Eremotherium - Knowledge

890: 1230: 1026:, in which the height of the mandible increased not only in absolute terms, but also relatively in relation to the length of the dentition. The mandibular body was also very thick, leaving little space for the tongue. The crown process rose up to 27 centimetres (11 in), and the articular process was only slightly lower. At the posterior, lower end there was a strong, clearly notched angular process, the upper edge of which was approximately at the level of the masticatory plane. At the anterior edge of the lower jaw there was a strong 3708: 351: 148: 999: 172: 594: 747: 4512: 5268: 1084:, which had the broad build characteristic of megatherians and was narrowed in front and behind. It had an average length of 74 cm, the largest bone found so far was 89.5 centimetres (35.2 in) long and 45.1 centimetres (17.8 in) wide. The third trochanter, a prominent muscle attachment point on the shaft, typical of xenarthrans, was absent in 1273:. It also suggests that locomotion was rather slow. It was also unable to perform digging activities, as has been demonstrated for other large ground sloths, which can also be seen in the construction of the forearm, just as the manipulation of objects was minimised due to the limited ability of the fingers to move in relation to each other. However, 793:, USA, though many other fossils from the area were referred to it. Many of the fossils were isolated and had been recovered from sinkholes, river canals, shorelines, and hot springs, with few of the specimens being associated skeletons. So far, the latter has only been found in North America and reached a size similar to 3433:

Presslee, Samantha; Slater, Graham J.; Pujos, François; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Fischer, Roman; Molloy, Kelly; Mackie, Meaghan; Olsen, Jesper V.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Taglioretti, Matías; Scaglia, Fernando; Lezcano, Maximiliano; Lanata, José Luis; Southon, John; Feranec, Robert; Bloch, Jonathan; Hajduk,

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with a volume of 1600 cm³. The strong zygomatic arch was closed, unlike today's sloths, but like the latter it had a massive bony outgrowth pointing downwards and backwards from the anterior base of the arch. In addition, a third outgrowth protruded diagonally upwards. The downward pointing bony

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possibly lived and roamed in small, herd-like groups. Especially in Tanque Loma, the individuals recorded are composed of at least 15 adults and six juveniles. They were all found in close association in a single horizon, and they are interpreted as being contemporary with each other. The possible

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Rodrigo L. Tomassini, Claudia I. Montalvo, Mariana C. Garrone, Laura Domingo, Jorge Ferigolo, Laura E. Cruz, Dánae Sanz-Pérez, Yolanda Fernández-Jalvo, and Ignacio A. Cerda: Gregariousness in the giant sloth Lestodon (Xenarthra ): multi‑proxy approach of a bonebed from the Last Maximum Glacial of

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this caused the lower jaw to be 14.5 centimetres (5.7 in) deep below the symphysis, 15 cm below the second tooth and 12.5 cm below the fourth. The thickness of the curvature of the lower margin of the mandible increased significantly in the course of individual development, but the

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Bruno Andrés Than-Marchese, Luis Enrique Gomez-Perez, Jesús Albert Diaz-Cruz, Gerardo Carbot-Chanona and Marco Antonio Coutiño-José: Una nueva localidad con restos de Eremotherium laurillardi (Xenarthra: Megateriidae) in Chiapas, Mexico: possible evidence de gregarismo en la especie. VI Jornadas

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is a genus of the extinct ground sloth family Megatheriidae, which includes large to very large sloths in the group Folivora, which, together with the Megalonychidae and the Nothrotheriidae, form the superfamily Megatherioidea. The Megatherioidea also includes the three-toed sloths of the genus

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in size, reaching an overall length of 6 metres (20 ft) and a height of 2 metres (6.6 ft) while on all fours, possibly up to 4 metres (13 ft) when it reared up on its hind legs, and weighing around 3,960–6,550 kilograms (8,730–14,440 lb). In any case, it is one of the largest

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Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Kleberson de Oliveira Porpino, Celso Lira Ximenes and Lílian Paglarelli Bergqvist: Unveiling the taphonomy of elusive natural tank deposits: A study case in the Pleistocene of northeastern Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 378, 2013, pp.

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that some authors have suggested had been modified by Paleoindians, which was unearthed from a doline on the site of the São-José farm in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. However, other authors have regarded the idea as poorly evidenced, and the modification was more likely the result of natural

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is from Ittaituba on Rio Tapajós, a tributary of the Amazon, that has an uncalibrated C14 date to 11,340 BP (13,470 – 13,140 calibrated) and includes several skull and lower jaw fragments. In a similar period, the finds at Barcelona in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte come from strata

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Mário André Trindade Dantas, Rodrigo Parisi Dutra, Alexander Cherkinsky, Daniel Costa Fortier, Luciana Hiromi Yoshino Kamino, Mario Alberto Cozzuol, Adauto de Souza Ribeiro and Fabiana Silva Vieira: Paleoecology and radiocarbon dating of the Pleistocene megafauna of the Brazilian Intertropical

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of the third finger. That of the fourth finger reached 24 centimetres (9.4 in), that of the fifth 21 centimetres (8.3 in) in length. Deviating from the hand, only the middle digit (III) had three phalanges with a terminal phalanx bearing a long claw. The two outer digit had only two

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Virginia L Naples and Robert K McAfee: Reconstruction of the cranial musculature and masticatory function of the Pleistocene panamerican ground sloth Eremotherium laurillardi (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 24 (2), 2012, pp.

1376:, this hypsodonty may not be an expression of specialisation on grass as food, unlike mammals with enamel in their teeth. The different expression of high-crownedness in the two large ground sloths is probably rather to be sought in adaptation to divergent habitats—more tropical lowlands in 1277:

was able to stand up on its hind legs and pull branches and twigs with its hands, for example to reach the foliage of tall trees for feeding, as well as make defensive strikes with its long claws. The standing up was supported by the strong tail, similar to what is still the case today with

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Emily L Lindsey, Erick X Lopez Reyes, Gordon E Matzke, Karin A Rice, and H Gregory McDonald: A monodominant late-Pleistocene megafauna locality from Santa Elena, Ecuador: Insight on the biology and behavior of giant ground sloths. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2020, p.

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point of view, the only moderately wide snout and the large total chewing surface of the teeth advocate a diet adapted to mixed plant foods. The average surface area of all teeth available for chewing food is 11,340 mm², which roughly corresponds to the values of the closely related

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For many years fossils from the genus have been known, with records from as early as 1823 when fossil collectors J. P. Scriven and Joseph C. Habersham collected several teeth, skull, and mandible fragments, including a nearly complete set of mandibles, from Quaternary age deposits in

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Cástor Cartelle, Gerardo De Iuliis and François Pujos: Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) is the only valid megatheriine sloth species in the Pleistocene of intertropical Brazil: A response to Faure et al., 2014. Comptes Rendus Palevol 14, 2014, pp.

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Néstor Toledo, Gerardo De Iuliis, Sergio F. Vizcaíno and M. Susana Bargo: The Concept of a Pedolateral Pes Revisited: The Giant Sloths Megatherium and Eremotherium (Xenarthra, Folivora, Megatheriinae) as a Case Study. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25 (4), 2018, pp. 525-537,

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in Brazil are from the Brazilian Intertropical Region (BIR) in the east of the country, and are particularly frequently found in tank deposits (infillings of small depressions caused by erosion). Other records of the genus in North America north of Mexico are confined to the

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Oliveira, Jacqueline Freitas; Asevedo, Lidiane; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Dantas, M.A.T (October 2020). "Radiocarbon dating and integrative paleoecology (ẟ13C, stereomicrowear) of Eremotherium laurillardi (LUND, 1842) from midwest region of the Brazilian intertropical region".

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M Susana Bargo, Sergio F Vizcaíno, Fernando M Archuby and R Ernesto Blanco: Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) mylodontid ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(3), 2000, pp.

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Diego Brandoni, Alfredo A. Carlini, Francois Pujos, and Gustavo J. Scillato-Yané: The pes of Pyramiodontherium bergi (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga): The most complete pes of a Tertiary Megatheriinae. Geodiversitas 26 (4), 2004, pp.

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was also missing. However, two transverse, sharp-edged ridges were typically formed on the chewing surface to help grind food. The entire upper row of teeth grew up to 22 centimetres (8.7 in) long, while the lower reached up to 21 centimetres (8.3 in).

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Cartelle, Cástor; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Pujos, François (January 2015). "Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) is the only valid megatheriine sloth species in the Pleistocene of intertropical Brazil: A response to Faure et al., 2014".

1543:. It may have evolved in the Early Pliocene in South America, where only a few sites from this period are known, and dispersed by crossing the Isthmus of Panama, i.e. the formation of the land bridge connecting North and South America, in the course of the 2709:

Martine Faure, Claude Guérin and Fabio Parenti: Sur l'existence de deux specèces d'Eremotherium E. rusconii (Schaub, 1935) et E. laurillardi (Lund, 1842) dans le Pléistocène supérieur du Brésil intertropical. Comptes Rendus Palevol 13 (4), 2014, pp.

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Another species that is currently considered valid was described in 1997 by Canadian zoologist Gerardo De Iuliis and French paleontologist Pierre-Antoine St-Andréc based on a single, approximately 39 cm long femur from the Pleistocene strata in

1129:(the third phalanx) of the third and fourth fingers had a long and pointedly curved shape, which suggests correspondingly long claws. The fifth finger had only two phalanges and consequently no claw was formed there. (An exception is the older form 977:

is semicircular in posterior view and sloped backwards in lateral view. The articular surfaces as the point of attachment of the cervical spine curved far outwards and were relatively larger than in tree sloths and numerous other ground sloths. The

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Cástor Cartelle and Gerardo De Iuliis: Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund) (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae), the Panamerican giant ground sloth: Taxonomic aspects of the ontogeny of skull and dentition. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (2), 2006, pp.

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Delsuc, Frédéric; Kuch, Melanie; Gibb, Gillian C.; Karpinski, Emil; Hackenberger, Dirk; Szpak, Paul; Martínez, Jorge G.; Mead, Jim I.; McDonald, H. Gregory; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Billet, Guillaume; Hautier, Lionel; Poinar, Hendrik N. (June 2019).

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represented a long tube with a bulky lower joint end. The total length was about 79 centimetres (31 in). Distinctive, ridge-like muscle attachments on the middle shaft were typical. The forearm bones had much shorter lengths, with the

1812:, which saw the arrival of humans in the Americas and the extinction of many megafauna, large or giant animals of an area, habitat, or geological period, extinct and/or extant that were larger than or a comparable size to humans, such as 1211:

was probably absent from North America north of Mexico, though it maintained a wide distribution from Mexico to Brazil at the time of its extinction. Most records of the genus in Mexico are from the southern and midlatitudes. Fossils of

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Rossetti, Dilce de Fátima; Toledo, Peter Mann de; Moraes-Santos, Heloı́sa Maria; Santos, Antônio Emı́dio de Araújo (2004). "Reconstructing habitats in central Amazonia using megafauna, sedimentology, radiocarbon, and isotope analyses".

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Gerardo De Iuliis: Toward the morphofunctional understanding of the humerus of Megatheriinae: The identity and homology of some diaphyseal humeral features (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 83, 2003, pp.

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Giuseppe Tito and Gerardo De Iuliis: Morphofunctional aspects and paleobiology of the manus in the giant ground sloth Eremotherium Spillmann 1948 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 83 (1), 2003, pp.

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Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P Sebastián; McDonald, H Gregory; Fariña, Richard A (1 March 2019). "Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis".

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Gerardo De Iuliis and Cástor Cartelle: A new giant megatheriine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, 1999, pp.

1133:, whose hands, in contrast to other megateria, were still five-fingered, with claws on digits I to IV.) The foot, as in all megatheriids, was also three-fingered (digits III to V). It resembled the hand with an extremely short 582:. It is unknown, which publication was published first - according to the regulations of the ICZN, the species name of the first publication would have priority, even if it was attached to another genus - but the species name 2225:

Carlini, Alfredo A.; Brandoni, Diego; Sánchez, Rodolfo (January 2006). "First Megatheriines (Xenarthra, Phyllophaga, Megatheriidae) from the Urumaco (Late Miocene) and Codore (Pliocene) Formations, Estado Falcón, Venezuela".

1417:. Thus, the animals probably fed on grass in rather open landscapes, but on foliage in largely closed forests. Carbon isotopes and stereo microwear analysis suggest that an individual from the Late Pleistocene (34,705-33,947 2625:

Sergio F. Vizcaíno, M. Susasna Bargo and Richard A. Fariña: Form, function, and paleobiology in xenarthrans. In: Sergio F. Vizcaíno and WJ Loughry (eds.): The Biology of the Xenarthra. University Press of Florida, 2008, pp.

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was one of the largest ground sloths, with a body size comparable to elephants, weighing around 4–6.5 tonnes (4.4–7.2 short tons) and measuring about 6 metres (20 ft) long, slightly larger than its close relative

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of the third digit was the shortest, measuring 19 cm in length, while those of the fourth and fifth were almost the same length, 28 centimetres (11 in) and 27.5 centimetres (10.8 in) respectively. The

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Mário AT Dantas and Adaiana MA Santos: Inferring the paleoecology of the Late Pleistocene giant ground sloths from the Brazilian Intertropical Region. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 117, 2022, p.103899,

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De Iuliis, Gerardo; Pujos, François; Tito, Giuseppe (12 December 2009). "Systematic and taxonomic revision of the Pleistocene ground sloth Megatherium (Pseudomegatherium) tarijense (Xenarthra: Megatheriidae)".

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Dantas, Mário André Trindade; de Queiroz, Albérico Nogueira; Vieira dos Santos, Fabiana; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (March 2012). "An anthropogenic modification in an Eremotherium tooth from northeastern Brazil".

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Sergio F Vizcaíno, M Susana Bargo and Guillermo H Cassini: Dental occlusal surface area in relation to body mass, food habits and other biological features in fossil xenarthrans. Ameghiniana 43 (1), 2006, pp.

2016:

Cartelle, Cástor; De Iuliis, Gerardo (January 2006). "Eremotherium Laurillardi (Lund) (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae), the Panamerican giant ground sloth: Taxonomic aspects of the ontogeny of skull and dentition".

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Franz Spillmann: Contributions to the knowledge of a new gravigrade giant steppe animal (Eremotherium carolinense gen. et sp. nov.), its habitat and its way of life. Palaeobiologica 8, 1948, pp. 231-279

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are common and widespread, with fossils being found as far north as South Carolina in the United States and as far south as Rio Grande Do Sul in Brazil, and many complete skeletons have been unearthed.

2006:

Lund, P.W., 1842. Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för Sidste Jordomvaeltning. Tredie Afhandling: Forsaettelse af Pattedyrene. Det Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Naturvidensk. Math. Afd. 9, 137–208.

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Brandoni, Diego; Ruiz, Laureano González; Bucher, Joaquín (September 2020). "Evolutive Implications of Megathericulus patagonicus (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) from the Miocene of Patagonia Argentina".

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was its robust physique with comparatively long limbs and front and hind feet especially for later representatives- three fingers. However, the skull is relatively gracile, the teeth are uniform and

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is the widest of any ground sloth, spanning from 30.5° S to 40.3°N. The northernmost record of the species is in New Jersey, which likely represents a northward extension of its range during a warm

1100:. In this case, the tibia became about 60 cm long. The forelegs ended in hands with three fingers (III to V). The two inner phalanges (I and II) were fused together with some elements of the 3434:

Adam; Martin, Fabiana M.; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Reguero, Marcelo; de Muizon, Christian; Greenwood, Alex; Chait, Brian T.; Penkman, Kirsty; Collins, Matthew; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (6 June 2019).

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Adriano Garcia Chiarello: Sloth ecology. An overview of field studies. In: Sergio F. Vizcaíno and WJ Loughry (eds.): The Biology of the Xenarthra. University Press of Florida, 2008, pp. 269-280

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Giuseppe Tito: New remains of Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Megatheriidae, Xenarthra) from the coastal region of Ecuador. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26, 2008, pp. 424-434

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Richard M. Fariña, Sergio F. Vizcaíno and Gerardo de Iuliis: Megafauna. Giant beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press, 2013, pp. 1-436 (pp. 216-218) ISBN 978-0-253-00230-3

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from central South America, experts also interpret mass accumulations of remains of different individuals in part as evidence of phased group formation. Living tree sloths live solitary lives.

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François Pujos and Rodolfo Salas: A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 33 (2), 2004, pp. 331-377

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Gerardo De Iuliis and Cástor Cartelle: The medial carpal and metacarpal elements of Eremotherium and Megatherium (Xenarthra: Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14, 1994, pp. 525-533

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The predominantly quadrupedal locomotion took place on inwardly turned feet, with the entire weight resting on the outer, fifth and possibly fourth phalanges (a pedolateral gait), whereby the

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The oldest fossils come from the Pliocene of the southern United States in North America, suggesting that the species instead evolved there before colonizing South America. The discovery of

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Cástor Cartelle and Gerardo De Iuliis: Eremotherium laurillardi: The Panamerican Late Pleistocene megatheriid sloth. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15(4), 1995, pp. 830–841 ( online )

1063:. However, the vertebral bodies were compressed in length, so that the tail appeared rather short overall and generally did not exceed the length of the lower limb sections. It had 7 3672:

Hubbe, Alex; Haddad-Martim, Paulo M.; Hubbe, Mark; Neves, Walter A. (August 2012). "Comments on: 'An anthropogenic modification in an Eremotherium tooth from northeastern Brazil'".

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Spillmann, F. (1948). Beitrge zur Kenntnis eines neuen gravigraden Riesensteppentieres (Eremotherium carolinenese gen. et. spec. nov.), seines Lebensraumes und seiner Lebensweise.

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in Ecuador, and the species name was after the local village of Carolina. Although it was the type species of the genus for many years, the species has since been synonymized with

546:" fossils from Georgia that had been donated by Habersham, including portions of several skulls, in a collection that included fossils of several other Pleistocene megafauna like 2431:

Cartelle, Cástor; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Pujos, François (August 2008). "A new species of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Quaternary of Poço Azul (Bahia, Brazil)".

2939:"A new specimen of Eremotherium laurillardi (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Chiapas, and comments about the distribution of the species in Mexico" 2166:

De Iuliis, Gerardo; St-André, Pierre-Antoine (January 1997). "Eremotherium sefvei nov. sp. (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) from the pleistocene of ulloma, Bolivia".

1975:

Gillette, David D. (1977). "Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Part VI: Index, Additions, and Corrections".

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first migrated to North America and evolved there, then moved back southward to South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, similar to the glyptodont

3188:"New paleopathological findings from the Quaternary of the Brazilian Intertropical Region expand the distribution of joint diseases for the South American megafauna" 1331:

group was thought to have gathered at a waterhole and died there relatively abruptly due to an unknown event. On the other hand, sometimes clustered occurrences of

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H. Gregory McDonald: Evolution of the Pedolateral Foot in Ground Sloths: Patterns of Change in the Astragalus. Journal of Mammal Evolution 19, 2012, pp. 209-215

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plants. A 2020 discovery in Ecuador found 22 individuals ranging in age from juveniles to adults preserved together in anoxic marsh sediments, suggesting that

5191: 4858: 4232: 4722: 5226: 5198: 2722:

M. Susana Bargo, Gerardo de Iuliis and Sergio F. Vízcaino: Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1), 2006, pp. 53-61

1674: 669:. However, this view is mostly contradicted and argues that at least in the Late Pleistocene in South and North America there was only a single species, 4757: 4285: 4122: 1532: 1042:

and, except for the front one, were quadrangular in shape, usually a good 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long in large individuals and very high-crowned (

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was purely herbivorous and was probably a mixed feeder that dined on leaves and grasses that adapted its diet to local environments and climates. Like

5205: 5128: 5108: 4410: 4204: 4129: 1650: 2529:

Dantas, Mário André Trindade; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Bocherens, Hervé; Drefahl, Morgana; Bernardes, Camila; França, Lucas de Melo (15 August 2017).

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is derived from the Greek words ἔρημος (Erēmos "Steppe", "desert") and θηρίον (Thērion "animal") after the landscape in Santa Elena Peninsula that

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was subject to massive reshaping. Likewise, the hands were turned inwards, in a position somewhat resembling the forefeet of the similarly clawed

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teeth, which is a characteristic feature of megatherians. Each branch of the jaw had 5 teeth in the upper jaw and 4 in the lower jaw, so in total

5373: 5163: 5142: 4909: 4802: 4614: 2531:"Isotopic paleoecology of the Pleistocene megamammals from the Brazilian Intertropical Region: Feeding ecology (δ13C), niche breadth and overlap" 1517:

are also part of this subfamily, but are smaller and older, dating to the Late Miocene of Argentina. All of these genera belong to the subfamily

5170: 4736: 4383: 897: 578:, Georgia and dated to the Pleistocene. It was not until 1977 that further analysis demonstrated that the "femur" was actually a clavicle from 3234:"Skeletal pathologies in the giant ground sloth Eremotherium laurillardi (Xenarthra, Folivora): New cases from the Late Pleistocene of Brazil" 1303: 5577: 5462: 4961: 4933: 4743: 4708: 4652: 4590: 4424: 4335: 1428:, Brazil, was a mixed feeder, suggesting a high proportion of shrubs and trees, this is in contrast to the presumed diet from specimens from 1315: 4321: 4292: 2414: 3147:"A monodominant late-Pleistocene megafauna locality from Santa Elena, Ecuador: Insight on the biology and behavior of giant ground sloths" 925:. As a ground-dwelling sloth, it had relatively shorter and stronger limbs compared to modern arboreal sloths and also had a longer tail. 797:, but comes from the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene and bares a pentadactyl, or five fingered, hand in contrast to the tridactyl hands of 5240: 5038: 4764: 4667: 4328: 665:

a species that was erected by Samuel Schaub in 1935 for giant fossils from Venezuela, though it was initially thought to be a species of

5572: 5457: 4701: 3994: 614: 2871:"Taphonomy, paleoecology and chronology of a late Quaternary tank (natural reservoir) deposit from the Brazilian Intertropical Region" 872:. Paula Couto even created a new subfamily, Xenocninae, for the genus, but reanalysis in 2008 proved that the fossil was instead from 617:

1130 and 1131) from Lapa Vermella, a cave in the valley of the Rio de la Velhas in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais under the name

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Almost all of the poscranial skeleton is known. The vertebrae were massively shaped, both at the vertebral bodies and at the lateral

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was the clearly downward curved course of the lower edge of the bone body, which resulted from the different length of the teeth. In

754: 5347: 3741: 3238: 2288:"A new giant megatheriine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida" 1919:

Memoir on the Megatherium, and Other Extinct Gigantic Quadrupeds of the Coast of Georgia: With Observations on Its Geologic Feature

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and fixes the tail. Less well developed, on the other hand, were the epaxial muscles, which could cause the tail to straighten up.

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was widespread in tropical and subtropical lowlands and lived there in partly open and closed landscapes, while its close relative

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ratio of the height of the mandibular body to the length of the tooth row remained largely the same. This differs markedly from

5662: 1286:. The massive tail vertebrae in the front area of the tail suggest a strong musculature. Among other things, this concerns the 1475:

are evidenced by the presence of osteophytes, bone overgrowth, bone erosion, and rough subchondral bone in various specimens.

889: 5567: 5432: 2399:

Couto, C. de Paula (1980). "Fossil pleistocene to sub-recent mammals from northeastern Brazil. I - Edentata megalonychidae".

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Note acerca de Eremotherium guanajuatense (Duges, 1882)(Edentata, Megatherioidea) de Araperos, estado de Guanajuato, México

739:'s geologic aging is less definite can only be placed in the general Pleistocene, but it is the smallest representative of 816:, as the type species of the genus based on a 65 cm long skull with associated lower jaw, both fossils come from the 5447: 2815:

Paleontológicas y I Simposio de Paleontología en el Sureste de México: 100 years de paleontología en Chiapas, 2012, p. 50

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and was probably a specialised grazer. Moreover, the total purchase area is within the range of variation of present-day

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is known from numerous fossils spanning from the late Pliocene to the end of the Pleistocene. The range distribution of

5527: 2992:"Neck osteoarthritis in Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842; Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Pleistocene of Brazil" 500: 372:(from Greek for "steppe" or "desert beast": ἔρημος "steppe or desert" and θηρίον "beast") is an extinct genus of giant 2593: 159: 2759:

H. Gregory McDonald: Xenarthran skeletal anatomy: primitive or derived? Senckenbergiana biologica 83, 2003, pp. 5-17

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Barbosa, Fernando Henrique de Souza; Araújo-Júnior, Hermínio Ismael de; Oliveira, Edison Vicente (September 2014).

2364:

Hoffstetter, Robert (1950). "Rectification de nomenclature: Schaubitherium, nom. nov. pour Schaubia Hoffst. 1949".

1013:, which extended forward in a spatulate shape and ended in a rounded shape. Typical for all representatives of the 2924:; Albright, L.B., III, Ed.; Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin: Flagstaff, AZ, USA, 2009; Volume 65, pp. 407–421. 456:, Brazil alongside fossils of thousands of other megafauna. Lund originally named it as a species of its relative 5537: 5492: 1192: 1188: 3145:

Lindsey, Emily L.; Lopez Reyes, Erick X.; Matzke, Gordon E.; Rice, Karin A.; McDonald, H. Gregory (April 2020).

945:; at its highest, it reached 19 cm in height. The forehead line was clearly straight and not as wavy as in 452:

in 1842 based on a tooth of a juvenile individual that had been collected from Pleistocene deposits in caves in

5632: 5532: 5517: 5502: 5487: 605:

Fossils from South America were first described by Danish paleontologist and founder of Brazilian paleontology

58: 46: 2938: 1347:

are considered to be accumulations over a long period of time. In the case of the likewise giant ground sloth

1046:) with a height of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). They had no roots and grew throughout their entire life. The 1030:. The dentition was typical for sloths, but in contrast to today's representatives it consisted of completely 5657: 5622: 5557: 5542: 5507: 5452: 5437: 633:, and he believed that it was a tapir-sized animal. Today, the teeth are considered to be from a juvenile of 516: 515:

later in 1823 by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell. 20 more fossils from the island were reported in 1824 by naturalist

1535:

in Venezuela, which dates to the Pliocene. The genus has numerous characteristics that are akin to those of

689:

in Florida further prove that the two were synonymous and lacked any major differences between populations.

511:

was discovered, when portions of 2 teeth that had been also collected from Skidaway Island were referred to

495:

in the United States. The fossils were not described until 1852 however, when American paleontologist named

5647: 5627: 5612: 5547: 3734: 1401:, which is also giant but has a much broader snout. The latter genus belongs to the more distantly related 1216:

have been found at a wide range of altitudes, ranging from sea level to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

765:

Two years later in 1999, De Iuliis and Brazilian paleontologist Carlos Cartelle erected another species of

520: 5652: 5637: 5617: 5522: 5512: 5482: 5427: 1809: 171: 3435: 2869:

França, Lucas de Melo; Araújo-Júnior, Hermínio Ismael de; Dantas, Mário André Trindade (1 August 2023).

5642: 5607: 5562: 5552: 2875: 2535: 1544: 3326:"Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence" 2530: 1229: 1564:

The following phylogenetic analysis of Megatheriinae within Megatheriidae was conducted by Brandoni

3637: 2830:"A Tale of Two Continents (and a Few Islands): Ecology and Distribution of Late Pleistocene Sloths" 2487:"A Tale of Two Continents (and a Few Islands): Ecology and Distribution of Late Pleistocene Sloths" 1429: 1237:

adult and juvenile (right) in a Pleistocene Brasilian landscape, also including the large ungulate

973:

the premaxillary bone had a quadrangular shape, as well as a firm connection to the upper jaw. The

625:. Lund diagnosed the species based on the size of the teeth, which were only a quarter the size of 488: 1948:

Harlan, Richard (October 1842). "Notice of two New Fossil Mammals from Brunswick Canal, Georgia".

3727: 3233: 3187: 2991: 2922:

Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael, O. Woodburne

2870: 2346:

Hoffstetter, R. (1949). Sobre los Megatheriidae del Pleistoceno del Ecuador, Schaubia, gen. nov.

1009:

The lower jaw was about 55 centimetres (22 in) long, both halves were connected by a strong

969:

this had an overall triangular shape and was only loosely connected to the upper jaw, whereas in

758: 700:, though they consisted only of a fragmentary left femur, as a new species of the South American 641:. Two years earlier, Lund had already figured teeth found at Lapa Vermella, which he assigned to 429:

is suggested to have been capable of adopting a bipedal posture to feed on high-growing leaves.

5602: 5597: 5467: 5404: 5325: 5287: 2578: 2075:

Schaub, S. (1935). Saugetierfunde aus Venezuela und Trinidad, Band 55. Kommissionsverlag von E.

686: 5378: 2937:

Carbot-Chanona, Gerardo; Gómez-Pérez, Luis Enrique; Coutiño-José, Marco Antonio (2022-07-30).

5472: 5399: 5391: 1957: 1505:, which was endemic to South America, slightly larger, and preferred more open habitats than 1319: 817: 575: 3186:

da Silva, Rodolfo C.; de S. Barbosa, Fernando H.; de O. Porpino, Kleberson (December 2023).

1825:

dating from 11,324 to 11,807 years ago. There is no direct evidence of hunting by humans of

601:

as figured by Lund (1842). A & B are from an adult, while C & D are from a juvenile.

453: 5334: 3681: 3646: 3600: 3501: 3450: 3379: 3290: 3247: 3158: 3111: 2884: 2440: 2237: 2175: 2100: 2026: 1204: 492: 1521:, which includes the largest and most derived sloths. The direct phylogenetic ancestor of 8: 3713: 1464: 962: 852:

the following year. It was not until 1952 that he recognized similarities to Spillmann's

3685: 3650: 3604: 3505: 3454: 3383: 3294: 3251: 3162: 3115: 2888: 2444: 2241: 2179: 2104: 2030: 1409:, some of which also prefer mixed plant diets. Support for this view comes from various 5587: 4511: 4239: 3616: 3536: 3474: 3415: 3347: 3306: 3232:

Barbosa, Fernando Henrique de Souza; Araújo-Júnior, Hermínio Ismael de (October 2021).

3127: 3052:

Argentine pampas. Scientific Reports 10, 2020, p. 10955, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67863-0

2599: 2309: 2304: 2287: 2263: 2042: 1984: 1433: 1418: 833: 606: 539: 449: 309: 166: 3492:

Marshall, Lawrence G. (July 1988). "Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange".

2187: 941:. A complete skull measured 65 cm in length and was up to 33 cm wide at the 384:

lived in southern North America, Central America, and northern South America from the

5582: 5386: 4750: 3620: 3572: 3540: 3478: 3466: 3419: 3407: 3342: 3325: 3207: 3131: 3011: 2851: 2603: 2589: 2552: 2508: 2267: 1930:

Cooper, W. (1824). On the Remains of the Megatherium recently discovered in Georgia.

1179: 1171: 865: 786: 674: 535: 5267: 3351: 3310: 2896: 2548: 2313: 2046: 5477: 5031: 4560: 4211: 4063: 3689: 3654: 3608: 3564: 3528: 3458: 3397: 3387: 3337: 3298: 3255: 3199: 3166: 3119: 3003: 2953: 2892: 2841: 2544: 2498: 2448: 2299: 2253: 2245: 2183: 2116: 2108: 2034: 1493: 1436: 1410: 1287: 1266: 1121: 1105: 1073: 389: 2957: 697: 5592: 5212: 4952: 4920: 4674: 4376: 3946: 3879: 3693: 3658: 3259: 3171: 3146: 3123: 1873: 1698: 1551:

also supports this hypothesis, indicating that these or other close ancestors of

1527: 3612: 3368:"Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths" 868:(tarsal bone) of a megalochynid, that had been found in Pleistocene deposits in 350: 147: 5219: 5156: 5135: 5017: 4844: 4837: 4775: 4660: 4628: 4542: 4529: 4479: 4355: 4270: 4246: 4190: 4183: 4136: 4101: 4049: 3888: 3868: 3858: 3532: 3203: 3007: 2452: 2112: 1961: 1617: 1600: 1460: 1452: 1421: 1302:

Due to some group finds of several individuals at individual sites, such as in

1270: 1200: 1064: 1027: 998: 983: 979: 974: 942: 702: 563: 527: 3462: 3392: 3367: 2249: 2203:

Bolivien: Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala

2038: 1158:

is only known from a single femur found in Bolivia of an uncertain age, while

1096:

were only fused together at the upper end and not also at the lower end as in

5421: 5310: 5119: 5053: 5024: 4996: 4975: 4968: 4692: 4417: 4390: 4108: 4072: 4031: 2855: 2556: 2512: 1579: 1557: 1518: 1254: 1039: 1014: 714:, Mexico, but the fossil has since been lost and the species is a synonym of 682: 460:, though Austrian paleontologist Franz Spillman later created the genus name 377: 265: 252: 98: 50: 42: 3568: 2062:

Lund, P. W. (1840). Nouvelles recherches sur la faune fossile du Brésil. In

482:

and the naming of many additional species that are actually synonymous with

5101: 5094: 5066: 5003: 4940: 4580: 4346: 4299: 4277: 4257: 4169: 4086: 3964: 3849: 3838: 3576: 3470: 3411: 3211: 3015: 1539:, but are more primitive. Little is known about the evolution of the genus 1402: 1373: 1167: 1138:

phalanges. This structure of the foot is typical for evolved megatherians.

1126: 1047: 914: 555: 373: 291: 5360: 5319: 5233: 5177: 5078: 4982: 4865: 4830: 4795: 4729: 4681: 4452: 4438: 4401: 4362: 4313: 4306: 4218: 4197: 4093: 3908: 3898: 3828: 3302: 2846: 2829: 2503: 2486: 2467: 1722: 1382: 1244: 1175: 1116:

and other closely related forms, which possessed four-fingered hands. In

957:, giving it an overall truncated cone appearance. Further differences to 918: 908: 861: 657:'s holotype was speculated to actually have come from a dwarf species of 593: 519:, including mandibular, limb, and dental remains, that now reside at the 478: 399: 301: 73: 3633: 3402: 5352: 4989: 4899: 4816: 4788: 4715: 4598: 4115: 3987: 3973: 2258: 2121: 1988: 1817: 1479:

is also the only xenarthran species from which linear defect is known.

1279: 1262: 1248: 1134: 1031: 950: 812:

was not erected until 1948 by Franz Spillmann, erecting a new species,

782: 711: 239: 118: 83: 5365: 5010: 4809: 4225: 3980: 3781: 2936: 1365: 1283: 1010: 982:

had a far outward curved shape, which was partly caused by the large

869: 746: 418: 183: 123: 67: 5281: 2366:

Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France

5304: 4823: 4644: 4570: 4369: 4150: 4015: 3915: 3812: 3769: 1501:'s closest relative in Megatheriidae is the namesake of the family 1406: 1397: 1349: 1336: 1060: 774: 661:

while the larger fossils belonged to another distinct species like

413:

lived in more temperate climes of South America. Characteristic of

385: 203: 113: 108: 93: 88: 78: 54: 34: 30: 3185: 1425: 824:

and has been replaced by it as the type species. The generic name

523:

in New York, that had also been collected by Joseph C. Habersham.

4431: 4079: 4008: 4001: 3719: 3589: 2586:

The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study

1813: 1472: 1387: 1323: 1307: 1291: 1239: 1068: 922: 860:, was dubbed in 1980 by Carlos de Paula Couto based on a partial 790: 778: 724: 547: 128: 103: 38: 5339: 2528: 1154:

is exclusively known from Florida, dating to the late Pliocene.

3796: 3775: 3763: 3750: 3100: 1344: 1311: 1101: 1093: 988: 720: 574:, or thigh bone, that had been found in the Brunswick Canal in 503:

825-832 + 837) but the species has since been synonymized with

223: 213: 193: 1977:

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

3935: 2916:

McDonald, H.G.; Lundelius, E.L., Jr. The giant ground sloth,

1196: 1108:, to form a unit, the metacarpal-carpal complex (MCC). Thus, 1089: 1081: 696:

from Mexico were first described in 1882 by French scientist

645:

due to their dimensions, which he figured alongside those of

590:

is more widely used and has been adopted by more scientists.

571: 551: 3671: 3553: 3432: 3144: 2989: 856:

and synonymized the two. Another dubious genus and species,

1368:, which, however, did not reach the dimensions of those of 1077: 848:, though the genus name was preoccupied, so it was renamed 2588:. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. pp. 179–217. 2384:

Les mammifères Pléistocènes de la République de l'Equateur

1799: 1572:

2019 based on lower molariform and astragalus morphology:

832:

was unearthed from. The following year, French taxonomist

2868: 1150:

have been found at over 130 sites. The earliest species,

649:

in the 1842 publication. They also have been referred to

464:

after noticing its distinctness from other megatheriids.

937:

was large and massive, but lighter in build compared to

3364: 2810: 2808: 2579:"Terramegathermy And Cope's Rule In The Land Of Titans" 1080:

57 centimetres (22 in) in length. Massive was the

448:

the former was named by prolific Danish paleontologist

3027: 3025: 2430: 2224: 2089: 1820:, and other ground sloths. One of the latest finds of 1459:

fossils in the BIR. These documented ailments include

987:

process was clearly steeper than in other sloths. The

507:. The first published discovery was only a year after 3045: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2201:

Sefve, I. (1915). "Scelidotherium-Reste aus Ulloma".

1829:. A possible indication of interaction is a tooth of 1326:

with 22 individuals, some scientists discuss whether

731:

though it was first described in 1915 as a fossil of

4896: 4625: 4586: 4576: 4566: 4166: 4060: 3961: 3904: 3894: 3864: 3834: 3824: 3703: 3231: 2805: 2786: 2718: 2716: 2693: 2651: 2619: 1875:

A Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America

1178:), while the southernmost record of the genus is in 844:

because he recognized its generic distinctness from

710:

The femur had been found in Pleistocene deposits in

3022: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2286:Iuliis, Gerardo; Cartelle, Castor (December 1999). 1932:

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York

3518: 3279: 3035: 2973: 2762: 2678: 2661: 2610: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2135:Dugès, A. (1882). Nota sobre un fósil de Arperos. 534:throughout the 1840s and 1850s, like in 1846 when 388:, around 5.3 million years ago, to the end of the 3151:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2796: 2713: 2703: 2644: 2642: 2629: 2165: 2015: 1497:, one of the two sloth genera still alive today. 991:was shallow and small and slightly lower than in 5419: 3094: 2771: 3436:"Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" 3091:Region. Quaternary Research 79, 2013, pp. 61-65 2348:Boletín de Informaciones Científicas Nacionales 2213: 1917:Hodgson, W. B., & Habersham, J. C. (1846). 3084: 3055: 2639: 2285: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 898:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 4540: 4478: 3735: 2964: 2753: 2524: 2522: 906:was slightly larger than the closely related 554:. These were all described in more detail by 3960: 3064: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2743: 2468:"Preguiças terrícolas, essas desconhecidas" 2363: 1844: 637:and adults reached or exceeded the size of 558:in 1855, but they were not all referred to 526:Several other discoveries from Georgia and 499:, based on the specimens (specimen numbers 3811: 3742: 3728: 3074: 2920:, (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) in Texas. In 2519: 777:, that had been unearthed from the latest 621:, the first named species now assigned to 349: 146: 3401: 3391: 3341: 3330:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3170: 2946:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 2845: 2725: 2502: 2303: 2292:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2257: 2120: 3491: 3239:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3104:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2827: 2484: 2474:(in Portuguese). Instituto Ciência Hoje. 2465: 2401:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 2137:Estado de Guanajuato: El Minero Mexicano 1974: 1469:calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease 1228: 1182:in southernmost Brazil. Most records of 997: 888: 745: 592: 476:largely involves it being confused with 3192:International Journal of Paleopathology 2996:International Journal of Paleopathology 2584:. In Wimbledon, W.A; Fraser, N (eds.). 1800:Relationship with humans and extinction 953:was shortened compared to the skull of 864:(wrist bone), though he mistook as the 677:. Discoveries of extensive material of 5420: 3323: 2426: 2424: 2394: 2392: 2325: 2323: 2281: 2279: 2277: 1947: 1141: 913:land-dwelling mammals of that time in 562:until the late 20th century. In 1842, 5286: 5285: 4527: 3794: 3723: 2932: 2930: 2823: 2821: 2398: 2200: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2058: 2056: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1871: 1207:. By the end of the Late Pleistocene 609:when he established a new species of 467: 5578:Pleistocene mammals of South America 5463:Pleistocene mammals of North America 3324:Gaudin, Timothy J. (February 2004). 3269:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3221:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 2906:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 2576: 2566:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 2002: 2000: 1998: 1950:American Journal of Science and Arts 1867: 1865: 1863: 1446: 1335:such as the 19 individuals from the 1076:measuring about 67 cm, and the 613:based on two teeth (specimen number 2485:McDonald, H. Gregory (2023-06-06). 2421: 2389: 2320: 2274: 2229:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2019:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1568:2018 that was modified from Varela 1471:potentially present as well. These 1395:, but clearly exceeds those of the 1297: 773:, based on a partial skeleton, the 743:and all post-Miocene megatheriids. 16:Extinct genus of giant ground sloth 13: 4528: 3749: 3665: 3627: 3283:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2927: 2828:McDonald, H. Gregory (June 2023). 2818: 2305:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb01383.x 2078: 2053: 1906: 1545:Great American Biotic Interchange. 1088:as in all other megatherians. The 566:named a new species of the turtle 440:Only two valid species are known, 14: 5679: 5573:Pliocene mammals of South America 5458:Pliocene mammals of North America 2009: 1995: 1921:(Vol. 10). Barlett & Welford. 1890:"Paleobiology Collections Search" 1860: 1525:is unknown, but may be linked to 1482: 629:, the greatest representative of 5668:Taxa named by Peter Wilhelm Lund 5266: 4510: 3706: 3343:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00100.x 3081:doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103899 1463:and articular depressions, with 1219: 170: 71: 3583: 3547: 3512: 3485: 3426: 3358: 3317: 3273: 3225: 3179: 3138: 2983: 2910: 2897:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108199 2862: 2570: 2549:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.06.030 2478: 2459: 2376: 2357: 2340: 2194: 2159: 2146: 2129: 2069: 2064:Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1233:Life restoration of a hairless 3521:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3443:Nature Ecology & Evolution 1968: 1941: 1924: 1882: 1380:and more temperate regions in 879: 1: 5663:Fossil taxa described in 1948 2980:doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9410-0 2958:10.18268/BSGM2022v74n2a070322 2188:10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80210-0 1837: 1224: 1054: 1038:had 18 teeth. They resembled 341:De Iullis & Cartelle 1997 331:De Iullis & Cartelle 1999 5568:Fossils of the United States 5433:Prehistoric placental genera 3694:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.01.029 3659:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.09.019 3260:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103377 3172:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109599 3124:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102653 7: 3613:10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.010 1810:Quaternary Extinction Event 757:, depicted as inhabiting a 392:, around 10,000 years ago. 10: 5684: 5448:Zanclean first appearances 3795: 3533:10.1007/s10914-019-09469-6 3204:10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.08.002 3008:10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.01.001 2876:Quaternary Science Reviews 2536:Quaternary Science Reviews 2453:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.05.006 2113:10.1016/j.crpv.2014.09.002 1878:. Smithsonian Institution. 1443:may have been gregarious. 681:at sites such as those at 568:Chelonia, Chelonia couperi 5528:Pleistocene United States 5294: 5264: 5118: 5077: 5061: 5052: 4951: 4928: 4919: 4894: 4783: 4774: 4691: 4624: 4555: 4551: 4536: 4523: 4508: 4474: 4400: 4345: 4265: 4256: 4178: 4164: 4059: 4044: 4040: 4029: 3956: 3933: 3878: 3848: 3820: 3807: 3803: 3790: 3758: 3463:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z 3393:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043 2577:Paul, Gregory S. (1998). 2466:Cartelle, Cástor (2000). 2415:PASCALGEODEBRGM8020478183 2250:10.1017/S1477201906001878 2039:10.1017/S1477201905001781 1736: 1719: 1712: 1695: 1688: 1671: 1664: 1647: 1640: 1614: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1455:have been described from 1269:, a now extinct group of 521:Lyceum of Natural History 472:The taxonomic history of 427:Megatherium, Eremotherium 357: 348: 322: 317: 297: 290: 167:Scientific classification 165: 154: 145: 23: 3674:Quaternary International 3638:Quaternary International 2918:Eremotherium laurillardi 2382:Hoffstetter, R. (1952). 1314:with four animals or in 1290:, which attaches to the 1164:Eremotherium laurillardi 1160:Eremotherium laurillardi 1004:Eremotherium laurillardi 928: 894:Eremotherium laurillardi 874:Eremotherium laurillardi 651:Eremotherium laurillardi 505:Eremotherium laurillardi 442:Eremotherium laurillardi 5498:Pleistocene El Salvador 5443:Pleistocene xenarthrans 2066:(Vol. 13, pp. 310-319). 1894:collections.nmnh.si.edu 1356: 884: 619:Megatherium laurillardi 421:. Like today's sloths, 5538:Fossils of El Salvador 5493:Pleistocene Costa Rica 2433:Comptes Rendus Palevol 2093:Comptes Rendus Palevol 1872:Leidy, Joseph (1855). 1432:, which had a diet of 1258: 1152:Eremotherium eomigrans 1112:clearly deviates from 1006: 900: 762: 643:Megatherium americanum 627:Megatherium americanum 602: 586:is rarely used, while 570:, based on a supposed 5633:Pleistocene Venezuela 5533:Fossils of Costa Rica 5518:Pleistocene Nicaragua 5503:Pleistocene Guatemala 5488:Neogene United States 5400:Paleobiology Database 3569:10.1093/sysbio/syy058 1804:The disappearance of 1232: 1170:period (probably the 1001: 892: 836:introduced the genus 818:Santa Elena Peninsula 759:longleaf pine savanna 749: 673:, which had a strong 596: 5658:Fossils of Venezuela 5623:Pleistocene Colombia 5558:Fossils of Nicaragua 5543:Fossils of Guatemala 5508:Pleistocene Honduras 5453:Holocene extinctions 5438:Pliocene xenarthrans 3378:(12): 2031–2042.e6. 3303:10.1671/039.029.0426 2847:10.3390/land12061192 2504:10.3390/land12061192 1372:. As the teeth lack 1364:possessed extremely 1061:transverse processes 842:Megatherium rusconii 840:for Samuel Schaub's 729:Eremotherium sefvei, 497:Megatherium mirabile 5648:Fossils of Colombia 5628:Pleistocene Ecuador 5613:Pleistocene Bolivia 5548:Fossils of Honduras 5192:Perezfontanatherium 4233:Paroctodontotherium 3714:Paleontology portal 3686:2012QuInt.269...94H 3651:2012QuInt.253..107D 3605:2004QuRes..61..289D 3593:Quaternary Research 3506:1988AmSci..76..380M 3455:2019NatEE...3.1121P 3384:2019CBio...29E2031D 3295:2009JVPal..29.1244D 3252:2021JSAES.11003377B 3163:2020PPP...54409599L 3116:2020JSAES.10202653O 2889:2023QSRv..31308199F 2445:2008CRPal...7..335C 2242:2006JSPal...4..269C 2180:1997Geobi..30..453D 2105:2015CRPal..14...15C 2031:2006JSPal...4..199C 1808:coincides with the 1465:spondyloarthropathy 1156:Eremotherium sefvei 1142:Fossil distribution 1002:Partial maxilla of 921:that migrated from 769:now seen as valid, 5653:Fossils of Ecuador 5638:Fossils of Bolivia 5618:Pleistocene Brazil 5523:Pleistocene Panama 5513:Pleistocene Mexico 5483:Neogene Costa Rica 5428:Prehistoric sloths 4723:Megalonychotherium 4240:Pseudoprepotherium 3557:Systematic Biology 3494:American Scientist 2152:Mones, A. (1973). 1366:high-crowned teeth 1271:odd-toed ungulates 1259: 1007: 995:or modern sloths. 901: 858:Xenocnus cearensis 834:Robert Hoffstetter 763: 653:. For many years, 607:Peter Wilhelm Lund 603: 597:The type teeth of 540:William B. Hodgson 530:were described as 468:History and naming 5643:Fossils of Brazil 5608:Neogene Venezuela 5563:Fossils of Panama 5553:Fossils of Mexico 5415: 5414: 5387:Open Tree of Life 5288:Taxon identifiers 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5227:Pyramiodontherium 5199:Plesiomegatherium 5048: 5047: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4751:Proschismotherium 4519: 4518: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4160: 4159: 4025: 4024: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3924: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1675:Pyramiodontherium 1629: 1628: 1511:Pyramiodontherium 1453:palaeopathologies 1447:Palaeopathologies 1411:isotopic analysis 1180:Rio Grande do Sul 1172:Last Interglacial 963:premaxillary bone 917:, along with the 870:Itapipoca, Brazil 675:sexual dimorphism 365: 364: 342: 332: 286: 5675: 5408: 5407: 5395: 5394: 5382: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5356: 5355: 5343: 5342: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5059: 5058: 5032:Pronothrotherium 4926: 4925: 4917: 4916: 4898: 4781: 4780: 4758:Pseudortotherium 4689: 4688: 4627: 4588: 4578: 4568: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4538: 4537: 4525: 4524: 4514: 4476: 4475: 4286:Glossotheriopsis 4263: 4262: 4212:Octodontotherium 4176: 4175: 4168: 4123:Scelidotheridium 4064:Scelidotheriidae 4062: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4037: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3906: 3896: 3866: 3836: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3791: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3697: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3449:(7): 1121–1130. 3440: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3405: 3395: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3289:(4): 1244–1251. 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3019: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2849: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2723: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2672: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2506: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2396: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2361: 2355: 2344: 2338: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2283: 2272: 2271: 2261: 2222: 2211: 2210: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2163: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2087: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1993: 1992: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1945: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1858: 1855: 1715: 1714: 1691: 1690: 1667: 1666: 1643: 1642: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1533:Codore Formation 1430:Northeast Brazil 1413:on the teeth of 1298:Social behaviour 1288:coccygeus muscle 1267:Chalicotheriidae 943:zygomatic arches 896:skeleton at the 708:S. guanajatense. 542:described some " 390:Late Pleistocene 353: 340: 330: 284: 277: 264: 251: 238: 175: 174: 150: 140: 70: 29:Temporal range: 21: 20: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5403: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5290: 5280: 5271: 5246: 5213:Proeremotherium 5206:Pliomegatherium 5129:Anisodontherium 5114: 5109:Proprepotherium 5073: 5044: 4953:Nothrotheriinae 4947: 4921:Nothrotheriidae 4915: 4902: 4878: 4770: 4687: 4675:Proplatyarthrus 4620: 4545: 4532: 4515: 4494: 4458: 4411:Glossotheridium 4396: 4377:Magdalenabradys 4341: 4252: 4205:Octodontobradys 4172: 4156: 4130:Scelidotheriops 4055: 4034: 4021: 3952: 3947:Pseudoglyptodon 3938: 3921: 3880:Myrmecophagidae 3874: 3844: 3799: 3786: 3754: 3748: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3670: 3666: 3632: 3628: 3588: 3584: 3552: 3548: 3517: 3513: 3490: 3486: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3372:Current Biology 3363: 3359: 3322: 3318: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3184: 3180: 3143: 3139: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3023: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2867: 2863: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2527: 2520: 2483: 2479: 2464: 2460: 2429: 2422: 2411: 2397: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2362: 2358: 2345: 2341: 2331:Palaeobiologica 2328: 2321: 2284: 2275: 2223: 2214: 2199: 2195: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2134: 2130: 2088: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1996: 1973: 1969: 1946: 1942: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1870: 1861: 1856: 1845: 1840: 1802: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1699:Proeremotherium 1651:Anisodontherium 1630: 1549:Proeremotherium 1528:Proeremotherium 1515:Anisodontherium 1485: 1449: 1359: 1300: 1227: 1222: 1144: 1057: 961:existed at the 931: 887: 882: 808:The genus name 783:Latest Pliocene 716:E. laurillardi. 489:Skidaway Island 484:E. laurillardi. 470: 313: 307: 285:Spillmann, 1948 283: 275: 262: 249: 236: 169: 141: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 66:4.9–0.010 65: 64: 62: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5681: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5396: 5383: 5370: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5316: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5220:Promegatherium 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5157:Megathericulus 5153: 5146: 5139: 5136:Diabolotherium 5132: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5018:Nothrotheriops 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4903: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4852:Protomegalonyx 4848: 4845:Pliometanastes 4841: 4838:Pattersonocnus 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4776:Megalonychinae 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4661:Mesopotamocnus 4657: 4649: 4641: 4638:Deseadognathus 4633: 4631: 4629:Megalonychidae 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4607:Schismotherium 4602: 4594: 4584: 4574: 4564: 4556: 4546: 4543:Megatherioidea 4541: 4534: 4533: 4530:Megatherioidea 4521: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4480:Megatherioidea 4472: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4446:Pleurolestodon 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4356:Bolivartherium 4351: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4271:Archaeomylodon 4266: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4247:Urumacotherium 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4191:Eionaletherium 4187: 4184:Baraguatherium 4179: 4173: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4144:Sibyllotherium 4140: 4137:Scelidotherium 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4102:Neonematherium 4098: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3967: 3951: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3902: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3869:Palaeomyrmidon 3862: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3821: 3815: 3801: 3800: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3700: 3699: 3664: 3626: 3599:(3): 289–300. 3582: 3563:(2): 204–218. 3546: 3527:(3): 445–460. 3511: 3500:(4): 380–388. 3484: 3425: 3357: 3336:(2): 255–305. 3316: 3272: 3224: 3178: 3137: 3093: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3054: 3044: 3034: 3021: 2982: 2972: 2963: 2952:(2): A070322. 2926: 2909: 2861: 2817: 2804: 2795: 2785: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2742: 2724: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2677: 2660: 2650: 2638: 2628: 2618: 2609: 2594: 2569: 2518: 2477: 2458: 2439:(6): 335–346. 2420: 2407:(1): 143–151. 2388: 2375: 2356: 2339: 2319: 2298:(4): 495–515. 2273: 2236:(3): 269–278. 2212: 2193: 2174:(3): 453–461. 2158: 2145: 2143:(20), 233-235. 2128: 2077: 2068: 2052: 2025:(2): 199–209. 2008: 1994: 1967: 1956:(1): 141–144. 1940: 1923: 1905: 1881: 1859: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618:Diabolotherium 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601:Megathericulus 1596: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1574: 1484: 1483:Classification 1481: 1477:E. laurillardi 1461:osteoarthritis 1457:E. laurillardi 1448: 1445: 1358: 1355: 1299: 1296: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1201:South Carolina 1193:Atlantic Coast 1143: 1140: 1104:, such as the 1065:neck vertebrae 1056: 1053: 1028:mental foramen 984:cranial cavity 980:parietal bones 975:occipital bone 930: 927: 886: 883: 881: 878: 822:E. laurillardi 803:E. laurillardi 795:E. laurillardi 703:Scelidotherium 685:in Brazil and 671:E. laurillardi 655:E. laurillardi 647:M. laurillardi 635:E. laurillardi 599:E. laurillardi 588:E. laurillardi 564:Richard Harlan 528:South Carolina 517:William Cooper 469: 466: 376:in the family 363: 362: 355: 354: 346: 345: 344: 343: 333: 320: 319: 318:Other species 315: 314: 308: 295: 294: 288: 287: 273: 269: 268: 260: 256: 255: 247: 243: 242: 234: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 163: 162: 156:E. laurillardi 152: 151: 143: 142: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 35:Early Holocene 31:Early Pliocene 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5680: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603:Montehermosan 5601: 5599: 5598:Chapadmalalan 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:Rancholabrean 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5269: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5164:Megatheridium 5161: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5143:Eomegatherium 5140: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5120:Megatheriinae 5117: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5054:Megatheriidae 5051: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5025:Nothrotherium 5022: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4997:Mcdonaldocnus 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4976:Chasicobradys 4973: 4971: 4970: 4969:Aymaratherium 4966: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4910:Analcimorphus 4907: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4893: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4803:Megalonychops 4800: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4693:Ortotheriinae 4690: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4615:Similhapalops 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4418:Glossotherium 4415: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4391:Thinobadistes 4388: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4163: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4109:Proscelidodon 4106: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4073:Analcitherium 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4032:Mylodontoidea 4028: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3715: 3704: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3087: 3077: 3067: 3058: 3048: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 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1955: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1792: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580:Megatheriinae 1578: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1558:Glyptotherium 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1519:Megatheriinae 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1256: 1255:Glyptotherium 1251: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1220:Palaeobiology 1217: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191:and Southern 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1015:Megatheriidae 1012: 1005: 1000: 996: 994: 990: 985: 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 933:The skull of 926: 924: 920: 919:proboscideans 916: 911: 910: 905: 899: 895: 891: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:Schaubtherium 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:E. carolinese 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:E. carolinese 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 695: 690: 688: 687:Daytona Beach 684: 683:Nova Friburgo 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:M. americanum 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 600: 595: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446:E. eomigrans, 443: 438: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 402: 401: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Megatheriidae 375: 371: 370: 361: 356: 352: 347: 339: 338: 334: 329: 328: 324: 323: 321: 316: 311: 306: 305: 303: 296: 293: 289: 282: 281: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266:Megatheriinae 261: 258: 257: 254: 253:Megatheriidae 248: 245: 244: 241: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 173: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 60: 56: 52: 51:Montehermosan 48: 44: 43:Rancholabrean 40: 36: 32: 26: 22: 19: 5473:Irvingtonian 5326:Eremotherium 5296:Eremotherium 5295: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5171:Megatheriops 5169: 5162: 5155: 5150:Eremotherium 5149: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5107: 5102:Prepoplanops 5100: 5095:Prepotherium 5093: 5086: 5067:Thalassocnus 5065: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5004:Mionothropus 5002: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4941:Thalassocnus 4939: 4932: 4908: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4737:Paranabradys 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4636: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4581:Hiskatherium 4579: 4569: 4559: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4389: 4384:Sphenotherus 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347:Lestodontini 4334: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4300:Mylodonopsis 4298: 4291: 4284: 4278:Brievabradys 4276: 4269: 4258:Mylodontinae 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4170:Mylodontidae 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4087:Chubutherium 4085: 4078: 4071: 4048: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965:Megalocnidae 3945: 3914: 3907: 3897: 3889:Myrmecophaga 3887: 3867: 3857: 3850:Cyclopedidae 3839:Orthoarthrus 3837: 3827: 3780:Superorder: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3446: 3442: 3428: 3403:11336/136908 3375: 3371: 3360: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3263:. 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Retrieved 1893: 1884: 1874: 1831:Eremotherium 1830: 1827:Eremotherium 1826: 1822:Eremotherium 1821: 1806:Eremotherium 1805: 1803: 1740:Eremotherium 1739: 1738: 1737: 1721: 1720: 1697: 1696: 1673: 1672: 1649: 1648: 1616: 1615: 1599: 1598: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1556: 1553:Eremotherium 1552: 1548: 1541:Eremotherium 1540: 1537:Eremotherium 1536: 1526: 1523:Eremotherium 1522: 1514: 1510: 1507:Eremotherium 1506: 1502: 1499:Eremotherium 1498: 1492: 1488:Eremotherium 1487: 1486: 1476: 1456: 1450: 1441:Eremotherium 1440: 1415:Eremotherium 1414: 1403:Mylodontidae 1396: 1392: 1381: 1378:Eremotherium 1377: 1369: 1362:Eremotherium 1361: 1360: 1348: 1333:Eremotherium 1332: 1328:Eremotherium 1327: 1301: 1275:Eremotherium 1274: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1238: 1235:Eremotherium 1234: 1214:Eremotherium 1213: 1209:Eremotherium 1208: 1195:, including 1184:Eremotherium 1183: 1168:interglacial 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148:Eremotherium 1147: 1145: 1131:E. eomigrans 1130: 1118:Eremotherium 1117: 1113: 1110:Eremotherium 1109: 1097: 1086:Eremotherium 1085: 1058: 1043: 1036:Eremotherium 1035: 1023: 1019:Eremotherium 1018: 1008: 1003: 992: 970: 967:Eremotherium 966: 958: 954: 946: 938: 935:Eremotherium 934: 932: 915:the Americas 907: 904:Eremotherium 903: 902: 893: 873: 857: 854:Eremotherium 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 829: 826:Eremotherium 825: 821: 813: 810:Eremotherium 809: 807: 802: 798: 794: 785:) layers of 771:E. eomigrans 770: 767:Eremotherium 766: 764: 751:E. eomigrans 750: 741:Eremotherium 740: 736: 732: 728: 715: 707: 706:, naming it 701: 698:Alfred Duges 694:Eremotherium 693: 691: 679:Eremotherium 678: 670: 666: 663:E. rusconii, 662: 659:Eremotherium 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 623:Eremotherium 622: 618: 610: 604: 598: 587: 583: 580:Eremotherium 579: 576:Glynn County 567: 560:Eremotherium 559: 556:Joseph Leidy 543: 531: 525: 512: 508: 504: 496: 483: 477: 474:Eremotherium 473: 471: 462:Eremotherium 461: 457: 445: 441: 439: 434:Eremotherium 433: 431: 426: 423:Eremotherium 422: 419:high-crowned 415:Eremotherium 414: 410: 407:Eremotherium 406: 405: 398: 394:Eremotherium 393: 382:Eremotherium 381: 374:ground sloth 369:Eremotherium 368: 367: 366: 360:Eremotherium 359: 336: 335: 327:E. eomigrans 326: 325: 300: 299: 292:Type species 280:Eremotherium 279: 278: 230: 155: 25:Eremotherium 24: 18: 5361:iNaturalist 5320:Wikispecies 5234:Sibotherium 5178:Megatherium 5079:Planopsinae 4983:Huilabradys 4962:Amphibradys 4934:Neohapalops 4873:Zacatzontli 4866:Xibalbaonyx 4831:Nohochichak 4796:Australonyx 4744:Pliomorphus 4730:Ortotherium 4709:Eucholoeops 4682:Urumacocnus 4653:Hyperleptus 4591:Hyperleptus 4453:Simomylodon 4439:Paramylodon 4425:Kiyumylodon 4402:Mylodontini 4363:Lestobradys 4336:Strabosodon 4314:Oreomylodon 4307:Ocnotherium 4219:Octomylodon 4198:Nematherium 4094:Nematherium 3909:Protamandua 3899:Neotamandua 3829:Argyromanis 3813:Vermilingua 3645:: 107–109. 2840:(6): 1192. 2543:: 152–163. 2497:(6): 1192. 2259:11336/80745 2122:11336/32035 1983:: 203–211. 1834:processes. 1818:glyptodonts 1723:Megatherium 1503:Megatherium 1393:Megatherium 1383:Megatherium 1370:Megatherium 1320:Santa Elena 1316:Tanque Loma 1245:glyptodonts 1199:, Florida, 1176:Sangamonian 1146:Fossils of 1114:Megatherium 1098:Megatherium 1024:Megatherium 993:Megatherium 971:Megatherium 959:Megatherium 955:Megatherium 947:Megatherium 939:Megatherium 909:Megatherium 880:Description 846:Megatherium 799:Megatherium 733:Megatherium 692:Fossils of 667:Megatherium 631:Megatherium 611:Megatherium 544:Megatherium 532:Megatherium 513:Megatherium 509:M. mirabile 479:Megatherium 458:Megatherium 454:Lagoa Santa 411:Megatherium 400:Megatherium 304:laurillardi 302:Megatherium 259:Subfamily: 5422:Categories 4990:Lakukullus 4900:Megatheria 4859:Sinclairia 4817:Megistonyx 4789:Ahytherium 4716:Hapaloides 4599:Pelecyodon 4489:see below↓ 4322:Promylodon 4293:Megabradys 4116:Scelidodon 3988:Megalocnus 3974:Acratocnus 3246:: 103377. 3157:: 109599. 3110:: 102653. 2883:: 108199. 2372:: 234–235. 1938:, 114-124. 1899:2022-07-17 1838:References 1437:herbaceous 1388:anatomical 1386:. From an 1280:armadillos 1249:Panochthus 1243:, and the 1225:Locomotion 1189:Gulf Coast 1135:metatarsal 1122:metacarpal 1055:Postcrania 989:eye socket 951:nasal bone 866:astragalus 712:Guanajuato 584:E. couperi 450:Peter Lund 240:Megatheria 5588:Ensenadan 5241:Urumaquia 5039:Xyophorus 5011:Nothropus 4810:Megalonyx 4765:Torcellia 4668:Paulocnus 4329:Ranculcus 4226:Orophodon 4050:Choloepus 3981:Imagocnus 3782:Xenarthra 3762:Kingdom: 3680:: 94–96. 3621:140688069 3541:254695811 3479:174813630 3420:177661447 3198:: 16–21. 3132:219912019 3002:: 60–63. 2856:2073-445X 2604:209844769 2562:2 January 2557:0277-3791 2513:2073-445X 2268:129207595 1531:from the 1451:Numerous 1407:elephants 1304:El Bajión 1284:anteaters 1106:trapezium 1044:hypsodont 1011:symphysis 737:E. sefvei 432:Finds of 358:Range of 337:E. sefvei 190:Kingdom: 184:Eukaryota 5583:Lujanian 5305:Wikidata 4824:Meizonyx 4702:Diodomus 4645:Hapalops 4571:Hapalops 4561:Bradypus 4370:Lestodon 4151:Valgipes 4016:Parocnus 3995:Mesocnus 3936:Folivora 3916:Tamandua 3859:Cyclopes 3776:Mammalia 3770:Chordata 3768:Phylum: 3764:Animalia 3577:30239971 3471:31171860 3412:31178321 3352:38722942 3311:84272333 3212:37716107 3016:29539579 2902:28 April 2314:84951254 2209:: 61–92. 2047:85763823 1962:89593263 1958:ProQuest 1814:mammoths 1494:Bradypus 1473:diseases 1398:Lestodon 1350:Lestodon 1337:sinkhole 1090:shinbone 1032:homodont 862:unciform 838:Schaubia 787:Newberry 775:holotype 548:mammoths 538:scholar 536:Savannah 386:Pliocene 246:Family: 214:Mammalia 204:Chordata 200:Phylum: 194:Animalia 180:Domain: 55:Lujanian 49:) & 5478:Blancan 5392:4943430 5379:1310537 5353:3239362 5340:4528710 5311:Q907433 5185:Ocnopus 5088:Planops 4432:Mylodon 4080:Catonyx 4009:Neocnus 4002:Miocnus 3774:Class: 3751:Pilosan 3682:Bibcode 3647:Bibcode 3601:Bibcode 3502:Bibcode 3451:Bibcode 3380:Bibcode 3291:Bibcode 3248:Bibcode 3159:Bibcode 3112:Bibcode 3032:109599, 2885:Bibcode 2793:643–659 2710:259-266 2690:187-206 2675:495-515 2658:199-209 2636:601-610 2441:Bibcode 2238:Bibcode 2176:Bibcode 2168:Geobios 2101:Bibcode 2027:Bibcode 1989:4064747 1566:et al., 1324:Ecuador 1318:on the 1308:Chiapas 1292:ischium 1240:Toxodon 1205:Georgia 1127:phalanx 1069:humerus 923:Eurasia 791:Florida 779:Blancan 753:at the 725:Bolivia 493:Georgia 272:Genus: 220:Order: 210:Class: 158:at the 135:↓ 39:Blancan 5593:Uquian 5366:473703 3797:Pilosa 3753:genera 3619: 3575: 3539: 3477: 3469: 3418: 3410: 3350: 3309: 3210: 3130: 3014: 2854: 2602: 2592: 2555: 2511: 2412: 2386:. Soc. 2312: 2266: 2045: 1987: 1960: 1570:et al. 1424:), of 1419:cal yr 1374:enamel 1345:Brazil 1312:Mexico 1120:, the 1102:carpus 1094:fibula 1067:. The 1048:enamel 1040:molars 949:. 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