701:, are the main component of mucus, which provides the polyelectrolyte effect in mucus. The process of inducing this effect comprises two steps: attraction of counter-ions and water compensation. When exposed in physiological ionic solution, the charged groups in the polyelectrolytes attract counter-ions with opposite charges, thereby leading to a solute concentration gradient. An osmotic pressure is introduced to equalize the concentration of solute throughout the system by driving water to flow from the low concentration areas to the high concentration areas. In short, the influx and outflux of water within mucus, managed by the polyelectrolyte effect, contribute to mucus' tunable swelling capacity.
240:
631:, the first stage and also the last stage of the infection cause the production of a clear, thin mucus in the nose or back of the throat. As the body begins to react to the virus (generally one to three days), mucus thickens and may turn yellow or green. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics, and are a major avenue for their misuse. Treatment is generally symptom-based; often it is sufficient to allow the immune system to fight off the virus over time.
518:
732:, is prone to producing base to elevate the pH value in stomach, leading to the deprotonation of aspartic acids and glutamic acids, i.e., from neutral to negative-charged. The negative charges in the mucus greatly increase, thus inducing the polyelectrolyte effect and the swelling of the mucus. This swelling effect increases the pore size of the mucus and decreases mucus' viscosity, which allows bacteria to penetrate and migrate into the mucus and cause disease.
448:
815:
726:
the polyelectrolyte effect of mucus is largely affected by the pH value of solution due to the charge variation of acidic amino acid residues on the mucin backbone. For instance, the charged residue on mucin is protonated at a normal pH value of the stomach, approximately pH 2. In this case, there is scarcely polyelectrolyte effect, thereby causing compact mucus with little swelling capacity. However, a kind of bacteria,
481:. This defect leads to the altered electrolyte composition of mucus, which triggers its hyperabsorption and dehydration. Such low-volume, viscous, acidic mucus has a reduced antimicrobial function, which facilitates bacterial colonisation. The thinning of the mucus layer ultimately affects the periciliary liquid layer, which becomes dehydrated, compromising ciliary function, and impairing mucociliary clearance. A
38:
829:
745:, cationic particles tend to have a low depth of penetration, neutral ones possess medium penetration, and anionic ones have the largest penetration depth. Furthermore, the effect of charge selectivity changes when the status of the mucus varies, i.e., native mucus has a threefold higher potential to limit agent penetration than purified mucus.
382:. Mucociliary action carries it down from the nasal passages and up from the rest of the tract to the pharynx, with most of it being swallowed subconsciously. Sometimes in times of respiratory illness or inflammation, mucus can become thickened with cell debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells. It is then known as
619:
is an uncomfortable condition that may include congestion of mucus. A bacterial infection in sinusitis will cause discolored mucus and would respond to antibiotic treatment; viral infections typically resolve without treatment. Almost all sinusitis infections are viral and antibiotics are ineffective
725:
and association. Aspartic acid, for example, has a negative side chain when the pH value is above 3.9, while a neutrally charged side chain will be introduced as pH value drops below 3.9. Thus, the number of negative charges in mucus is influenced by the pH value of surrounding environment. That is,
577:
methods rely on observation of cervical mucus, as one of three primary fertility signs, to identify a woman's fertile time at the mid-point of the cycle. Awareness of the woman's fertile time allows a couple to time intercourse to improve the odds of pregnancy. It is also proposed as a method to
443:
During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as
740:
The high selective permeability of mucus plays a crucial role in the healthy state of human beings by limiting the penetration of molecules, nutrients, pathogens, and drugs. The charge distribution within mucus serves as a charge selective diffusion barrier, thus significantly affecting the
363:), helps prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs during breathing. This explains why coughing often occurs in those who smoke cigarettes. The body's natural reaction is to increase mucus production. In addition, mucus aids in moisturizing the inhaled air and prevents
307:
properties. MUC5AC is the main gel-forming mucin secreted by goblet cells, in the form of threads and thin sheets. MUC5B is a polymeric protein secreted from submucosal glands and some goblet cells, and this is in the form of strands.
444:
the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.
279:
and lies on top of the surface epithelium. The periciliary liquid layer surrounding the cilia consists of a gel meshwork of cell-tethered mucins and polysaccharides. The mucus blanket aids in the protection of the
545:. It forms an essential layer in the colon and in the small intestine that helps reduce intestinal inflammation by decreasing bacterial interaction with intestinal epithelial cells. The layer of mucus of the
1215:
Ostedgaard, LS; Moninger, TO; McMenimen, JD; Sawin, NM; Parker, CP; Thornell, IM; Powers, LS; Gansemer, ND; Bouzek, DC; Cook, DP; Meyerholz, DK; Abou Alaiwa, MH; Stoltz, DA; Welsh, MJ (27 June 2017).
529:(E). The chief and parietal cells produce and secrete mucus (F) to protect the lining of the stomach (C) against the harsh pH of stomach acid. The mucus is basic, while the stomach acid (A) is acidic.
586:
In general, nasal mucus is clear and thin, serving to filter air during inhalation. During times of infection, mucus can change color to yellow or green either as a result of trapped
440:
medications. Thickening of mucus as a "rebound" effect following overuse of decongestants may produce nasal or sinus drainage problems and circumstances that promote infection.
291:
secretions from the goblet cells, and the submucosal glands (2â3% glycoproteins), proteoglycans (0.1â0.5%), lipids (0.3â0.5%), proteins, and DNA. The major mucins secreted â
1926:
2311:
Celli, Jonathan P.; Turner, Bradley S.; Afdhal, Nezam H.; Keates, Sarah; Ghiran, Ionita; Kelly, Ciaran P.; Ewoldt, Randy H.; McKinley, Gareth H.; So, Peter (2009-08-25).
685:
within which hydrophilic segments provide a large surface area for water absorption. Moreover, the tunability of swelling effect is controlled by polyelectrolyte effect.
1880:
565:
prevents infection and provides lubrication during sexual intercourse. The consistency of cervical mucus varies depending on the stage of a woman's menstrual cycle. At
2152:
Chremos, A; Douglas, JF (2018). "A comparative study of thermodynamic, conformational, and structural properties of bottlebrush with star and ring polymer melts".
1767:
Second, HCl in the lumen doesn't digest the mucosa because goblet cells in the mucosa secrete large quantities of protective mucus that line the mucosal surface.
2605:
473:
1814:
3171:
1681:
Johansson, Malin E. V.; Gustafsson, Jenny K.; Sjöberg, Karolina E.; Petersson, Joel; Holm, Lena; Sjövall, Henrik; Hansson, Gunnar C. (2010-01-01).
347:
are caught in the viscous nasal or airway mucus and prevented from entering the system. This process, together with the continual movement of the
3661:
2205:"The effect of divalent vs. monovalent ions on the swelling of Mucin-like polyelectrolyte gels: Governing equations and equilibrium analysis"
1125:"The Role of Guaifenesin in the Management of Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion Associated with Stable Chronic Bronchitis: A Comprehensive Review"
509:, and is generally synonymous with this. Excessive mucus can narrow the airways, limit airflow, and accelerate a decline in lung function.
1972:
637:
often result from impaired mucociliary clearance that can be associated with mucus hypersecretion, and these are sometimes referred to as
1822:
2598:
896:
Singh, PK; Parsek, MR; Greenberg, EP; Welsh, MJ (May 2002). "A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development".
3537:
1948:
1779:
Han, Leo; Taub, Rebecca; Jensen, Jeffrey T. (November 2017). "Cervical mucus and contraception: what we know and what we don't".
17:
1498:
Mall, MA (March 2008). "Role of Cilia, Mucus, and Airway
Surface Liquid in Mucociliary Dysfunction: Lessons from Mouse Models".
2378:
Crater, Jason S.; Carrier, Rebecca L. (2010-12-08). "Barrier
Properties of Gastrointestinal Mucus to Nanoparticle Transport".
1898:
1281:"Management of airway mucus hypersecretion in chronic airway inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus (English edition)"
1944:
1922:
1876:
467:
may result in mucus accumulation in the bronchi. The dysregulation of mucus homeostasis is the fundamental characteristic of
2880:
2838:
3164:
2591:
962:
1629:
3608:
3463:
600:
infection may turn the mucus yellow. The green color of mucus comes from the heme group in the iron-containing enzyme
1417:
774:
80:
1435:"Appraisal of the validity of histamine-induced wheal and flare to predict the clinical efficacy of antihistamines"
1330:
Thorton, DJ; Rousseau, K; MucGuckin, MA (2008). "Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus".
2717:
787:
the mating slugs lower themselves from elevated locations by a mucus thread. Mucus is an essential constituent of
284:
by trapping foreign particles before they can enter them, in particular through the nose during normal breathing.
3157:
3527:
2875:
1665:
3254:
1749:
1826:
3376:
2623:
432:, due to vascular engorgement associated with vasodilation and increased capillary permeability caused by
3546:
3495:
3346:
1034:
Althaus, M (March 2013). "ENaC inhibitors and airway re-hydration in cystic fibrosis: state of the art".
2054:"Short review on human umbilical cord lining epithelial cells and their potential clinical applications"
537:, mucus is used as a lubricant for materials that must pass over membranes, e.g., food passing down the
3500:
3041:
2774:
722:
714:
464:
3408:
3339:
3320:
3116:
3080:
2972:
645:
can help to clear secretions, maintain respiratory health, and prevent inflammation in the airways.
3656:
3484:
3351:
3315:
3209:
1683:"Bacteria penetrate the inner mucus layer before inflammation in the dextran sulfate colitis model"
642:
634:
486:
1544:
Haq, Iram J; Gray, Michael A; Garnett, James P; Ward, Christopher; Brodlie, Malcolm (March 2016).
3517:
3386:
3046:
2977:
2615:
1474:
2429:
RĂŒhs, Patrick A.; Bergfreund, Jotam; Bertsch, Pascal; Gstöhl, Stefan J.; Fischer, Peter (2021).
2268:
Harding, S. E.; Creeth, J. M. (1983-07-28). "Polyelectrolyte behaviour in mucus glycoproteins".
3334:
3281:
3271:
3180:
3001:
1980:
1546:"Airway surface liquid homeostasis in cystic fibrosis: pathophysiology and therapeutic targets"
653:
542:
534:
372:
352:
184:
31:
2529:
Böni, Lukas; Fischer, Peter; Böcker, Lukas; Kuster, Simon; RĂŒhs, Patrick A. (September 2016).
3522:
3458:
3130:
2915:
1343:
596:
482:
460:
360:
234:
2583:
721:(pKa=4.2). The charges of acidic amino acids will change with environmental pH value due to
3646:
3577:
3432:
3396:
3231:
3226:
2910:
2813:
2542:
2452:
2324:
2216:
2161:
1694:
1228:
907:
656:, termed (CLEC-muc). This has been shown to have good potential in the regeneration of the
275:
layer termed the mucus layer. The periciliary liquid layer is so named as it surrounds the
157:
506:
8:
3259:
2862:
1754:
847:
728:
574:
210:
2546:
2456:
2328:
2220:
2165:
1792:
1698:
1232:
911:
3651:
3587:
3582:
3562:
3420:
3296:
3052:
2647:
2565:
2530:
2506:
2489:
2442:
2411:
2355:
2312:
2245:
2204:
2185:
2129:
2104:
2080:
2053:
2029:
2002:
1725:
1682:
1523:
1390:
1307:
1280:
1251:
1216:
1197:
1149:
1124:
1095:
1070:
1011:
984:
931:
248:
149:
1451:
1434:
153:
3625:
3541:
3507:
3309:
3264:
3246:
2570:
2511:
2470:
2403:
2395:
2360:
2342:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2250:
2232:
2177:
2134:
2085:
2034:
1871:
1849:
1796:
1730:
1712:
1661:
1611:
1567:
1515:
1456:
1413:
1382:
1347:
1312:
1256:
1189:
1154:
1100:
1051:
1016:
923:
612:
611:
In the case of bacterial infection, the bacterium becomes trapped in already-clogged
605:
553:
is vital to protect the stomach lining from the highly acidic environment within it.
498:
456:
413:
379:
328:
260:
239:
141:
2415:
2189:
1527:
1394:
1201:
1172:
Lillehoj, ER; Kim, KC (December 2002). "Airway mucus: its components and function".
1071:"The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease"
3442:
3391:
3301:
3216:
3138:
3100:
3014:
3009:
2956:
2809:
2669:
2560:
2550:
2501:
2460:
2387:
2350:
2332:
2277:
2240:
2224:
2169:
2124:
2116:
2075:
2065:
2024:
2014:
1894:
1872:
1788:
1720:
1702:
1601:
1557:
1507:
1446:
1374:
1339:
1302:
1292:
1246:
1236:
1181:
1144:
1136:
1090:
1082:
1043:
1006:
996:
935:
915:
898:
573:; post-ovulation, mucus becomes thicker and is more likely to block sperm. Several
478:
425:
364:
121:
51:
1562:
1545:
1140:
3620:
3468:
3437:
2833:
1940:
1935:
1889:
1707:
1047:
834:
694:
601:
489:
which uses a number of clearance techniques to help with the clearance of mucus.
468:
407:
304:
165:
89:
2270:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology
3566:
3556:
3413:
3371:
3236:
2982:
2828:
2639:
2120:
1841:
1221:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
842:
820:
742:
709:
The ionic charges of mucin are mainly provided by acidic amino acids including
546:
323:âthe lining of mucus is produced by specialized airway epithelial cells called
105:
2070:
1378:
1086:
1001:
562:
3640:
3572:
3328:
3241:
2676:
2659:
2399:
2346:
2289:
2236:
1716:
783:
718:
710:
678:
526:
222:
161:
109:
2531:"Hagfish slime and mucin flow properties and their implications for defense"
2337:
1241:
3512:
3381:
3363:
3221:
2781:
2748:
2738:
2664:
2574:
2515:
2474:
2407:
2391:
2364:
2313:"Helicobacter pylori moves through mucus by reducing mucin viscoelasticity"
2254:
2181:
2138:
2089:
2038:
2019:
1853:
1800:
1734:
1615:
1606:
1589:
1571:
1519:
1511:
1386:
1351:
1316:
1260:
1193:
1158:
1104:
1055:
1020:
949:
927:
877:
862:
758:
698:
437:
368:
206:
125:
97:
93:
2297:
1460:
505:. Chronic mucus hypersecretion results in the chronic productive cough of
3551:
3149:
3037:
2936:
2681:
1297:
770:
649:
624:
417:
324:
137:
129:
3613:
3532:
3427:
3204:
3199:
3062:
2987:
2786:
2707:
2465:
2430:
1185:
857:
773:
to enable movement, and to prevent their bodies from drying out. Their
762:
522:
517:
403:
320:
213:
as protection against pathogens, to help in movement, and to line fish
198:
145:
96:, although it may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both
2555:
2228:
2173:
501:
excessive mucus production in the bronchi and bronchioles is known as
383:
41:
Mucous cells of the stomach lining secrete mucus (pink) into the lumen
3489:
3057:
2920:
2769:
867:
792:
628:
616:
566:
538:
433:
421:
332:
292:
243:
Illustration depicting the movement of mucus in the respiratory tract
190:
1217:"Gel-forming mucins form distinct morphologic structures in airways"
919:
447:
2866:
2845:
2712:
2447:
1680:
950:
Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a nonâhost-derived immunity
814:
796:
587:
344:
340:
336:
316:
300:
296:
218:
176:
169:
117:
113:
2105:"Recovering vision in corneal epithelial stem cell deficient eyes"
2757:
1921:
1365:
Rubin, BK (January 2010). "The role of mucus in cough research".
872:
800:
788:
757:
are covered in mucus secreted from glands all over their bodies.
550:
429:
356:
312:
180:
101:
1214:
3194:
2892:
2850:
2762:
2733:
2652:
2490:"Epidermal mucus, a major determinant in fish health: a review"
741:
transportation of agents. Among particles with various surface
657:
391:
348:
287:
Mucus is made up of a fluid component of around 95% water, the
276:
172:
2003:"Immunopathology of Airway Surface Liquid Dehydration Disease"
1285:
International
Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
604:
secreted by white blood cells as a cytotoxic defense during a
37:
2887:
2613:
1631:
Global
Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease â GOLD
852:
682:
591:
570:
424:. Nasal mucus may be removed by blowing the nose or by using
387:
288:
133:
88:) is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering,
63:
1750:"Why don't our digestive acids corrode our stomach linings?"
777:
also make use of mucus for example in the covering of their
3591:
3290:
3095:
2428:
766:
754:
281:
214:
202:
194:
69:
677:
variations. The swelling capacity of mucus stems from the
2203:
Sircar, S.; Keener, J. P.; Fogelson, A. L. (2013-01-07).
1123:
Ohar, JA; Donohue, JF; Spangenthal, S (23 October 2019).
895:
778:
753:
Mucus is also produced by a number of other animals. All
60:
1329:
791:
slime used to deter predators. Mucus is produced by the
2528:
2310:
1500:
Journal of
Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
674:
2488:
Dash, S; Das, SK; Samal, J; Thatoi, HN (Spring 2018).
1122:
1927:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1840:
Taylor, Tracey A.; Unakal, Chandrashekhar G. (2024),
1068:
521:
Gastric glands are composed of epithelial cells (B),
81:
72:
66:
2202:
1412:(Twelfth ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. p. 473.
810:
615:, breeding in the moist, nutrient-rich environment.
1655:
1069:Hiemstra, PS; McCray PB, Jr; Bals, R (April 2015).
704:
673:Mucus is able to absorb water or dehydrate through
451:
3D render showing accumulated mucus in the airways.
183:. Most of the mucus in the body is produced in the
57:
54:
2487:
1543:
1432:
985:"Strategies for measuring airway mucus and mucins"
688:
471:, an inherited disease caused by mutations in the
416:is a symptom of many common ailments, such as the
1433:Monroe EW, Daly AF, Shalhoub RF (February 1997).
982:
569:cervical mucus is clear, runny, and conducive to
3638:
2000:
1590:"Airway clearance therapy: finding the evidence"
1323:
983:Atanasova, KR; Reznikov, LR (21 November 2019).
620:and not recommended for treating typical cases.
2317:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1881:"Treating sinusitis: Don't rush to antibiotics"
1848:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
92:. It is typically produced from cells found in
2431:"Complex fluids in animal survival strategies"
2151:
1410:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
3165:
2599:
2377:
2267:
1778:
299:- are large polymers that give the mucus its
1839:
668:
331:. Small particles such as dust, particulate
217:. Plants produce a similar substance called
1658:Mucus hypersecretion in respiratory disease
1171:
978:
976:
693:Polymers with charged molecules are called
3179:
3172:
3158:
2606:
2592:
1823:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1475:"Why Does Cold Weather Cause Runny Noses?"
963:"Modes of locomotion in protists: 5 modes"
263:. The airway surface liquid consists of a
2564:
2554:
2505:
2464:
2446:
2354:
2336:
2244:
2128:
2079:
2069:
2051:
2028:
2018:
1815:"Runny Nose (with green or yellow mucus)"
1724:
1706:
1605:
1583:
1581:
1561:
1450:
1306:
1296:
1250:
1240:
1208:
1148:
1094:
1010:
1000:
623:In the case of a viral infection such as
561:In the human female reproductive system,
3030:
1649:
1622:
1344:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100702
973:
581:
516:
446:
428:. Excess nasal mucus, as with a cold or
238:
36:
2001:Lewis, BW; Patial, S; Saini, Y (2019).
1493:
1491:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1062:
1033:
492:
209:also produce external mucus from their
14:
3662:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
3639:
2494:Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research
2103:Bains, KK; et al. (August 2019).
2052:Saleh, R; Reza, HM (10 October 2017).
1934:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
1888:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
1587:
1578:
1539:
1537:
1129:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
1118:
1116:
1114:
663:
556:
541:. Mucus is extremely important in the
378:Mucus is produced continuously in the
27:Secretion produced by mucous membranes
3153:
2587:
2102:
2096:
2045:
1994:
1945:American Academy of Family Physicians
1923:American Academy of Family Physicians
1877:American Academy of Family Physicians
1819:Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work
1741:
1364:
1358:
735:
228:
3538:oxygenâhemoglobin dissociation curve
2481:
1497:
1488:
1407:
1401:
1278:
1267:
697:. Mucins, a kind of polyelectrolyte
397:
1793:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.168
1534:
1111:
512:
24:
3464:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
1747:
412:Increased mucus production in the
100:and mucous cells. It is a viscous
25:
3673:
1842:"Staphylococcus aureus Infection"
781:. In the unique mating ritual of
590:or due to the body's reaction to
436:, may be treated cautiously with
2058:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
1075:The European Respiratory Journal
827:
813:
748:
705:Mechanism of pH-tunable swelling
50:
2522:
2422:
2371:
2304:
2261:
2209:The Journal of Chemical Physics
2196:
2145:
2109:Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
1973:"Definition of Viral Infection"
1965:
1915:
1865:
1833:
1825:. March 9, 2006. Archived from
1807:
1772:
1674:
1467:
1426:
689:Polyelectrolyte effect in mucus
652:epithelial stem cell expresses
2007:Journal of Immunology Research
1174:Archives of Pharmacal Research
1165:
1027:
955:
942:
889:
259:(ELF), that lines most of the
221:that is also produced by some
13:
1:
2822:Bile and pancreatic secretion
1563:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207588
1452:10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70128-3
1141:10.15326/jcopdf.6.4.2019.0139
883:
639:mucoobstructive lung diseases
2282:10.1016/0167-4838(83)90017-1
1708:10.1371/journal.pone.0012238
1656:Novartis Foundation (2002).
1048:10.2174/18744672112059990025
140:in the mucous membranes and
7:
3496:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
3347:pulmonary stretch receptors
1588:Volsko, TA (October 2013).
1332:Annual Review of Physiology
806:
803:to help in filter feeding.
10:
3678:
3528:alveolarâarterial gradient
3042:Interstitial cell of Cajal
2121:10.1016/j.clae.2019.04.006
465:primary ciliary dyskinesia
463:due to conditions such as
401:
232:
144:. Mucus serves to protect
29:
3601:
3477:
3451:
3409:respiratory minute volume
3362:
3321:ventral respiratory group
3280:
3187:
3129:
3117:Enterohepatic circulation
3109:
3088:
3079:
3023:
3000:
2973:Segmentation contractions
2965:
2949:
2929:
2903:
2861:
2821:
2808:
2801:
2747:
2726:
2700:
2638:
2631:
2622:
2380:Macromolecular Bioscience
2071:10.1186/s13287-017-0679-y
1379:10.1007/s00408-009-9198-7
1087:10.1183/09031936.00141514
1002:10.1186/s12931-019-1239-z
669:Tunable swelling capacity
635:Obstructive lung diseases
594:infection. For example,
3316:dorsal respiratory group
3210:obligate nasal breathing
1439:J. Allergy Clin. Immunol
643:airway clearance therapy
487:airway clearance therapy
269:periciliary liquid layer
160:, and structures in the
136:, which are produced by
3518:pulmonary gas pressures
3047:Basal electrical rhythm
2978:Migrating motor complex
2616:gastrointestinal system
2338:10.1073/pnas.0903438106
1242:10.1073/pnas.1703228114
499:lower respiratory tract
457:lower respiratory tract
414:upper respiratory tract
257:epithelial lining fluid
251:, mucus is part of the
18:Epithelial lining fluid
3272:mechanical ventilation
3181:Respiratory physiology
3002:Enteric nervous system
2392:10.1002/mabi.201000137
1607:10.4187/respcare.02590
1512:10.1089/jamp.2007.0659
543:gastrointestinal tract
535:human digestive system
530:
477:gene, which encodes a
452:
353:respiratory epithelium
244:
185:gastrointestinal tract
148:in the linings of the
42:
32:Mucus (disambiguation)
3523:alveolar gas equation
3459:pulmonary circulation
2916:Enterochromaffin cell
2911:Enteroendocrine cells
769:secrete mucus called
679:bottlebrush structure
650:umbilical cord lining
597:Staphylococcus aureus
582:Clinical significance
520:
483:respiratory therapist
461:mucociliary clearance
450:
394:to clear the airway.
361:mucociliary clearance
255:(ASL), also known as
253:airway surface liquid
242:
235:Mucociliary clearance
233:Further information:
40:
3578:respiratory quotient
3433:body plethysmography
3352:HeringâBreuer reflex
3227:pulmonary surfactant
2904:Endocrine cell types
2020:10.1155/2019/2180409
1660:. Wiley. p. 3.
1298:10.2147/COPD.S144312
989:Respiratory Research
775:reproductive systems
503:mucus hypersecretion
493:Mucus hypersecretion
30:For other uses, see
3421:Lung function tests
3255:hyperresponsiveness
2930:Exocrine cell types
2863:Glucose homeostasis
2547:2016NatSR...630371B
2457:2021SMat...17.3022R
2329:2009PNAS..10614321C
2323:(34): 14321â14326.
2221:2013JChPh.138a4901S
2166:2018JChPh.149d4904C
1755:Scientific American
1699:2010PLoSO...512238J
1408:Hall, John (2011).
1373:(Suppl 1): S69â72.
1233:2017PNAS..114.6842O
912:2002Natur.417..552S
848:Empty nose syndrome
729:Helicobacter pylori
664:Properties of mucus
575:fertility awareness
557:Reproductive system
311:In the airwaysâthe
3588:diffusion capacity
3583:arterial blood gas
3563:carbonic anhydrase
3297:pneumotaxic center
3053:Gastrocolic reflex
2614:Physiology of the
2535:Scientific Reports
2466:10.1039/D1SM00142F
1637:. 2018. p. 15
1186:10.1007/bf02976990
1036:Curr Mol Pharmacol
967:biology discussion
736:Charge selectivity
531:
507:chronic bronchitis
453:
249:respiratory system
245:
229:Respiratory system
158:urogenital systems
43:
3634:
3633:
3542:Oxygen saturation
3508:zones of the lung
3247:airway resistance
3147:
3146:
3125:
3124:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3010:Submucous plexus
2996:
2995:
2945:
2944:
2797:
2796:
2556:10.1038/srep30371
2441:(11): 3022â3036.
2386:(12): 1473â1483.
2229:10.1063/1.4772405
2174:10.1063/1.5034794
1829:on March 8, 2008.
1748:Purves, William.
1600:(10): 1669â1678.
1227:(26): 6842â6847.
906:(6888): 552â555.
723:acid dissociation
606:respiratory burst
578:avoid pregnancy.
398:Respiratory tract
380:respiratory tract
375:from drying out.
341:infectious agents
329:submucosal glands
271:and an overlying
267:layer termed the
261:respiratory tract
205:, and some other
142:submucosal glands
112:enzymes (such as
16:(Redirected from
3669:
3443:nitrogen washout
3302:apneustic center
3217:respiratory rate
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3139:Peritoneal fluid
3101:Pancreatic juice
3086:
3085:
3028:
3027:
3015:Myenteric plexus
2957:Intestinal juice
2819:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2718:Gastric emptying
2670:Intrinsic factor
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2450:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2340:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2276:(1â2): 114â119.
2265:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2022:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1979:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1954:on June 24, 2012
1953:
1947:, archived from
1931:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1904:on June 11, 2012
1903:
1897:, archived from
1895:Consumer Reports
1885:
1873:Consumer Reports
1869:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1594:Respiratory Care
1585:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1279:Shen, Y (2018).
1276:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1081:(4): 1150â1162.
1066:
1060:
1059:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1004:
980:
971:
970:
959:
953:
946:
940:
939:
893:
837:
832:
831:
830:
823:
818:
817:
695:polyelectrolytes
641:. Techniques of
513:Digestive system
479:chloride channel
426:nasal irrigation
373:airway epithelia
166:auditory systems
146:epithelial cells
90:mucous membranes
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
21:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3657:Exocrine system
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3621:oxygen toxicity
3597:
3485:ventilation (V)
3473:
3469:pulmonary shunt
3447:
3438:peak flow meter
3358:
3276:
3183:
3178:
3148:
3143:
3121:
3105:
3067:
3019:
2992:
2961:
2941:
2925:
2899:
2857:
2834:Cholecystokinin
2793:
2743:
2722:
2696:
2685:
2618:
2612:
2582:
2527:
2523:
2486:
2482:
2427:
2423:
2376:
2372:
2309:
2305:
2266:
2262:
2201:
2197:
2150:
2146:
2101:
2097:
2050:
2046:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1977:MedicineNet.com
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1941:ABIM Foundation
1939:, presented by
1936:ABIM Foundation
1929:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1890:ABIM Foundation
1883:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1838:
1834:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1758:
1746:
1742:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1586:
1579:
1542:
1535:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1445:(2): S798â806.
1431:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1402:
1363:
1359:
1338:(44): 459â486.
1328:
1324:
1277:
1268:
1213:
1209:
1170:
1166:
1121:
1112:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1028:
981:
974:
961:
960:
956:
947:
943:
920:10.1038/417552a
894:
890:
886:
835:Medicine portal
833:
828:
826:
819:
812:
809:
751:
743:zeta potentials
738:
707:
691:
671:
666:
602:myeloperoxidase
584:
559:
515:
495:
469:cystic fibrosis
410:
408:Post-nasal drip
402:Main articles:
400:
237:
231:
118:immunoglobulins
106:inorganic salts
82:
53:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3567:chloride shift
3560:
3557:Haldane effect
3554:
3549:
3544:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:FEV1/FVC ratio
3411:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3329:chemoreceptors
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:elastic recoil
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3131:Abdominopelvic
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2829:Enterogastrone
2825:
2823:
2816:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2677:Foveolar cells
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:Parietal cells
2657:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2521:
2480:
2421:
2370:
2303:
2260:
2195:
2144:
2115:(4): 350â358.
2095:
2044:
1993:
1964:
1914:
1879:(April 2012),
1864:
1832:
1806:
1787:(5): 310â321.
1771:
1740:
1673:
1666:
1648:
1621:
1577:
1556:(3): 284â287.
1533:
1487:
1466:
1425:
1418:
1400:
1357:
1322:
1266:
1207:
1180:(6): 770â780.
1164:
1135:(4): 341â349.
1110:
1061:
1026:
972:
954:
941:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Alkaline mucus
839:
838:
824:
821:Biology portal
808:
805:
750:
747:
737:
734:
706:
703:
690:
687:
670:
667:
665:
662:
583:
580:
563:cervical mucus
558:
555:
547:gastric mucosa
527:parietal cells
514:
511:
494:
491:
485:can recommend
399:
396:
230:
227:
223:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3674:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:high altitude
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:Insufficiency
3600:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:oxyhemoglobin
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:hysteresivity
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:(1): 014901.
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:(4): 044904.
2159:
2155:
2154:J. Chem. Phys
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1983:on 2012-10-12
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:Contraception
1775:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:(8): e12238.
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1419:9781416045748
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
969:. 2016-09-06.
968:
964:
958:
951:
945:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
892:
888:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
825:
822:
816:
811:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
784:Limax maximus
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Invertebrates
756:
749:Other animals
746:
744:
733:
731:
730:
724:
720:
719:glutamic acid
716:
712:
711:aspartic acid
702:
700:
699:proteoglycans
696:
686:
684:
680:
676:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
524:
519:
510:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
405:
395:
393:
389:
386:which may be
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:, as well as
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:In the human
241:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:invertebrates
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:glycoproteins
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:antimicrobial
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:mucous glands
91:
87:
86:
77:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3513:gas exchange
3478:Interactions
3403:calculations
3364:Lung volumes
3327:
3308:
3289:
3260:constriction
3222:respirometer
2937:Goblet cells
2782:Somatostatin
2749:Gastric acid
2739:Gastric acid
2689:
2665:Gastric acid
2541:(1): 30371.
2538:
2534:
2524:
2500:(2): 72â81.
2497:
2493:
2483:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1976:
1967:
1956:, retrieved
1949:the original
1933:
1917:
1906:, retrieved
1899:the original
1887:
1867:
1857:, retrieved
1845:
1835:
1827:the original
1818:
1809:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1759:. Retrieved
1753:
1743:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1630:
1624:
1597:
1593:
1553:
1549:
1506:(1): 13â24.
1503:
1499:
1479:. Retrieved
1469:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1409:
1403:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1288:
1284:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1029:
992:
988:
966:
957:
948:Barr et al.
944:
903:
897:
891:
878:Spinnbarkeit
863:Mucoadhesion
782:
752:
739:
727:
708:
692:
672:
647:
638:
633:
622:
610:
595:
585:
560:
532:
502:
496:
472:
454:
442:
438:decongestant
411:
377:
367:such as the
325:goblet cells
310:
305:viscoelastic
286:
272:
268:
264:
256:
252:
246:
189:
138:goblet cells
120:(especially
45:
44:
3647:Body fluids
3552:Bohr effect
3452:Circulation
3188:Respiration
3038:Peristalsis
3024:Either/both
2983:Borborygmus
2648:Chief cells
2435:Soft Matter
2013:: 2180409.
1641:10 November
1291:: 399â407.
1042:(1): 3â12.
799:and larval
771:snail slime
549:lining the
523:chief cells
418:common cold
355:toward the
321:bronchioles
150:respiratory
130:lactoferrin
104:containing
3641:Categories
3614:death zone
3533:hemoglobin
3428:spirometry
3387:dead space
3340:peripheral
3265:dilatation
3251:bronchial
3232:compliance
3205:exhalation
3200:inhalation
3063:Enterocyte
2988:Defecation
2708:Swallowing
2653:Pepsinogen
2448:2005.00773
2064:(1): 222.
1987:2010-04-04
1958:August 14,
1908:August 17,
1859:2024-05-31
1846:StatPearls
1761:6 December
1667:0470844787
1481:2011-09-22
995:(1): 261.
884:References
858:Lung flute
717:=3.9) and
434:histamines
404:Rhinorrhea
357:oropharynx
333:pollutants
191:Amphibians
170:pathogenic
3652:Excretion
3490:Perfusion
3110:Processes
3081:Accessory
3058:Digestion
3031:Processes
2966:Processes
2921:APUD cell
2867:incretins
2814:paracrine
2810:Endocrine
2775:ECL cells
2770:Histamine
2751:secretion
2701:Processes
2400:1616-5195
2347:0027-8424
2290:0006-3002
2237:0021-9606
1717:1932-6203
952:PNAS 2013
868:Mucophagy
797:tunicates
793:endostyle
648:A unique
617:Sinusitis
567:ovulation
539:esophagus
525:(D), and
459:impaired
430:allergies
422:influenza
337:allergens
301:rheologic
211:epidermis
154:digestive
114:lysozymes
3501:V/Q scan
2846:Secretin
2713:Vomiting
2640:Exocrine
2624:GI tract
2575:27460842
2516:30046316
2475:33729256
2416:20013702
2408:20857389
2365:19706518
2255:23298059
2190:51894232
2182:30068167
2139:31047800
2090:29017529
2039:31396541
1854:28722898
1801:28801053
1735:20805871
1687:PLOS ONE
1616:24064626
1572:26719229
1528:18362681
1520:18518828
1395:33857446
1387:19936981
1352:17850213
1317:29430174
1261:28607090
1202:21467111
1194:12510824
1159:31647856
1105:25700381
1056:23547930
1021:31752894
928:12037568
807:See also
801:lampreys
795:in some
761:such as
588:bacteria
345:bacteria
219:mucilage
177:bacteria
128:such as
3626:hypoxia
3547:2,3-BPG
3335:central
3310:medulla
3282:Control
2893:L cells
2881:K cells
2851:S cells
2839:I cells
2787:D cells
2763:G cells
2758:Gastrin
2566:4961968
2543:Bibcode
2507:6056142
2453:Bibcode
2356:2732822
2325:Bibcode
2298:6871229
2246:3555968
2217:Bibcode
2162:Bibcode
2130:6611221
2081:5634865
2030:6664684
1726:2923597
1695:Bibcode
1461:9042073
1308:5796802
1252:5495256
1229:Bibcode
1150:7006698
1096:4719567
1012:6873701
936:4423528
908:Bibcode
873:Sniffle
789:hagfish
613:sinuses
551:stomach
533:In the
497:In the
455:In the
388:coughed
365:tissues
351:on the
317:bronchi
313:trachea
181:viruses
156:, and
124:), and
102:colloid
3195:breath
3089:Fluids
2950:Fluids
2734:Saliva
2727:Fluids
2573:
2563:
2514:
2504:
2473:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2363:
2353:
2345:
2296:
2288:
2253:
2243:
2235:
2188:
2180:
2137:
2127:
2088:
2078:
2037:
2027:
1852:
1799:
1733:
1723:
1715:
1664:
1614:
1570:
1550:Thorax
1526:
1518:
1459:
1416:
1393:
1385:
1350:
1315:
1305:
1259:
1249:
1200:
1192:
1157:
1147:
1103:
1093:
1054:
1019:
1009:
934:
926:
899:Nature
763:snails
658:cornea
420:, and
392:sputum
390:up as
384:phlegm
335:, and
327:, and
319:, and
293:MUC5AC
199:snails
162:visual
134:mucins
98:serous
2888:GLP-1
2802:Lower
2690:Mucus
2632:Upper
2443:arXiv
2412:S2CID
2186:S2CID
1952:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1524:S2CID
1477:. NPR
1391:S2CID
1198:S2CID
932:S2CID
853:Feces
767:slugs
683:mucin
592:viral
571:sperm
369:nasal
349:cilia
297:MUC5B
289:mucin
282:lungs
277:cilia
215:gills
203:slugs
173:fungi
168:from
46:Mucus
3592:DLCO
3492:(Q)
3291:pons
3096:Bile
2571:PMID
2512:PMID
2471:PMID
2404:PMID
2396:ISSN
2361:PMID
2343:ISSN
2294:PMID
2286:ISSN
2251:PMID
2233:ISSN
2178:PMID
2135:PMID
2086:PMID
2035:PMID
2011:2019
1960:2012
1910:2012
1850:PMID
1797:PMID
1763:2012
1731:PMID
1713:ISSN
1662:ISBN
1643:2019
1612:PMID
1568:PMID
1516:PMID
1457:PMID
1414:ISBN
1383:PMID
1367:Lung
1348:PMID
1313:PMID
1257:PMID
1190:PMID
1155:PMID
1101:PMID
1052:PMID
1017:PMID
924:PMID
779:eggs
765:and
755:fish
654:MUC1
625:cold
474:CFTR
406:and
371:and
343:and
295:and
195:fish
179:and
164:and
132:and
85:-kÉs
3397:PEF
3377:FRC
2876:GIP
2682:HCO
2561:PMC
2551:doi
2502:PMC
2461:doi
2388:doi
2351:PMC
2333:doi
2321:106
2278:doi
2274:746
2241:PMC
2225:doi
2213:138
2170:doi
2158:149
2125:PMC
2117:doi
2076:PMC
2066:doi
2025:PMC
2015:doi
1789:doi
1721:PMC
1703:doi
1602:doi
1558:doi
1508:doi
1447:doi
1375:doi
1371:188
1340:doi
1303:PMC
1293:doi
1247:PMC
1237:doi
1225:114
1182:doi
1145:PMC
1137:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1044:doi
1007:PMC
997:doi
916:doi
904:417
715:pKa
681:of
629:flu
627:or
303:or
273:gel
265:sol
122:IgA
116:),
83:MEW
3643::
3392:CC
3382:Vt
3372:VC
2569:.
2559:.
2549:.
2537:.
2533:.
2510:.
2498:19
2496:.
2492:.
2469:.
2459:.
2451:.
2439:17
2437:.
2433:.
2410:.
2402:.
2394:.
2384:10
2382:.
2359:.
2349:.
2341:.
2331:.
2319:.
2315:.
2292:.
2284:.
2272:.
2249:.
2239:.
2231:.
2223:.
2211:.
2207:.
2184:.
2176:.
2168:.
2156:.
2133:.
2123:.
2113:42
2111:.
2107:.
2084:.
2074:.
2060:.
2056:.
2033:.
2023:.
2009:.
2005:.
1975:.
1943:,
1932:,
1925:,
1893:,
1886:,
1875:;
1844:,
1821:.
1817:.
1795:.
1785:96
1783:.
1765:.
1752:.
1729:.
1719:.
1711:.
1701:.
1689:.
1685:.
1610:.
1598:58
1596:.
1592:.
1580:^
1566:.
1554:71
1552:.
1548:.
1536:^
1522:.
1514:.
1504:21
1502:.
1490:^
1455:.
1443:99
1441:.
1437:.
1389:.
1381:.
1369:.
1346:.
1336:70
1334:.
1311:.
1301:.
1289:13
1287:.
1283:.
1269:^
1255:.
1245:.
1235:.
1223:.
1219:.
1196:.
1188:.
1178:25
1176:.
1153:.
1143:.
1131:.
1127:.
1113:^
1099:.
1089:.
1079:45
1077:.
1073:.
1050:.
1038:.
1015:.
1005:.
993:20
991:.
987:.
975:^
965:.
930:.
922:.
914:.
902:.
675:pH
660:.
608:.
315:,
225:.
201:,
197:,
193:,
187:.
175:,
152:,
108:,
64:uË
3594:)
3590:(
3569:)
3565:(
3559:)
3540:(
3173:e
3166:t
3159:v
3049:)
3040:(
2869:)
2865:(
2812:/
2684:3
2607:e
2600:t
2593:v
2577:.
2553::
2545::
2539:6
2518:.
2477:.
2463::
2455::
2445::
2418:.
2390::
2367:.
2335::
2327::
2300:.
2280::
2257:.
2227::
2219::
2192:.
2172::
2164::
2141:.
2119::
2092:.
2068::
2062:8
2041:.
2017::
1990:.
1803:.
1791::
1737:.
1705::
1697::
1691:5
1670:.
1645:.
1618:.
1604::
1574:.
1560::
1530:.
1510::
1484:.
1463:.
1449::
1422:.
1397:.
1377::
1354:.
1342::
1319:.
1295::
1263:.
1239::
1231::
1204:.
1184::
1161:.
1139::
1133:6
1107:.
1085::
1058:.
1046::
1040:6
1023:.
999::
938:.
918::
910::
713:(
359:(
76:/
73:s
70:É
67:k
61:j
58:m
55:Ë
52:/
48:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
