
1008:
2033:
3983:
907:
3449:
3405:
3385:
2930:
2759:
3444:
3364:
2905:
996:
3574:
3410:
2818:
227:
125:
3487:
3434:
3424:
3390:
2425:
2187:
Demie, Feyisa (2014). "Language diversity and attainment in schools: implication for policy and practice".
1502:
3539:
3439:
3234:
3114:
1808:
1202:
102:
47:
3457:
3429:
129:
85:
1563:
910:
are based on the 2001 census. It has been argued that this causes problems, as other agencies such as
3505:
3219:
2751:
1091:
Sillitoe, K.; White, P. H. (1992). "Ethnic Group and the British Census: The Search for a Question".
918:, the 2011 Scottish census categories are now used. In 2011, Scotland started to record ethnicity on
895:
177:
141:
97:
terms used to those that they describe, and whether the collectivities have any substantive meaning.
1862:
Sillitoe, K.; White, P.H. (1992). "Ethnic group and the British census: The search for a question".
3594:
984:
859:
2070:
1997:
1392:"New complexities of cohesion in Britain: Super-diversity, transnationalism and civil-integration"
180:
proposed that this census category should be broken down instead into specific ethnic groups. The
3476:
3468:
3313:
2980:
2034:"The code systems used within the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) to formally record ethnicity"
992:
887:
922:, becoming the first country in the world to do so. Ethnicity data is not routinely recorded on
3714:
3614:
3057:
1335:"Ethnic Classification in Global Perspective: A Cross-National Survey of the 2000 Census Round"
613:
588:
149:
1913:
1262:
226:
The ethnicity data used in UK national statistics relies on individuals' self-definition. The
3739:
3524:
3418:
3025:
1802:"Harmonised Concepts and Questions for Social Data Sources: Primary Standards – Ethnic Group"
1028:"Harmonised Concepts and Questions for Social Data Sources - Primary Standards: Ethnic Group"
951:
Since the Second World War, many minority groups in the UK were collectively referred to as "
945:
597:
began to classify arrests in racial groups in 1975, but later replaced the race code with an
71:
1254:
3952:
3876:
3784:
3609:
3492:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3047:
3042:
3035:
2919:
2488:"The problem of political blackness: lessons from the Black Supplementary School Movement"
1770:"Ethnic group statistics: A guide for the collection and classification of ethnicity data"
1314:
Simpson, Ludi; Akinwale, Bola (2007). "Quantifying Stability and Change in Ethnic Group".
8:
3916:
3819:
3814:
3701:
3619:
3239:
3030:
2895:
2693:
968:
956:
3799:
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3754:
3659:
3599:
3544:
3229:
3124:
3077:
3052:
3020:
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2510:
2468:
2382:
2357:
2338:
2204:
2165:
1879:
1455:
1357:
1296:
1257:
Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses
1183:
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62:
3881:
3794:
3779:
3764:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3644:
3529:
3519:
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2598:
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2514:
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1887:
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1622:
1300:
1255:
1187:
1116:
980:
923:
919:
252:
153:
93:
38:
exist. These schemata have been the subject of debate, including about the nature of
2342:
1713:"Final recommended questions for the 2011 Census in England and Wales: Ethnic group"
1681:"Final recommended questions for the 2011 Census in England and Wales: Ethnic group"
1424:"Final recommended questions for the 2011 Census in England and Wales: Ethnic group"
3851:
3846:
3729:
3288:
3271:
3261:
3157:
2586:
2541:
2502:
2452:
2377:
2369:
2322:
2196:
1871:
1361:
1349:
1288:
1217:
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1100:
999:
remarked that the change was "deeply sinister and must be resisted at every turn."
875:
248:
158:
2644:
2546:
2529:
2506:
1221:
263:
The following are the options the ONS currently recommends for ethnicity surveys:
3886:
3832:
3804:
3744:
3679:
3634:
3569:
3303:
3298:
3276:
3204:
2900:
2885:
2807:
2200:
988:
911:
2834:
2487:
2456:
239:
This self-defined categorisation was also used for classifying ethnicity in the
3911:
3901:
3871:
3809:
3789:
3734:
3323:
3293:
3152:
3119:
3072:
3067:
3062:
2877:
2786:
2645:"Should BAME be ditched as a term for black, Asian and minority ethnic people?"
2590:
1487:
Fight goes on to include Cornish ethnicity and language in Census 2011 options
1203:"Negotiating race and ethnicity: Exploring the implications of the 1991 census"
1179:
960:
879:
867:
240:
173:
165:
2326:
2228:. Standardisation Committee for Care Information. 11 June 2014. Archived from
2223:"Ethnic Category Coding – DSCN11/2008 - Statement of Need for Standard Review"
1353:
3967:
3891:
3856:
3649:
3589:
3564:
3559:
3328:
3283:
3177:
3104:
3084:
2949:
2802:
2555:
2464:
2373:
1292:
886:
may use a Department for Education approved list of extended categories. The
871:
214:
201:
3926:
3866:
3749:
3691:
3684:
3639:
3579:
3510:
3318:
3308:
3256:
3194:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3147:
3099:
3015:
2828:
2391:
2334:
1891:
1120:
915:
169:
43:
2676:"'BAME' term offends those it attempts to describe, sporting survey finds"
1977:. National Physical Laboratory, Metropolitan Police Service. February 2020
1864:
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society)
1093:
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society)
3861:
3669:
3654:
3629:
3554:
3224:
3199:
3189:
3167:
3094:
2840:
2813:
2614:"Is it time to ditch the term 'black, Asian and minority ethnic' (BAME)?"
2612:
Okolosie, Lola; Harker, Joseph; Green, Leah; Dabiri, Emma (22 May 2015).
1746:'Sleepwalking to Segregation'? Challenging Myths about Race and Migration
51:
3936:
3931:
3906:
3841:
3774:
3664:
3109:
1883:
1112:
972:
189:
2781:
2407:"'Political blackness': a very British concept with a complex history"
1905:
Bosveld, Karin; Connolly, Helen; Rendall, Michael S. (31 March 2006).
3896:
3769:
3674:
3266:
3139:
2996:
2282:"Availability and use of UK based ethnicity data for health research"
1065:. ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity. December 2012. Archived from
863:
205:
42:, how or whether it can be categorised, and the relationship between
39:
1875:
1104:
3584:
3549:
2530:"Breaking black: the death of ethnic and racial studies in Britain"
2426:"What We Can Learn From the Rise and Fall of 'Political Blackness'"
598:
584:
244:
3604:
3534:
2694:"BAME acronym: UK broadcasters commit to avoiding catch-all term"
2257:. Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland.
952:
477:
Any other Black / African / Caribbean background, please describe
2443:
Modood, Tariq (1994). "Political blackness and British Asians".
1839:. Office for National Statistics. 8 January 2004. Archived from
1525:"Summary report: experts, community and special interest groups"
3089:
2717:"Westminster council rebrand dubs minorities 'global majority'"
2131:"The use of performance data in local authorities and schools"
939:
75:
The ethnic group question used in the 2011 census in Scotland.
3624:
3129:
1907:"A guide to comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic group data"
1135:"A guide to comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic group data"
891:
363:
Any other Mixed / Multiple ethnic background, please describe
197:
193:
2965:
1968:"Metropolitan Police Service Live Facial Recognition Trials"
1807:. Office for National Statistics. April 2008. Archived from
1718:. Office for National Statistics. October 2009. p. 44.
620:
statutory powers and asked to provide information under the
3010:
1686:. Office for National Statistics. October 2009. p. 4.
185:
2356:
Agyemang, Charles; Bhopal, Raj; Bruijnzeels, Marc (2005).
2280:
Mathur, Rohini; Grundy, Emily; Smeeth, Liam (March 2013).
2611:
2355:
402:
Bangladeshi, Bangladeshi Scottish or Bangladeshi British
1397:. Commission on Integration and Cohesion. Archived from
2133:. HM Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales.
1904:
823:
The officer's presence is urgently required elsewhere
1837:"Population size: 7.9% from a non-White ethnic group"
366:
Any Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups, please describe
2287:. National Centre for Research Methods. p. 17.
1775:. Office for National Statistics. 2003. p. 9.
892:
HM Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales
862:'s annual school census collects data on pupils in
561:Chinese, Japanese, Korean or other Southeast Asian
465:Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British
394:Pakistani, Pakistani Scottish or Pakistani British
2279:
1456:"Scotland's New Official Ethnicity Classification"
1261:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
243:. Slightly different categories were employed in
36:classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
3965:
2158:"Diversity - Ethnic groupings obscure realities"
1912:. Office for National Statistics. Archived from
1429:. Office for National Statistics. October 2009.
1060:"How has ethnic diversity grown 1991-2001-2011?"
1593:"Is there any such thing as British ethnicity?"
1313:
839:The person did not understand what is required
146:Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
2362:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
1831:
1829:
847:The person declined to define their ethnicity
480:Any other Caribbean or Black, please describe
332:Any other White ethnic group, please describe
152:concepts not based on empirical reality; that
2981:
2869:Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background
2767:
1960:
1861:
1743:
1090:
441:African, African Scottish or African British
410:Chinese, Chinese Scottish or Chinese British
287:English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British
2067:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 CODE A
1936:
1934:
933:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
2052:
1826:
1252:
944:"BAME" redirects here. For other uses, see
940:Collective terms for minority ethnic groups
421:Black / African / Caribbean / Black British
327:Any other White background, please describe
31:National census classification of ethnicity
2988:
2974:
2774:
2760:
2093:
2091:
1794:
1586:
1584:
1274:
1272:
386:Indian, Indian Scottish or Indian British
2545:
2527:
2381:
1931:
1762:
1248:
1246:
914:use the newer 2011 census categories. In
2741:Ethnic group classification at ONS (PDF)
2673:
2576:
2424:Appiah, Kwame Anthony (7 October 2020).
2312:
2123:
1461:. General Register Office for Scotland.
1389:
1278:
1165:
906:The ethnic group categories used in the
500:Any other ethnic group, please describe
70:
61:
2485:
2088:
2031:
1590:
1581:
1332:
1269:
1200:
831:The situation involves public disorder
472:Black, Black Scottish or Black British
258:
14:
3966:
2748:, Office for National Statistics, 2011
2642:
2442:
2423:
2417:
2404:
2398:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1995:
1782:from the original on 11 September 2012
1725:from the original on 24 September 2015
1693:from the original on 24 September 2015
1649:"2011 Census: Household Questionnaire"
1537:from the original on 10 September 2009
1436:from the original on 24 September 2015
1243:
377:Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British
128:(ONS) for the purpose of planning the
57:
2969:
2755:
2186:
2155:
2040:from the original on 25 December 2014
1748:. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 36.
1744:Finney, Nissa; Simpson, Ludi (2009).
1448:
1342:Population Research and Policy Review
182:National Association of British Arabs
116:ethnic" as opposed to "a constructed
79:
2714:
610:Association of Chief Police Officers
495:Arab, Arab Scottish or Arab British
138:General Register Office for Scotland
124:User consultation undertaken by the
3974:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
2674:MacInnes, Paul (12 November 2020).
2486:Andrews, Kehinde (September 2016).
2020:
1948:from the original on 5 January 2016
448:Any other African, please describe
24:
2104:. Department for Education. 2014.
1998:"Race causes an initial confusion"
1944:. Office for National Statistics.
1654:. Office for National Statistics.
1231:from the original on 11 April 2019
1140:. Office for National Statistics.
1033:. Office for National Statistics.
1009:Demographics of the United Kingdom
908:National Health Service in England
604:One of the recommendations of the
221:
25:
3995:
2734:
2655:from the original on 22 June 2018
2624:from the original on 21 June 2018
2294:from the original on 2 April 2015
2261:from the original on 2 April 2015
2137:from the original on 2 April 2015
2111:from the original on 2 April 2015
2036:. Metropolitan Police Authority.
1661:from the original on 2 April 2015
1623:"2011 census questions published"
1603:from the original on 2 March 2015
1468:from the original on 2 April 2015
1147:from the original on 2 April 2015
1040:from the original on 2 April 2015
967:grounds, including for excluding
756:Chinese or any other ethnic group
415:Any other Asian, please describe
34:A number of different systems of
2715:Beal, James (25 November 2022).
2528:Alexander, Claire (3 May 2018).
2156:Bloom, Adi (27 September 2013).
2008:from the original on 3 July 2007
1996:Mackie, Lindsay (14 June 1978).
1591:Shackle, Samira (13 June 2012).
987:committed to replace BAME with "
622:Police and Criminal Evidence Act
2708:
2686:
2667:
2643:Sandhu, Rajdeep (17 May 2018).
2636:
2605:
2570:
2521:
2479:
2436:
2349:
2306:
2273:
2247:
2215:
2180:
2149:
2032:Bowsher, Kevin (2 March 2007).
1989:
1898:
1855:
1737:
1705:
1673:
1641:
1615:
1549:
1517:
1491:
1480:
1416:
1383:
1326:
343:Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups
3979:Office for National Statistics
2819:White Gypsy or Irish Traveller
2405:Mohdin, Aamna (3 March 2018).
1390:Vertovec, Steven (June 2007).
1316:Journal of Official Statistics
1307:
1194:
1159:
1127:
1084:
1052:
1020:
614:new system for self-definition
338:Mixed / multiple ethnic groups
228:Office for National Statistics
126:Office for National Statistics
13:
1:
2995:
2547:10.1080/01419870.2018.1409902
2507:10.1080/01419870.2015.1131314
1222:10.1080/0031322X.1996.9970192
901:
2783:Ethnic group classifications
2201:10.1080/13613324.2014.946493
2189:Race Ethnicity and Education
963:, who did not feel "black".
553:Asian - Indian subcontinent
274:
271:
268:
7:
2696:. BBC News. 7 December 2021
2457:10.1177/0038038594028004004
1499:"2006 local govt abstracts"
1002:
806:Any other White background
748:Any other mixed background
707:Any other Black background
674:Any other Asian background
136:Between 2004 and 2008, the
10:
4000:
3357:Countries by ethnic groups
3352:Contemporary ethnic groups
2935:Any other Black background
2911:Any other Asian background
2841:Any other white background
2835:White Showman or Showwoman
2591:10.1177/003803850203600401
1180:10.1177/003803850203600401
943:
853:
724:White and Black Caribbean
582:
18:Ethnicity (United Kingdom)
3945:
3828:
3700:
3503:
3337:
3138:
3003:
2942:
2918:
2876:
2858:White and Black Caribbean
2849:
2793:
2534:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2495:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2327:10.1080/13557850050007329
1354:10.1007/s11113-007-9062-5
896:London Borough of Lambeth
595:police services of the UK
510:
499:
491:
484:
476:
469:
462:
452:
445:
438:
428:
419:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
370:
362:
355:
349:White and Black Caribbean
348:
336:
319:
315:Gypsy or Irish Traveller
296:
279:
230:explain this as follows:
178:Muslim Council of Britain
142:Welsh Assembly Government
3984:Classification of people
2374:10.1136/jech.2005.035964
1293:10.1177/0038038511419195
1014:
985:Westminster City Council
860:Department for Education
732:White and Black African
606:Stephen Lawrence Inquiry
309:Gypsy or Irish traveller
3469:Torres Strait Islanders
3314:Ethnopsychopharmacology
3058:In-group and out-groups
2908:(Northern Ireland only)
2862:White and Black African
1975:NPL/MPS Research Report
1201:Ballard, Roger (1996).
930:issues. Writing in the
926:in any part of the UK.
888:National Pupil Database
773:Any other ethnic group
537:White - South European
529:White - North European
356:White and Black African
3715:Cultural appropriation
3615:Lineage-bonded society
2955:Any other ethnic group
2920:Black or Black British
2878:Asian or Asian British
2315:Ethnicity & Health
2069:. HMSO. Archived from
979:In November 2022, the
682:Black or Black British
641:Asian or Asian British
589:Self Defined Ethnicity
569:Arab or North African
237:
76:
68:
3740:Ethnic interest group
3575:Ethnicity in censuses
3525:Cultural assimilation
3026:Ethnolinguistic group
1333:Morning, Ann (2008).
1210:Patterns of Prejudice
946:Bame (disambiguation)
372:Asian / Asian British
232:
74:
65:
3953:Minzu (anthropology)
3922:Separatist movements
3785:Ethnographic village
3610:Legendary progenitor
3245:Transidioethnography
3048:Hyphenated ethnicity
3043:Ethnographic realism
3036:Ethnoreligious group
2727:on 25 November 2022.
1371:on 12 September 2014
259:Ethnicity categories
150:socially constructed
3820:Multinational state
3815:Model minority myth
3702:Multiethnic society
3620:Linguistic homeland
3031:Ethnonational group
1919:on 16 November 2010
969:national minorities
957:political blackness
251:, as compared with
58:National statistics
3800:Middleman minority
3760:Ethnic pornography
3755:Ethnic nationalism
3660:Pantribal sodality
3600:Imagined community
3125:Symbolic ethnicity
3053:Indigenous peoples
3021:Ethnographic group
2943:Other ethnic group
2430:The New York Times
924:birth certificates
920:death certificates
599:Identity Code (IC)
486:Other ethnic group
457:Caribbean or Black
269:England and Wales
80:History and debate
77:
69:
3961:
3960:
3882:Ethnic stereotype
3795:Indigenous rights
3780:Ethnographic film
3765:Ethnic theme park
3725:Dominant minority
3720:Diaspora politics
3710:Consociationalism
3645:National language
3530:Cultural identity
3520:Cross-race effect
3464:Aboriginal groups
2963:
2962:
2501:(11): 2060–2078.
2368:(12): 1014–1018.
2076:on 18 August 2006
1814:on 7 January 2010
1629:. 21 October 2009
884:local authorities
851:
850:
581:
580:
504:
503:
272:Northern Ireland
253:England and Wales
184:(NABA) and other
94:Peter J. Aspinall
16:(Redirected from
3991:
3852:Ethnic cleansing
3847:Ethnic bioweapon
3730:Ethnic democracy
3339:Groups by region
3289:Ethnomethodology
3272:Ethnomathematics
3262:Ethnolinguistics
3158:Ethnoarchaeology
2990:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2729:
2728:
2723:. Archived from
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2540:(6): 1034–1054.
2525:
2519:
2518:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1562:. Archived from
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1364:. Archived from
1339:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1024:
740:White and Asian
627:
626:
515:
514:
266:
265:
249:Northern Ireland
159:racial hierarchy
21:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3941:
3887:Ethnic violence
3835:
3833:ethnic conflict
3831:
3824:
3805:Minority rights
3745:Ethnic majority
3696:
3680:Detribalization
3635:Nation-building
3570:Ethnic religion
3513:
3509:
3499:
3406:Central America
3333:
3304:Ethnophilosophy
3299:Ethnomusicology
3277:Ethnostatistics
3235:Person-centered
3205:Autoethnography
3134:
2999:
2994:
2964:
2959:
2938:
2931:Black Caribbean
2914:
2872:
2866:White and Asian
2845:
2837:(Scotland only)
2831:(Scotland only)
2810:(Scotland only)
2789:
2780:
2737:
2732:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2610:
2606:
2575:
2571:
2526:
2522:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2441:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2403:
2399:
2354:
2350:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2235:on 2 April 2015
2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2168:on 2 April 2015
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1876:10.2307/2982673
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1843:on 19 June 2004
1835:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1569:on 2 April 2015
1566:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1404:on 2 April 2015
1401:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1277:
1270:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1105:10.2307/2982673
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1072:on 24 July 2015
1069:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1005:
989:global majority
949:
942:
912:social services
904:
880:special schools
856:
591:
583:Main articles:
513:
312:Irish Traveller
261:
224:
222:Self-definition
144:(WAG), and the
82:
60:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Indigenization
3909:
3904:
3902:Ethnosymbolism
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Ethnic penalty
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Model minority
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Ethnopluralism
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Ethnic enclave
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3445:Southeast Asia
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:Ethnosemiotics
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Ethnomuseology
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3155:
3153:Ethnic studies
3150:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Supraethnicity
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3073:Minority group
3070:
3068:Metroethnicity
3065:
3063:Meta-ethnicity
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2808:White Scottish
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2787:2021 UK Census
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2735:External links
2733:
2731:
2730:
2707:
2685:
2666:
2635:
2604:
2585:(4): 803–816.
2569:
2520:
2478:
2451:(4): 859–876.
2435:
2416:
2397:
2348:
2305:
2272:
2255:"Ethnic Group"
2246:
2214:
2195:(5): 723–737.
2179:
2148:
2122:
2087:
2051:
2019:
1988:
1959:
1942:"Ethnic Group"
1930:
1897:
1870:(1): 141–163.
1854:
1825:
1793:
1761:
1755:978-1847420077
1754:
1736:
1704:
1672:
1640:
1614:
1580:
1548:
1516:
1490:
1479:
1447:
1415:
1382:
1348:(2): 239–272.
1325:
1306:
1287:(2): 354–364.
1268:
1242:
1193:
1174:(4): 803–816.
1158:
1126:
1099:(1): 141–163.
1083:
1051:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
961:British Asians
941:
938:
903:
900:
855:
852:
849:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
817:
816:
811:
808:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
784:
783:
778:
775:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
759:
758:
753:
750:
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
726:
725:
722:
718:
717:
712:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
679:
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
644:
643:
638:
635:
634:
631:
579:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
523:
522:
519:
512:
509:
502:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
482:
481:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
463:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
430:
426:
425:
423:
417:
416:
412:
411:
408:
404:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
388:
387:
384:
380:
379:
374:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
357:
353:
352:
350:
346:
345:
340:
334:
333:
330:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
306:
305:
301:
300:
299:Other British
297:
294:
293:
290:
288:
284:
283:
277:
276:
273:
270:
260:
257:
241:2001 UK Census
223:
220:
86:1991 UK census
81:
78:
59:
56:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3996:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Ethnocentrism
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Ethnic hatred
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:National myth
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Folk religion
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Ethnic origin
3563:
3561:
3560:Ethnic option
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Northern Asia
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:South America
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:United States
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3329:Ethnotaxonomy
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Ethnomedicine
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Institutional
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Ethnomycology
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Polyethnicity
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Monoethnicity
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:Black African
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:White British
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1597:New Statesman
1594:
1587:
1585:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1505:on 5 May 2009
1504:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:(2): 185–208.
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
947:
937:
935:
934:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
815:
812:
810:
809:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
777:
776:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
760:
757:
754:
752:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
686:
683:
680:
678:
677:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
625:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
590:
586:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
508:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
351:
347:
344:
341:
339:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
307:
303:
302:
298:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
278:
267:
264:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
236:
231:
229:
219:
217:
216:
215:New Statesman
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
110:
106:
104:
98:
95:
90:
87:
73:
64:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
27:
19:
3927:Xenocentrism
3877:Ethnic slurs
3867:Ethnic party
3830:Ideology and
3750:Ethnic media
3692:White ethnic
3685:Neotribalism
3640:Nation state
3580:Ethnofiction
3511:ethnogenesis
3482:
3475:
3456:
3425:Central Asia
3417:
3370:
3363:
3346:
3319:Ethnoscience
3309:Ethnopoetics
3257:Ethnohistory
3195:Ethnogeology
3183:Ethnozoology
3173:Ethnoecology
3163:Ethnobiology
3148:Anthropology
3100:Panethnicity
3016:Ethnic group
2954:
2829:White Polish
2782:
2725:the original
2720:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2688:
2680:The Guardian
2679:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2648:
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2618:The Guardian
2617:
2607:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2498:
2494:
2481:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2429:
2419:
2410:
2400:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2321:(1): 33–40.
2318:
2314:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2217:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2161:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2078:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2066:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2010:. Retrieved
2002:The Guardian
2001:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1921:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1900:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1816:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1764:
1745:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1596:
1571:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1493:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1345:
1341:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1284:
1280:
1256:
1233:. Retrieved
1213:
1209:
1196:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1129:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1022:
993:Conservative
991:." However,
978:
973:South Asians
965:
950:
931:
928:
905:
857:
813:
780:
755:
714:
681:
666:Bangladeshi
640:
618:
603:
592:
505:
485:
456:
432:
420:
376:
371:
342:
337:
280:
262:
238:
233:
225:
213:
210:
163:
135:
123:
118:belonging to
117:
113:
111:
107:
99:
92:Sociologist
91:
83:
35:
33:
28:
26:
3862:Ethnic joke
3670:Tribal name
3655:Origin myth
3630:Mythomoteur
3555:Ethnic flag
3540:Development
3225:Netnography
3200:Ethnography
3190:Ethnocinema
3168:Ethnobotany
3095:Nationality
2896:Bangladeshi
2814:White Irish
1952:12 December
1923:21 November
1216:(3): 3–33.
612:proposed a
399:Bangladeshi
154:skin colour
130:2011 census
52:nationality
3968:Categories
3937:Xenophobia
3932:Xenophilia
3907:Indigenism
3842:Allophilia
3775:Ethnocracy
3665:Statistext
3595:Historical
3488:Indigenous
3440:South Asia
3376:Indigenous
3110:Population
2824:White Roma
2700:7 December
2080:27 October
1847:21 October
1818:21 October
1541:27 October
997:John Hayes
902:Healthcare
691:Caribbean
658:Pakistani
633:Ethnicity
521:Ethnicity
190:Arab world
3897:Ethnocide
3770:Ethnoburb
3675:Tribalism
3458:Australia
3450:West Asia
3430:East Asia
3401:Caribbean
3386:Greenland
3267:Ethnology
3140:Ethnology
3078:Influence
2997:Ethnicity
2891:Pakistani
2721:The Times
2599:143472578
2579:Sociology
2564:148845583
2556:0141-9870
2515:147057939
2473:143869991
2465:0038-0385
2445:Sociology
2209:145623216
1509:23 August
1301:144841712
1281:Sociology
1188:143472578
1168:Sociology
876:secondary
864:nurseries
453:Caribbean
391:Pakistani
292:Scottish
275:Scotland
206:Maghrebis
44:ethnicity
40:ethnicity
3917:Nativism
3585:Ethnonym
3550:Ethnarch
3506:Identity
3493:European
3371:Americas
3215:Critical
3210:Clinical
3004:Concepts
2906:Filipino
2653:Archived
2649:BBC News
2622:Archived
2392:16286485
2343:11991832
2335:10858937
2289:Archived
2259:Archived
2141:10 March
2135:Archived
2106:Archived
2038:Archived
2012:20 April
2006:Archived
1946:Archived
1892:12159122
1786:19 March
1777:Archived
1720:Archived
1688:Archived
1656:Archived
1627:BBC News
1607:10 March
1601:Archived
1532:Archived
1463:Archived
1431:Archived
1226:Archived
1142:Archived
1121:12159122
1035:Archived
1003:See also
953:coloured
916:Scotland
814:+1 codes
790:British
765:Chinese
699:African
601:system.
585:IC codes
577:Unknown
245:Scotland
192:such as
3946:Related
3605:Kinship
3545:Endonym
3535:Demonym
3483:Oceania
3240:Salvage
2901:Chinese
2785:in the
2659:21 June
2628:20 June
2383:1732973
2298:9 March
2265:9 March
2239:9 March
2172:8 March
2115:8 March
2044:8 March
1981:26 June
1884:2982673
1729:16 June
1697:8 March
1665:7 March
1633:4 April
1472:9 March
1440:4 March
1408:8 March
1375:8 March
1362:3009685
1151:9 March
1113:2982673
1076:4 March
1044:8 March
868:primary
854:Schools
650:Indian
433:African
429:African
407:Chinese
322:Polish
202:Somalis
198:Yemenis
194:Syrians
174:Cornish
166:English
3477:Europe
3391:Mexico
3381:Canada
3365:Africa
3230:Online
3090:Nation
2886:Indian
2597:
2562:
2554:
2513:
2471:
2463:
2411:Quartz
2390:
2380:
2341:
2333:
2207:
1890:
1882:
1752:
1573:10 May
1360:
1299:
1235:5 July
1186:
1119:
1111:
981:Labour
872:middle
798:Irish
545:Black
511:Police
383:Indian
304:Irish
67:Wales.
50:, and
3625:Mores
3347:World
3250:Video
3130:Tribe
2851:Mixed
2795:White
2595:S2CID
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