720:
304:
324:
33:
315:
2397:
2409:
2385:
475:) Kleiber resigned from his post at the State Opera. He was outraged when Berg – a close friend – assumed that he had joined or would join the Nazi Party to safeguard his career. He wrote to Berg, "I was never a member of the NSDAP – and never had any intention of becoming one!!! Despite several requests!"
715:
that was a key feature of the building. Kleiber wrote, "I have had to acknowledge that the spirit of the old theatre cannot reign in the new building", and he resigned before the re-opening. Feeling that the West
Germans had been mean-minded in their attempt to stop him conducting in East Berlin, he
265:
he was admitted, with the proviso that unless he could reach the required standard within the year he would have to leave. He bought a piano and taught himself to play it, took organ lessons, and mastered the curriculum well enough to pass the conservatory's examinations. He was taken on as a coach
625:
in 1948, and at Covent Garden from 1950 to 1953. The post-war Covent Garden was very different from the star-studded international pre-war seasons. The new company, built from scratch with largely
British singers, was not then of international calibre or even approaching it. Kleiber's contribution
491:
For nearly fifteen minutes a huge audience numbering many members of the diplomatic corps, which listened with straining intensity cheered, stamped and applauded, recalling to the platform time and again Erich
Kleiber, who prepared and conducted the stirring performance, the orchestra of the State
710:
withdrew his invitation to conduct at its concerts, but he felt he was building bridges between east and west. The reopening was scheduled for 1955, but as the time approached, Kleiber became increasingly aware of state interference in the running of the house. Matters came to a head when the
749:
outstanding as a conductor of Mozart, Beethoven and
Richard Strauss, refusing to indulge in romantic interpretation as a means of self-projection, ignoring false performing traditions and studying the scores assiduously. He never lost his whole view of a work, and his approach was strictly
550:
I hear that access to the Scala is denied to Jews. Music, like air and sunlight, should be for all. When, in these hard times, this consolation is denied to human beings for reasons of race and religion, then I both as
Christian and artist, feel that I can no longer
221:
Schöppl. Kleiber's father died in 1895 and his mother died the following year. Kleiber and his sister went to live with his maternal grandparents in Prague. In 1900, after the death of his grandfather, Kleiber returned to Vienna to live with an aunt and study at a
449:
During his Berlin years
Kleiber began an international career, conducting concerts in Buenos Aires (1926, 1927) and Moscow (1927); in New York he worked for six or seven weeks in the 1930–31 and 1931–32 seasons, giving between 20 and 30 concerts.
641:
for the occasion, nor had he filled the orchestra with specialist deputies; he had simply made the orchestra play precisely, rhythmically, and with a strict dynamic gradation. The effect of this, after years of sloppy, routine performances of
482:, Kleiber made a gesture of defiance to the régime by putting the world premiere of the suite from the opera in the programme of the last concert he gave in Nazi Germany. The event attracted international attention.
702:. The old building had been bombed and was slowly being restored. In 1951 the East German authorities invited Kleiber to become musical director when the rebuilding was complete. At the time, hostility between the
697:
Almost at the end of
Kleiber's career there was a debacle after he accepted an invitation to resume his pre-war post at the Berlin Staatsoper. Following the post-war division of the city, the house was in
649:
The Covent Garden management hoped
Kleiber would become the company's musical director, but he was not willing to commit himself. There were many competing demands for his services in Europe. At the 1951
163:
came to power in
Germany in 1933, he resigned in protest against its oppressive policies, and left the country, basing himself and his family in Buenos Aires. For the rest of his career he was a
250:, conducted by the composer; at the end, Kleiber told Gál that he intended to be a conductor. Gál pointed out that the traditional route to becoming a conductor was to start as a Korrepetitor (
772:
Kleiber was a composer; among his works are a Violin
Concerto, Piano Concerto, orchestral variations, Capriccio for Orchestra, numerous chamber music works, piano pieces, and songs.
461:
with the Nazis, could have continued his career under their régime, but he would not accept their racial policies or their stifling of artistic freedom. When Berg's new opera
565:
in Buenos Aires, Kleiber conducted 29 different operas (a total of 181 performances) during 10 seasons (1937–41, 1943, and 1946–49). The operas he conducted the most were
554:
Insofar as Kleiber had a base during these years it was in Buenos Aires; he became an Argentine citizen in 1936. He took charge of the German opera seasons at the
2265:
2209:
2229:
495:
Kleiber conducted the final opera performances to which he was contractually committed and then left Germany with his wife and children in January 1935.
2479:
1650:
1558:
2439:
121:(5 August 1890 – 27 January 1956) was an Austrian, later Argentine, conductor, known for his interpretations of the classics and as an advocate of
724:
2449:
2295:
633:
No one present will ever forget the transformation in the Covent Garden pit when, in the early nineteen-fifties, Erich Kleiber plunged into the
2444:
985:
2202:
706:
and the western allies was intense, and some ardent democrats thought Kleiber wrong to work for the totalitarian East German régime. The
2489:
690:
cycle in Rome; it was broadcast, but the recordings are thought to be lost. Between 1948 and 1955 he recorded a range of works for the
371:
in August 1923, made a highly favourable impression, and three days later he was appointed to succeed Blech with a five-year contract.
278:
spotted Kleiber's potential and invited him to conduct there. He worked at Darmstadt for seven years. Further appointments followed at
2454:
793:
and Beethoven's symphonies "all demonstrate his extraordinary rhythmic control and dynamic flexibility". For more information on his
2018:
Notley, Margaret (2010). "1934, Alban Berg, and the Shadow of Politics: Documents of a Troubled Year". In Christopher Hailey (ed.).
2494:
2484:
730:
In Russell's view the collapse of Kleiber's hopes for the Staatsoper was a blow from which he did not recover. He died suddenly in
438:
In 1926, Kleiber married an American, Ruth Goodrich (1900–1967). They had two children, Veronica (1928–2017), later assistant to
375:
2195:
798:
365:
had been approached to succeed him, but the approaches were inconclusive. Kleiber, invited to conduct a single performance of
2459:
2043:
2004:
1961:
1939:
1630:
573:. The performances he conducted featured some of the world's top singers of German opera at the time, including for example
2499:
2119:
2504:
1994:
1908:
132:, he followed the traditional route for an aspiring conductor in German-speaking countries of the time, starting as a
2469:
1983:
719:
254:) in one of the many opera houses in German-speaking countries, but Kleiber had never been taught to play the piano.
167:, guest conducting internationally in opera houses and concert halls. He played an important part in the creation of
566:
511:
in 1935, and was a frequent visitor to Amsterdam, Brussels and other European cities. In 1938, at the invitation of
217:, Vienna, on 5 August 1890, the second of the two children of Dr Franz Otto Kleiber, a teacher, and his wife Vroni,
2464:
159:
In Berlin, Kleiber's scrupulous musicianship and enterprising programming won him a high reputation, but after the
2514:
2474:
1353:
2519:
1929:
837:
2187:
2101:
1177:
1064:
1048:
913:
869:
707:
622:
507:
entitles his chapter covering the years 1935 to 1939 "Vagabondage". Kleiber made his British début with the
2524:
2509:
2115:
758:
2069:
2375:
2259:
1239:
754:
1466:
171:
in London, but a plan for him to return to the Berlin State Opera in the 1950s fell foul of politics.
136:
in an opera house and moving into conducting in increasingly senior positions. After holding posts in
2253:
2065:
508:
504:
457:(Nazi Party) came to power in Germany. Kleiber, who was not Jewish, politically active, or otherwise
1631:"Kleiber, Erich, (5 Aug. 1890–27 Jan. 1956), orchestral conductor, professor, general music director
656:
762:
1900:
1480:
686:
670:
303:
275:
247:
1375:
2413:
2027:
1830:
804:. His recordings include the following, many of which have been reissued in digital transfers:
766:
638:
606:
1475:
1438:
2019:
2434:
2429:
2361:
1411:
1359:
674:(also with Callas), written 160 years earlier. There were plans for his appointment to the
267:
383:
8:
2325:
1331:
853:
712:
415:
262:
129:
91:
2218:
2169:
2142:
2049:
1971:
1430:
1385:
1336:
789:
586:
484:
354:
333:
258:
235:
223:
153:
750:
non-sentimental. He won the lasting devotion of orchestral players as well as singers.
2343:
2277:
2179:
2075:
2039:
2020:
2000:
1979:
1957:
1935:
1904:
680:
675:
570:
516:
425:
257:
In July 1908 Kleiber left Vienna and studied art, philosophy, and art history at the
1271:
2389:
2355:
2331:
2271:
2241:
2162:
2083:
2057:
2031:
2010:
618:
602:
574:
536:
472:
431:
231:
626:
was of crucial importance to the development of the company. The record producer
2301:
2235:
2111:
2105:
1894:
1471:
678:, but they fell through, and his only operatic engagement in his native city was
651:
323:
271:
261:
in Prague. On the strength of some compositions of his which he submitted to the
251:
183:
168:
152:(1922) he was appointed in 1923 to the important post of musical director of the
133:
1257:
1161:
562:
555:
2319:
2289:
2152:
691:
512:
443:
439:
420:
410:
362:
341:
109:
2217:
594:
2423:
2349:
2247:
2079:
2053:
578:
524:
239:
1768:
283:
145:
2401:
2283:
1949:
1221:
665:
661:
627:
590:
582:
544:
463:
392:
358:
2035:
703:
699:
598:
558:
between 1937 and 1949, and conducted in Chile, Uruguay, Mexico and Cuba.
446:, later known as Carlos, (1930–2004), who became a celebrated conductor.
227:
243:
454:
400:
391:
in a production regarded as decisive for the composer's wider success.
337:
270:
in 1911, and began to get work as an accompanist, working in 1912 with
187:
160:
122:
1748:
2307:
2135:
1735:
350:
279:
179:
164:
141:
137:
1976:
The Quiet Showman – Sir David Webster and the Royal Opera House
731:
399:
was presented in the same year, followed in 1925 by the première of
387:
197:
79:
528:
287:
149:
32:
540:
453:
Kleiber's time in Berlin came to end in 1934, the year after the
405:
367:
192:
1769:"Base de datos de las Ăłperas en el Teatro Colon de Buenos Aires"
379:
describes Kleiber's Berlin years as "exceptionally productive":
314:
2097:
1367:
214:
175:
56:
2026:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp.
1484:
and Beecham conducted operas by Mozart, Beethoven and Wagner.
532:
2396:
1703:
1522:
2219:
Staatsoper Unter den Linden Berlin General Music Directors
621:, Kleiber resumed his European activities, first with the
605:. Kleiber conducted the Western Hemisphere's premiere of
1896:
Corresponding with Carlos: A Biography of Carlos Kleiber
1799:
1775:
1657:, Oxford University Press. 2001. Retrieved 25 May 2020
1637:, Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2020
1595:
1510:
1498:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1715:
1565:, Oxford University Press 2001. Retrieved 25 May 2020
128:
Kleiber was born in Vienna, and after studying at the
2373:
1787:
1691:
1679:
753:
Among the honours awarded to Kleiber were Commandeur
723:
The grave of Kleiber and his wife at the cemetery of
654:
in Florence, he conducted a celebrated production of
1811:
1583:
1571:
174:
Kleiber was regarded as an outstanding conductor of
492:
Opera, and the Viennese light soprano Lillie Claus.
1607:
737:
2421:
1446:
1931:Great Wagner Conductors: A Listener's Companion
2203:
1739:, 18 April 1938, p. 8, and 12 May 1938, p. 14
226:. He was able to attend performances at the
684:in 1951. In 1953 he conducted the complete
186:and encouraged modern composers, including
2210:
2196:
246:, Kleiber heard a performance of Mahler's
242:was the musical director. With his friend
31:
2480:Music directors of the Berlin State Opera
1970:
1805:
1781:
376:Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2440:20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
718:
409:. Other new works he performed included
2112:Newspaper clippings about Erich Kleiber
2064:
1948:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1793:
1721:
1709:
1673:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1516:
1504:
711:authorities removed an old monument to
429:(1930), and he also conducted Wagner's
2450:20th-century German conductors (music)
2422:
2017:
1892:
1697:
1685:
1474:in the title role during this season;
783:comments that Kleiber's recordings of
637:prelude. Kleiber had not imported the
2191:
1927:
1817:
1669:
1626:
1624:
1622:
2445:20th-century Austrian male musicians
1992:
1613:
1534:
515:, he appeared for the first time at
353:resigned as musical director of the
759:Commendatore della Corona d’ Italia
13:
2170:Music Director, Berlin State Opera
2143:Music Director, Berlin State Opera
1619:
716:left the city and never returned.
527:. He repudiated his contract with
203:
196:he premiered. He died suddenly in
14:
2536:
2490:Austrian expatriates in Argentina
2091:
1291:Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
1277:Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
1034:Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
1006:Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra
2455:Austrian male conductors (music)
2407:
2395:
2383:
1956:. London: Secker & Warburg.
1418:
1397:
1343:
322:
313:
302:
2495:Austrian emigrants to Argentina
2485:Austrian expatriates in Germany
1886:
1823:
1761:
1742:
1727:
1663:
1643:
1458:
738:Reputation, honours and legacy
1300:
567:Die Meistersinger von NĂĽrnberg
208:
16:Austrian conductor (1890–1956)
1:
1491:
1447:Notes, references and sources
1390:
775:
734:on 27 January 1956, aged 65.
708:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
664:, and the world premiere of
623:London Philharmonic Orchestra
535:in April 1939, shortly after
523:with a starry cast headed by
332:As the music director of the
2460:Argentine conductors (music)
1996:Conductors: A New Generation
1354:An der schönen, blauen Donau
1332:German Dances, K. 605, No. 3
1129:North German Radio Symphony
767:Comendador del Merito, Chile
7:
2500:Emigrants from Nazi Germany
2116:20th Century Press Archives
1749:"Musical Notes from Abroad"
1635:Who's Who & Who Was Who
1049:North German Radio Symphony
612:
609:in Buenos Aires in 1949.
547:legislation. Kleiber said:
10:
2541:
2505:Prague Conservatory alumni
2260:Johann Friedrich Reichardt
1934:. Canberra: Parrot Press.
1921:
1240:Maggio Musicale Fiorentino
478:Prevented from performing
357:after 17 years in charge.
2254:Johann Friedrich Agricola
2225:
2176:
2167:
2159:
2149:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2074:. London: Andre Deutsch.
1832:Decca Classical 1929–2009
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
823:
820:
817:
814:
755:Ordre de LĂ©opold, Belgium
509:London Symphony Orchestra
498:
293:
105:
97:
87:
64:
42:
30:
23:
2470:Austrian opera directors
2104:16 February 2020 at the
2022:Alban Berg and His World
1928:Brown, Jonathan (2012).
1901:Rowman & Littlefield
1893:Barber, Charles (2013).
1835:. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
1451:
1204:"Orchestral showpieces"
2465:Music directors (opera)
2071:Erich Kleiber: A Memoir
1757:(subscription required)
1659:(subscription required)
1639:(subscription required)
1567:(subscription required)
1481:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1467:Der fliegende Holländer
1464:Kleiber also conducted
1080:Cologne Radio Symphony
543:régime enacted its own
336:he championed works of
276:Darmstadt Court Theatre
274:. The intendant of the
2515:People from Alsergrund
2475:German opera directors
838:Cologne Radio Symphony
727:
657:Les vĂŞpres siciliennes
607:Die Frau ohne Schatten
435:and various operettas.
2520:Musicians from Vienna
2266:Bernhard Anselm Weber
2036:10.2307/j.ctt7rg0g.11
1993:Hart, Philip (1980).
1755:, April 1939, p. 306
1531:, pp. 25, 28–29.
1439:Hearst Metrotone News
722:
503:Kleiber's biographer
382:In 1924 he conducted
2362:Christian Thielemann
1899:. Lanham, Maryland:
1733:"Opera and Ballet",
1712:, pp. 148, 159.
1412:Staatskapelle Berlin
1381:South Bohemian Suite
1370:(1997) 0927.42668.2
1360:Staatskapelle Berlin
1207:Berlin Philharmonic
1193:Paris Conservatoire
1145:Vienna Philharmonic
1113:London Philharmonic
1097:London Philharmonic
1020:London Philharmonic
992:Vienna Philharmonic
974:London Philharmonic
971:, Andante Larghetto
957:London Philharmonic
943:Vienna Philharmonic
763:Orden el Sol de Peru
213:Kleiber was born in
2326:Herbert von Karajan
1978:. London: Collins.
1972:Haltrecht, Montague
1476:Wilhelm Furtwängler
1403:Strauss, Johann II
1349:Strauss, Johann II
1307:
1218:Concert recordings
1178:Paris Conservatoire
1088:Strauss, Johann II
1065:Berlin Philharmonic
1031:Four German Dances
914:London Philharmonic
854:Vienna Philharmonic
811:
802:(Kleiber recording)
713:Frederick the Great
646:, was a revelation.
416:Der singende Teufel
263:Prague Conservatory
130:Prague Conservatory
92:Prague Conservatory
2525:People from Prague
2510:People from Wieden
1999:. London: Robson.
1672:, p. 423 and
1655:Grove Music Online
1563:Grove Music Online
1557:Brunner, Gerhard.
1431:Czech Philharmonic
1386:Czech Philharmonic
1337:Berlin State Opera
1305:
1253:Tristan und Isolde
1235:I vespri siciliani
987:Le nozze di Figaro
954:Carnival Overture
807:
800:Le nozze di Figaro
790:Le nozze di Figaro
728:
513:Sir Thomas Beecham
485:The New York Times
355:Berlin State Opera
334:Berlin State Opera
268:New German Theatre
259:Charles University
200:at the age of 65.
154:Berlin State Opera
2371:
2370:
2344:Franz Konwitschny
2278:Giacomo Meyerbeer
2230:Johannes Wesalius
2186:
2185:
2180:Franz Konwitschny
2177:Succeeded by
2150:Succeeded by
2128:Cultural offices
2045:978-0-691-14855-7
2006:978-0-86051-098-7
1963:978-0-436-11800-5
1941:978-0-9871556-0-3
1753:The Musical Times
1651:"Kleiber, Carlos"
1604:, pp. 62–63.
1519:, pp. 28–29.
1507:, pp. 20–21.
1444:
1443:
1298:
1297:
1153:Strauss, Richard
1141:Der Rosenkavalier
1137:Strauss, Richard
1125:Till Eulenspiegel
1121:Strauss, Richard
1092:Der Zigeunerbaron
785:Der Rosenkavalier
681:Der Rosenkavalier
676:Vienna Staatsoper
671:Orfeo ed Euridice
571:Der Rosenkavalier
521:Der Rosenkavalier
459:persona non grata
426:Christophe Colomb
116:
115:
2532:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2356:Daniel Barenboim
2332:Joseph Keilberth
2272:Gaspare Spontini
2242:Nicolaus Zangius
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2174:1954–1955
2163:Joseph Keilberth
2160:Preceded by
2147:1923–1934
2133:Preceded by
2125:
2124:
2087:
2084:Internet Archive
2061:
2058:Internet Archive
2025:
2014:
2011:Internet Archive
1989:
1967:
1945:
1915:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1829:Stuart, Philip.
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1649:Barber, Charles
1647:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1559:"Kleiber, Erich"
1555:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1485:
1462:
1395:
1392:
1376:Novák, VĂtÄ›zslav
1308:
1304:
1017:Symphony No. 40
1003:Symphony No. 39
812:
810:
806:
694:record company.
619:Second World War
603:Alexander Kipnis
575:Kirsten Flagstad
473:degenerate music
432:Das Liebesverbot
326:
317:
306:
280:Barmen-Elberfeld
142:Barmen-Elberfeld
75:
73:
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2414:Classical music
2408:
2406:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2302:Richard Strauss
2236:Johannes Eccard
2221:
2216:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2155:
2146:
2138:
2106:Wayback Machine
2094:
2046:
2007:
1986:
1964:
1954:Ring Resounding
1942:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1903:. p. 313.
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1472:Herbert Janssen
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1435:23 August 1949
1427:Symphony No. 9
1393:
1303:
1288:Symphony No. 1
1190:Symphony No. 6
1174:Symphony No. 4
1105:Strauss, Josef
1077:Symphony No. 9
1061:Symphony No. 8
1045:Symphony No. 5
940:Symphony No. 9
926:Symphony No. 7
910:Symphony No. 6
896:Symphony No. 6
882:Symphony No. 5
866:Symphony No. 3
850:Symphony No. 3
808:
797:recording, see
778:
751:
746:, Kleiber was:
742:In the view of
740:
652:Maggio Musicale
647:
615:
552:
501:
493:
469:Entartete Musik
436:
347:
346:
345:
344:
329:
328:
327:
319:
318:
309:
308:
307:
296:
272:Alfred Piccaver
211:
206:
204:Life and career
184:Richard Strauss
169:The Royal Opera
88:Alma mater
83:
77:
71:
69:
68:27 January 1956
60:
54:
49:
47:
38:
37:Kleiber in 1930
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2320:Clemens Krauss
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2290:Robert Radecke
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:Clemens Krauss
2151:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2109:
2093:
2092:External links
2090:
2089:
2088:
2062:
2044:
2015:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1968:
1962:
1946:
1940:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1910:978-1442231177
1909:
1885:
1883:, p. 245.
1873:
1871:, p. 227.
1861:
1859:, p. 228.
1849:
1847:, p. 220.
1837:
1822:
1820:, p. 441.
1810:
1808:, p. 173.
1806:Haltrecht 1975
1798:
1786:
1784:, p. 145.
1782:Haltrecht 1975
1774:
1760:
1741:
1726:
1724:, p. 159.
1714:
1702:
1700:, p. 257.
1690:
1688:, p. 224.
1678:
1662:
1642:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:Der FreischĂĽtz
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:Sphären-Klänge
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
966:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:Concertgebouw
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:Concertgebouw
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:Concertgebouw
883:
880:
876:
875:
872:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
851:
848:
844:
843:
840:
835:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
777:
774:
748:
739:
736:
632:
614:
611:
549:
500:
497:
490:
467:was banned as
440:Claudio Abbado
381:
363:Otto Klemperer
342:Darius Milhaud
331:
330:
321:
320:
312:
311:
310:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
295:
292:
248:Sixth Symphony
210:
207:
205:
202:
114:
113:
110:Carlos Kleiber
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:(aged 65)
66:
62:
61:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2537:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:Otmar Suitner
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:Erich Kleiber
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:Erich Kleiber
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:Joseph Sucher
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:William Brade
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:Russell, John
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:j.ctt7rg0g.11
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1985:0-00-211163-2
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:Culshaw, John
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 22.
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1676:, p. 136
1675:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1616:, p. 86.
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1592:, p. 37.
1591:
1586:
1580:, p. 33.
1579:
1574:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:KĂĽnstlerleben
1405:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1309:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
989:
988:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:Concertgebouw
868:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
827:
813:
805:
803:
801:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
747:
745:
735:
733:
726:
721:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
673:
672:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
645:
640:
636:
631:
629:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Astrid Varnay
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Lotte Lehmann
522:
519:, conducting
518:
517:Covent Garden
514:
510:
506:
496:
489:
487:
486:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
451:
447:
445:
441:
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
397:Die Zwingburg
394:
390:
389:
385:
380:
378:
377:
372:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
343:
339:
335:
325:
316:
305:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Gustav Mahler
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
201:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
119:Erich Kleiber
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:, Switzerland
81:
67:
63:
58:
46:5 August 1890
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Erich Kleiber
22:
19:
2337:
2313:
2284:Otto Nicolai
2168:
2141:
2082:– via
2070:
2056:– via
2021:
2009:– via
1995:
1975:
1953:
1930:
1895:
1888:
1881:Russell 1957
1876:
1869:Russell 1957
1864:
1857:Russell 1957
1852:
1845:Russell 1957
1840:
1831:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1794:Culshaw 1967
1789:
1777:
1763:
1752:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1722:Russell 1957
1717:
1710:Russell 1957
1705:
1693:
1681:
1674:Russell 1957
1665:
1654:
1645:
1634:
1609:
1602:Russell 1957
1597:
1590:Russell 1957
1585:
1578:Russell 1957
1573:
1562:
1529:Russell 1957
1524:
1517:Russell 1957
1512:
1505:Russell 1957
1500:
1479:
1465:
1460:
1406:
1380:
1352:
1306:Filmography
1270:
1258:Teatro ColĂłn
1252:
1234:
1222:NBC Symphony
1187:Tchaikovsky
1171:Tchaikovsky
1162:Teatro ColĂłn
1156:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1091:
986:
968:
832:
799:
794:
788:
784:
780:
779:
771:
752:
743:
741:
729:
696:
685:
679:
669:
662:Maria Callas
655:
648:
643:
639:Philharmonia
634:
628:John Culshaw
616:
591:Set Svanholm
583:Rose Bampton
563:Teatro ColĂłn
560:
556:Teatro ColĂłn
553:
545:anti-semitic
520:
505:John Russell
502:
494:
483:
479:
477:
468:
462:
458:
452:
448:
442:, and a son
437:
430:
424:
414:
404:
396:
386:
374:
373:
366:
359:Bruno Walter
348:
286:in 1921 and
256:
218:
212:
191:
173:
158:
127:
118:
117:
18:
2435:1956 deaths
2430:1890 births
2098:Discography
1698:Notley 2010
1686:Notley 2010
1394: 1949
1301:Filmography
725:Hönggerberg
704:Soviet bloc
700:East Berlin
660:, starring
599:Hans Hotter
595:René Maison
551:co-operate.
419:(1928) and
228:Musikverein
209:Early years
148:(1921) and
2424:Categories
1818:Brown 2012
1670:Brown 2012
1492:References
1478:conducted
1424:Beethoven
1317:Orchestra
1210:1930–1934
937:Beethoven
923:Beethoven
907:Beethoven
893:Beethoven
879:Beethoven
863:Beethoven
847:Beethoven
829:Beethoven
821:Orchestra
809:Recordings
776:Recordings
617:After the
587:Max Lorenz
338:Alban Berg
284:DĂĽsseldorf
252:répétiteur
188:Alban Berg
161:Nazi Party
146:DĂĽsseldorf
134:répétiteur
123:Neue Musik
98:Occupation
72:1956-01-28
50:1890-08-05
2390:Biography
2308:Leo Blech
2136:Leo Blech
2080:752812140
1736:The Times
1614:Hart 1980
1311:Composer
1094:Overture
1074:Schubert
1058:Schubert
1042:Schubert
815:Composer
537:Mussolini
488:reported
384:Janáček's
351:Leo Blech
290:in 1922.
282:in 1919,
232:Volksoper
224:Gymnasium
180:Beethoven
165:freelance
138:Darmstadt
101:conductor
59:, Austria
2102:Archived
2068:(1957).
1974:(1975).
1952:(1967).
1226:1947–48
1215:Various
1201:Various
969:Berenice
613:Post-war
529:La Scala
411:Schreker
349:In 1923
288:Mannheim
244:Hans Gál
190:, whose
150:Mannheim
144:(1919),
140:(1912),
106:Children
2376:Portals
2118:of the
2114:in the
1922:Sources
1328:Mozart
1249:Wagner
1028:Mozart
1014:Mozart
1000:Mozart
982:Mozart
965:Handel
951:Dvořák
833:Fidelio
630:wrote:
561:At the
541:fascist
421:Milhaud
406:Wozzeck
368:Fidelio
266:at the
236:Hofoper
193:Wozzeck
70: (
48: (
2364:(2024)
2358:(1992)
2352:(1964)
2346:(1955)
2340:(1951)
2334:(1948)
2328:(1941)
2322:(1935)
2316:(1923)
2310:(1913)
2304:(1899)
2298:(1888)
2292:(1871)
2286:(1848)
2280:(1842)
2274:(1820)
2268:(1816)
2262:(1775)
2256:(1759)
2250:(1618)
2244:(1612)
2238:(1609)
2232:(1572)
2078:
2052:
2042:
2030:–268.
2003:
1982:
1960:
1938:
1907:
1368:Teldec
1323:Label
1285:Weber
1267:Weber
1231:Verdi
1157:Daphne
795:Figaro
765:; and
732:ZĂĽrich
644:Carmen
635:Carmen
499:Emigré
393:Krenek
388:JenĹŻfa
294:Berlin
238:where
230:, the
215:Wieden
198:ZĂĽrich
176:Mozart
80:ZĂĽrich
57:Vienna
2402:Opera
2050:JSTOR
1470:with
1452:Notes
1416:1949
1364:1932
1341:1931
1320:Date
1314:Work
1294:1956
1280:1955
1262:1948
1244:1951
1196:1953
1182:1949
1166:1948
1148:1954
1132:1951
1116:1948
1100:1948
1083:1953
1069:1953
1053:1953
1037:1956
1023:1949
1009:1956
995:1955
977:1949
960:1948
946:1952
932:1950
918:1948
902:1953
888:1953
874:1950
858:1953
842:1956
824:Date
818:Work
781:Grove
744:Grove
692:Decca
666:Haydn
533:Milan
455:NSDAP
112:(son)
2076:OCLC
2040:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1905:ISBN
687:Ring
601:and
569:and
480:Lulu
464:Lulu
444:Karl
401:Berg
361:and
340:and
234:and
182:and
65:Died
43:Born
2120:ZBW
2032:doi
2028:223
1633:",
668:'s
539:'s
423:'s
413:'s
403:'s
395:'s
219:née
2426::
2048:.
2038:.
1751:,
1653:,
1621:^
1561:,
1536:^
1419:–
1398:–
1391:c.
1344:–
787:,
769:.
761:;
757:;
597:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
577:,
531:,
178:,
156:.
125:.
2378::
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
2108:)
2100:(
2086:.
2060:.
2034::
2013:.
1988:.
1966:.
1944:.
1913:.
1771:.
471:(
74:)
52:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
