288:. In 1891, when he was 25, Starling married Florence Amelia Wooldridge, the widow of Leonard Charles Wooldridge, who had been his physiology teacher at Guy's and died at the age of 32. She was a great support to Starling as a sounding board, secretary, and manager of his affairs as well as mother of their four children. In 1893 Bayliss married Gertrude, Starling's sister, so the two were brothers-in-law. When Starling was appointed professor at UCL in 1899, the scientific family was even closer. Bayliss and Starling were in the newspaper's headlines when involved in the
33:
384:. He resigned from the army in June 1917 and finally was able to undertake war work that utilized his abilities. As chairman of the Royal Society Food (War) Committee, he was instrumental in setting up rationing that provided needed calories and also the nutritional supplements then known. Rationing actually improved nutrition in wartime Britain. Germany had a similar food shortage during the war, but coped with it disastrously.
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of classics themes: "After nine years, nine-tenths of the boys can read neither Latin nor Greek. They may have acquired a few catchwords or allusions to classical mythology, but they can give no account of the manner in which the Greeks lived, or the part played by Greek philosophy in the evolution of modern ideas, or in the way in which western government has been founded on Roman inventions."
436:. On this occasion, Johansson felt that Starling's hormone studies should have been rewarded. But by then the experiments had been done almost a quarter of a century before, and Johansson felt that the prize should be given for recent discoveries. He had forgotten that it was he who had put Starling's work on the back burner in 1913. Subsequent British Laureates (such as
380:, Starling first was involved in research into poison gases. As a commissioned officer he found the organization of the matter chaotic and on several occasions was very outspoken to his war office superiors. This did his prospects no good at all. Many of his distinguished contemporaries received knighthoods. Starling was awarded a
348:. Occupying two years of his life (1910–1912) his investigations examined how the heart increased its output in response to more blood entering the organ, which increases the size of the chambers during filling. For this work he made use of the anaesthetized dog, in an experimental arrangement known as the
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Starling returned to UCL at the end of the war. His wartime experiences had left him with a scathing vision on how the country was run, and in particular the educational system. He was especially outspoken on public (the
British designation for private) school education. And particularly the teaching
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Commission) was set up to improve medical education, Starling was an enthusiastic contributor. One of the consequences of the commission was the establishment of medical units in London teaching hospitals: clinical practice supported by laboratory research is now taken for granted in every large
489:, "All had found him a generous comrade and leader, and it is impossible to think of physiology in the last thirty years without Starling as the central figure of inspiration … his courage was indomitable, his energy and his passion for knowledge flouted all restraint."
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function between 1893 and 1897. He showed that there are opposing forces across the capillary wall—an outward movement of water due to hydrostatic pressure (derived from the heart's contraction) and an inward movement, secondary to the osmotic pressure of the
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worked with
Starling in his laboratory. In 1920, Starling was found to have colonic cancer, and the surgeon Arbuthnot Lane removed half of his colon. It seriously limited his exceptional physical activities: he gave up mountaineering, for example.
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heart. Frank showed that the longer the heart-muscle fibres were stretched the stronger the contraction. He did this with no interest in the circulation as a whole, so his findings have to be taken in parallel with
Starling's, thus it became the
429:, a Danish physiologist was rewarded for his work on capillaries (his findings were not actually as significant as Starling's had been, twenty years before: but the significance of 'Starling forces' in the capillary had not become apparent).
425:(who won a Prize himself in 1936). Starling's subject was hormones, with secretin being prominent. The assessor, J. E. Johansson, decided that Starling should receive the prize, but not yet. No prize was given during World War I. In 1920
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Starling felt passionately about many subjects, one of which was medical education. He found the lack of science behind medical practice intolerable, and when in 1910 a Royal
Commission (The
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who contributed many fundamental ideas to this subject. These ideas were important parts of the
British contribution to physiology, which at that time led the world.
444:) were given the prize for work they had done twenty or thirty years before. But by this time Johansson was no longer involved with the awarding of the prize.
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harbour he was found to be dead. He was apparently travelling by himself, and there were no friends or relations at his funeral—in pouring rain—in
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During the 1920s he was very busy doing experiments and his reputation attracted distinguished collaborators. Many of these involved the
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and
Starling proposed that the body produces many secretin-like molecules, and in 1905 proposed that these substances should be called
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154:
754:
Vander Kloot, W. (2003). "Ernest
Starling's analysis of the energy balance of the German people during the blockade, 1914–1919".
303:, which at that time was believed to be entirely under nervous control. They showed that whenever food or acid was put into the
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261:. The inward and outward forces are often referred to as "Starling forces". They established him as a serious contributor.
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He made at least four significant contributions: 1. In the capillary, water is forced out through the pores in the wall by
209:, the anti-diuretic hormone. He also wrote the leading textbook of physiology in English, which ran through 20 editions.
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within the capillary. Without awareness of these forces, the physician cannot begin to understand such conditions as
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Guy's had no physiological laboratories, but
Starling's enthusiasm changed all this, and he published nine papers on
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352:. This played an important role in subsequent experiments, when he was not primarily interested in blood flow.
205:. 4. Several fundamental observations on the action of the kidneys. These include evidence for the existence of
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Bean, W B (1963), "Ernest Henry
Starling, the clinician's physiologist, with an aside on wandering navels",
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Fye, W B (1983), "Ernest Henry
Starling, his law and its growing significance in the practice of medicine",
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Starling's relationship with the Nobel Prize is of interest. He was first proposed for the prize in 1913 by
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physician. But the science behind medicine—physiology—attracted him much more; he spent a long vacation in
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some blood-borne stimulus was released, causing the pancreas to secrete. They called this substance
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The exact circumstances of Starling's death are far from clear. He was on a pleasure cruise in the
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Katz, Arnold M (2002), "Ernest Henry Starling, his predecessors, and the "Law of the Heart"",
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His death marked the end of an outstanding contributor to medical science. In the words of
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Henriksen, Jens H (2005), "Ernest Henry Starling (1866–1927): the scientist and the man",
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904:, New York: Published for the American Physiological Society by Oxford University Press,
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Ernest Henry Starling, 1866-1927: Physician and Physiologist -- A Short Biography
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315:. By doing this, he began a whole new biological subject, which became known as
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673:"The report of the Royal Commission in reference to medical teaching in London"
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1027:, vol. 106, no. 23 (published 3 December 2002), pp. 2986–2992,
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Starling, E. H. (1920). "The circulatory changes associated with exercise".
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404:), the activity of insulin (with F. P. Knowlton), and renal function (with
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201:. 3. The analysis of the heart's activity as a pump, which is known as the
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The Pharos of Alpha Omega Alpha-Honor Medical Society. Alpha Omega Alpha
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The physiological discovery most often associated with Starling is the
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979:, vol. 13, no. 1 (published February 2005), pp. 22–30,
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was performed, so the cause of his death— which one may presume to be
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922:, vol. 29, no. 4 (published April 2006), pp. 181–182,
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In 1926, Starling was proposed again, this time for his work on the
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Katz, Arnold M (2004), "Ernest Henry Starling: medical educator",
185:). These opposing forces approximately balance; which is known as
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400:. It was used to investigate the control of blood pressure (with
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241:. At that time such a job description did not exist in Britain.
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Starling was unaware of previous work by a German physiologist,
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566:"On the absorption of fluid from the connective tissue spaces"
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New York Times: obituary of George W Corner: 1 October 1981.
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826:
British Physiologists 1885–1914: A Biographical Dictionary
501:(born 1969) and Belinda Starling (1972–2006) are writers.
1123:, vol. 111 (published April 1963), pp. 403–5,
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formation and convinced himself that he could become a
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secondary to his colon tumour—was never established.
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institution. For this, we must thank Starling's and
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877:Martin, C. J. (1927). "Obituary: E. H. Starling".
828:. Manchester University Press. pp. 149–150.
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1093:Triangle; the Sandoz Journal of Medical Science
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918:Fye, W Bruce (2006), "Ernest Henry Starling",
336:evidence given before the Haldane Commission.
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1011:, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 14–21,
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553:(I ed.). London: J. & A. Churchill.
217:Ernest Starling became a medical student at
858:Dale, H. H. (1927). "Tribute to Starling".
162:(17 April 1866 – 2 May 1927) was a British
504:His daughter Muriel (born c1893), married
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743:. Stroud: Fonthill Media. pp. 49–73.
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408:). In 1923–24 the American embryologist,
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622:Bayliss, W. M.; Starling, E. H. (1902).
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624:"The mechanism of pancreatic secretion"
508:at St. Mary's Kilburn, London in 1919.
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1197:Academics of University College London
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960:. Copenhagen: Lægeforeningens forlag.
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1091:"Ernest Henry Starling (1866–1927)",
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280:(1860–1924), who was on the staff of
1129:10.1001/archinte.1963.03620280003001
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276:Starling enjoyed collaborating with
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741:Great scientists wage the great war
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299:Bayliss and Starling investigated
197:—and the introduction of the word
189:. 2. The discovery of the hormone
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1207:Jodrell Professors of Physiology
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497:Two of his great-grandchildren,
16:British physiologist (1866–1927)
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671:Starling, E. H. (31 May 1913).
264:He was elected a Fellow of the
95:Frank–Starling law of the heart
822:"Franklin Pattingall Knowlton"
791:"Natural science in education"
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640:10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000920
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233:, studying the mechanisms of
1192:Fellows of the Royal Society
977:Journal of Medical Biography
292:, a controversy relating to
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952:Henriksen, Jens H. (2000).
722:J. Royal Army Medical Corps
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985:10.1177/096777200501300107
739:Van der Kloot, W. (2014).
612:Henderson, 2005, pp.62–68.
902:A life of Ernest Starling
527:A life of Ernest Starling
456:, but when his ship, the
282:University College London
193:—with his brother-in-law
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900:Henderson, John (2005),
820:O'Connor, W. J. (1991).
789:Starling, E. H. (1918).
564:Starling, E. H. (1896).
549:Starling, E. H. (1912).
525:Henderson, John (2005),
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410:George Washington Corner
1049:Tucci, P J (1992), "",
756:Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond
689:10.1136/bmj.1.2733.1063
1182:Scientists from London
928:10.1002/clc.4960290413
768:10.1098/rsnr.2003.0205
398:heart-lung preparation
350:heart-lung preparation
1187:English physiologists
359:, using the isolated
173:and driven in by the
147:Ernest Henry Starling
1158:at Wikimedia Commons
340:The law of the heart
301:pancreatic secretion
213:Rising to prominence
187:Starling's Principle
171:hydrostatic pressure
1202:Royal Medal winners
1051:Arq. Bras. Cardiol.
920:Clinical Cardiology
683:(2733): 1168–1172.
458:Elders & Fyffes
442:Charles Sherrington
417:The Nobel Committee
1121:Arch. Intern. Med.
366:Frank–Starling law
203:Frank–Starling law
1154:Media related to
967:978-87-7891-010-3
911:978-0-19-517780-0
536:978-0-19-517780-0
472:Kingston, Jamaica
323:Medical education
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69:(1927-05-02)
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1177:1927 deaths
1172:1866 births
1067:Circulation
1025:Circulation
801:: 365–368.
493:Descendants
461:banana boat
454:West Indies
402:G. V. Anrep
376:During the
372:World War I
294:vivisection
286:peristalsis
207:vasopressin
105:Royal Medal
83:Nationality
1166:Categories
885:: 900–905.
879:Br. Med. J
860:Br. Med. J
728:: 258–272.
677:Br. Med. J
628:J. Physiol
570:J. Physiol
512:References
487:Henry Dale
423:Otto Loewi
357:Otto Frank
231:Heidelberg
125:Physiology
67:2 May 1927
49:1866-04-17
1105:0041-2597
268:in 1899.
250:capillary
77:, Jamaica
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1043:12460884
1017:15625946
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993:15682229
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776:12848187
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468:Kingston
464:Ariguani
388:Post-war
313:hormones
309:secretin
305:duodenum
272:Hormones
191:secretin
1113:5328520
1085:6352082
1059:1340699
937:6653901
698:2299186
649:1540572
591:1512609
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480:cancer
434:kidney
121:Fields
108:(1913)
101:Awards
57:London
997:S2CID
474:. No
448:Death
259:edema
246:lymph
235:lymph
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1133:PMID
1109:PMID
1101:ISSN
1081:PMID
1055:PMID
1039:PMID
1013:PMID
989:PMID
962:ISBN
942:PMID
906:ISBN
830:ISBN
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