84:
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59:
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shrub or small tree with a typical height in the wild of some 7 m (23 ft), especially in Africa, but more typically 1–4 m (3–13 ft) in gardens. It bears dark green needle-like leaves and numerous small honey-scented bell-shaped white
418:
in semi-harid habitats, but can also be found in forest undergrowth up to 1400 m a.s.l. in fresher and more humid environments. It prefers acidic or acidified soils derived from siliceous substrates. It is also present in an isolated population in the
393:
In
Macaronesia, it occurs in thermophilous forests, dominating dry and shallow soils, southern aspects, and forest margins. Throughout the Mediterranean Basin, its distribution is not continuous, extending from the Atlantic coasts of
677:
Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Madeira, José; Sequeira, Miguel
Menezes de (2018-01-26). "Inventory and review of the Mio–Pleistocene São Jorge flora (Madeira Island, Portugal): palaeoecological and biogeographical implications".
333:: brezo), is extremely hard and heat-resistant, and is used for making smoking pipes. Leaf fossils attributed to this species were described for the Mio-Pleistocene deposit of São Jorge in Madeira Island.
463:. In Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the heather is a constituent of the tropical alpine vegetation, dominating the shrubland above the treeline in mountain areas between 3000 and 4000 m a.s.l.
431:, where it occurs at the top of upper montane desert steppe vegetation between 2500 and 3000 m a.s.l. In eastern Africa is normally referred to as
1222:
596:
are harvested at the age of 30 to 60 years. They are cooked for several hours, then dried for several months before they are further processed.
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Désamoré, A., Laenen, B., Devos, N., Popp, M., González-Mancebo, J. M., Carine, M. A., Vanderpoorten, A. (2011).
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803:
Holocene high-altitude vegetation dynamics on Emi Koussi, Tibesti mountains (Chad, central Sahara).
440:
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83:
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Dinies, M., Schimmel, L., Hoelzmann, P., Kröpelin, S., Darius, F., Neef, R. (2021).
1462:
1110:
832:
20th
Australasian Weeds Conference, 11-15 September 2016, Perth, Western Australia.
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588:, is extremely hard, dense and heat-resistant, and is primarily used for making
1490:
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The
Holocene at Lac de Creno, Corsica, France: a key site for the whole island.
108:
1479:
1248:
1162:
1048:
709:
641:
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The wood is also used for making jewellery, fountain pens and knife handles.
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68:
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have been developed for garden use, of which the following have gained the
460:
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472:
370:
303:
250:
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782:
Reille, M., Gamisans, J., Andrieu-Ponel, V., De
Beaulieu, J. L. (1999).
1175:
225:
1201:
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807:
Quaternary
Vegetation Dynamics — The African Pollen Database, 1st ed.
484:
468:
403:
354:
345:
283:
167:
39:
1019:
761:
Out of Africa: north-westwards
Pleistocene expansions of the heather
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1300:
1042:
395:
378:
299:
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239:
157:
147:
134:
1214:
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592:, as it does not affect the aroma of tobacco. The football-sized
275:
255:
1136:
593:
448:
444:
428:
407:
382:
350:
626:
624:
475:, where tree heath is seen as a potential environmental weed.
805:
In: Runge, J., Gosling, WD, Lézine, A.-M., Scott, L., (Eds).
456:
399:
295:
95:
676:
630:
621:
581:
424:
828:
species for
Tasmania and other areas of southern Australia
734:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
987:
Adams, W.M., A.S. Goudie & A. R. Orme (eds.) (1996):
552:
Other tall growing heaths, including the
Portugal Heath (
1000:
848:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35
357:, preferring acid soil in an open sunny situation.
1001:Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014).
656:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T73094040A109616921.en
1015:. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
455:in the southwestern Arabian Peninsula, including
1477:
414:. The heather partecipates to the Mediterranean
16:"White heath" redirects here. For the town, see
467:Naturalised populations occur in south-eastern
609:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
564:) may also sometimes be called tree heath.
360:
755:
753:
751:
224:
57:
38:
699:
654:
571:
530:aureifolia 'Albert's Gold' (gold-leaved)
249:
238:
748:
1478:
631:Harvey-Brown, Y.; Barstow, M. (2017).
1024:
1023:
732:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
439:, in the highest mountains along the
1450:35754a56-3e1e-4130-a2a0-ecb1b011fded
1316:329cc0bd-e106-4a9c-8656-2f78b51d7d05
724:
506:'Estrella Gold' (gold-tipped leaves)
282:(angiosperms) in the heather family
1486:IUCN Red List least concern species
680:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
642:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
576:Briar pipes on a circular pipe rack
13:
14:
1577:
981:
1401:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328204-1
989:The Physical Geography of Africa
791:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00343.x
772:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02387.x
82:
947:
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1546:Flora naturalised in Australia
1012:African plants – a Photo Guide
860:
835:
815:
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776:
670:
336:
306:. It is also cultivated as an
1:
692:10.1080/14772019.2017.1282991
614:
254:Small tree-sized examples in
478:
451:. It is also present in the
7:
1566:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1536:Flora of the Canary Islands
602:
493:Royal Horticultural Society
10:
1582:
23:Species of flowering plant
15:
1032:
843:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
649:: e.T73094040A109616921.
232:
223:
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79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
30:
1561:Plants described in 1753
789:, 141(2), 291-307. DOI:
441:East African Rift System
361:Distribution and habitat
1556:Garden plants of Europe
993:Oxford University Press
809:CRC Press, 27-50. DOI:
770:, 38(1), 164-176. DOI:
768:Journal of Biogeography
567:
922:"RHS Plant Selector -
893:"RHS Plant Selector -
868:"RHS Plant Selector -
824:The weed potential of
821:*Noble, M. R. (2016).
577:
258:
247:
811:10.1201/9781003162766
575:
558:) and channel heath (
497:Award of Garden Merit
367:disjunct distribution
253:
242:
18:White Heath, Illinois
402:to the coast of the
437:Ethiopian highlands
435:. It occurs in the
375:Mediterranean Basin
313:The wood, known as
288:Mediterranean Basin
49:Conservation status
1501:Matorral shrubland
578:
561:Erica canaliculata
365:The heather has a
259:
248:
1526:Flora of Portugal
1516:Flora of Ethiopia
1511:Flora of Bulgaria
1496:Afromontane flora
1473:
1472:
1026:Taxon identifiers
453:Sarawat Mountains
421:Tibesti Mountains
416:maquis shrublands
387:Arabian Peninsula
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233:Distribution map
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934:'Albert's Gold'"
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443:, from southern
286:, native to the
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587:
583:
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546:E. lusitanica
543:
540:'Gold Tips' (
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32:Erica arborea
29:
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1551:Pipe smoking
1033:
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988:
967:. Retrieved
963:'Gold Tips'"
960:
956:
949:
937:. Retrieved
931:
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898:
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447:to northern
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1375:kew-2792636
1197:iNaturalist
1058:Wikispecies
991:. Page 55.
662:19 November
584:, known as
473:New Zealand
371:Macaronesia
337:Description
329:: betouro,
321:: bruyère,
304:East Africa
122:Angiosperms
1480:Categories
1370:Plant List
932:aureifolia
852:6 February
615:References
586:briar root
542:E. arborea
521:E. arborea
510:E. arborea
504:E. arborea
385:, and the
381:, eastern
377:, Western
353:. It is a
327:Portuguese
315:briar root
308:ornamental
268:tree heath
718:132935444
710:1477-2019
485:cultivars
479:Cultivars
469:Australia
427:) in the
404:Black Sea
355:calcifuge
346:evergreen
284:Ericaceae
186:Species:
168:Ericaceae
92:Kingdom:
1445:VicFlora
1427:12300018
1422:Tropicos
1349:PalDat:
1301:NSWFlora
1254:73094040
1228:11326348
1215:328204-1
1119:eFloraSA
1095:BioLib:
1043:Wikidata
961:veitchii
603:See also
538:veitchii
483:Several
396:Portugal
379:Caucasus
325:: bruc,
300:Tanzania
292:Ethiopia
164:Family:
158:Ericales
148:Asterids
135:Eudicots
69:IUCN 3.1
1262:MoBotPF
1176:5333410
1049:Q176647
489:hybrids
412:Georgia
351:flowers
331:Spanish
323:Catalan
276:species
274:, is a
256:Madeira
174:Genus:
154:Order:
96:Plantae
67: (
1437:277111
1434:uBio:
1388:ERAR28
1383:PLANTS
1342:117521
1313:NZOR:
1293:270431
1267:279935
1241:505949
1163:169540
1137:482110
1098:104933
1088:112740
1075:142865
1072:APDB:
969:7 June
939:7 June
928:alpina
906:7 June
899:alpina
877:7 June
738:
716:
708:
594:tubers
525:alpina
516:alpina
449:Malawi
445:Uganda
429:Sahara
408:Turkey
383:Africa
373:, the
319:French
266:, the
1491:Erica
1359:PFI:
1324:NZPCN
1223:IRMNG
1202:82688
1189:15443
1158:EUNIS
1150:EIAAR
1111:6GL83
965:. RHS
957:Erica
926:var.
897:var.
846:(PDF)
826:Erica
714:S2CID
523:var.
457:Yemen
400:Spain
296:Kenya
179:Erica
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
1414:6596
1396:POWO
1362:3719
1329:3868
1288:NCBI
1249:IUCN
1236:ITIS
1210:IPNI
1184:GRIN
1171:GBIF
1145:EPPO
1083:APNI
971:2020
941:2020
908:2020
879:2020
854:2018
736:ISBN
706:ISSN
664:2021
647:2017
582:wood
580:The
568:Uses
513:var.
487:and
471:and
459:and
425:Chad
410:and
398:and
298:and
290:and
1458:WFO
1409:RHS
1275:NBN
1132:EoL
1106:CoL
930:f.
696:hdl
688:doi
651:doi
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495:'s
406:in
302:in
278:of
270:or
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