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the head of the chain. If a validator makes self-contradicting proposals or attestations, or if it is inactive, it loses a portion of its stake. It may add to its stake at any time. A validator's attestation is given a weight equal to its stake or 32, whichever is less. According to the
Ethereum protocol, the blockchain with the highest accumulated weight of attestations at any given time is to be regarded as the canonical chain. Validators are rewarded for making valid proposals and attestations. A validator's rewards are paid via transactions within the same chain that contains their proposal or attestation, and therefore would have little or no market value unless that chain becomes the canonical chain. This incentivizes validators to support the chain that they think other validators view as the canonical chain, which results in a high degree of consensus.
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portion. Additionally, ether is the only currency accepted by the protocol as payment for the transaction fee. The transaction fee is composed of two parts: the base fee and the tip. The base fee is "burned" (deleted from existence) and the tip goes to the block proposer. The validator reward together with the tips provide the incentive to validators to keep the blockchain growing (i.e. to keep processing new transactions). Therefore, ETH is fundamental to the operation of the network. Ether may be "sent" from one account to another via a transaction, the execution of which simply entails subtracting the
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1317:. The standard provides functions that include the transfer of tokens from one account to another, getting the current token balance of an account, and getting the total supply of the token available on the network. Smart contracts that correctly implement ERC-20 processes are called ERC-20 Token Contracts, and they keep track of created tokens on Ethereum. Numerous cryptocurrencies have launched as ERC-20 tokens and have been distributed through
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1339:(NFTs). Since tokens of this type are unique, they have been used to represent such things as collectibles, digital art, sports memorabilia, virtual real estate, and items within games. ERC-721 is the first official NFT standard for Ethereum and was followed up by ERC-1155 which introduced semi-fungibility, both are widely used, though some fully fungible tokens using ERC-20 have been used for NFTs such as
701:, was launched on the Ethereum network. In cultivating popularity with users and collectors, it gained notable mainstream media attention providing significant exposure to Ethereum in the process. It was considered the most popular smart contract in use on the network but it also highlighted concerns over Ethereum's scalability due to the game's substantial consumption of network capacity at the time.
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is known as the tip and goes to the block proposer; the higher the tip, the more incentive a block proposer has to include the transaction in their block, and thus the quicker the transaction will be included in the blockchain. The sender buys the full amount of gas (i.e. their ETH balance is debited
961:
There are two types of accounts on
Ethereum: user accounts (also known as externally-owned accounts), and contract accounts. Both types have an ETH balance, may transfer ETH to any account, may execute the code of another contract, or create a new contract, and are identified on the blockchain and in
529:
of 25,000 ether for stress-testing the
Ethereum blockchain. On 30 July 2015, "Frontier" marked the official launch of the Ethereum platform, and Ethereum created its "genesis block". The genesis block contained 8,893 transactions allocating various amounts of ether to different addresses, and a block
468:
Ethereum has an unusually long list of founders. Anthony Di Iorio wrote: "Ethereum was founded by
Vitalik Buterin, Myself, Charles Hoskinson, Mihai Alisie & Amir Chetrit (the initial 5) in December 2013. Joseph Lubin, Gavin Wood, & Jeffrey Wilcke were added in early 2014 as founders." Buterin
902:
Each "node" (network participant) connects with a relatively small subset of the network to offer blocks and unvalidated transactions (i.e. transactions not yet in the blockchain) to its peers for download, and it downloads any of these from its peers that it doesn't already have. Each node usually
1498:
on a permissioned-variant of
Ethereum blockchain dubbed "Quorum". It is "designed to toe the line between private and public in the realm of shuffling derivatives and payments. The idea is to satisfy regulators who need seamless access to financial goings-on while protecting the privacy of parties
914:
assigned to one of the slots of the epoch after the next, either as the block proposer or as an attester. During a slot, the block proposer uses their mempool to create a block that is intended to become the new "head" (latest block) of the blockchain, and the attesters attest to which block is at
564:
of DAO tokens were stolen by an unknown hacker. The event sparked a debate in the crypto-community about whether
Ethereum should perform a contentious "hard fork" to reappropriate the affected funds. The fork resulted in the network splitting into two blockchains: Ethereum with the theft reversed,
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associated with each account, this being the account's ETH balance denominated in wei (10 wei = 1 ether). At the end of each epoch, new ETH is generated by the addition of protocol-specified amounts to the balances of all validators for that epoch, with the block proposers receiving the largest
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specifically designed for
Ethereum. The instruction set includes, among other things, stack operations, memory operations, and operations to inspect the current execution context, such as remaining gas, information about the current block, and the current transaction. The EVM is designed to be
1421:
was invested in various DeFi protocols. Additionally, through a process called "wrapping", certain DeFi protocols allow synthetic versions of various assets (such as bitcoin, gold, and oil) to be tradeable on
Ethereum and also compatible with all of Ethereum's major wallets and applications.
1195:) up-front, at the start of the execution of the transaction, and is refunded at the end for any unused gas. If at any point the transaction does not have enough gas to perform the next operation, the transaction is reverted but the sender is still only refunded for the unused gas. In
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There were two network upgrades in 2021. The first was "Berlin", implemented on 14 April 2021. The second was "London", which took effect on 5 August. The London upgrade included
Ethereum Improvement Proposal ("EIP") 1559, a mechanism for reducing transaction fee
798:
Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2) was a set of three or more upgrades, also known as "phases", meant to transition the network's consensus mechanism to proof-of-stake, and to scale the network's transaction throughput with execution sharding and an improved EVM architecture.
427:
project and drafted its white paper outlining additional use cases for blockchain technology. However, after failing to gain agreement on how the project should proceed, he proposed the development of a new platform with a more robust scripting language—a
1070:, so that given a pre-transaction state and a transaction, each node produces the same post-transaction state, thereby enabling network consensus. The formal definition of the EVM is specified in the Ethereum Yellow Paper. EVMs have been implemented in
1130:
within the EVM used in the calculation of the transaction fee, which is the amount of ETH a transaction's sender must pay to the network to have the transaction included in the blockchain. Each type of operation which may be performed by the EVM is
1526:-Patricia Tree to store account state in each block. The trie allows for storage savings, set membership proofs (called "Merkle proofs"), and light client synchronization. The network has faced congestion problems, such as in 2017 in relation to
906:
A node may choose to create a copy of the state for itself. It does this by starting with the genesis state and executing every transaction in the blockchain, in the proper order of blocks and in the order they are listed within each block.
4826:
775:. The mechanism causes a portion of the ether paid in transaction fees for each block to be destroyed rather than given to the block proposer, reducing the inflation rate of ether and potentially resulting in periods of deflation.
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containing the storage values of all
Ethereum accounts and processes state-altering transactions. Approximately every 12 seconds, a batch of new transactions, known as a "block", is processed by the network. Each block contains a
349:(NFTs), which are tokens that can be tied to unique digital assets, such as images. Additionally, many other cryptocurrencies utilize the ERC-20 token standard on top of the Ethereum blockchain and have utilized the platform for
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has a unique set of peers, so that offering an item to its peers results in the propagation of that item throughout the entire network within seconds. A node's collection of unvalidated transactions is known as its "mempool".
802:
The switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake on 15 September 2022 has cut Ethereum's energy usage by 99%. This upgrade, known as "The Merge", was the first phase in the series of upgrades. However, the impact this has on
481:', referring to the hypothetical invisible medium that permeates the universe and allows light to travel." Buterin wanted his platform to be the underlying and imperceptible medium for the applications running on top of it.
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1286:-based, but deprecated). Source code and compiler information are usually published along with the launch of the contract so that users can see the code and verify that it compiles to the bytecode that is on-chain.
735:
was arrested by the US government for presenting at a blockchain conference in North Korea. He would later plead guilty to one count of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act in 2021.
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On March 13, 2024 the second phase known as "Dencun" or also "Deneb-Cancun" upgrade went live. This upgrade lowered the transaction fees on the many Layer 2 networks built on top of the base Ethereum blockchain.
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and storage (to store contract-specific state). The code of a contract is evaluated when a transaction is sent to it. The code of the contract may read user-specified data from the transaction, and may have a
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461:, Switzerland, where Buterin told the founders that the project would proceed as a non-profit. Hoskinson left the project at that time and soon after founded IOHK, a blockchain company responsible for
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The first NFT project, Etheria, a 3D map of tradable and customizable hexagonal tiles, was deployed to the network in October 2015 and demonstrated live at DEVCON1 in November of that year. In 2021,
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One issue related to using smart contracts on a public blockchain is that bugs, including security holes, are visible to all but cannot be fixed quickly. One example of this is the 2016 attack on
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in a decentralized architecture, outside of companies' and governments' control, such as money market funds which let users earn interest. DeFi applications are typically accessed through a
509:), was founded. Development was funded by an online public crowd sale from July to August 2014, in which participants bought the Ethereum value token (ether) with another digital currency,
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Triantafyllidis, Nikolaos Petros (19 February 2016). "The Ethereum Project: Ethereum History". Developing an Ethereum Blockchain Application (Report). University of Amsterdam. p. 20.
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and hashing operations, send transactions to other contracts (thus executing their code), create new contracts, and query information about the current transaction or the blockchain.
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companies announced the creation of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) with 30 founding members. By May 2017, the nonprofit organization had 116 enterprise members, including
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developers that blockchain technology could benefit from other applications besides money and that it needed a more robust language for application development that could lead to
1394:, which allows users to directly interact with the Ethereum blockchain through a website. Many of these DApps can connect and work together to create complex financial services.
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477:. He stated, "I immediately realized that I liked it better than all of the other alternatives that I had seen; I suppose it was that sounded nice and it had the word '
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Any Ethereum account may "stake" (deposit) 32 ETH to become a validator. At the end of each "epoch" (32 block slots, each slot lasting 12 seconds), each validator is
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As of January 2016, the Ethereum protocol could process about 25 transactions per second; this did not change after the move to proof-of-stake. In comparison, the
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is the amount of ETH the sender wishes to pay to the network per unit of gas used. A transaction may only be included in the blockchain at a block slot that has a
728:
By January 2018, ether was the second-largest cryptocurrency in terms of market capitalization, behind bitcoin. As of 2021, it maintained that relative position.
533:
Since the initial launch, Ethereum has undergone a number of planned protocol upgrades, which are important changes affecting the underlying functionality and/or
447:(who financed the project) rented a house in Miami with Buterin at which they could develop a fuller sense of what Ethereum might become. Di Iorio invited friend
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was presented at Ethereum's Devcon 3 in November 2017. If implemented, each node in the network would only have to store and validate a subset of the network.
720:, the first official NFT standard on Ethereum. This standardization allowed Ethereum to become central to a multi-billion dollar digital collectibles market.
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and climate change may be limited since the computers previously used for mining ether may be used to mine other cryptocurrencies that are energy-intensive.
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2418:
Mastering Blockchain – Third Edition : a deep dive into distributed ledgers, consensus protocols,... smart contracts, dapps, cryptocurrencies, ethereum
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1275:, but deprecated), Yul (an intermediate language that can compile to various different backends—EVM 1.0, EVM 1.5, and eWASM are planned), LLL (a
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prices at the time, although observers have noted that both the buyer and seller had a vested interest in driving demand for the artist's work.
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1215:. Popular uses of Ethereum have included the creation of fungible (ERC-20) and non-fungible (ERC-721) tokens with a variety of properties,
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513:. While there was early praise for the technical innovations of Ethereum, questions were also raised about its security and scalability.
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statements, the bytecode may include instructions to send ETH, read from and write to the contract's storage, create temporary storage (
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identifying the series of blocks that must precede it if the block is to be considered valid. This series of blocks is known as the
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Several codenamed prototypes of Ethereum were developed over 18 months in 2014 and 2015 by the Ethereum Foundation as part of their
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in the blockchain needed to be specified before it could be implemented in software. This work was done by Gavin Wood, then the
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Formal development of the software underlying Ethereum began in early 2014 through a Swiss company, Ethereum Switzerland GmbH (
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501:, in the Ethereum Yellow Paper that specified the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the
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Ether (ETH) is the cryptocurrency generated in accordance with the Ethereum protocol as a reward to validators in a
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payment platform processes 45,000 payments per second. This has led some to question the scalability of Ethereum.
435:
Ethereum was announced at the North American Bitcoin Conference in Miami, in January 2014. During the conference,
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1248:
4819:"These Young Investors Are Still Betting Big On Crypto – And Are Taking Harvard And Stanford Along For The Ride"
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1025:. Contract addresses are in the same format, however, they are determined by sender and creation transaction
462:
137:
5137:"The Ethereum network is getting jammed up because people are rushing to buy cartoon cats on its blockchain"
5030:
3165:"NFTs in Practice – Non-Fungible Tokens as Core Component of a Blockchain-based Event Ticketing Application"
704:
In January 2018, a community-driven paper (an EIP, "Ethereum Improvement Proposal") under the leadership of
6208:
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357:
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1017:). In hexadecimal, two digits represent a byte, and so addresses contain 40 hexadecimal digits after the "
5812:
5386:
4786:"Crypto soars again as traders embrace 'DeFi' and 'yield farming'—but some see echoes of the 2017 bubble"
2279:
Introducing Ethereum and Solidity: Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners
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that don't wish to reveal their identities nor the details of their transactions to the general public."
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real-world assets, such as stocks and property, to the blockchain. In 2013, Buterin briefly worked with
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2044:
The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World
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series. "Olympic" was the last prototype and public beta pre-release. The Olympic network gave users a
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Ethereum-based software and networks, independent from the public Ethereum chain, have been tested by
313:, and the network went live on 30 July 2015. Ethereum allows anyone to deploy permanent and immutable
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The infinite machine : how an army of crypto-hackers is building the next internet with Ethereum
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451:, who invited reporter Morgen Peck, to bear witness. Peck subsequently wrote about the experience in
314:
117:
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3120:
Madine, Mohammad; Salah, Khaled; Jayaraman, Raja; Battah, Ammar; Hasan, Haya; Yaqoob, Ibrar (2022).
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Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
3575:"Ethereum: Mastercard, UBS, and J.P. Morgan pour $ 65 million into crypto startup studio Consensys"
3267:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
3188:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
2721:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
1264:
498:
381:
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4217:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
3269:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
3190:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
2849:"CryptoKitties Transaction Network Analysis: The Rise and Fall of the First Blockchain Game Mania"
2723:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
2637:
1636:
6454:
6330:
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4347:"Nonfungible tokens (NFTs) in dermatology and health care: A guide for health care professionals"
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368:(PoS) in an upgrade process known as "the Merge". This has cut Ethereum's energy usage by 99%.
326:
2824:"Meet CryptoKitties, the $ 100,000 digital beanie babies epitomizing the cryptocurrency mania"
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6721:
6381:
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6104:
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5807:
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5608:
5000:"JP Morgan's Quorum blockchain powers new correspondent banking network " Banking Technology"
4915:"Settlement using blockchain to Automate Foreign Exchange in a Regulated environment (SAFER)"
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4437:
2022 International Conference on Advanced Creative Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICACNIS)
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3342:
2022 International Conference on Advanced Creative Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICACNIS)
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4093:"Ethereum's $ 150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt"
4055:
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1199:, gas prices are typically denominated in gigawei (Gwei), a subunit of ETH equal to 10 ETH.
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112:
3607:"Ether rallies to all-time high above $ 2,200 ahead of Coinbase listing, Berlin hard fork"
3005:"CryptoKitties, a game about digital cats, is bringing cryptocurrencies to the mainstream"
2799:"CryptoKitties, a game about digital cats, is bringing cryptocurrencies to the mainstream"
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3509:"Cryptocurrency expert pleads guilty to conspiring to help North Korea dodge sanctions"
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is the maximum amount of gas the sender is willing to use in the transaction, and the
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341:. This facilitates borrowing against cryptocurrency holdings or lending them out for
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system for adding blocks to the blockchain. Ether is represented in the state as an
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1786:"Move Over, Bitcoin. Ether Is the Digital Currency of the Moment. (Published 2017)"
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4184:"Why people are buying crypto art and sports memorabilia for thousands of dollars"
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2638:"Corporate Titans Unite to Build an Enterprise Version of the Ethereum Blockchain"
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from the sender's balance and adding the same amount to the recipient's balance.
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that was the result of clients running different incompatible software versions.
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4853:"Leading 'Privacy Coin' Zcash Poised For Growth Following Placement On Ethereum"
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3121:
3039:"This local technologist made Philly the birthplace of the leading NFT standard"
1309:. The standard, proposed by Fabian Vogelsteller in November 2015, implements an
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5087:"Ethereum's Co-Founder Just Unveiled His Plan for the Future of Cryptocurrency"
4883:"Big Business Giants From Microsoft to J.P. Morgan Are Getting Behind Ethereum"
4521:
4406:
4390:"Identification of token contracts on Ethereum: standard compliance and beyond"
4389:
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3302:
3223:
2981:"CryptoKitties is Ethereum's hit game, but it's threatening the entire network"
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2139:
1983:"Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web into One Giant Bitcoin Network"
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Ethereum also allows for the creation of unique and indivisible tokens, called
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3444:"Ethereum Regains Title as Second Most Valuable Cryptocurrency Behind Bitcoin"
2607:"Business Giants to Announce Creation of a Computing System Based on Ethereum"
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3762:"Ethereum's Dencun Upgrade: A Leap Toward Cheaper Decentralized Applications"
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2664:"Enterprise Ethereum Alliance expands dramatically announcing 86 new members"
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4914:
4345:
Sitaru, Sebastian; Kaczmarczyk, Robert; Zink, Alexander (20 December 2022).
3891:
3638:"Ethereum just activated its 'London' hard fork, and it's a really big deal"
3122:"Blockchain and NFTs for Time-Bound Access and Monetization of Private Data"
2900:"People have spent over $ 1M buying virtual cats on the Ethereum blockchain"
705:
6038:
5925:
5618:
5481:
5281:
4337:
4276:
3328:
3249:
2782:
2513:"Digital Currency Ethereum is Cratering Amid Claims of a $ 50 Million Hack"
2327:"Ethereum: A Secure Decentralized Generalised Transaction Ledger (EIP-150)"
1216:
975:
767:, a software development firm that builds Ethereum-related infrastructure.
601:
412:
310:
4284:
Arcenegui, Javier; Arjona, Rosario; Baturone, Iluminada (11 August 2023).
1982:
1673:"DeFi Is Helping to Fuel the Crypto Market Boom—and Its Recent Volatility"
6781:
6670:
6542:
6406:
4919:
3921:"Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin's"
3062:
2545:""Hard Fork" Coming to Restore Ethereum Funds to Investors of Hacked DAO"
2014:"Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor"
1523:
1451:
1365:
1341:
1301:
The ERC-20 (Ethereum Request-for-Comments #20) Token Standard allows for
1140:
1115:
999:
946:
605:
582:
394:
6701:
6592:
6537:
6424:
6376:
6302:
6004:
5999:
5797:
5598:
5539:
5411:
4931:
4875:
3542:"That settles it: Visa is making life way easier for crypto businesses"
3164:
2322:
1306:
1268:
1091:
1041:
The number of daily confirmed Ethereum transactions as of February 2024
983:
928:
896:
794:
Ethereum enthusiasts gather for a Merge party in San Francisco in 2022.
756:
744:
669:
657:
656:. By July 2017, there were over 150 members in the alliance, including
645:
625:
621:
578:
557:
526:
436:
290:
244:
145:
48:
4310:
572:
28:
6532:
6434:
6361:
6267:
6119:
5681:
5167:"Customer Advisory: Understand the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading"
4286:"Non-Fungible Tokens Based on ERC-4519 for the Rental of Smart Homes"
3477:"He Gave a Cryptocurrency Talk in North Korea. The U.S. Arrested Him"
1555:
1509:
1471:
1435:
1132:
764:
740:
649:
637:
609:
593:
589:
538:
474:
330:
4636:"Beeple NFT Fetches Record-Breaking $ 69 Million in Christie's Sale"
4363:
4346:
829:
552:—a set of smart contracts developed on the platform—raised a record
6527:
6507:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6396:
6356:
6335:
6198:
6178:
6152:
6129:
6099:
6029:
6019:
6014:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5842:
5752:
5713:
5557:
4233:
3285:
3206:
2739:
1578:
1495:
1455:
1447:
1391:
1302:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1150:
When a sender is creating a transaction, the sender must specify a
966:
887:
665:
633:
342:
180:
105:
4756:"Why 'DeFi' Utopia Would Be Finance Without Financiers: QuickTake"
4056:"An analysis of the fees and pending time correlation in Ethereum"
3984:"Ethereum Upgrade Adds to Crypto Mania Sparked by Bitcoin's Surge"
3670:"Crypto Coin Outperforming Bitcoin Is About to See Supply Reduced"
2669:(Press release). Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA). 19 May 2017.
2264:
The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Baar, Switzerland.
1948:
1919:"Ethereum's Energy Revamp Is No Guarantee of Global Climate Gains"
537:
of the platform. Protocol upgrades are accomplished by means of a
6675:
6640:
6597:
6492:
6467:
6439:
6213:
5955:
5920:
5697:
5455:
4726:"MetaMask's Blockchain Mobile App Opens Doors For Next-Level Web"
4611:"Christie's gets digital with the art world's non-fungible craze"
3701:"Most Used Blockchain Averts Crisis After Software Flaw Is Fixed"
2071:(First ed.). New York, NY: Harper Business. pp. 40–44.
1637:"What are cryptocurrencies and stablecoins and how do they work?"
1402:
717:
510:
268:
267:
of the platform. Among cryptocurrencies, ether is second only to
3954:"Ether seeks to escape bitcoin's shadow with CME futures launch"
2696:"The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance Just Got A Whole Lot Stronger"
1843:"Ethereum Is Booming in the NFT Frenzy—So Is Network Congestion"
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1259:
and deployed to the Ethereum blockchain. They can be written in
1049:
environment for transaction execution in Ethereum. The EVM is a
6650:
6577:
6497:
6482:
6429:
6233:
6167:
6059:
6009:
5990:
5628:
5264:
2481:"Hacker May Have Taken $ 50 Million From Cybercurrency Project"
2105:
1486:
variants are used and being investigated for various projects:
1353:
169:
4970:"Beyond Bitcoin: These Cryptocurrencies Are Doing Even Better"
4153:"The bitcoin elite are spending millions on collectable memes"
2931:"CryptoKitties Mania Overwhelms Ethereum Network's Processing"
2206:"Founders' Fork: The Ethereum Architects Now Locked in Battle"
6680:
6618:
6602:
6562:
6547:
6502:
6218:
6043:
5911:
5633:
4214:
4122:"Ethereum's First ICO Blazes Trail To A World Without Bosses"
3266:
3187:
2720:
1696:
1071:
1003:
675:
613:
560:
to fund the project. The DAO was exploited in June 2016 when
420:
129:
5031:"Why J.P. Morgan Chase Is Building a Blockchain on Ethereum"
2640:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
1474:, and other companies have also experimented with Ethereum.
1147:) a node must expend or dedicate to perform that operation.
432:
programming language—that would eventually become Ethereum.
5935:
5857:
5311:
5229:
3642:
1634:
Szalay, Eva; Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth (28 May 2021).
1387:
965:
Contracts are the only type of account that has associated
338:
4433:"A Review on Blockchain Applications in Fintech Ecosystem"
4431:
Karadag, Bulut; Akbulut, Akhan; Zaim, Abdul Halim (2022).
3338:"A Review on Blockchain Applications in Fintech Ecosystem"
3336:
Karadag, Bulut; Akbulut, Akhan; Zaim, Abdul Halim (2022).
3119:
1601:
1515:
A proposal to partition global state and computation into
6623:
6587:
6193:
4526:
2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)
2135:"The Prophets of Cryptocurrency Survey the Boom and Bust"
1724:"The Prophets of Cryptocurrency Survey the Boom and Bust"
1633:
1459:
1439:
1310:
1135:
with a certain gas cost, which is intended to be roughly
752:
458:
2549:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
2334:
1882:"There are two very real reasons Ethereum is taking off"
5198:. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. December 2019.
4283:
982:) that vanishes at the end of code evaluation, perform
516:
4388:
Di Angelo, Monika; Salzer, Gernot (1 September 2023).
942:
Ether is often erroneously referred to as "Ethereum".
778:
On 27 August 2021, the blockchain experienced a brief
226:
5241:
4520:
Ross, Dian; Cretu, Edmond; Lemieux, Victoria (2021).
4344:
2359:"BitBeat: Ethereum Opens Its 'Frontier' for Business"
1976:
1974:
3731:"The Roadmap to Serenity aka #Ethereum 2.0 Upgrades"
2444:"Chiefless Company Rakes in More than $ 100 Million"
2197:
2005:
345:. Ethereum also allows users to create and exchange
4394:
International Journal of Data Science and Analytics
3163:Regner, Ferdinand; Urbach, Nils; Schweizer, André.
2228:
2093:
1554:would treat Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies as
1390:-enabled browser extension or application, such as
573:
Continued development and milestones (2017–present)
393:Ethereum was initially described in late 2013 in a
4489:"The 10,000 Faces That Launched an NFT Revolution"
4430:
3335:
2956:"CryptoKitties is jamming up the ethereum network"
2511:
2442:
2357:
1971:
1880:
1671:
1635:
1293:, which could not be quickly stopped or reversed.
1002:) concatenated with the rightmost 20 bytes of the
4962:
4748:
4718:
4669:"NFTs Don't Work the Way You Might Think They Do"
4634:Ostroff, Kelly Crow and Caitlin (11 March 2021).
4103:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3976:
3662:
3162:
2567:
2240:
6843:
4519:
4053:
2111:
2041:
1709:
356:On 15 September 2022, Ethereum transitioned its
5022:
4778:
4387:
4042:
3951:
3566:
3533:
3435:
2248:"Company Overview of Ethereum Switzerland GmbH"
2037:
2035:
1912:
1910:
1873:
994:Ethereum addresses are composed of the prefix "
4810:
4696:"Why Everyone in Crypto Is Talking About DeFi"
4687:
4113:
5768:
5327:
5134:
3952:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (5 February 2021).
3692:
3403:"The NFT Origin Story, Starring Digital Cats"
2474:
2472:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
1665:
1663:
1324:
1139:to the monetary value of the resources (e.g.
457:. Six months later the founders met again in
4084:
3629:
2032:
1907:
1629:
1627:
1434:companies. Interested parties have included
747:transactions using Ethereum. In April 2021,
5103:
4666:
4522:"NFTS: Tulip Mania or Digital Renaissance?"
4063:International Journal of Network Management
3914:
3912:
2420:. : Packt Publishing Limited. p. 312.
2349:
2250:. Bloomberg. 20 August 2016. Archived from
1552:Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act
6824:
5775:
5761:
5334:
5320:
5234:
4150:
3599:
2469:
2269:
2132:
2117:
1752:
1721:
1660:
1247:Ethereum's smart contracts are written in
1045:The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the
1023:0xb794f5ea0ba39494ce839613fffba74279579268
27:
4405:
4362:
4327:
4309:
4266:
4232:
3318:
3284:
3239:
3205:
3145:
2978:
2872:
2772:
2738:
2656:
2536:
2503:
2382:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2060:
2011:
1715:
1624:
1263:(a language library with similarities to
870:Learn how and when to remove this message
723:
16:Open-source blockchain computing platform
5169:. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
4846:
4844:
3909:
3698:
2846:
2434:
1371:
1170:less than or equal to the transaction's
1036:
789:
697:(dApp) featuring digital cat artwork as
380:
317:onto it, with which users can interact.
5028:
4633:
4054:de Azevedo Sousa, José Eduardo (2020).
3635:
3539:
3400:
2847:Jiang, Xin-Jian; Liu, Xiao Fan (2021).
2629:
2573:
1558:, which could then be regulated by the
1477:
1242:
569:which continued on the original chain.
471:a list of elements from science fiction
469:chose the name Ethereum after browsing
376:
6844:
6611:
5084:
5053:
4895:from the original on 29 September 2017
4608:
4181:
4036:
3918:
3759:
3572:
3474:
3063:"ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard"
3036:
2897:
2605:Popper, Nathaniel (27 February 2017).
2604:
2598:
2478:
2415:
2308:
2275:
2167:"The Uncanny Mind That Built Ethereum"
2042:Tapscott, Don; Tapscott, Alex (2016).
1980:
1810:"Vapor No More: Ethereum Has Launched"
1783:
1425:
1233:decentralized autonomous organizations
850:Please improve this section by adding
731:In 2019, Ethereum Foundation employee
6742:Decentralized autonomous organization
5756:
5315:
5093:from the original on 9 November 2017.
5043:from the original on 2 February 2017.
4841:
4736:from the original on 9 September 2020
4675:from the original on 10 November 2022
4621:from the original on 23 February 2021
4194:from the original on 25 February 2021
4151:Volpicelli, Gian (24 February 2021).
3994:from the original on 28 November 2020
3741:from the original on 13 November 2022
3699:Mehrotra, Kartikay (28 August 2021).
3521:from the original on 17 December 2021
3489:from the original on 22 November 2020
3421:from the original on 12 December 2021
3098:from the original on 28 November 2023
3073:from the original on 22 November 2021
3049:from the original on 28 November 2023
2941:from the original on 17 November 2021
2834:from the original on 20 November 2018
2821:
2586:from the original on 26 December 2018
2509:
2440:
2388:
2370:from the original on 6 September 2017
2355:
2234:
2099:
2066:
2020:from the original on 23 February 2016
1916:
1840:
1820:from the original on 13 November 2020
1753:Foundation, Ethereum (30 July 2015).
1669:
1581:alpha-3 code. "ETH" is informal only.
714:ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard.
546:decentralized autonomous organization
484:
6812:
5782:
5737:
5173:from the original on 24 October 2022
5116:from the original on 8 December 2017
5066:from the original on 19 October 2018
5010:from the original on 9 November 2017
4980:from the original on 4 December 2020
4937:
4829:from the original on 20 October 2020
4766:from the original on 15 October 2020
4609:Gerlis, Melanie (18 February 2021).
4507:from the original on 3 December 2023
4119:
4090:
4024:from the original on 27 January 2021
3636:Sigalos, MacKenzie (5 August 2021).
3441:
3085:
3015:from the original on 3 December 2023
2991:from the original on 3 December 2023
2953:
2910:from the original on 9 December 2019
2809:from the original on 3 December 2023
2635:
2542:
2321:
2203:
2133:Paumgarten, Nick (22 October 2018).
1959:from the original on 9 February 2024
1929:from the original on 7 December 2022
1722:Paumgarten, Nick (15 October 2018).
1577:Cryptocurrency do not have a formal
1560:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1382:Decentralized finance (DeFi) offers
1352:sold a digital image with an NFT by
823:
517:Launch and the DAO event (2014–2016)
411:applications. Buterin argued to the
5205:from the original on 1 October 2022
5062:. London: The Financial Times Ltd.
4850:
4693:
4667:Ravenscraft, Eric (12 March 2022).
3919:Popper, Nathaniel (27 March 2016).
3711:from the original on 28 August 2021
3456:from the original on 8 January 2018
2979:Schroeder, Stan (4 December 2017).
2296:from the original on 23 August 2021
2216:from the original on 18 August 2021
2147:from the original on 9 January 2020
1765:from the original on 11 August 2015
1734:from the original on 9 January 2020
1684:from the original on 13 August 2021
1648:from the original on 14 August 2021
1454:(cross-border payments prototype).
1397:Examples of DeFi platforms include
759:announced that they were investing
598:Cornell University's research group
185:Multilingual, but primarily English
13:
5147:from the original on 5 August 2021
5054:Murphy, Hannah (19 October 2018).
5029:Hackett, Robert (4 October 2016).
4950:from the original on 5 August 2021
4816:
4646:from the original on 12 March 2021
4558:from the original on 12 April 2024
4445:10.1109/ICACNIS57039.2022.10054910
4163:from the original on 5 August 2021
4132:from the original on 5 August 2021
3964:from the original on 5 August 2021
3680:from the original on 18 April 2021
3650:from the original on 5 August 2021
3617:from the original on 18 April 2021
3587:from the original on 30 April 2021
3573:Morris, David Z. (13 April 2021).
3350:10.1109/ICACNIS57039.2022.10054910
2954:Wong, Joon Ian (4 December 2017).
2479:Popper, Nathaniel (18 June 2016).
2012:Schneider, Nathan (7 April 2014).
1993:from the original on 18 March 2016
1784:Popper, Nathaniel (19 June 2017).
1417:in 2020. As of October 2020, over
1032:
493:). The idea of putting executable
282:Ethereum was conceived in 2013 by
14:
6893:
6752:Distributed ledger technology law
5221:
5135:Joon Ian Wong (4 December 2017).
4706:from the original on 31 July 2020
4534:10.1109/BigData52589.2021.9671707
4486:
4182:Browne, Ryan (25 February 2021).
4109:from the original on 30 May 2016.
4014:"Introduction to Smart Contracts"
3933:from the original on 24 July 2016
3772:from the original on 3 April 2024
3540:Hackett, Robert (29 March 2021).
2966:from the original on 15 July 2018
2822:Cheng, Evelyn (6 December 2017).
2644:from the original on 17 June 2017
2617:from the original on 20 June 2017
2574:Leising, Matthew (13 June 2017).
2555:from the original on 3 March 2017
2524:from the original on 11 June 2017
2491:from the original on 20 June 2017
2457:from the original on 25 June 2017
2185:from the original on 13 July 2017
1981:Finley, Klint (27 January 2014).
1612:from the original on 11 June 2023
1409:for tokens on Ethereum grew from
1362:third-most-valuable living artist
1013:(the curve used is the so-called
962:the state by an account address.
743:announced that it began settling
401:, a programmer and co-founder of
6823:
6811:
6800:
6799:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5299:
5287:
5275:
5263:
5251:
4927:from the original on 4 May 2016.
4798:from the original on 25 May 2021
4072:from the original on 9 July 2020
3867:"Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)"
3442:Shen, Lucinda (8 January 2018).
3175:from the original on 23 May 2022
2898:Tepper, Fitz (3 December 2017).
2702:from the original on 21 May 2018
2676:from the original on 7 June 2017
2397:from the original on 6 June 2017
1917:Clark, Aaron (6 December 2022).
1895:from the original on 10 May 2021
1796:from the original on 8 July 2020
1296:
1191:and their gas balance is set to
828:
407:, that described a way to build
5185:
5159:
5128:
5097:
5085:Galeon, Dom (3 November 2017).
5078:
5056:"The rise and fall of Ethereum"
5047:
4992:
4907:
4863:from the original on 3 May 2021
4660:
4602:
4590:from the original on 6 May 2021
4572:
4478:
4206:
4175:
4144:
4047:
4006:
3945:
3884:
3859:
3834:
3809:
3784:
3753:
3723:
3554:from the original on 5 May 2021
3501:
3475:Ransom, Jan (2 December 2019).
3468:
3401:Ostroff, Caitlin (8 May 2021).
3258:
3112:
3088:"40 unded 40 -William Entriken"
3037:Butler, Michael (3 June 2021).
3029:
2922:
2891:
2789:
2714:
2688:
2409:
2276:Dannen, Chris (16 March 2017).
2159:
1941:
1861:from the original on 9 May 2021
1251:programming languages and then
1202:
785:
581:startups, research groups, and
3067:Ethereum Improvement Proposals
2067:Russo, Camila (14 July 2020).
1834:
1777:
1746:
1594:
1571:
1503:
1053:based virtual machine with an
1:
6872:Currencies introduced in 2015
5294:Free and open-source software
2636:Peck, Morgan (2 March 2017).
2543:Peck, Morgan (19 July 2016).
2391:"The Ethereum Launch Process"
2389:Gupta, Vinay (3 March 2015).
2204:Jain, Aman (17 August 2021).
1587:
1535:
1522:Ethereum's blockchain uses a
852:secondary or tertiary sources
325:that do not directly rely on
5341:
4290:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
3452:. Fortune Media IP Limited.
2356:Vigna, Paul (31 July 2015).
2112:Tapscott & Tapscott 2016
1710:Tapscott & Tapscott 2016
1282:-like language), and Mutan (
989:
949:, Ξ, is sometimes used as a
679:and the ERC-721 NFT standard
321:(DeFi) applications provide
78:1.12.2 / 13 August 2023
7:
5813:Cryptographic hash function
3611:markets.businessinsider.com
3147:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3204274
2510:Price, Rob (17 June 2016).
2441:Vigna, Paul (16 May 2016).
1670:Vigna, Paul (3 June 2021).
998:" (a common identifier for
956:
945:The uppercase Greek letter
819:
10:
6898:
4407:10.1007/s41060-021-00281-1
4251:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
3303:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
3224:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
2757:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
1841:Vigna, Paul (3 May 2021).
1539:
1375:
1328:
1325:Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)
371:
315:decentralized applications
217:~8,600 nodes (6 June 2023)
6795:
6772:Initial exchange offering
6747:Decentralized application
6727:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
6689:
6663:
6453:
6415:
6344:
6301:
6232:
6142:
6092:
6068:
6052:
6028:
5989:
5964:
5910:
5900:
5866:
5790:
5722:
5706:
5690:
5674:
5666:2018 cryptocurrency crash
5658:
5642:
5591:
5566:
5538:
5522:
5506:
5490:
5464:
5448:
5441:
5420:
5349:
4580:"The Cult of CryptoPunks"
1178:that is in excess of the
814:
805:global energy consumption
695:decentralized application
602:Toyota Research Institute
289:. Other founders include
221:
213:
201:
189:
179:
163:
151:
111:
100:
92:
72:
54:
38:
26:
6777:List of cryptocurrencies
6664:Crypto service companies
6455:Cryptocurrency exchanges
4091:Peck, M. (28 May 2016).
2874:10.3389/fphy.2021.631665
1565:
918:
499:chief technology officer
327:financial intermediaries
6867:Cryptocurrency projects
6862:Cross-platform software
4938:Castillo, Michael del.
4640:The Wall Street Journal
4351:JEADV Clinical Practice
4120:Castillo, Michael del.
3383:"Ethereum Crash Course"
2450:The Wall Street Journal
2393:. Ethereum Foundation.
2364:The Wall Street Journal
1847:The Wall Street Journal
1678:The Wall Street Journal
1484:permissioned blockchain
1305:tokens on the Ethereum
1271:), Serpent (similar to
1229:decentralized exchanges
654:National Bank of Canada
577:In March 2017, various
80:; 13 months ago
6712:Complementary currency
5818:Decentralized exchange
5803:Cryptocurrency tumbler
5106:"Merkling in Ethereum"
4528:. pp. 2262–2272.
2416:Bashir, Imran (2020).
2282:. Apress. p. 30.
1542:2020s commodities boom
1407:decentralized exchange
1319:initial coin offerings
1221:initial coin offerings
1121:
1042:
839:relies excessively on
795:
724:Continued developments
712:was published, called
423:CEO Yoni Assia on the
390:
351:initial coin offerings
6767:Initial coin offering
6722:Cryptocurrency bubble
6253:Basic Attention Token
5823:Decentralized finance
5808:Cryptocurrency wallet
5609:Cryptocurrency wallet
3169:ICIS 2019 Proceedings
1949:"Ethereum Whitepaper"
1384:financial instruments
1378:Decentralized finance
1372:Decentralized finance
1225:decentralized finance
1174:. The portion of the
1062:on a wide variety of
1040:
793:
384:
323:financial instruments
319:Decentralized finance
273:market capitalization
196:Distributed computing
60:; 9 years ago
6762:Environmental impact
6732:Cryptocurrency scams
4732:. 2 September 2020.
3990:. 25 November 2020.
3011:. 14 December 2017.
2853:Frontiers in Physics
2805:. 14 December 2017.
1494:proposed developing
1478:Permissioned ledgers
1243:Contract source code
884:peer-to-peer network
535:incentive structures
385:Ethereum co-founder
377:Founding (2013–2014)
277:open-source software
208:Open-source licenses
6417:Inactive currencies
5006:. 18 October 2017.
5004:www.bankingtech.com
4976:. 3 December 2020.
4302:2023Senso..23.7101A
4243:2022NatSR..12.2178B
3842:"Nodes and Clients"
3407:Wall Street Journal
3295:2022NatSR..12.2178B
3216:2022NatSR..12.2178B
3138:2022IEEEA..1094186M
2937:. 4 December 2017.
2865:2021FrP.....9...57X
2749:2022NatSR..12.2178B
2325:(3 February 2018).
1755:"Ethereum Launches"
1432:enterprise software
1426:Enterprise software
1337:non-fungible tokens
503:Ethereum Foundation
358:consensus mechanism
347:non-fungible tokens
309:work began and was
23:
5877:Proof of authority
5848:Non-fungible token
5828:Distributed ledger
4794:. 25 August 2020.
4762:. 26 August 2020.
4221:Scientific Reports
3926:The New York Times
3892:"What is Staking?"
3792:"Networking Layer"
3760:Bambysheva, Nina.
3482:The New York Times
3273:Scientific Reports
3194:Scientific Reports
2727:Scientific Reports
2611:The New York Times
2485:The New York Times
2337:on 3 February 2018
1790:The New York Times
1331:Non-fungible token
1313:for tokens within
1237:prediction markets
1043:
893:cryptographic hash
796:
485:Development (2014)
391:
93:Development status
40:Original author(s)
21:
6839:
6838:
6659:
6658:
6138:
6137:
5838:Lightning Network
5750:
5749:
5587:
5586:
5382:Charles Hoskinson
5104:Vitalik Buterin.
4851:Ehrlich, Steven.
4543:978-1-6654-3902-2
4454:979-8-3503-3444-9
4311:10.3390/s23167101
3613:. 13 April 2021.
3359:979-8-3503-3444-9
3086:Sherwood, Sonja.
2580:www.bloomberg.com
2576:"The Ether Thief"
2254:on 20 August 2016
1759:blog.ethereum.org
1360:, making him the
1068:operating systems
974:. In addition to
937:amount to be sent
886:that maintains a
880:
879:
872:
530:reward of 5 ETH.
507:Stiftung Ethereum
441:Charles Hoskinson
295:Charles Hoskinson
235:
234:
58:30 July 2015
6889:
6827:
6826:
6815:
6814:
6803:
6802:
6787:Virtual currency
6737:Digital currency
6717:Crypto-anarchism
6609:
6608:
6362:HBAR (Hashgraph)
6345:Other currencies
5981:Ethereum Classic
5908:
5907:
5784:Cryptocurrencies
5777:
5770:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5740:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5650:Ethereum Classic
5446:
5445:
5367:William Entriken
5362:Anthony Di Iorio
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5267:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5230:Official website
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5197:
5193:"Bitcoin Basics"
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4586:. 8 April 2021.
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4439:. pp. 1–5.
4427:
4409:
4384:
4366:
4341:
4331:
4313:
4280:
4270:
4236:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4018:SolidityLang.org
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3676:. 7 March 2021.
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3344:. pp. 1–5.
3332:
3322:
3288:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3243:
3209:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3159:
3149:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2876:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2742:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2698:. 19 July 2017.
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2518:Business Insider
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:. Archived from
2319:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1582:
1575:
1420:
1416:
1413:in liquidity to
1412:
1359:
1358:US$ 69.3 million
1239:, and gambling.
1024:
1020:
997:
875:
868:
864:
861:
855:
832:
824:
762:
710:William Entriken
708:and lead author
567:Ethereum Classic
563:
555:
523:proof-of-concept
445:Anthony Di Iorio
418:
404:Bitcoin Magazine
299:Anthony Di Iorio
263:) is the native
231:
228:
153:Operating system
88:
86:
81:
68:
66:
61:
31:
24:
20:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6791:
6757:Double-spending
6707:Blockchain game
6685:
6655:
6607:
6449:
6411:
6340:
6297:
6228:
6134:
6088:
6064:
6048:
6024:
5985:
5960:
5896:
5862:
5786:
5781:
5751:
5746:
5718:
5707:Coding language
5702:
5686:
5670:
5654:
5638:
5583:
5562:
5534:
5518:
5502:
5486:
5460:
5437:
5416:
5407:Mike Winkelmann
5377:Virgil Griffith
5357:Vitalik Buterin
5345:
5340:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5262:
5250:
5242:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5102:
5098:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5060:Financial Times
5052:
5048:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5011:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4940:"Blockchain 50"
4936:
4932:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4849:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4694:Kauflin, Jeff.
4692:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4665:
4661:
4649:
4647:
4624:
4622:
4615:Financial Times
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4561:
4559:
4544:
4510:
4508:
4487:Upson, Sandra.
4483:
4479:
4467:
4465:
4455:
4364:10.1002/jvc2.95
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4114:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3917:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3737:. 16 May 2019.
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3514:Washington Post
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3440:
3436:
3424:
3422:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3360:
3263:
3259:
3178:
3176:
3132:: 94186–94202.
3117:
3113:
3101:
3099:
3092:Drexel Magazine
3076:
3074:
3061:
3052:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3018:
3016:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2969:
2967:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2892:
2837:
2835:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2320:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2118:
2114:, pp. 278.
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2040:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1839:
1835:
1823:
1821:
1816:. August 2015.
1808:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1668:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1642:Financial Times
1632:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1608:. 6 June 2023.
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1550:, the proposed
1544:
1538:
1506:
1482:Ethereum-based
1480:
1428:
1418:
1415:US$ 2.9 billion
1414:
1410:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1333:
1327:
1315:smart contracts
1299:
1245:
1235:(DAOs), games,
1213:Turing-complete
1209:instruction set
1205:
1197:user interfaces
1128:unit of account
1124:
1055:instruction set
1035:
1033:Virtual machine
1022:
1018:
995:
992:
959:
951:currency symbol
921:
876:
865:
859:
856:
849:
845:primary sources
833:
822:
817:
788:
760:
749:JP Morgan Chase
739:In March 2021,
733:Virgil Griffith
726:
691:blockchain game
681:
642:Banco Santander
575:
561:
554:US$ 150 million
553:
519:
495:smart contracts
487:
430:Turing-complete
416:
399:Vitalik Buterin
387:Vitalik Buterin
379:
374:
287:Vitalik Buterin
251:functionality.
225:
84:
82:
79:
64:
62:
59:
55:Initial release
47:
45:Vitalik Buterin
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6895:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6690:Related topics
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6144:Proof of stake
6140:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6115:Nervos Network
6112:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5971:
5969:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5905:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5887:Proof of stake
5884:
5882:Proof of space
5879:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5853:Smart contract
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5708:
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5703:
5701:
5700:
5694:
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5688:
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5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:Proof of stake
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5604:Cryptocurrency
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5564:
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5516:
5510:
5508:
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5501:
5500:
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5492:
5488:
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5468:
5466:
5462:
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5452:
5450:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5402:Paul Sebastien
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Taylor Gerring
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5240:
5239:
5223:
5222:External links
5220:
5217:
5216:
5184:
5158:
5127:
5096:
5077:
5046:
5021:
4991:
4961:
4930:
4906:
4874:
4840:
4817:Konrad, Alex.
4809:
4777:
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4717:
4686:
4659:
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4601:
4571:
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4568:
4542:
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4477:
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4474:
4453:
4428:
4400:(3): 333–352.
4385:
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4143:
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4005:
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2819:
2788:
2713:
2687:
2655:
2628:
2597:
2566:
2535:
2502:
2468:
2433:
2427:978-1839213199
2426:
2408:
2381:
2348:
2331:yellowpaper.io
2307:
2289:978-1484225356
2288:
2268:
2239:
2237:, pp. 56.
2227:
2196:
2158:
2140:The New Yorker
2116:
2104:
2102:, pp. 44.
2092:
2077:
2059:
2053:978-0670069972
2052:
2031:
2016:. Al Jazeera.
2004:
1970:
1940:
1906:
1891:. 6 May 2021.
1872:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1776:
1745:
1728:The New Yorker
1714:
1712:, pp. 87.
1695:
1659:
1623:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1537:
1534:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1492:JPMorgan Chase
1479:
1476:
1444:JPMorgan Chase
1427:
1424:
1419:US$ 11 billion
1411:US$ 20 million
1376:Main article:
1373:
1370:
1329:Main article:
1326:
1323:
1298:
1295:
1244:
1241:
1204:
1201:
1180:base gas price
1168:base gas price
1123:
1120:
1034:
1031:
991:
988:
958:
955:
925:proof-of-stake
920:
917:
912:pseudorandomly
882:Ethereum is a
878:
877:
836:
834:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
787:
784:
761:US$ 65 million
725:
722:
716:It introduced
680:
674:
574:
571:
562:US$ 50 million
518:
515:
486:
483:
378:
375:
373:
370:
366:proof-of-stake
265:cryptocurrency
249:smart contract
233:
232:
223:
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218:
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211:
210:
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199:
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187:
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158:Cross-platform
155:
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90:
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76:
74:Stable release
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
42:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6894:
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6878:
6875:
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6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6852:2015 software
6850:
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6666:
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6636:LocalBitcoins
6634:
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6568:ItBit (Paxos)
6566:
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6085:
6082:
6080:
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6074:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:RandomX-based
6051:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
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6001:
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5997:
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5992:
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5982:
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5973:
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5967:
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5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5902:Proof of work
5899:
5893:
5892:Proof of work
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
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5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
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5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
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5795:
5793:
5789:
5785:
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5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:CryptoKitties
5475:
5473:
5472:Axie Infinity
5470:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5447:
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5434:
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5419:
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5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Kevin O'Leary
5390:
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5380:
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5142:
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5131:
5115:
5111:
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5100:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4979:
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4974:Bloomberg.com
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4757:
4751:
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4730:Bloomberg.com
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4697:
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4674:
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4605:
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4408:
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4378:
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4365:
4360:
4356:
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4321:
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4307:
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4209:
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4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4098:IEEE Spectrum
4094:
4087:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
3993:
3989:
3988:Bloomberg.com
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3797:
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3763:
3756:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3679:
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3674:Bloomberg.com
3671:
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3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3455:
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3450:
3445:
3438:
3420:
3416:
3412:
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3404:
3399:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
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3326:
3321:
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3312:
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3304:
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3296:
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3251:
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3199:
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3186:
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3148:
3143:
3139:
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3127:
3123:
3115:
3097:
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3084:
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2935:Bloomberg.com
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2146:
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2141:
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2108:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:9780062886149
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2046:. Portfolio.
2045:
2038:
2036:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1923:Bloomberg.com
1920:
1913:
1911:
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1548:United States
1543:
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1530:
1529:CryptoKitties
1525:
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1488:
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1464:Credit Suisse
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686:CryptoKitties
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677:CryptoKitties
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667:
663:
662:Cisco Systems
659:
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639:
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426:
425:Colored Coins
422:
414:
410:
409:decentralized
406:
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383:
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367:
363:
362:proof-of-work
359:
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242:decentralized
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101:Software used
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6816:
6804:
6681:Initiative Q
6172:
6039:Bitcoin Gold
5974:
5965:
5931:Counterparty
5926:Bitcoin Cash
5592:Technologies
5482:Decentraland
5387:Joseph Lubin
5342:
5207:. Retrieved
5187:
5175:. Retrieved
5161:
5149:. Retrieved
5140:
5130:
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5110:Ethereum.org
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4436:
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4354:
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3896:Consensys.io
3895:
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3871:Ethereum.org
3870:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3846:Ethereum.org
3845:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3821:Ethereum.org
3820:
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3796:Ethereum.org
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3765:
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3745:14 September
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3406:
3390:. Retrieved
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3371:. Retrieved
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3193:
3177:. Retrieved
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3100:. Retrieved
3091:
3075:. Retrieved
3066:
3051:. Retrieved
3043:Technical.ly
3042:
3031:
3017:. Retrieved
3008:
2993:. Retrieved
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2968:. Retrieved
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2459:. Retrieved
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2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2330:
2298:. Retrieved
2278:
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2252:the original
2242:
2230:
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2210:Entrepreneur
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1986:
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1953:ethereum.org
1952:
1943:
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1922:
1897:. Retrieved
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1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1846:
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1767:. Retrieved
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1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1686:. Retrieved
1677:
1650:. Retrieved
1641:
1614:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1573:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1517:shard chains
1514:
1507:
1481:
1429:
1396:
1381:
1364:in terms of
1347:
1340:
1334:
1300:
1288:
1255:down to EVM
1246:
1217:crowdfunding
1206:
1203:Applications
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1137:proportional
1125:
1044:
1014:
1006:hash of the
993:
976:control flow
972:return value
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960:
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936:
922:
909:
905:
901:
881:
866:
857:
838:
809:
801:
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786:Ethereum 2.0
777:
769:
738:
730:
727:
713:
706:civic hacker
703:
684:
682:
676:
618:J. P. Morgan
583:
576:
543:
532:
520:
506:
502:
490:
488:
467:
452:
449:Joseph Lubin
434:
413:Bitcoin Core
402:
392:
355:
303:Joseph Lubin
281:
260:
257:abbreviation
252:
237:
236:
214:Active hosts
181:Available in
18:
6857:Blockchains
6782:Token money
6671:Hyperledger
6543:EDX Markets
6407:WhopperCoin
6303:Stablecoins
5540:Stablecoins
5306:Numismatics
5209:21 December
4920:Innovate UK
4625:25 February
4227:(1): 2178.
4198:25 February
4167:25 February
4136:29 December
3998:28 November
3937:2 September
3460:26 December
3279:(1): 2178.
3200:(1): 2178.
3126:IEEE Access
2733:(1): 2178.
2590:21 December
2323:Wood, Gavin
2300:12 November
2024:21 February
1963:10 February
1824:17 February
1800:18 November
1556:commodities
1504:Performance
1452:Innovate UK
1342:CryptoPunks
1141:computation
1116:WebAssembly
1114:, and soon
1000:hexadecimal
953:for ether.
606:Samsung SDS
544:In 2016, a
395:white paper
311:crowdfunded
307:development
305:. In 2014,
6846:Categories
6702:BitLicense
6646:QuadrigaCX
6629:bankruptcy
6593:ShapeShift
6538:Crypto.com
6425:BitConnect
6377:MobileCoin
6146:currencies
6005:Bitconnect
6000:Auroracoin
5904:currencies
5870:mechanisms
5798:Blockchain
5791:Technology
5599:Blockchain
5530:EigenLayer
5412:Gavin Wood
5120:12 January
5070:19 October
5014:8 November
4984:4 December
4954:4 December
4899:8 November
4867:2 November
4833:21 October
4584:TechCrunch
4562:3 December
4511:3 December
4468:3 December
4234:2304.10490
4076:14 October
4028:19 January
3968:8 February
3525:24 January
3493:12 January
3425:3 December
3392:3 December
3373:3 December
3286:2304.10490
3207:2304.10490
3179:3 December
3102:3 December
3077:3 December
3053:3 December
3019:3 December
2995:3 December
2970:3 December
2945:3 December
2914:3 December
2904:TechCrunch
2838:3 December
2813:3 December
2740:2304.10490
2341:3 February
2235:Russo 2020
2151:4 February
2100:Russo 2020
2087:1117469014
1814:TechCrunch
1738:7 December
1606:Ethernodes
1588:References
1540:See also:
1536:Regulation
1450:, R3, and
1350:Christie's
1307:blockchain
1269:JavaScript
1249:high-level
1207:The EVM's
1092:JavaScript
1011:public key
1004:Keccak-256
984:arithmetic
897:blockchain
841:references
773:volatility
757:MasterCard
745:stablecoin
670:Scotiabank
658:MasterCard
646:BNY Mellon
626:Merck KGaA
622:Cooley LLP
579:blockchain
558:crowd sale
527:bug bounty
437:Gavin Wood
331:brokerages
291:Gavin Wood
284:programmer
245:blockchain
146:TypeScript
113:Written in
85:2023-08-13
65:2015-07-30
49:Gavin Wood
6882:Bytecodes
6533:Coincheck
6435:KodakCoin
6283:Shiba Inu
6268:KodakCoin
6258:Chainlink
6184:Injective
6158:Avalanche
6120:Primecoin
5868:Consensus
5682:EtherRock
5523:Restaking
5514:Chainlink
5442:Protocols
5270:Economics
4770:6 October
4760:Bloomberg
4671:. Wired.
4552:245956102
4501:1059-1028
4463:257313812
4424:239710307
4416:2364-4168
4381:254965788
4373:2768-6566
4320:1424-8220
4259:2045-2322
4065:(e2113).
3735:ConsenSys
3715:28 August
3705:Bloomberg
3415:0099-9660
3368:257313812
3311:2045-2322
3232:2045-2322
3156:252094824
2883:2296-424X
2765:2045-2322
2258:20 August
2220:19 August
2179:1059-1028
1933:1 January
1855:0099-9660
1769:9 January
1688:14 August
1652:14 August
1602:"Clients"
1490:In 2017,
1436:Microsoft
1277:low-level
1193:gas limit
1189:gas price
1185:gas limit
1176:gas price
1172:gas price
1164:gas price
1160:gas limit
1156:gas price
1152:gas limit
1133:hardcoded
1126:Gas is a
1015:secp256k1
990:Addresses
765:ConsenSys
741:Visa Inc.
683:In 2017,
638:Accenture
610:Microsoft
594:CME Group
590:ConsenSys
539:hard fork
491:EthSuisse
475:Knowledge
417:attaching
364:(PoW) to
335:exchanges
6877:Ethereum
6806:Category
6528:Coinbase
6508:Bitstamp
6488:Bitpanda
6478:bitFlyer
6473:Bitfinex
6397:SafeMoon
6357:Filecoin
6336:USD Coin
6204:Polkadot
6199:Peercoin
6179:Gridcoin
6173:Ethereum
6153:Algorand
6130:Vertcoin
6100:AmbaCoin
6030:Equihash
6020:Litecoin
6015:Dogecoin
5975:Ethereum
5951:Peercoin
5946:Namecoin
5941:MazaCoin
5843:MetaMask
5732:Category
5714:Solidity
5558:USD Coin
5428:Arbitrum
5343:Ethereum
5258:Internet
5200:Archived
5177:8 August
5171:Archived
5145:Archived
5114:Archived
5091:Archived
5064:Archived
5041:Archived
5008:Archived
4978:Archived
4948:Archived
4925:Archived
4893:Archived
4861:Archived
4827:Archived
4796:Archived
4764:Archived
4740:19 April
4734:Archived
4704:Archived
4673:Archived
4650:12 March
4644:Archived
4619:Archived
4588:Archived
4556:Archived
4505:Archived
4338:37631638
4329:10459112
4277:35140251
4192:Archived
4161:Archived
4157:Wired UK
4130:Archived
4107:Archived
4067:Archived
4022:Archived
3992:Archived
3962:Archived
3931:Archived
3817:"Blocks"
3770:Archived
3739:Archived
3709:Archived
3684:18 April
3678:Archived
3654:5 August
3648:Archived
3621:18 April
3615:Archived
3591:5 August
3585:Archived
3558:5 August
3552:Archived
3519:Archived
3487:Archived
3454:Archived
3419:Archived
3329:35140251
3250:35140251
3173:Archived
3096:Archived
3071:Archived
3047:Archived
3013:Archived
3009:Fox News
2989:Archived
2985:Mashable
2964:Archived
2939:Archived
2908:Archived
2832:Archived
2807:Archived
2803:Fox News
2783:35140251
2700:Archived
2671:Archived
2642:Archived
2615:Archived
2584:Archived
2553:Archived
2551:. IEEE.
2522:Archived
2489:Archived
2455:Archived
2395:Archived
2368:Archived
2294:Archived
2214:Archived
2183:Archived
2145:Archived
2018:Archived
1997:21 March
1991:Archived
1957:Archived
1927:Archived
1899:5 August
1893:Archived
1859:Archived
1818:Archived
1794:Archived
1763:Archived
1732:Archived
1682:Archived
1646:Archived
1610:Archived
1579:ISO 4217
1562:(CFTC).
1496:JPM Coin
1456:Barclays
1448:Deloitte
1399:MakerDAO
1392:MetaMask
1303:fungible
1261:Solidity
1257:bytecode
1253:compiled
1064:hardware
1021:", e.g.
967:bytecode
957:Accounts
929:unsigned
888:database
860:May 2024
820:Overview
666:Sberbank
634:Deloitte
343:interest
275:. It is
238:Ethereum
227:ethereum
165:Platform
106:Bytecode
22:Ethereum
6818:Commons
6697:Airdrop
6676:IQ.Wiki
6641:Mt. Gox
6612:Defunct
6598:Uniswap
6558:Genesis
6493:Bithumb
6468:Binance
6440:OneCoin
6402:Stellar
6288:The DAO
6278:Polygon
6248:Aventus
6163:Cardano
5956:Titcoin
5921:Bitcoin
5912:SHA-256
5742:Commons
5698:The DAO
5659:History
5579:Aventus
5507:Oracles
5491:Lending
5456:Uniswap
5421:Layer 2
5244:Portals
5151:15 July
5036:Fortune
4888:Fortune
4791:Fortune
4710:25 July
4679:5 April
4594:10 July
4298:Bibcode
4268:8828876
4239:Bibcode
3958:Reuters
3776:3 April
3580:Fortune
3547:Fortune
3449:Fortune
3387:Fortune
3320:8828876
3291:Bibcode
3241:8828876
3212:Bibcode
3134:Bibcode
2861:Bibcode
2774:8828876
2745:Bibcode
2706:31 July
1888:Fortune
1546:In the
1403:Uniswap
1366:auction
1291:The DAO
1145:storage
1084:Haskell
1047:runtime
932:integer
718:ERC-721
584:Fortune
550:The DAO
548:called
511:bitcoin
463:Cardano
389:in 2015
372:History
269:bitcoin
222:Website
203:License
83: (
63: (
6651:Thodex
6578:Kucoin
6573:Kraken
6553:Gemini
6523:Circle
6498:BitMEX
6483:Bitkub
6430:Coinye
6392:Ripple
6367:Helium
6331:Tether
6236:tokens
6234:ERC-20
6209:Solana
6168:EOS.IO
6072:-based
6060:Monero
6032:-based
6010:Coinye
5993:-based
5991:Scrypt
5968:-based
5966:Ethash
5914:-based
5629:SegWit
5567:Others
5553:Tether
5465:Gaming
5350:People
5141:QZ.com
4944:Forbes
4857:Forbes
4823:Forbes
4802:11 May
4700:Forbes
4550:
4540:
4499:
4461:
4451:
4422:
4414:
4379:
4371:
4336:
4326:
4318:
4275:
4265:
4257:
4126:Forbes
3901:25 May
3876:25 May
3851:25 May
3826:25 May
3801:25 May
3766:Forbes
3413:
3366:
3356:
3327:
3317:
3309:
3248:
3238:
3230:
3154:
2960:Quartz
2881:
2859:: 57.
2781:
2771:
2763:
2680:5 June
2648:5 June
2621:5 June
2559:14 May
2528:14 May
2495:14 May
2461:14 May
2424:
2401:5 June
2374:5 June
2286:
2177:
2085:
2075:
2050:
1853:
1616:6 June
1524:Merkle
1468:Amazon
1354:Beeple
1273:Python
1219:(e.g.
1158:. The
1112:Erlang
1108:Elixir
1096:Python
980:memory
815:Design
755:, and
689:, the
668:, and
652:, and
443:, and
301:, and
170:x86-64
138:Python
104:EVM 1
96:Active
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