606:
309:
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regrettable that public confusion about the 1998 DNA testing and other evidence has misled many people. With the exception of one member, whose views are set forth both below and in his more detailed appended dissent, our individual conclusions range from serious skepticism about the charge to a conviction that it is almost certainly false.
401:. He was wounded twice in battle. During the war, he published letters home, and after the war, published articles about his experiences. Before the war, John Jefferson ran the American House hotel in Madison, which was taken over by his younger brother Beverley. After the war and the end of slavery in the U.S., John Jefferson moved to
249:, the master woodworker at Monticello. All three brothers learned to play the violin (Jefferson also is known to have regularly played when he was younger, and his younger brother Randolph, according to the ex-slave Isaac Granger, "used to come out among black people, play the fiddle & dance half the night".)
1087:, Monticello Website, accessed 22 June 2011, Quote: "Ten years later , TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings."
240:
have written about the numerous interracial relationships in the Wayles-Hemings-Jefferson families and the region, often with multiple generations repeating the pattern. The large
Hemings family, with Betty Hemings as matriarch, was at the top of the slave hierarchy at Monticello; its members working
166:
test showed that a descendant of Eston matched the
Jefferson male line, and historical evidence also supports the conclusion that Thomas Jefferson was probably Eston's father. Many historians believe that Jefferson and Sally Hemings had six children together, four of whom survived to adulthood. Other
346:
a correspondent wrote that while
Hemings lived in Ohio in the 1840s, it was widely said that he and his brother Madison were the sons of Thomas Jefferson. In addition, several neighbors of Eston had traveled together to Washington, DC, where they saw a statue of Jefferson; they commented on how much
305:(1835â1892), Anna Wayles Jefferson (1837â1866), and Beverly Frederick Jefferson (1839â1908) (their surname was changed from Hemings to Jefferson as the family moved to Wisconsin after 1850.) The first two were born in Charlottesville. And Beverly was born in Ohio shortly after their arrival in Ohio.
438:
They discovered that in the 1940s, her father and his brothers had decided against continued telling of the
Hemings-Jefferson story to their children, out of fear the younger people would be discriminated against. The family's new knowledge of their history enabled DNA researchers in 1998 to locate
297:
merchant David Isaacs, from
Germany, and Nancy West, a free woman of mixed race. Nancy West was the daughter of Priscilla, a former slave, and Thomas West, her white master. Thomas West left property to his children Nancy and James West in his will. Prohibited by law from marrying, David Isaacs and
252:
Madison and Eston were freed in 1827, in accordance with
President Jefferson's will. (Madison was 22; Eston was freed at 19.) Additionally, Jefferson's will petitioned the legislature to allow the Hemingses to stay in Virginia after being freed, unlike most freed slaves. In his 1873 memoir, Madison
713:
The question of whether Thomas
Jefferson fathered one or more children by his slave Sally Hemings is an issue about which honorable people can and do disagree. After a careful review of all of the evidence, the commission agrees unanimously that the allegation is by no means proven; and we find it
499:
Critics, such as the Thomas
Jefferson Heritage Society (TJHS) Scholars Commission (2001), have argued against the TJF report. They have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine that Jefferson was the father of Hemings's children. The TJHS report suggested that Jefferson's younger
367:
in 1850 increased pressure on the black communities in Ohio and other free states bordering slave states. In towns along the
Underground Railroad, slave catchers invaded the communities, sometimes kidnapping and selling into slavery free people as well as fugitive slaves. In 1852, Eston decided to
415:
Beverley
Jefferson was also a Civil War veteran of the Union Army. Returning to Madison, he moved from the American House to run the Capitol House hotels. He founded the first omnibus line in the Wisconsin capital, and was a popular figure among politicians in the city. He married Anna Smith from
256:
After Jefferson's death, Sally Hemings was "given her time" by his daughter. The older woman lived freely with her two sons in Charlottesville. In the 1830 census, the census taker in Charlottesville classified all three Hemings as white, showing how others perceived them by appearance because of
244:
Sally Hemings had light duties, and as children, Eston and his siblings "were permitted to stay about the 'great house', and only required to do such light work as going on errands." Like their older brother Beverley, at age 14 Madison and Eston each began training in carpentry, under tutelage of
204:
Eston's other children, Beverly and Anna Jefferson, married into the white community, and their descendants have identified as white. Beverly Jefferson's five sons were educated and three entered the professional class as a physician, attorney, and manager at the railroad. One of their male-line
471:
A Y-DNA analysis in 1998 showed no match between the Carr male line, proposed for more than 150 years as the father(s) of the Hemings children, and the male Hemings descendant of Eston Jefferson tested. It did show a match between the Jefferson male line and the Eston Hemings descendant. Sally
1152:
27 January 2012-14 October 2012, Smithsonian Institution, accessed 23 March 2012. Quote: "The test results show a genetic link between the Jefferson and Hemings descendants: A man with the Jefferson Y chromosome fathered Eston Hemings (born 1808). While there were other adult males with the
508:, a slave at Monticello, described Jefferson's younger brother as having socialized with the slaves at the plantation. He recounted that âOld Masterâs brother, Mass Randall, was a mighty simple man: used to come out among black people, play the fiddle and dance half the nightâ.
1869:
439:
Jean's cousin, John Weeks Jefferson, a male descendant of Eston Hemings Jefferson, for testing. His Y-chromosome matched the rare haplotype of the Thomas Jefferson male line. The Carr male line did not match, partly calling into question the oral history of
1863:
334:
to aid escaping slaves. There Hemings became a professional musician, playing the violin or fiddle and leading a successful dance band. The children were educated in integrated schools. Anna for a time attended the Manual Labor School at
458:
Historians had long disputed accounts that Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings and fathered children by her. In the late 20th century, historians began reanalyzing the body of evidence. In 1997,
1709:
257:
their overwhelming European ancestry. Sally was of three-quarters white ancestry. Her children were seven-eighths white and thus legally white under the Virginia law of the time. It was not until 1924 that Virginia passed the
443:
that Peter Carr was the father of Sally Hemings' children. Whether or not the Carr male line matches Hemings' other children is unknown as DNA tests were only performed on a descendant of one of her children, Eston Hemings.
463:
published a book that analyzed the historiography and noted how historians since the 19th century had accepted accounts by Jefferson descendants while rejecting accounts by Madison Hemings, a son of Sally Hemings, and
1153:
Jefferson Y chromosome living in Virginia at that time, the documentary and genetic evidence, considered together, strongly support the conclusion that a Jefferson male was the father of Sally Hemings's children."
2010:
483:
Since 1998 and the DNA study, many historians have accepted that the widower Jefferson had a long intimate relationship with Hemings, and fathered six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. The
527:
it says that "most historians now believe that ... the evidence strongly support the conclusion that a member of the Jefferson family was the father of Sally Hemings' children." The exhibit toured in
232:(Jefferson's father-in-law), she and her siblings were half-siblings to Jefferson's wife Martha Wayles and were three-quarters European in ancestry, as their mother had a white father. The historians
408:
Both Anna and Beverley Jefferson married white spouses, and their descendants have identified as white. Anna married Albert T. Pearson, a carpenter who was a captain during the Civil War. Their son
435:. She recognized Eston Hemings Jefferson's name in the book from family stories and contacted Brodie. The historian helped Jefferson start putting the pieces of the family history back together.
468:, another former slave at Monticello. Both said that Thomas Jefferson fathered Hemings' children. She said historians failed to adequately assess which version was supported by known facts.
1412:
1211:
1100:, Vol. 89, No. 3, September 2001, pp. 207, 214 - 218 Quote: Leary concluded that "the chain of evidence securely fastens Sally Hemings' children to their father, Thomas Jefferson."
2271:
298:
Nancy West maintained separate households and businesses for years (she was a successful baker). They had seven children together, and later in their lives shared a household.
416:
Pennsylvania. Their five sons gained educations and three entered the professions: one became a doctor in Chicago, another an attorney, another worked in railroad management.
2276:
2124:
1186:
674:
1390:
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1145:
1636:
405:. He became a successful cotton broker, supported his mother, and left a considerable estate at his death in 1892. He never married or had known children.
2239:
2164:
1482:
1131:
Edited by James Adam Bear, Jr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 1967, pg. 22. This book includes recollections of Isaac Jefferson, c. 1847, and Edmund Bacon.
1311:
1300:
987:, University of Kentucky Press, 1994. The historian Carol Wilson documented 300 such cases in her book, and noted there were probably thousands more.
649:
620:
126:
351:
Eston Hemings, being a master of the violin, and an accomplished "caller" of dances, always officiated at the "swell" entertainments of Chillicothe.
2264:
2214:
2154:
1377:
2184:
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860:
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could have been the father, and that Hemings may have had multiple partners. No previous accounts had suggested that. However, in his memoirs,
193:, where they changed their surname to Jefferson and entered the white community. Their sons both served in the Union Army, and the older one,
2028:
1604:
1342:
1319:
372:. There they took the surname Jefferson, and they passed into the European-American (white) community. Eston Hemings Jefferson died in 1856.
1289:
1208:
1501:
1526:
1425:
1257:
281:. In 1830, Eston Hemings purchased property and built a house on Main Street, where his mother lived with him until her death in 1835.
2254:
2159:
2139:
1951:
1654:
1396:
1010:
398:
1041:
745:
2067:
2062:
2057:
1445:
339:. A former classmate later wrote that she was introduced as "Miss Anna (or Ann) Heming , the grand daughter of Thomas Jefferson".
2666:
2286:
2174:
1783:
1432:
1278:
1200:
224:
Eston was born into slavery as the youngest son of the enslaved Sally Hemings. As she was one of the six mixed-race children of
1888:
1440:
1192:
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in his will, as they had not yet come of age at his death. They each married and lived with their families and mother Sally in
678:
221:
a handful of contemporary newspaper accounts, various census and land/tax records, and the family history of his descendants.
2681:
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1946:
1875:
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1587:
1506:
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2144:
1961:
1292:
520:
1609:
2686:
1701:
1473:
2199:
1998:
1728:
1112:
847:
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conducted independent studies; their scholars concluded Jefferson was probably the father of all Hemings's children.
453:
327:
772:
2537:
2259:
2089:
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1084:
554:
1919:
933:
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1624:
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1140:
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2015:
1956:
1856:
1849:
1493:
1281:
1250:
957:
818:
1631:
1407:
2249:
1929:
1778:
1563:
1462:
1331:
1323:
801:
Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861
493:
981:
1966:
1936:
1805:
1538:
653:
624:
2561:
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2209:
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1418:
1354:
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729:
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314:
278:
175:
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326:, a town in southwest Ohio (a free state) with a thriving community. Numerous free blacks and white
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1971:
1941:
512:
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1914:
1827:
1691:
1664:
1457:
1452:
1222:
François Furstenberg, "Jefferson's Other Family: His concubine was also his wife's half-sister"
409:
253:
said the Hemings children were freed as a result of a promise Jefferson made to Sally Hemings.
1864:
Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary
2501:
2489:
2370:
1793:
1734:
1553:
1384:
386:
379:
302:
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descendants was tested in the 1998 DNA study that found the link to the Jefferson-male line.
194:
158:
enslaved woman. Most historians who have considered the question believe that his father was
102:
902:
Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861
472:
Hemings is believed to be the half-sister of Thomas Jefferson's wife Martha; her mother was
2656:
2651:
2525:
2435:
2387:
1981:
1909:
1710:
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States
1334:
331:
290:
258:
1051:
1014:
8:
2297:
2119:
1924:
1558:
460:
277:
Upon gaining freedom, Hemings initially pursued a career in woodworking and carpentry in
757:
Helen F. M. Leary, "Sally Hemings's Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence",
2531:
2465:
2382:
2330:
2094:
1721:
1696:
1598:
1521:
1511:
1129:
Jefferson at Monticello: Recollections of a Monticello Slave and a Monticello Overseer.
1046:
501:
402:
394:
390:
369:
364:
198:
190:
54:
621:"Statement on the TJF Research Committee Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings"
2495:
2354:
2129:
1582:
1531:
1402:
1109:
1075:
University of Virginia Press, 1998 (reprint, with new foreword, first published 1997)
843:
780:
693:
473:
323:
237:
179:
427:
In the 1970s, Jean Jefferson, unaware of her connection to the Hemings family, read
308:
2567:
2483:
2423:
2402:
2244:
2033:
1987:
1266:
465:
355:
233:
159:
116:
650:"Appendix H: Sally Hemings and Her Children: Information from Documentary Sources"
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1893:
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1215:
1149:
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214:
171:
134:
130:
2555:
2317:
2224:
2099:
1976:
1820:
1746:
1741:
725:
598:
419:
The Eston Hemings Jefferson family is buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison.
773:"Interracial Sex In the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World c.1700-1820"
2635:
2595:
2038:
2003:
1993:
1800:
1716:
266:
225:
151:
112:
1221:
1751:
748:, Obituary and photo, 1902, Wisconsin Historical Society Digital Collection
336:
246:
178:, until her death in 1835. Both brothers and their young families moved to
2573:
2549:
2322:
2023:
1832:
477:
428:
229:
777:
Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: history, memory, and civic culture
375:
2606:
2588:
2305:
1889:
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
1788:
489:
293:, Julia Ann Isaacs (1814â1889). She was the daughter of the successful
155:
147:
39:
694:"The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy: Report of the Scholars Commission"
1757:
532:
186:, where Eston Hemings earned a living as a musician and entertainer.
984:
Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780-1865
2346:
1815:
1441:
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage
1235:
528:
162:, the third President of the United States. Evidence from a 1998
583:"Genetic Study Proves Jefferson Did Father Child with His Slave"
359:
The gravesite of Eston Hemings Jefferson in Madison, Wisconsin.
922:
Down from the Mountain: The Oral History of the Hemings Family
2277:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
2125:
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
888:, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 1997, p. 209
703:. Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society / Carolina Academic Press
1073:
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy,
728:, The documentary explores the life of Eston Hemings beyond
368:
move the family further north for security, and migrated to
886:
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
840:
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
397:, achieving the rank of colonel. John W. Jefferson led the
347:
Hemings resembled him. The correspondent also recollected:
1174:
Free Some Day: The African-American Families of Monticello
1142:
Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty,
525:
Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty;
213:
What is known of Eston's life is derived from his brother
146:(May 21, 1808 â January 3, 1856) was born into slavery at
1391:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
698:
294:
163:
1110:"The Scholars Commission on the Jefferson-Hemings Issue"
924:, Perrysburg, OH: Lesher Printers, Inc., 1990, pp. 89â96
842:. University of Virginia Press (April 1997). pp. 39â43.
189:
In 1852 Eston moved with his wife and three children to
996:"Late President of Standard Screw Leaves $ 2,000,000",
201:, becoming a wealthy cotton broker and never married.
1176:, Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2000.
1085:"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account"
904:, University of North Carolina Press, 2003, pp. 56â65
555:"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account"
241:
as domestic servants, chefs, craftsmen and artisans.
16:
Son of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (1808â1856)
934:
Judge Sibley, "Beautiful Octoroon: Miss Anna Heming"
675:"Sally Hemings « Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"
1483:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
813:
811:
809:
1189:, Photos of Eston Hemings' descendants, Monticello
1078:
2633:
806:
770:
447:
301:Eston and Julia Ann Hemings had three children:
1378:A Summary View of the Rights of British America
1167:The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
1013:. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from
962:Public Broadcasting Service: Jefferson's Blood
1251:
1209:"Thomas Jefferson (descendants in Wisconsin)"
863:. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Archived from
761:, Vol. 89, No. 3, September 2001, pp. 172â173
618:
2692:People who were enslaved by Thomas Jefferson
1937:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
1011:"Jefferson's Black Descendants in Wisconsin"
322:About 1837 Hemings moved with his family to
197:, achieved the rank of colonel. He moved to
170:Jefferson freed Eston and his older brother
412:became a wealthy industrialist in Chicago.
261:, which classified anyone as black who had
2029:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)
1426:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1258:
1244:
896:
894:
803:, University of North Carolina Press, 2003
647:
643:
641:
2255:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar
2215:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
2140:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
1119:, 2001, Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society
916:
914:
912:
910:
741:
739:
737:
692:Turner, Robert F., ed. (February 2011) .
577:
575:
573:
571:
476:, a mixed-race slave, and her father was
389:served as a white officer in the regular
1882:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
958:"A Sprig of Jefferson Was Eston Hemings"
374:
354:
307:
2175:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
1187:"Sally Hemings Children: Eston Hemings"
1169:, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2008
1098:National Genealogical Society Quarterly
1042:"A Founding Father and his Family Ties"
1035:
1033:
1031:
891:
759:National Genealogical Society Quarterly
652:. Monticello Foundation. Archived from
638:
623:. Monticello Foundation. Archived from
549:
547:
2634:
907:
832:
775:. In Jan Lewis; Peter S. Onuf (eds.).
734:
691:
568:
284:
2135:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
1972:Jefferson and the Library of Congress
1947:Founding Fathers of the United States
1507:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
1239:
950:
87:
2408:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings
1265:
1039:
1028:
853:
544:
535:into 2014 after leaving Washington.
272:
1355:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
1293:Vice President of the United States
685:
521:National Museum of American History
330:had support-stations linked to the
265:known African ancestry, under the "
13:
1735:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice
1194:Getting Word: Oral History Project
1159:
751:
14:
2703:
1729:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
1224:, review of Annette Gordon-Reed,
1180:
217:'s 1873 memoir, a few entries in
2615:
2614:
2260:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
1304:United States Secretary of State
779:. University of Virginia Press.
746:"Col. Jefferson Dies in Chicago"
604:
318:about the Hemings family in Ohio
2265:250th Anniversary silver dollar
1665:Founder, University of Virginia
1134:
1122:
1103:
1090:
1065:
1040:Gray, Madison J. (2003-03-01).
1003:
990:
975:
964:. Scioto Gazette. 1 August 1902
927:
878:
793:
764:
433:Jefferson: An Intimate Portrait
83:
2667:People from Madison, Wisconsin
2205:Thomas Jefferson School of Law
2011:Separation of church and state
1920:American Philosophical Society
1857:Notes on the State of Virginia
1850:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
1282:President of the United States
1218:, Wisconsin Historical Society
719:
667:
612:
422:
1:
2165:University of Virginia statue
1999:JeffersonâHemings controversy
1637:Federal judicial appointments
1324:Congress of the Confederation
821:. Public Broadcasting Service
589:. November 1, 1998. p. 8
538:
494:National Genealogical Society
454:JeffersonâHemings controversy
448:JeffersonâHemings controversy
219:Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book,
208:
2682:Children of Thomas Jefferson
2677:19th-century American people
2647:19th-century American slaves
1870:European journey memorandums
1610:State of the Union Addresses
1539:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition
1202:Passing: Renouncing the Past
819:"Memoirs of Madison Hemings"
519:held a major exhibit at the
7:
2478:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph
2210:Thomas Jefferson University
2180:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
1687:Democratic-Republican Party
1605:West Point Military Academy
1397:Declaration of Independence
1347:Second Continental Congress
1226:The Hemingses of Monticello
940:, 7 Aug 1902; reprinted at
517:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
486:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
10:
2708:
1517:Lewis and Clark Expedition
451:
2687:Children of Sally Hemings
2583:
2508:Frederick Madison Roberts
2430:Martha Jefferson Randolph
2416:
2350:(1997 documentary series)
2285:
2110:Thomas Jefferson Building
2078:
2047:
1902:
1841:
1767:
1682:Anti-Administration party
1645:
1492:
1472:
1419:All men are created equal
1365:
1273:
771:Philip D. Morgan (1999).
441:Thomas Jefferson Randolph
342:In a 1902 article of the
289:In 1832, Eston married a
279:Charlottesville, Virginia
176:Charlottesville, Virginia
122:
108:
97:
70:
62:
51:January 3, 1856 (aged 47)
47:
28:
21:
2403:Wine bottles controversy
2195:Jefferson City, Missouri
1660:Franco-American alliance
480:, also Martha's father.
2576:(2nd great-grandfather)
2520:Jane Randolph Jefferson
2472:Ellen Randolph Coolidge
2054:Presidential elections
1957:Jefferson and education
1942:Committee of the States
1433:Consent of the governed
1312:U.S. Minister to France
557:. Monticello Foundation
513:Smithsonian Institution
144:Eston Hemings Jefferson
23:Eston Hemings Jefferson
2662:People from Monticello
2358:(2002 animated series)
2190:Monticello Association
1915:American Enlightenment
1876:Indian removal letters
1833:White House Colonnades
1828:Virginia State Capitol
1806:University of Virginia
1692:Jeffersonian democracy
1588:Native American policy
1458:Land Ordinance of 1785
1453:Land Ordinance of 1784
838:Gordon-Reed, Annette.
410:Walter Beverly Pearson
399:Wisconsin 8th Infantry
382:
360:
353:
319:
150:, the youngest son of
2502:T. Jefferson Coolidge
2498:(great-granddaughter)
2490:John Wayles Jefferson
2235:JeffersonâJackson Day
2170:David d'Angers statue
1967:Jefferson and slavery
1952:Historical reputation
1655:Early life and career
1387:(initial draft; 1775)
1385:Olive Branch Petition
1165:Annette Gordon-Reed,
1071:Annette Gordon-Reed,
884:Annette Gordon-Reed,
387:John Wayles Jefferson
380:John Wayles Jefferson
378:
358:
349:
311:
303:John Wayles Jefferson
195:John Wayles Jefferson
167:historians disagree.
103:John Wayles Jefferson
2526:Lucy Jefferson Lewis
2436:Mary Jefferson Eppes
1910:Age of Enlightenment
1544:Red River Expedition
1335:Governor of Virginia
1205:, Monticello Website
332:Underground Railroad
259:Racial Integrity Act
40:Monticello, Virginia
2570:(great-grandfather)
2272:U.S. postage stamps
2240:Currency depictions
2220:Peaks and mountains
2150:Karl Bitter statues
2120:Jefferson Territory
2017:The American Museum
1925:American Revolution
1576:Non-Intercourse Act
1559:Embargo Act of 1807
1463:Northwest Ordinance
1446:Freedom of religion
1232:, 23 September 2008
1096:Helen F. M. Leary,
900:Joshua D. Rothman,
799:Joshua D. Rothman,
461:Annette Gordon-Reed
291:free woman of color
285:Marriage and family
66:Carpenter, musician
2532:Randolph Jefferson
2466:George W. Randolph
2460:Thomas J. Randolph
2371:Jefferson's Garden
2331:Jefferson in Paris
2095:Jefferson Memorial
1722:Compromise of 1790
1697:First Party System
1599:Marbury v. Madison
1522:Corps of Discovery
1512:Louisiana Purchase
1214:2013-11-12 at the
1148:2013-05-30 at the
1115:2015-09-15 at the
1047:The New York Times
619:Jordan, Daniel P.
502:Randolph Jefferson
488:(TJF), which runs
403:Memphis, Tennessee
395:American Civil War
391:United States Army
383:
370:Madison, Wisconsin
365:Fugitive Slave Act
361:
320:
199:Memphis, Tennessee
191:Madison, Wisconsin
55:Madison, Wisconsin
2629:
2628:
2496:Sarah N. Randolph
2399:(2020 miniseries)
2366:(2008 miniseries)
2200:Jefferson College
2160:Louisville statue
2130:Jefferson Lecture
1583:First Barbary War
1532:Empire of Liberty
1474:French Revolution
1403:Committee of Five
1370:the United States
942:Jefferson's Blood
861:"Jeffersons Will"
786:978-0-8139-1919-5
587:The Post-Crescent
474:Elizabeth Hemings
385:Their eldest son
273:Post-slavery life
238:Joshua D. Rothman
180:Chillicothe, Ohio
141:
140:
2699:
2642:Jefferson family
2618:
2617:
2568:William Randolph
2510:(great-grandson)
2504:(great-grandson)
2424:Martha Jefferson
2339:Thomas Jefferson
2245:Jefferson nickel
2230:Other placenames
2155:Hempstead statue
2034:Virginia dynasty
1988:National Gazette
1677:Ratification Day
1413:physical history
1358:
1350:
1338:
1327:
1315:
1307:
1296:
1285:
1267:Thomas Jefferson
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1172:Stanton, Lucia.
1154:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1050:. Archived from
1037:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1007:
1001:
998:Chicago Tribune,
994:
988:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
954:
948:
936:, originally in
931:
925:
920:Justus, Judith,
918:
905:
898:
889:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
857:
851:
836:
830:
829:
827:
826:
815:
804:
797:
791:
790:
768:
762:
755:
749:
743:
732:
723:
717:
716:
710:
708:
702:
689:
683:
682:
677:. Archived from
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
648:Stanton, Lucia.
645:
636:
635:
633:
632:
616:
610:
609:
608:
602:
596:
594:
579:
566:
565:
563:
562:
551:
466:Israel Jefferson
312:1845 article in
234:Philip D. Morgan
160:Thomas Jefferson
117:Thomas Jefferson
91:
89:
85:
76:Julia Ann Isaacs
19:
18:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2596:James Madison â
2579:
2514:Peter Jefferson
2480:(granddaughter)
2474:(granddaughter)
2448:Madison Hemings
2442:Harriet Hemings
2412:
2288:
2281:
2250:Two-dollar bill
2115:Jefferson River
2080:
2074:
2043:
1982:Pet mockingbird
1962:Religious views
1898:
1894:Founders Online
1837:
1770:
1763:
1648:accomplishments
1647:
1641:
1593:Burr conspiracy
1554:Cumberland Road
1549:Pike Expedition
1488:
1468:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1341:
1330:
1318:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1216:Wayback Machine
1183:
1162:
1160:Further reading
1157:
1150:Wayback Machine
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1117:Wayback Machine
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1054:on July 7, 2010
1038:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
980:
976:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
932:
928:
919:
908:
899:
892:
883:
879:
870:
868:
859:
858:
854:
837:
833:
824:
822:
817:
816:
807:
798:
794:
787:
769:
765:
756:
752:
744:
735:
730:Charlottesville
724:
720:
706:
704:
696:
690:
686:
673:
672:
668:
659:
657:
646:
639:
630:
628:
617:
613:
603:
592:
590:
581:
580:
569:
560:
558:
553:
552:
545:
541:
506:Isaac Jefferson
456:
450:
425:
363:Passage of the
344:Scioto Gazette,
287:
275:
211:
182:, to live in a
172:Madison Hemings
135:Madison Hemings
131:Harriet Hemings
127:Beverly Hemings
115:
93:
81:
77:
58:
52:
43:
37:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Hemings family
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2562:Isham Randolph
2559:
2558:(grand-nephew)
2556:Dabney S. Carr
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2355:Liberty's Kids
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Jefferson Rock
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Mount Rushmore
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:Jefferson Pier
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1842:Other writings
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:Jefferson Hall
1818:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:Jefferson disk
1744:
1742:American Creed
1739:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
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1486:
1478:
1476:
1470:
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1467:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1339:
1328:
1316:
1308:
1297:
1286:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1219:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1181:External links
1179:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1133:
1121:
1102:
1089:
1077:
1064:
1027:
1002:
989:
982:Carol Wilson,
974:
949:
938:Scioto Gazette
926:
906:
890:
877:
852:
831:
805:
792:
785:
763:
750:
733:
726:Black Fiddlers
718:
684:
681:on 2012-10-20.
666:
637:
611:
599:Newspapers.com
567:
542:
540:
537:
452:Main article:
449:
446:
431:'s biography,
424:
421:
286:
283:
274:
271:
210:
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139:
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26:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2704:
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2640:
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2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:(grandfather)
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:Francis Eppes
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:Eston Hemings
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
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2218:
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2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Jefferson Lab
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2039:Ward republic
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:Betty Hemings
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:Sally Hemings
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Poplar Forest
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Barboursville
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:Residence Act
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:republicanism
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:on 2011-05-14
1016:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
985:
978:
963:
959:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
923:
917:
915:
913:
911:
903:
897:
895:
887:
881:
867:on 2008-05-09
866:
862:
856:
849:
848:0-8139-1698-4
845:
841:
835:
820:
814:
812:
810:
802:
796:
788:
782:
778:
774:
767:
760:
754:
747:
742:
740:
738:
731:
727:
722:
715:
700:
695:
688:
680:
676:
670:
656:on 2008-07-15
655:
651:
644:
642:
627:on 2008-06-08
626:
622:
615:
607:
600:
588:
584:
578:
576:
574:
572:
556:
550:
548:
543:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:In 2012, the
509:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
469:
467:
462:
455:
445:
442:
436:
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411:
406:
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392:
388:
381:
377:
373:
371:
366:
357:
352:
348:
345:
340:
338:
333:
329:
328:abolitionists
325:
317:
316:
315:The Liberator
310:
306:
304:
299:
296:
292:
282:
280:
270:
268:
267:one drop rule
264:
260:
254:
250:
248:
247:John Hemmings
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Betty Hemings
222:
220:
216:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Sally Hemings
149:
145:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
113:Sally Hemings
111:
107:
104:
101:3, including
100:
96:
73:
69:
65:
63:Occupation(s)
61:
56:
50:
46:
41:
33:Eston Hemings
31:
27:
20:
2613:
2607:Aaron Burr â
2603:â John Adams
2594:
2589:â John Adams
2587:
2453:
2394:
2383:2015 musical
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2318:1969 musical
2312:
2309:(1953 short)
2304:
2298:The Patriots
2296:
2090:Bibliography
2016:
1986:
1880:
1855:
1848:
1771:architecture
1769:Jeffersonian
1756:
1752:Swivel chair
1733:
1708:
1597:
1568:
1564:
1376:
1368:documents of
1229:
1225:
1201:
1197:, Monticello
1193:
1173:
1166:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1045:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1005:
1000:May 27, 1917
997:
992:
983:
977:
966:. Retrieved
961:
952:
945:
944:, 1998, PBS
941:
937:
929:
921:
901:
885:
880:
869:. Retrieved
865:the original
855:
839:
834:
823:. Retrieved
800:
795:
776:
766:
758:
753:
721:
712:
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687:
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669:
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654:the original
629:. Retrieved
625:the original
614:
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591:. Retrieved
586:
559:. Retrieved
524:
510:
498:
482:
470:
457:
437:
432:
426:
418:
414:
407:
384:
362:
350:
343:
341:
337:Albany, Ohio
321:
313:
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288:
276:
262:
255:
251:
245:their uncle
243:
223:
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203:
188:
169:
143:
142:
36:May 21, 1808
2657:1856 deaths
2652:1808 births
2574:Henry Soane
2550:Dabney Carr
2544:Samuel Carr
2374:(2015 play)
2342:(1997 film)
2334:(1995 film)
2301:(1946 play)
2024:Tufton Farm
1811:The Rotunda
1646:Other noted
1481:Co-author,
1349:(1775â1776)
1337:(1779â1781)
1326:(1783â1784)
1314:(1785â1789)
1306:(1790â1793)
1295:(1797â1801)
1284:(1801â1809)
533:Saint Louis
478:John Wayles
429:Fawn Brodie
423:Descendants
393:during the
324:Chillicothe
230:John Wayles
129:(brother),
2636:Categories
2538:Peter Carr
2492:(grandson)
2486:(grandson)
2468:(grandson)
2462:(grandson)
2444:(daughter)
2438:(daughter)
2432:(daughter)
2396:Washington
2363:John Adams
2306:Ben and Me
2289:depictions
2079:Legacy and
1789:Monticello
1784:Farmington
1565:Chesapeake
1502:Transition
1494:Presidency
1058:2008-04-27
1021:2008-07-27
968:2008-04-27
871:2008-07-27
825:2008-07-27
707:August 31,
660:2008-07-27
631:2008-07-27
561:2008-07-27
539:References
492:, and the
490:Monticello
209:Early life
184:free state
156:mixed-race
148:Monticello
133:(sister),
2534:(brother)
2388:2020 film
2323:1972 film
2082:memorials
2048:Elections
1885:(c. 1819)
1758:Megalonyx
946:Frontline
593:April 13,
137:(brother)
123:Relatives
109:Parent(s)
2620:Category
2552:(nephew)
2546:(nephew)
2540:(nephew)
2528:(sister)
2522:(mother)
2516:(father)
2378:Hamilton
2347:Liberty!
2287:Cultural
2105:Birthday
2019:magazine
1930:patriots
1816:The Lawn
1527:timeline
1408:authored
1366:Founding
1343:Delegate
1320:Delegate
1212:Archived
1146:Archived
1113:Archived
515:and the
500:brother
98:Children
2145:Statues
1903:Related
1794:gardens
1670:history
1632:Cabinet
1569:Leopard
1399:(1776)
1345:to the
1322:to the
529:Atlanta
215:Madison
92:
80:
2426:(wife)
2417:Family
1872:(1787)
1866:(1786)
1860:(1785)
1738:(1801)
1713:(1790)
1571:affair
1485:(1789)
1465:(1787)
1393:(1775)
1381:(1774)
1357:(1776)
846:
783:
295:Jewish
86:
71:Spouse
57:, U.S.
42:, U.S.
2456:(son)
2450:(son)
1230:Slate
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82:(
78:
2313:1776
2068:1804
2063:1800
2058:1796
1625:1805
1620:1802
1615:1801
844:ISBN
781:ISBN
709:2022
595:2020
531:and
236:and
228:and
154:, a
88:1832
48:Died
29:Born
1332:2nd
1301:1st
1290:2nd
1279:3rd
699:PDF
269:".
263:any
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