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size, some large species will grow in a fork, whereas some small species scramble through thin branches, other species will climb up the trunk etc. etc. The trees provide many habitats with different conditions of temperature, contact and light. In temperate places, epiphytes are most common in moist forests, such as the rainforests in
Queensland.
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better or where they can avoid struggling for light. Many mosses and lichens are epiphytes, as are approximately 10 per cent of all seed plants and ferns. Epiphytes are common in some groups of plants, such as ferns, mosses, lichens, and algae. Over half of the 20,000 species of orchids are epiphytes.
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Epiphytes are not adapted to droughts in the same way are other flora, because they don’t have access to the ground, but they still have some mechanisms to help them survive. Some become completely dormant for months at a time; many epiphytes show crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which involves
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Most epiphytic seed plants and ferns are found in tropical and subtropical rainforests because they need high humidity to survive. The areas which most epiphytes grow are the montane rainforests. Epiphytic orchids are found on many positions of the host tree, depending on species requirements and
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uptake, which in turn reduces growth and reproduction and even induces carbon loss. Higher temperatures, strain on evaporation, and contact to light cause CAM-idling, which is the epiphyte closing its stomata when it becomes stressed, that brings down the range of habitats a species can inhabit.
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Epiphytes are plants which grow above the ground, on top of other plants. They are not planted in the soil and are not parasitic (i.e. they do not feed on other plants; however, some types still damage their host in various ways). By growing on other plants, the epiphytes can reach to the light
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at night, and photo-fixing it during the day with closed stomata to reduce water loss by transpiration. They also contain absorptive plants that are capable at quickly taking up water when it is available and preventing drought when water is scarcer. CAM can be impeded by higher night-time
335:
The subfamily
Epidendroideae is divided into two clades or subgroups known as the higher epidendroids (vandoids) and the lower epidendroids. The lower epidendroids contain polyphyletic tribes, particularly the
500:. 2015. (115):p. s 665–681. Phylogenetic relationships in Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae), one of the great flowering plant radiations: progressive specialization and diversification.
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elongation or, as in the vandoids, from early anther bending. The incumbent anther forms a right angle with the column axis or is pointed backward in many genera. Most have hard
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This classification has a rather ephemeral nature and is prone to frequent revision. Changes are likely to occur as new morphological and genetic data become available.
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temperatures, dehydrated tissues, and high saturation deficits in the surrounding air, which lower the "stomata conductance" of the epiphytes, reducing the CO
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Chase, Mark W.; Cameron, Kenneth M.; Freudenstein, John V.; Pridgeon, Alec M.; Salazar, Gerardo; van den Berg, Cássio; Schuiteman, André (2015).
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239:( = monandrous), which is also fully incumbent ( = strongly convex) to suberect (= ascending towards the edges). The anther form arises from
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The
Epidendroideae are difficult to classify. They have been divided in “lower epidendroids” and “higher epidendroids”.
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Epiphyte species work biomasses are much more sensitive to different relative moisture levels than other plants.
476:. 1999. (86):p. 208–224. "A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences".
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191:. Epidendroideae is larger than all the other orchid subfamilies together, comprising more than 15,000
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A diagram showing higher and lower epidendroids and their phylogenetic relationships
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They typically contain the remaining orchids with a single, fertile
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is present. The apical part of the middle stigma lobe forms a
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A phylogenetic analysis of the
Orchidaceae - evidence from
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Orchid Tree: a phylogeny of epiphytes on the tree of life
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or of coherent pollen grains. The pollinia are with
283:are distichous or spiraling, growing on thickened
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515:"An updated classification of Orchidaceae"
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519:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
199:. Most epidendroid orchids are tropical
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496:John V. Freudenstein, Mark W. Chase.
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502:https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu253
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187:of plants in the orchid family,
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344:. The tribes are listed below:
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348:Higher epidendroids (vandoids)
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263:are entire or three-lobed; a
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472:Cameron, Kenneth M. et al.
207:. There are, however, some
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474:American Journal of Botany
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271:( = pollinium stalk). The
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48:Scientific classification
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769:Asparagales subfamilies
40:Epidendrum schomburgkii
247:, i.e. a mass of waxy
454:not placed in a tribe
565:nucleotide sequences
331:Tribe classification
16:Subfamily of orchids
365:Lower epidendroids
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703:Open Tree of Life
581:Taxon identifiers
532:10.1111/boj.12234
219:myco-heterotrophs
203:, typically with
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525:(2): 151–174.
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664:iNaturalist
613:Wikispecies
423:Sobraliinae
418:Podochileae
398:Gastrodieae
392:Epidendreae
387:Dendrobieae
342:Epidendreae
294:Description
227:mycorrhizal
205:pseudobulbs
189:Orchidaceae
173:Vandoideae
130:Subfamily:
124:Orchidaceae
114:Asparagales
91:Angiosperms
758:Categories
460:References
446:The genus
433:Tropidieae
428:Triphoreae
413:Nervilieae
403:Malaxideae
382:Collabieae
377:Calypsoeae
371:Arethuseae
354:Cymbidieae
338:Arethuseae
312:Adaptation
277:unilocular
721:100352985
541:0024-4074
449:Devogelia
408:Neottieae
257:viscidium
223:parasitic
214:Epipactis
201:epiphytes
185:subfamily
150:See text
61:Kingdom:
738:VASCAN:
716:Tropicos
682:330966-2
627:BioLib:
598:Wikidata
253:caudicle
245:pollinia
211:such as
166:Synonyms
120:Family:
104:Monocots
731:5952937
604:Q131470
359:Vandeae
303:Habitat
195:in 576
193:species
144:Tribes
138:Kostel.
110:Order:
65:Plantae
728:uBio:
708:714629
695:158332
669:738346
643:264213
630:488433
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281:leaves
279:. The
261:stigma
249:pollen
241:column
237:anther
197:genera
285:stems
273:ovary
269:stipe
230:fungi
225:upon
183:is a
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
690:NCBI
677:IPNI
656:1825
651:GRIN
638:BOLD
563:rbcL
537:ISSN
340:and
265:beak
255:and
741:272
527:doi
523:177
452:is
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