1710:
3230:
3218:
584:(joint and muscle pain) have occurred within a few hours following administration. More serious side effects, including allergic reactions, seizures and thrombotic events (e.g., heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolism) rarely occur. Chronic self-administration of the drug has been shown to cause increases in blood
718:
encouraged doctors to prescribe epoetin in high doses, particularly for cancer patients, because this would increase sales by hundreds of millions of dollars. Former sales representatives Mark
Duxbury and Dean McClennan, claimed that the bulk of their business selling epoetin to hospitals and clinics
781:, which is caused by the malaria parasite's blockage of blood vessels in the brain. However, the possibility that erythropoietin may be neuroprotective is inconsistent with the poor transport of the chemical into the brain and the low levels of erythropoietin receptors expressed on neuronal cells.
546:
Erythropoietin is also used to treat anemia in people, and cats and dogs, with chronic kidney disease who are not on dialysis (those in Stage 3 or 4 disease and those living with a kidney transplant). There are two types of erythropoietin for people, and cats and dogs, with anemia due to chronic
570:
for trauma. The authors provide several hypotheses for potential etiologies of this reduced mortality, but, given the known increase in thrombosis and increased benefit in trauma patients as well as marginal nonsignificant benefit (adjusted hazard ratio of 0.9) in surgery patients, it could be
791:
Randomized clinical control trials have shown promising results of EPO in improving cognition which is often intractable with the current treatment of mood disorders and schizophrenia.These domains include speed of complex cognitive processing across attention,memory and executive function.
643:
Several publications and FDA communications have increased the level of concern related to adverse effects of ESA therapy in selected groups. In a revised black box warning, the FDA notes significant risks, advising that ESAs should be used only in patients with cancer when treating anemia
571:
speculated that some of the benefit might be secondary to the procoagulant effect of erythropoietin. Regardless, this study suggests further research may be necessary to see which critical care patients, if any, might benefit from administration of erythropoietin.
579:
Epoetin alfa is generally well tolerated. Common side effects include high blood pressure, headache, disabling cluster migraine (resistant to remedies), joint pain, and clotting at the injection site. Rare cases of stinging at the injection site, skin rash, and
640:. The advisory recommended caution in using these agents in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or off chemotherapy, and indicated a lack of clinical evidence to support improvements in quality of life or transfusion requirements in these settings.
610:
in premature and anemic infants, raising concern that the angiogenic actions of erythropoietin may exacerbate retinopathy. Since anemia itself increases the risk of retinopathy, the correlation with erythropoietin treatment may be incidental.
518:
for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease; zidovudine in people with human immunodeficiency virus; HIV infection; the effects of concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy; reduction of allogeneic red blood cell transfusions.
699:
The publication of an editorial questioning the benefits of high-dose epoetin was canceled by the marketing branch of a journal after being accepted by the editorial branch highlighting concerns of conflict of interest in publishing.
562:, erythropoietin was shown to not change the number of blood transfusions required by critically ill patients. A surprising finding in this study was a small mortality reduction in patients receiving erythropoietin. This result was
2049:
Banks WA, Jumbe NL, Farrell CL, Niehoff ML, Heatherington AC (November 2004). "Passage of erythropoietic agents across the blood-brain barrier: a comparison of human and murine erythropoietin and the analog darbepoetin alfa".
776:
Erythropoietin has been hypothesized to be beneficial in treating certain neurological diseases such as schizophrenia and stroke. Some research has suggested that erythropoietin improves the survival rate in children with
627:
10 clinical trial. The DAHANCA 10 data monitoring committee found that three-year loco-regional cancer control in subjects treated with
Aranesp was significantly worse than for those not receiving Aranesp (p=0.01).
2085:
Ott CV, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, Miskowiak KW (August 2016). "The effect of erythropoietin on cognition in affective disorders - Associations with baseline deficits and change in subjective cognitive complaints".
631:
In response to these advisories, the FDA released a Public Health
Advisory on 9 March 2007, and a clinical alert for doctors in February 2007, about the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) such as
644:
specifically caused by chemotherapy, and not for other causes of anemia. Further, the warning states that ESAs should be discontinued once the patient's chemotherapy course has been completed.
224:
2217:
1995:
Core A, Hempel C, Kurtzhals JA, Penkowa M (February 2011). "Plasmodium berghei ANKA: erythropoietin activates neural stem cells in an experimental cerebral malaria model".
800:
Infants born early often require transfusions with red blood cells and have low levels of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin has been studied as a treatment option to reduce
1857:"Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives.] Medicare. Information on Highest-Expenditure Part B Drugs"
804:
in preterm infants. Treating infants less than 8 days old with erythropoietin may slightly reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions, but increases the risk of
2363:
599:
Erythropoietin is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular complications in patients with kidney disease if it is used to target an increase of
2212:
2147:
690:
may interfere with hematopoiesis, possibly by decreasing the synthesis of endogenous erythropoietin and decreasing bone marrow production of red blood cells.
179:
1765:
2643:
1496:"FDA Public Health Advisory: Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs): Epoetin alfa (marketed as Procrit, Epogen), Darbepoetin alfa (marketed as Aranesp)"
2282:
808:. Due to the limited clinical benefit and increased risk of retinopathy, early or late erythropoietin treatment is not recommended for preterm infants.
2297:
443:
2353:
2247:
1170:
1147:
1960:
Casals-Pascual C, Idro R, Picot S, Roberts DJ, Newton CR (January 2009). "Can erythropoietin be used to prevent brain damage in cerebral malaria?".
1796:
3270:
3055:
2379:
2841:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2516:
2374:
2343:
2307:
2429:
2394:
1082:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
99:
3166:
2861:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2384:
2333:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3012:
2737:
2440:
1527:
1621:
1589:
3260:
3090:
3007:
2972:
2717:
2489:
2222:
2140:
3032:
2207:
1821:
Engelberg AB, Kesselheim AS, Avorn J (November 2009). "Balancing innovation, access, and profits--market exclusivity for biologics".
1646:
2832:
2821:
2797:
2287:
1559:
2666:
676:—risk of high blood pressure may be greater in combination with EPO. EPO may lead to variability in blood levels of cyclosporine.
1495:
1026:
964:
946:
2176:
2323:
2133:
1242:
1061:
503:
2455:
450:
150:
2187:
1356:"Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants"
687:
3141:
620:
3250:
1560:"Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents: Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa), Epogen (epoetin alfa), and Procrit (epoetin alfa)"
1773:
209:
131:
606:
Early treatment (before an infant is 8 days old) with erythropoietin correlated with an increase in the risk of
2852:
2554:
1885:
Mitka M (14 August 2013), "Capitol Health Call: High-Cost Drugs
Account for Most of Medicare Part B Spending",
3275:
3156:
1532:
1500:
320:
2031:
369:
991:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
857:
559:
763:
In August 2007, Binocrit, Epoetin Alfa Hexal, and
Abseamed were approved for use in the European Union.
566:
after 29 days but not at 140 days. The mortality difference was most marked in patients admitted to the
3208:
3146:
2788:
917:
607:
472:
2747:
1258:
Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, Eckardt KU, Macdougall IC, Tsakiris D, et al. (November 2006).
1077:
990:
922:
890:
833:
1709:
1654:"Information on Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESA) (marketed as Procrit, Epogen, and Aranesp)"
742:
563:
1405:"Early Erythropoietin Administration does not Increase the Risk of Retinopathy in Preterm Infants"
3255:
2500:
2196:
709:
161:
79:
1797:"Drug Rep in $ 3B Procrit Case: "80% of My Sales Were Medicare Fraud"; Carried $ 400K in "Cash""
2885:
1911:
Ehrenreich H, Degner D, Meller J, Brines M, Béhé M, Hasselblatt M, et al. (January 2004).
1107:"A randomized controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin"
532:
488:
172:
1537:
2697:
2692:
1677:"Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors linked to anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1628:
1596:
1567:
1053:
1045:
885:
828:
535:, iron should be given with erythropoietin, depending on some laboratory parameters such as
2812:
2648:
1675:
Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Chiasakul T, Korpaisarn S, Erickson SB (November 2015).
1192:
Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Fabian TC, May A, Pearl RG, Heard S, et al. (September 2007).
715:
329:
273:
8:
2763:
2653:
2545:
1653:
567:
264:
1446:"Flexible dosing with Darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia"
2677:
2672:
2638:
2633:
2579:
2167:
2159:
2111:
1942:
1472:
1445:
1380:
1355:
1328:
1303:
1260:"Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia"
3105:
2156:
2103:
2067:
2012:
1977:
1934:
1838:
1746:
1698:
1505:
1477:
1426:
1385:
1333:
1281:
1238:
1215:
1128:
1057:
581:
123:
2099:
1946:
1105:
Macdougall IC, Tucker B, Thompson J, Tomson CR, Baker LR, Raine AE (November 1996).
555:
Erythropoietin is used to treat people with anemia resulting from critical illness.
109:
2758:
2687:
2682:
2570:
2227:
2115:
2095:
2059:
2004:
1969:
1924:
1894:
1830:
1736:
1688:
1528:"Information for Healthcare Professionals: Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESA)"
1467:
1457:
1416:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1271:
1205:
1118:
1085:
778:
741:
Epoetin alfa has accounted for the single greatest drug expenditure paid by the US
385:
192:
39:
2008:
3222:
3136:
3113:
2658:
2575:
2338:
2063:
1421:
1404:
528:
1304:"Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants"
3265:
3234:
2997:
2987:
2914:
2531:
2521:
2445:
2277:
2125:
704:
683:
480:
476:
468:
1674:
1462:
712:: The Man Who Blew the Whistle on One of the Deadliest Prescription Drugs Ever
3244:
2565:
2348:
2267:
1973:
1898:
237:
22:
1552:
3171:
3151:
3070:
3060:
3002:
2949:
2879:
2778:
2722:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2292:
2272:
2237:
2107:
2071:
2016:
1981:
1938:
1913:"Erythropoietin: a candidate compound for neuroprotection in schizophrenia"
1856:
1842:
1750:
1702:
1693:
1676:
1481:
1430:
1389:
1337:
1285:
1219:
673:
660:
492:
187:
1929:
1912:
1132:
3181:
3176:
3080:
3065:
3037:
3027:
3022:
2977:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2909:
2904:
2727:
2712:
2707:
2526:
2511:
2328:
1834:
1276:
1259:
1210:
1193:
805:
758:
637:
540:
506:. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2007,
168:
117:
1723:
Hardell L, Walker MJ, Walhjalt B, Friedman LS, Richter ED (March 2007).
1123:
1106:
1090:
293:
3017:
2919:
2773:
2318:
1741:
1724:
664:
600:
589:
585:
424:
304:
89:
1725:"Secret ties to industry and conflicting interests in cancer research"
3191:
3186:
2967:
2414:
515:
475:. Epoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. It stimulates
103:
1627:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 8 November 2007. Archived from
2419:
1595:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 11 August 2007. Archived from
1566:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 3 January 2008. Archived from
536:
349:
284:
145:
94:
epoetin alfa-epbx, Abseamed, Binocrit, Epoetin Alfa Hexal, Retacrit
624:
593:
1194:"Efficacy and safety of epoetin alfa in critically ill patients"
2992:
2982:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
801:
633:
484:
360:
1959:
1104:
614:
2662:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2480:
1722:
1237:. Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. p. 547-549.
1148:"Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) for Severe Anaemia"
496:
3229:
1910:
3047:
2959:
2896:
2032:"Kidney drug could save children from malaria brain damage"
1257:
340:
51:
42:
2084:
1994:
1076:
998:
912:
910:
63:
57:
2048:
1820:
1191:
2288:
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)
1443:
504:
1614:
1582:
1171:"Erythropoietin (Epogen®, Procrit®) for Dogs and Cats"
907:
3206:
66:
1864:
United States
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
1656:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 26 January 2009
1403:
Chou HH, Chung MY, Zhou XG, Lin HC (February 2017).
60:
48:
1668:
983:
45:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
550:
522:
965:"Retacrit- epoetin alfa-epbx injection, solution"
947:"Retacrit- epoetin alfa-epbx injection, solution"
939:
3242:
2380:Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
2155:
1402:
1050:Directory of approved biopharmaceutical products
1037:
1444:Wauters I, Pat K, Vansteenkiste J (June 2006).
1235:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
1012:
880:
878:
823:
821:
652:Drug interactions with erythropoietin include:
272:
2141:
1988:
1953:
1814:
1396:
1251:
1185:
875:
818:
149:
1360:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1353:
1308:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1301:
1098:
734:The average cost per patient in the US was
615:Safety advisories in anemic cancer patients
54:
3147:Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF)
2148:
2134:
1766:"Whistleblower's story: New book reviewed"
1622:"Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) for Injection"
1145:
1043:
3142:FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L)
2571:Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)
1928:
1740:
1692:
1564:MedWatch - 2007 Safety Information Alerts
1471:
1461:
1450:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1420:
1379:
1327:
1275:
1209:
1122:
1089:
328:
3271:Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson
3164:Additional cytokine receptor modulators:
771:
592:to abnormally high levels, resulting in
1794:
1729:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1070:
292:
122:
3243:
2988:Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)
1763:
1590:"Procrit (Epoetin alfa) for injection"
1232:
694:
246:
2324:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
2129:
2029:
1884:
1349:
1347:
1297:
1295:
1168:
1084:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
368:
231:
140:
108:
2683:Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)
2456:Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
1878:
1354:Aher SM, Ohlsson A (February 2020).
1302:Ohlsson A, Aher SM (February 2020).
862:Union Register of medicinal products
191:
3157:Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)
1849:
1823:The New England Journal of Medicine
1788:
1264:The New England Journal of Medicine
1198:The New England Journal of Medicine
623:(FDA) regarding the results of the
348:
13:
1344:
1292:
1052:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.
795:
745:system; in 2010, the program paid
574:
547:kidney disease (not on dialysis).
14:
3287:
3261:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
1146:Fitzsimons H (14 November 2020).
621:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
218:
3228:
3216:
2088:European Neuropsychopharmacology
2052:European Journal of Pharmacology
1708:
402:
396:
38:
2688:Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)
2100:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.009
2078:
2042:
2023:
1904:
1757:
1716:
1520:
1488:
1437:
1226:
1162:
1139:
1027:"Epogen- epoetin alfa solution"
647:
551:Anemia in critically ill people
523:Anemia caused by kidney disease
509:
495:. Epoetin alfa is developed by
471:produced in cell culture using
1372:10.1002/14651858.CD004865.pub4
1320:10.1002/14651858.CD004863.pub6
957:
850:
752:
414:
408:
390:
1:
2009:10.1016/j.exppara.2010.09.010
811:
719:was Medicare fraud, totaling
688:angiotensin receptor blockers
483:levels) and is used to treat
2064:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.035
2030:McKie R (17 February 2008).
1795:Edwards J (17 August 2009).
1770:Center for Medical Consumers
1533:Food and Drug Administration
1501:Food and Drug Administration
1422:10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.03.006
1150:. Tanya's Feline CKD Website
729:
463:, sold under the brand name
7:
2532:Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)
2298:Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)
2218:Carbamylated erythropoietin
1764:Napoli M (5 October 2011).
766:
560:randomized controlled trial
487:, commonly associated with
10:
3292:
1409:Pediatrics and Neonatology
1094:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
756:
608:retinopathy of prematurity
473:recombinant DNA technology
380:Chemical and physical data
3126:
3104:
3081:Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
3046:
3038:Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
2958:
2945:Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
2895:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2831:
2811:
2787:
2746:
2553:
2544:
2499:
2479:
2428:
2362:
2306:
2195:
2186:
2166:
1997:Experimental Parasitology
1463:10.2147/tcrm.2006.2.2.175
1169:Ruben D (6 August 2015).
1078:World Health Organization
1044:Walsh G, Spada S (2005).
923:European Medicines Agency
918:"Epoetin Alfa Hexal EPAR"
891:European Medicines Agency
834:European Medicines Agency
564:statistically significant
467:among others, is a human
440:
423:
384:
379:
359:
339:
319:
303:
283:
263:
258:
208:
203:
178:
160:
130:
116:
98:
88:
78:
33:
28:
2759:Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)
1974:10.1016/j.pt.2008.10.002
1899:10.1001/jama.2013.192555
603:levels above 13.0 g/dl.
3251:Antianemic preparations
2659:Interferon beta (IFN-β)
527:For people who require
3137:Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)
1962:Trends in Parasitology
714:, alleging drug maker
533:chronic kidney disease
489:chronic kidney failure
3134:Additional cytokines:
3061:Decernotinib (VX-509)
2698:Peginterferon alfa-2b
2693:Peginterferon alfa-2a
2213:Asialo erythropoietin
1930:10.1038/sj.mp.4001442
772:Neurological diseases
716:Johnson & Johnson
3276:Recombinant proteins
2649:Interferon alfacon-1
2278:Erythropoietin (EPO)
1917:Molecular Psychiatry
1835:10.1056/NEJMp0908496
1694:10.1093/qjmed/hcv049
1277:10.1056/NEJMoa062276
1211:10.1056/NEJMoa071533
1111:Kidney International
786:Psychiatric diseases
749:for the medication.
596:and abdominal pain.
2796:See IL-28R (IFNLR)
2764:Interferon gamma 1b
2654:Interferon alpha-n3
1124:10.1038/ki.1996.487
927:. 17 September 2018
895:. 17 September 2018
838:. 17 September 2018
695:Society and culture
227:(Prescription only)
25:
16:Pharmaceutical drug
3152:Oncostatin M (OSM)
2678:Interferon beta 1b
2673:Interferon beta 1a
2644:Interferon alfa n1
2639:Interferon alfa 2b
2634:Interferon alfa 2a
2468:Kinase inhibitors:
1742:10.1002/ajim.20357
1634:on 18 January 2009
1602:on 18 January 2009
1233:Baselt RC (2008).
953:. 29 January 2020.
707:published a book,
619:Amgen advised the
21:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3122:
3121:
2889:
2807:
2806:
2540:
2539:
2283:Erythropoietin-Fc
2157:Cytokine receptor
1776:on 5 January 2012
1244:978-0-9626523-7-0
1063:978-0-415-26368-9
582:flu-like symptoms
458:
457:
250:
235:
222:
143:
3283:
3233:
3232:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3212:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2735:Decoy receptors:
2551:
2550:
2228:Darbepoetin alfa
2193:
2192:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2094:(8): 1264–1273.
2082:
2076:
2075:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:. Archived from
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:. Archived from
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:. Archived from
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1046:"Epogen/Procrit"
1041:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
995:nctr-crs.fda.gov
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
955:
954:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
914:
905:
904:
902:
900:
882:
873:
872:
870:
868:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
825:
779:cerebral malaria
748:
737:
725:
722:
703:In 2011, author
514:Epoetin alfa is
454:
453:
446:
435:
433:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
372:
352:
332:
296:
276:
248:
245:
240:
233:
230:
220:
217:
195:
153:
142:
139:
126:
112:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
26:
24:
20:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3118:
3114:Deucravacitinib
3100:
3042:
2954:
2882:
2867:
2847:
2827:
2803:
2783:
2742:
2576:Interferon alfa
2536:
2495:
2475:
2424:
2358:
2354:Pegnartograstim
2339:Lipegfilgrastim
2302:
2248:Epoetin epsilon
2182:
2162:
2154:
2124:
2123:
2083:
2079:
2058:(1–3): 93–101.
2047:
2043:
2028:
2024:
1993:
1989:
1958:
1954:
1909:
1905:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1758:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1687:(11): 879–884.
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1570:on 9 April 2009
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1442:
1438:
1401:
1397:
1366:(2): CD004865.
1352:
1345:
1314:(2): CD004863.
1300:
1293:
1270:(20): 2071–84.
1256:
1252:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1103:
1099:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1042:
1038:
1033:. 25 July 2018.
1025:
1024:
1013:
1003:
1001:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
958:
945:
944:
940:
930:
928:
916:
915:
908:
898:
896:
886:"Binocrit EPAR"
884:
883:
876:
866:
864:
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
829:"Abseamed EPAR"
827:
826:
819:
814:
798:
796:Preterm infants
787:
774:
769:
761:
755:
746:
735:
732:
723:
720:
697:
650:
617:
577:
575:Adverse effects
553:
525:
512:
449:
447:
444:(what is this?)
441:
431:
429:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
375:
355:
335:
315:
299:
279:
254:
238:
199:
163:
156:
41:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Growth factors
3253:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Cercosporamide
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Deuruxolitinib
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Deuruxolitinib
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2789:IFNLR (λ, III)
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2555:IFNAR (α/β, I)
2548:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Promegapoietin
2519:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2501:Thrombopoietin
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Interleukin-34
2443:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2197:Erythropoietin
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2077:
2041:
2022:
1987:
1952:
1903:
1877:
1866:. 28 June 2013
1848:
1829:(20): 1917–9.
1813:
1787:
1756:
1715:
1667:
1645:
1613:
1581:
1551:
1540:on 15 May 2007
1519:
1508:on 28 May 2007
1487:
1456:(2): 175–186.
1436:
1395:
1343:
1291:
1250:
1243:
1225:
1204:(10): 965–76.
1184:
1161:
1138:
1097:
1069:
1062:
1036:
1011:
982:
971:. 26 June 2024
956:
938:
906:
874:
849:
816:
815:
813:
810:
797:
794:
785:
773:
770:
768:
765:
754:
751:
731:
728:
705:Kathleen Sharp
696:
693:
692:
691:
684:ACE inhibitors
677:
667:
649:
646:
616:
613:
576:
573:
552:
549:
524:
521:
511:
508:
481:red blood cell
477:erythropoiesis
469:erythropoietin
456:
455:
438:
437:
427:
421:
420:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
388:
382:
381:
377:
376:
374:
373:
365:
363:
357:
356:
354:
353:
345:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
325:
323:
317:
316:
314:
313:
309:
307:
301:
300:
298:
297:
289:
287:
281:
280:
278:
277:
269:
267:
261:
260:
256:
255:
253:
252:
243:
228:
214:
212:
206:
205:
201:
200:
198:
197:
184:
182:
176:
175:
166:
164:administration
158:
157:
155:
154:
136:
134:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
106:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3288:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:IFNGR (γ, II)
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Albinterferon
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2364:GM-CSF (CSF2)
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Pegfilgrastim
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Epoetin theta
2266:
2264:
2263:Epoetin omega
2261:
2259:
2258:Epoetin kappa
2256:
2254:
2253:Epoetin gamma
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Epoetin delta
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1735:(3): 227–33.
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1655:
1649:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1172:
1165:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1117:(5): 1694–9.
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
970:
966:
960:
952:
948:
942:
926:
924:
919:
913:
911:
894:
892:
887:
881:
879:
863:
859:
853:
837:
835:
830:
824:
822:
817:
809:
807:
803:
793:
789:
788:
782:
780:
764:
760:
750:
747:US$ 2 billion
744:
739:
727:
717:
713:
711:
706:
701:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
666:
662:
658:
655:
654:
653:
645:
641:
639:
635:
629:
626:
622:
612:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
572:
569:
565:
561:
556:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
517:
507:
505:
502:It is on the
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
452:
445:
439:
428:
426:
422:
389:
387:
383:
378:
371:
370:ChEMBL1201565
367:
366:
364:
362:
358:
351:
347:
346:
344:
342:
338:
331:
327:
326:
324:
322:
318:
311:
310:
308:
306:
302:
295:
291:
290:
288:
286:
282:
275:
271:
270:
268:
266:
262:
257:
251: Rx-only
244:
241:
229:
226:
216:
215:
213:
211:
207:
202:
194:
189:
186:
185:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
165:
159:
152:
147:
138:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
71:
36:
34:Pronunciation
32:
29:Clinical data
27:
19:
3172:Lestaurtinib
3163:
3133:
3071:Ritlecitinib
3003:Lestaurtinib
2950:Upadacitinib
2779:Fontolizumab
2770:
2755:
2734:
2723:Rontalizumab
2704:
2562:
2517:Pegacaristim
2508:
2467:
2437:
2430:M-CSF (CSF1)
2410:Mavrilimumab
2406:
2400:Sargramostim
2390:Molgramostim
2375:Ecogramostim
2371:
2344:Nartograstim
2315:
2308:G-CSF (CSF3)
2293:Peginesatide
2273:Epoetin zeta
2238:Epoetin beta
2233:Epoetin alfa
2232:
2204:
2091:
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661:lenalidomide
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648:Interactions
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545:
543:saturation.
526:
513:
510:Medical uses
501:
493:chemotherapy
479:(increasing
464:
461:Epoetin alfa
460:
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210:Legal status
204:Legal status
173:subcutaneous
151:Epoetin alfa
132:License data
23:Epoetin alfa
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3182:Quizartinib
3177:Midostaurin
3066:Peficitinib
3028:Ruxolitinib
3023:Peficitinib
2978:Baricitinib
2940:Ruxolitinib
2935:Peficitinib
2930:Oclacitinib
2925:Momelotinib
2910:Baricitinib
2905:Abrocitinib
2813:Interleukin
2771:Antibodies:
2728:Sifalimumab
2713:Faralimomab
2708:Anifrolumab
2705:Antibodies:
2527:Romiplostim
2512:Eltrombopag
2481:SCF (c-Kit)
2407:Antibodies:
2395:Regramostim
2329:Lenograstim
1968:(1): 30–6.
1806:12 February
1780:12 February
806:retinopathy
759:Biosimilars
753:Biosimilars
638:darbepoetin
541:transferrin
491:and cancer
436: g·mol
259:Identifiers
169:Intravenous
118:MedlinePlus
90:Biosimilars
80:Trade names
3245:Categories
3167:Emfilermin
3018:Pacritinib
2920:Filgotinib
2886:inhibitors
2774:Emapalumab
2546:Interferon
2471:Agerafenib
2461:Mirimostim
2451:Lanimostim
2385:Milodistim
2334:Leridistim
2319:Filgrastim
2160:modulators
1893:(6): 572,
1173:. PetPlace
1004:22 October
867:14 January
858:"Abseamed"
812:References
757:See also:
710:Blood Feud
665:thrombosis
601:hemoglobin
590:hematocrit
586:hemoglobin
425:Molar mass
330:64FS3BFH5W
305:ChemSpider
274:11096-26-7
265:CAS Number
3192:Sunitinib
3187:Sorafenib
3096:ZM-449829
3086:WHI-P 154
3076:TCS-21311
3013:NSC-33994
2968:Atiprimod
2756:Agonists:
2738:Bifarcept
2563:Agonists:
2509:Agonists:
2441:Cilmostim
2438:Agonists:
2415:Namilumab
2372:Agonists:
2316:Agonists:
2205:Agonists:
2168:Chemokine
2038:. London.
738:in 2009.
736:US$ 8,447
730:Economics
726:billion.
663:—risk of
516:indicated
162:Routes of
110:Monograph
104:Drugs.com
3223:Medicine
3091:ZM-39923
3008:NSC-7908
2973:AZD-1480
2864:instead.
2844:instead.
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2800:instead.
2718:MEDI-545
2492:instead.
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969:DailyMed
951:DailyMed
767:Research
743:Medicare
670:Moderate
537:ferritin
531:or have
529:dialysis
451:(verify)
285:DrugBank
180:ATC code
146:DailyMed
3235:Viruses
3209:Portals
3033:SD-1008
2208:ARA-290
2116:2335208
1870:29 June
1660:9 April
1638:9 April
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1473:1661657
1381:7014632
1329:7014351
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975:25 July
931:2 April
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386:Formula
294:DB00016
242:Rx-only
239:WARNING
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2592:IFNA5
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2580:IFNA1
2112:S2CID
1943:S2CID
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