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430:(ELF). The independence struggle can properly be understood as the resistance to the annexation of Eritrea by Ethiopia long after the Italians left the territory. Additionally, one may consider the actions of the Ethiopian Monarchy against Muslims in the Eritrean government as a contributing factor to the revolution.
31:
194:, and proceeds overland in a very-deserted land in a southern direction, towards the town of Kerora where the city splits in half between both nations. The area then becomes primarily hilly, until becoming a mainly deserted terrain across the rest of the border. The largest town in the area is mainly
639:
to discuss the large border dispute and Tigray tensions between both countries. The U.S. had ordered
Eritrea to withdraw troops from the Tigray region fully due to the growing threat across the region. Eritrea had accused Sudan of siding with Ethiopia in the conflict, after Sudan had occupied a part
541:
Sudan closed its border with
Eritrea in January 2018, citing concerns over illegal crossings and human trafficking which were staggering at the time. Sudan reopened the border once again in 2019 after the country managed to have a successful coup d'état earlier in the year, An agreement between
522:
dramatically changed the political situation in the region. Operating on the axiom that the "enemy of my enemy is my friend," Sudan closed its border with
Eritrea in 2002, and the Sudanese foreign minister charged in February 2003 that Eritrea had amassed forces along the border with Sudan. The
391:
in 1941, Italian East Africa was sub-divided. Ethiopia liberated its formerly
Italian-occupied land in 1941. Italian Somaliland remained under Italian rule, but as a United Nations protectorate, not a colony, until 1960 when it united with British Somaliland, to form the independent state of
445:. This caused a time of tense relations between both nations. Between April to May 1993, the country launched a large referendum to declare de-jure independence and at the end ending with a 98.5% turnout within the population, this made Ethiopia landlocked and caused a long period of
403:
from the end of World War II until 1951. However, there was debate as to what should happen with
Eritrea after the British left. The British delegation to the United Nations proposed that Eritrea be divided along religious lines with the Christians to Ethiopia and the Muslims to
557:
during the large civil conflict in the country. Eritrea was reported to have used to border to send these civilians to Asmara and
Teseney where over 100 of them were forcefully put in prison. Some of those detained were reported to be activists who had fled the
587:
On 6 January 2018, Sudan closed its border with
Eritrea after a huge influx of refugees emerged in the country, followed by extreme protests and a state of emergency declared a week before the announcement. On the same day the
656:
was reporting thousands of refugees a day entering
Eastern Sudan, with thousands of them being disabled people and children separated from their families. Most of the refugees were also reported to have moved into
599:
Kassala governor, Adam Gemaa Adam, issued a decree ordering the closure of all border crossings with the state of
Eritrea, based on the presidential decree … that declared the state of emergency in the state of
256:
of 1884, in which the
European nations concerned agreed upon their respective territorial claims and the rules of engagements going forward. As a result of this France gained control the upper valley of the
1664:. Vol. III. Translated by McMurry, D. S.; Osers, E.; Willmot, L. (2nd pbk. trans. Oxford University Press, Oxford ed.). Freiburg im Breisgau: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt.
652:
with Sudan and Ethiopia. With thousands of refugees living in Tigray Refugee Camps and spreading to the rest of Sudan and Ethiopia. The refugee crisis crew so much to the point where the
182:, Sudan saw a surge of Eritrean and Ethiopian civilians cross its border with Eritrea and by 2023 there were nearly 130,000 refugees and civilians confirmed living in the country.
1685:
Bascom, Johnathan B. 1990. Border Pastoralism in Eastern Sudan US: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. An article about the refugee influx and the war of independence between the border
1758:
530:
During the spring of 2000, when tensions remained high in the area Sudan reported over 100,000 Eritreans had crossed the border into the country, most in dire conditions.
163:
1350:
1658:
The Mediterranean, South-East Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War
1055:
316:
252:, a period of intense competition between European powers in the later 19th century for territory and influence in Africa. The process culminated in the
213:, near the Ethiopian town of Humera. It heads north for about 100 km before angling to the northeast. The land border ends at the shores of the Red Sea
782:
668:
On 29 March 2020, the UN confirmed over 114,000 Eritrean refugees had either crossed the border or had gotten displaced within the nation or Ethiopia.
619:
On the same day, Egyptian-backed UAE forces were deployed to the Eritrean border along with Sudanese forces as well. Kassala also announced a full on "
1225:. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
483:, which carried out attacks against the Eritrean government. Eritrea broke relations with Sudan at the end of 1994, became a strong supporter of the
277:). From these bases the French explored further into the interior, eventually linking the two areas following expeditions in April 1900 which met at
763:
1297:
1591:
285:. These newly conquered regions were initially ruled as military territories, with the two areas later organised into the federal colonies of
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684:
Due to the large border conflicts with Ethiopia, borders were finally confirmed in 2000, even tho they can be dated back to 1991 due to the
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198:, just a few miles away from the large city of Kassala. The border ends at a tripoint with a small city in Ethiopia called Himora.
178:. The border has also seen illegal acts such as human trafficking and hundreds of illegal crossings made by Eritreans. Due to the
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The boundary starts in the north between the end of the Sudanese coast and the start of the Eritrean coast in the town of
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The following day, on 7 January 2018. Kassala fully announced that the border had been officially closed stating:
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occurred in Eritrea between 1961 and 1991 and on 24 May 1991, the country declared de facto independence from
515:
175:
1592:"Official Statement on the situation of Eritrean Refugees in Ethiopia (July 14, 2021) – Embassy of Ethiopia"
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201:
438:
98:
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992:
The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1937
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1230:
1094:"Eritrea – Postindependence Conflicts, Human Rights Violations, and Peace with Neighbours | Britannica"
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266:
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623:" for the entire state. On 31 January 2019, Omar al-Bashir announced the reopening of the border in
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states. The UNHCR also confirmed 5 border crossings and hundreds of refugee camps near the border.
294:
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shared a 1,000 mi (1,600 km) border with the AOI and on 4 July 1940, was invaded by an
209:
The border leaves the trifion between Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan, located on the course of the
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after over a year of large clashes which had killed at least 30 people in the last few months.
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408:. In 1952, the United Nations decided to federate Eritrea to Ethiopia. About nine years later,
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990:
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876:
543:
1044:
The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle
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527:. The undemarcated border with Sudan also posed a problem for Eritrean external relations.
453:
400:
361:
353:
233:
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Shimelba refugee camp where thousands of Eritreans resided in 2008, in Ethiopia and Sudan.
499:. At the urging of the United States, Ethiopia and Eritrea joined Uganda in the so-called
8:
1566:"Sudan: Eritrean Refugees Overview in Sudan (as of 30 November 2022) – Sudan | ReliefWeb"
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550:
409:
338:
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Map showing the occupation of Eritrea by Italy, Sudan is shown the left of the picture.
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and the border then became an international frontier between two independent states.
274:
253:
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in the very north of Eritrea. The border has been the site of several tensions, with
135:
592:, Adam Jamaa announced that the state hadn't received anything of a border closure.
142:: الحدود بين إريتريا والسودان) is 686 km (426 mi) in length and runs from
101:
won in 1991, Eritrea officially declared a nation in 1993 after a referendum making
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969:
816:
500:
422:
Map of the allied campaign made by the British, into Eritrea in 1941 against Italy.
345:
and Eritrea were also part of that entity, ruled by a Governor-General or Viceroy.
503:
strategy, which was designed to put military pressure on the Sudanese government.
1541:"The forgotten victims of the Tigray war – the fate of 100,000 Eritrean refugees"
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820:
736:
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589:
330:
237:
167:
1351:"Eritrea accused of forcibly repatriating civilians caught up in Sudan fighting"
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210:
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304:
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1464:"Sudan's Bashir Says Border With Eritrea Reopens After Being Shut For a Year"
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1222:
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911:
International Boundary Study No. 16 – Central African Republic-Sudan Boundary
612:
524:
225:
648:
Between 2020 and 2022, Eritrea reported a massive refugee crisis due to its
938:
221:
1009:
813:
Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World
376:
of the SDF and some local police to retire after inflicting casualties of
205:
Photo showing the terrain and the common towns of the Eritrea-Sudan border
1046:. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.17–8.
553:
had forcefully deported over 3,500 Eritreans and Sudanese-Eritreans from
258:
216:
The maritime border between the two countries then continues through the
171:
783:"Eritrean refugees trapped in Sudan try to escape to Halifax | SaltWire"
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278:
649:
179:
1298:"Sudan political forces support decision to close border with Eritrea"
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30:
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annexed Eritrea, triggering a thirty-year armed struggle in Eritrea.
191:
159:
426:
During the 1960s, the Eritrean independence struggle was led by the
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for more than a hundred km, until it meets the maritime borders of
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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and declared it part of their colonial empire, which they called
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The border in 1937 as showed in the Italian language, during the
224:. Administratively, the border separates the Eritrean regions of
217:
195:
143:
125:
61:
36:
1515:"Eritrea's Isaias meets Sudanese leaders amid Ethiopia tensions"
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852:"Will Ethiopia and Eritrea be dragged into Sudan's complex war?"
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1639:
Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship
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1036:
1613:"America Team for Displaced Eritreans » Refugee Stats"
811:, in Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.),
269:
for France in Central Africa (roughly equivalent to modern
262:
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to locate its headquarters in the former Sudan embassy in
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Schreiber, G.; et al. (2015) . Falla, P. S. (ed.).
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1015:
943:
African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia
523:
Sudanese government also accused Eritrea of supporting
1490:"Eritrean president visits Sudan amid border tensions"
510:
Eritrea while still incorporated into Ethiopia in 1993
368:
from Eritrea, which advanced on a railway junction at
945:. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.
1021:
575:
2018–2019 border clashes and border crossing crisis
643:
1771:
1145:"Eritreans Voting on Independence From Ethiopia"
518:of the Ethiopian-administered border village of
333:in 1882 and ruled it until 1941. In 1936, Italy
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931:
631:2021 Sudan-Eritrea and Ethiopia border tensions
549:On 7 May 2023, The Guardian confirmed that the
138:: ዶብ ኤርትራ-ሱዳን; Italian: Confine Eritrea-Sudan;
1325:"Eritrea and Sudan to reopen border crossings"
372:. The Italians forced the British garrison of
1704:
815:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 785–795,
635:On 5 May 2021, Isaias Afwerki arrived at the
324:
928:
433:
349:Allied invasion of Eritrea from Sudan (1941)
1590:Official, Embassy Content (July 19, 2021).
265:and Niger), and also the lands explored by
261:(roughly equivalent to the areas of modern
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958:"Italian colonialism in Eritrea 1882–1941"
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1016:Schreiber, Stegemann & Vogel 2015
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491:(SPLA), and permitted the opposition
1718:
962:Scandinavian Economic History Review
762:Simpson, Gerry (February 11, 2014).
460:; Eritrea followed decades later on
248:The border first emerged during the
1143:Lorch, Donatella (April 24, 1993).
13:
1679:
1539:Plaut, Martin (November 9, 2022).
1438:"Sudan closes border with Eritrea"
1410:"Sudan closes border with Eritrea"
1384:"Sudan closes border with Eritrea"
1197:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
849:
615:near Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea.
537:Sudan and Eritrea located on a map
485:Sudan People's Liberation Movement
479:with supporting the activities of
467:By the end of 1993, shortly after
384:for ten casualties of their own.
116:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
14:
1806:
1322:
1251:"Eritrea-Sudan relations plummet"
1662:Germany and the Second World War
1216:
780:
764:""I Wanted to Lie Down and Die""
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1253:. London: BBC. January 15, 2004
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637:Khartoum International Airport
489:Sudan People's Liberation Army
310:Italian occupation of Ethiopia
185:
1:
712:"Eritrea–Sudan Land Boundary"
697:
611:, a tripoint city located in
439:A 30-year war of independence
299:Afrique équatoriale française
291:Afrique occidentale française
158:in the south, to the town of
821:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_81
493:National Democratic Alliance
236:from the Sudanese states of
99:Eritrean War of Independence
7:
1193:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.).
1123:africanelections.tripod.com
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281:in the far north of modern
10:
1811:
1630:
1488:AfricaNews (May 4, 2021).
1235:: CS1 maint: postscript (
956:Mesghenna, Yemane (2011).
877:"How Do I Get To Eritrea?"
325:Italian occupation and war
267:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
243:
174:by the United Kingdom and
1724:
1199:Federal Research Division
995:. Springer. p. 675.
737:"Eritrea country profile"
456:declared independence as
434:Tensions and independence
428:Eritrean Liberation Front
109:
92:
87:
83:686 km (426 mi)
79:
49:
44:
28:
23:
1729:Central African Republic
1186:Shinn, David H. (2015).
671:
295:French Equatorial Africa
39:, with Sudan to the west
1273:"Human rights in Sudan"
329:The Italians colonised
293:, abbreviated AOF) and
1195:Sudan: a country study
1188:"Ethiopia and Eritrea"
1119:"Elections in Eritrea"
1056:"Ethiopia and Eritrea"
807:Kibreab, Gaim (2005),
616:
602:
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544:Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo
538:
525:rebel groups in Darfur
511:
481:Eritrean Islamic Jihad
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321:
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1795:International borders
1641:. London: Brassey's.
1637:Raugh, H. E. (1993).
1414:The Financial Express
1277:Amnesty International
1058:, Global Policy Forum
607:
597:
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471:'s independence from
458:the Republic of Sudan
449:for several decades.
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362:Fascist Italian force
319:
307:
204:
1780:Eritrea–Sudan border
1205:. pp. 280–282.
1073:www.historyworld.net
1069:"HISTORY OF ERITREA"
989:Epstein, M. (2016).
809:"Eritreans in Sudan"
454:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
401:British protectorate
354:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
234:Semenawi-Keyih-Bahri
24:Eritrea–Sudan border
16:International border
1442:Middle East Monitor
1302:Middle East Monitor
1203:Library of Congress
1018:, pp. 262–263.
881:Young Pioneer Tours
590:governor of Kassala
551:Eritrean government
542:Isaias Afwerki and
514:Eritrea's surprise
399:Eritrea was made a
339:Italian East Africa
250:Scramble for Africa
1785:Borders of Eritrea
1149:The New York Times
1098:www.britannica.com
883:. February 5, 2018
768:Human Rights Watch
621:state of emergency
617:
585:
539:
512:
475:, Eritrea charged
452:On 1 January 1956
424:
343:Italian Somaliland
322:
314:
287:French West Africa
207:
110:Current shape
1767:
1766:
1671:978-0-19-873832-9
1648:978-0-08-040983-2
1519:www.aljazeera.com
1444:. January 7, 2018
1390:. January 6, 2018
1304:. January 8, 2018
1231:cite encyclopedia
1212:978-0-8444-0750-0
856:www.aljazeera.com
830:978-0-387-29904-4
640:of the province.
501:Front Line States
410:Ethiopian Emperor
387:Conquered by the
275:Congo-Brazzaville
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186:Description
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93:Established
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698:References
546:was made.
230:Gash-Barka
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1631:Sources
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1524:May 13,
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