3733:
3639:
3838:
3658:
3624:
3796:
3688:
3811:
3703:
3781:
3718:
3752:
3199:
1070:
930:
3823:
120:
1337:
3191:
1279:
133:
623:
494:
1094:
943:
9367:
3769:
598:: Sympodial orchids have a front (the newest growth) and a back (the oldest growth). The plant produces a series of adjacent shoots, which grow to a certain size, bloom and then stop growing and are replaced. Sympodial orchids grow horizontally, rather than vertically, following the surface of their support. The growth continues by development of new leads, with their own leaves and roots, sprouting from or next to those of the previous year, as in
546:
3853:
3673:
3338:
297:
709:
1086:
as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forwards and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. In horticulture,
1936:. Despite their long evolutionary history on Earth, the extant orchid diversity is also inferred to have originated during the last 5 million years, with the American and Asian tropics as the geopgraphic areas exhibiting the highest speciation rates (i.e., number of speciation events per million years) on Earth.
3312:, contain approximately 1700 and 2000 species, respectively, and are often extremely vegetatively diverse. The primary use of the term is among orchid hobbyists wishing to describe unusual species they grow, though it is also used to distinguish naturally occurring orchid species from horticulturally created
5020:
Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Bogarín, Diego; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Ackerman, James D.; Balbuena, Juan A.; Bellot, Sidonie; Bühlmann, Roland P.; Cabrera, Betsaida; Cano, Jose
Aguilar; Charitonidou, Martha; Chomicki, Guillaume; Clements, Mark A.; Cribb, Phillip; Fernández, Melania; Flanagan, Nicola S.
1085:
In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following sequence: when the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther,
5068:
Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Liu, Ke-Wei; Li, Zhen; Lohaus, Rolf; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; Niu, Shan-Ce; Wang, Jie-Yu; Lin, Yao-Cheng; Xu, Qing; Chen, Li-Jun; Yoshida, Kouki; Fujiwara, Sumire; Wang, Zhi-Wen; Zhang, Yong-Qiang; Mitsuda, Nobutaka; Wang, Meina; Liu, Guo-Hui; Pecoraro, Lorenzo; Huang, Hui-Xia; Xiao, Xin-Ju;
4823:
Givnish, Thomas J.; Spalink, Daniel; Ames, Mercedes; Lyon, Stephanie P.; Hunter, Steven J.; Zuluaga, Alejandro; Iles, William J.D.; Clements, Mark A.; Arroyo, Mary T.K.; Leebens-Mack, James; Endara, Lorena; Kriebel, Ricardo; Neubig, Kurt M.; Whitten, W. Mark; Williams, Norris H.; Cameron, Kenneth M.
749:
With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often called a backbulb. Backbulbs still hold nutrition for the plant, but then a pseudobulb usually takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off, too. A pseudobulb
3903:
of wild orchids at lower altitudes (350-400 m above sea level), 1000 endangered orchid plants of 16 genera and 29 species were translocated to higher elevation (approximately 1000 m above sea level). After relocation the 5 year survival of low and wide elevation species did not significantly differ
1923:
orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Since this subfamily occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical
America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant
704:
The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients for epiphytic orchids mainly come from mineral dust, organic detritus, animal droppings and other substances collecting among on their supporting surfaces.
1016:
systems, thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods, rendering unpollinated flowers long-lasting in cultivation. Most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass. Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of ovules can be
1176:
have been observed to leave their territories periodically to forage for aromatic compounds, such as cineole, to synthesize pheromone for attracting and mating with females. Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper
1110:, especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The caudicles may dry up if the flower has not been visited by any pollinator, and the pollinia then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise, the anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in
2988:. These abbreviations consist of at least one character, but may be longer. As opposed to the usual one-letter abbreviations used for names of genera, orchid abbreviations uniquely determine the (notho)genus. They are widely used in cultivation. Examples are
3291:
Orchids of all types have also often been sought by collectors of both species and hybrids. Many hundreds of societies and clubs worldwide have been established. These can be small, local clubs, or larger, national organisations such as the
3299:
The term "botanical orchid" loosely denotes those small-flowered, tropical orchids belonging to several genera that do not fit into the "florist" orchid category. A few of these genera contain enormous numbers of species. Some, such as
4968:
701:, has the function of absorbing humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance. In some orchids, the velamen includes spongy and fibrous bodies near the passage cells, called tilosomes.
1269:
playing a substantial role in successful reproduction appears minimal. Within certain petite orchid species groups, there is a noteworthy preparation of female gametes for fertilization preceding the act of pollination.
4651:
801:
The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the
578:: The stem grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year, and the stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several metres in length, as in
2898:
Orchid species hybridize readily in cultivation, leading to a large number of hybrids with complex naming. Hybridization is possible across genera, and therefore many cultivated orchids are placed into
3606:
during one of his festivals the
Bacchanalia and is then killed and transformed into an orchid flower as punishment by the gods, paralleling the various myths of youths dying and becoming flowers, like
5466:
Gebauer, Gerhard; Meyer, M. (October 2003). "15 N and 13 C natural abundance of autotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association".
4878:
Santiago R. Ramírez; Barbara
Gravendeel; Rodrigo B. Singer; Charles R. Marshall; Naomi E. Pierce (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator".
4609:
746:
species have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length; some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves.
4961:
1349:
As the chance for a seed to meet a suitable fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into adult plants. In cultivation, germination typically takes weeks.
3174:, but were formerly (incorrectly) described as saprophytes as it was believed they gained their nutrition by breaking down organic matter. While only a few species are achlorophyllous
3732:
1301:
are generally almost microscopic and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule. After ripening, they blow off like dust particles or spores. Most orchid species lack
3837:
728:
The pseudobulb typically has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves, and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in some small species of
3896:
3638:
3623:
3657:
4639:
1129:. This occurs when the anther changes from a solid to a liquid state and directly contacts the stigma surface without the aid of any pollinating agent or floral assembly.
4784:"The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic"
3795:
3687:
5842:
Liu, Hong; Feng, Chang-Lin; Chen, Bao-Shan; Wang, Zhong-Sheng; Xie, Xiao-Qing; Deng, Zheng-Hai; Wei, Xin-Lian; Liu, Shi-Yong; Zhang, Zi-Bin; Luo, Yi-Bo (June 2012).
3931:
5509:
Pecoraro, L.; Girlanda, M.; Kull, T.; Perini, C.; Perotto, S. (1 December 2012). "Molecular identification of root fungal associates in Orchis pauciflora Tenore".
5320:
5296:
3879:
sp. are listed in CITES Appendix I meaning that commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens is prohibited and all other trade is strictly controlled.
778:. Leaves may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate, and very variable in size on the individual plant. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally
6083:
714:
3875:(CITES), meaning that international trade (including in their parts/derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system. A smaller number of orchids such as
2984:
As a unique feature of the orchid family, a system of abbreviations exists that applies to names of genera and nothogenera. The system is maintained by the
5069:
Lin, Min; Wu, Xin-Yi; Wu, Wan-Lin; Chen, You-Yi; Chang, Song-Bin; Sakamoto, Shingo; Ohme-Takagi, Masaru; Yagi, Masafumi; Zeng, Si-Jin; et al. (2017).
4782:
Guillaume
Chomicki; Luc P.R. Bidel; Feng Ming; Mario Coiro; Xuan Zhang; Yaofeng Wang; Yves Baissac; Christian Jay-Allemand & Susanne S. Renner (2015).
3178:, all orchids are myco-heterotrophic during germination and seedling growth, and even photosynthetic adult plants may continue to obtain carbon from their
2968:
750:
typically lives for about five years. Orchids without noticeable pseudobulbs are also said to have growths, an individual component of a sympodial plant.
5741:
4617:
3182:
fungi. The symbiosis is typically maintained throughout the lifetime of the orchid because they depend on the fungus for nutrients, sugars and minerals.
4014:
Early western district (Vic.) settler gives account of local
Aboriginal people gathering potato orchid tubers, digging where bandicoots had scratched.
898:(coralroot orchids) lack leaves altogether and instead wrap their roots around the roots of mature trees and use specialized fungi to harvest sugars.
1908:(2001), the overall biogeography and phylogenetic patterns of Orchidaceae show they are even older and may go back roughly 100 million years.
4669:"Evidence for mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in the rare European mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum , Orchidaceae (ghost orchid)"
4243:
1090:
is achieved by removing the pollinia with a small instrument such as a toothpick from the pollen parent and transferring them to the seed parent.
9636:
6012:
5359:
3810:
1391:
or jars which are then autoclaved (or cooked in a pressure cooker) to sterilize the medium. After cooking, the medium begins to gel as it cools.
1359:
for germination and greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. The usual medium for the sowing of orchids in artificial conditions is
1409:
of this family is in constant flux, as new studies continue to clarify the relationships between species and groups of species, allowing more
1319:
during germination and reliant upon fungi to complete their lifecycles. Only a handful of orchid species have seed that can germinate without
9675:
6142:
5388:
Jonathan R. Leake (2005). "Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the 'saprophytic' plant myth".
3702:
3751:
680:. One is used as a food reserve for wintry periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops.
9842:
4557:
Zimmermann, Yvonne; Roubik, David W.; Eltz, Thomas (19 July 2006). "Species-specific attraction to pheromonal analogues in orchid bees".
813:
The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is, they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves as in
6112:
3590:
in Rome, until now the only known instance of orchids in ancient art, and the earliest in
European art. A French writer and agronomist,
3780:
1928:
is estimated at 60 to 70 million years). Recent biogeographic studies conducted on densely sampled phylogenies indicated that the
5889:
914:. The three sepals and two of the petals are often similar to each other but one petal is usually highly modified, forming a "lip" or
3822:
3717:
1836:
has hypothesised that the origin of the orchids goes back much longer than originally expected. An extinct species of stingless bee,
9584:
6190:
5714:
5351:
3296:. Both serve to encourage cultivation and collection of orchids, but some go further by concentrating on conservation or research.
975:
that are attached to a sticky disc near the top of the column. Just below the pollinia is a second, larger sticky plate called the
5688:
9649:
9597:
5333:
3994:
4667:
Krawczyk, Emilia; Rojek, Joanna; Kowalkowska, Agnieszka K.; Kapusta, Małgorzata; Znaniecka, Joanna; Minasiewicz, Julita (2016).
1915:
method, it was possible to determine the age of the major branches of the orchid family. This also confirmed that the subfamily
5129:
1355:
techniques have been devised for germinating orchid seeds on an artificial nutrient medium, eliminating the requirement of the
1062:
in the illustration above), or on the point of the sepals, or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the
9447:
5792:
5650:
5252:
5196:
5171:
5001:
608:
may start its growth again from a so-called 'eye', an undeveloped bud, thereby branching. Sympodial orchids may have visible
5844:"Overcoming extreme weather challenges: Successful but variable assisted colonization of wild orchids in southwestern China"
3264:, but quite a few that grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include
1140:, and has the function of trapping visiting insects. The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor.
9654:
1367:
energy source. The carbohydrate source can be combinations of discrete sugars or can be derived from other sources such as
926:. The labellum functions to attract insects, and in resupinate flowers, also acts as a landing stage, or sometimes a trap.
5213:
4988:(2001). "The origin and biogeography of Orchidaceae". In A. M. Pridgeon; P. J. Cribb; M. W. Chase; F. Rasmussen (eds.).
3614:; this myth however does not appear any earlier than Liger, and is not part of traditional Greek and Roman mythologies.
3372:
The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage
721:
The base of the stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form a
4334:
838:
are light brownish-green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of
5308:
4522:
Kimsey Lynn Siri (1980). "The behaviour of male orchid bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and the question of leks".
4306:
Field guide to the orchids of
Western Australia : the definitive guide to the native orchids of Western Australia
3256:
The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are
6135:
4313:
4285:
4053:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
5821:
5349:
9809:
9778:
6001:
9680:
9623:
5923:
4362:
3449:
9742:
1953:
There are around 800 genera of orchids. The following are amongst the most notable genera of the orchid family:
9773:
4178:
505:
Orchids are easily distinguished from other plants, as they share some very evident derived characteristics or
5755:
3971:, the Victorian era of flower madness in which collecting and discovering orchids reached extraordinary levels
1265:
exhibits a dual reproductive strategy, engaging in both sexual and asexual seed production. The likelihood of
9662:
6169:
3958:
1400:
5572:"Why Do Floral Perfumes Become Different? Region-Specific Selection on Floral Scent in a Terrestrial Orchid"
5417:
Sathiyadash, Kullaiyan; Muthukumar, Thangavelu; Uma, Eswaranpillai; Pandey, Radha Raman (1 September 2012).
3448:. Wild stands of these plants can still be found in the same areas as early Aboriginal settlements, such as
2976:
Guiseppi. The name of the grex ("Guiseppi" in this example) is written in a non-italic font without quotes.
1857:, on its wings. This find is the first evidence of fossilised orchids to date and shows insects were active
9370:
6195:
6185:
6128:
3979:
5843:
510:
9475:
9470:
9452:
9434:
6054:
6034:
5927:
5919:
5776:
4877:
3320:
2985:
1929:
1897:
Genetic sequencing indicates orchids may have arisen earlier, 76 to 84 million years ago during the
810:
to retain their necessary water supply. Shade-loving species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves.
4110:
132:
9737:
9566:
9540:
6042:
6020:
5990:
4726:
Conservation of select South
African Disa Berg. Species (Orchidaceae) through in vitro seed germination
4251:
3974:
3493:
1948:
1216:
After pollination, the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary.
832:") orchid, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of
208:
9729:
6061:
3672:
2922:. Nothogenera based on at least three genera may have names based on a person's name with the suffix
1050:) to perform pollination. The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species,
9814:
9690:
9602:
6050:
6030:
5275:
3963:
3241:
3027:
850:
736:
384:
3203:
6180:
5350:
Melissa
Whitman; Michael Medler; Jean Jacques Randriamanindry; Elisabeth Rabakonandrianina (2011).
3472:
Orchids have many associations with symbolic values. For example, the orchid is the City Flower of
1008:
2838:
1443:
of 1998. It represents the view that most botanists had held up to that time. It was supported by
9561:
4993:
4739:
Kurzweil, H. (September 1993). "Seed morphology in Southern African Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae)".
3293:
1633:
1020:
Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. However, some
24:
9716:
9535:
9387:
6015:, 29,572 species supplied by World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (R. Govaerts & al.)
5746:
5643:
Koorie Plants, Koorie People: Traditional Aboriginal Food, Fibre and Healing Plants of Victoria
5070:
3515:
3457:
3278:
3198:
1932:
of all extant orchids probably originated somewhere 83 million years ago in the supercontinent
1451:
1221:
1121:
1112:
993:
5163:
5156:
4142:
918:. In most orchid genera, as the flower develops, it undergoes a twisting through 180°, called
9711:
9641:
9425:
6087:
5784:
5780:
4613:
3852:
3768:
3611:
3525:
3129:
Orchidaceae) are terrestrial and can be found in habitat areas such as grasslands or forest.
1879:
1149:, the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape, and odour which attracts male insects via
865:
551:
473:. Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species into cultivation in the 19th century,
9703:
5022:
693:
that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy
9553:
9496:
5855:
5583:
5518:
5430:
5390:
5085:
4887:
4748:
4566:
4476:
4187:
3989:
3566:
3444:
3404:, "fox testicles", but it appears more likely the name comes directly from the Arabic name
3284:
3237:
1189:
5666:
3148:, so are unable to photosynthesise. Instead, these species obtain energy and nutrients by
1181:
854:
is a pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The jewel orchid (
8:
9576:
3505:
3272:
3061:
2957:
2956:
Cultivated hybrids in the orchid family are also special in that they are named by using
1504:: 5 genera and 130 species, from the temperate regions of the world, as well as tropical
1315:
that provide them the necessary nutrients to germinate, so almost all orchid species are
1166:
683:
In warm and constantly humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs.
9527:
6120:
5976:
5859:
5587:
5522:
5434:
5089:
4891:
4752:
4570:
4480:
4191:
2904:
1153:
of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.
9796:
9548:
9210:
8428:
8320:
7944:
6431:
6175:
6106:
6072:
5996:
5692:
5606:
5571:
5552:
5491:
5106:
4911:
4852:
4825:
4764:
4701:
4668:
4590:
4539:
4499:
4464:
4436:
4385:
4211:
3909:
3599:
3464:
had scratched in search of the tubers after detecting the plants underground by scent.
3353:
2554:
1853:
1406:
1261:
1253:, through the accumulation of growth hormones at that point. These shoots are known as
824:
694:
518:
452:
127:
5352:"Conservation of Madagascar's granite outcrop orchids: influence of fire and moisture"
4535:
1209:, actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a
1038:
spp.) solely via a floral chemical which simultaneously acts as a floral reward (e.g.
9698:
9483:
9167:
8966:
8518:
8378:
8307:
8230:
8111:
7997:
7914:
7279:
6270:
6206:
5871:
5788:
5646:
5611:
5544:
5483:
5479:
5448:
5248:
5192:
5167:
5111:
5050:
5042:
4997:
4903:
4857:
4805:
4706:
4688:
4582:
4504:
4309:
4281:
4203:
4199:
4069:
4052:
3944:
3421:
3319:
New orchids are registered with the International Orchid Register, maintained by the
3245:
3153:
3031:
2962:
2575:
1891:
1641:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1069:
915:
839:
388:
6024:
5556:
5495:
4781:
4768:
4594:
4543:
4440:
4215:
9837:
9801:
9051:
9041:
9001:
8981:
8757:
8687:
8662:
8609:
8383:
8373:
8136:
8073:
8017:
7992:
7738:
7643:
7610:
7400:
7314:
7309:
7284:
7185:
7147:
7055:
6719:
6582:
6557:
6552:
6345:
6262:
5863:
5601:
5591:
5534:
5526:
5475:
5438:
5399:
5368:
5101:
5093:
5034:
4942:
4915:
4895:
4847:
4837:
4795:
4756:
4696:
4680:
4574:
4531:
4494:
4484:
4428:
4195:
4122:
4074:
4064:
3984:
3952:
3905:
3758:
3561:
3539:
3484:
3478:
3313:
3171:
3057:
2750:
2687:
2547:
2113:
2106:
1832:
1444:
1126:
1107:
1087:
935:
636:
562:
478:
402:
Orchidaceae is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, along with the
323:
314:
5334:"Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names"
5230:
4826:"Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification"
4411:
Tan K.H.; Nishida R. (2000). "Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid,
1160:, which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize
734:, it is no longer than two millimeters, while in the largest orchid in the world,
9788:
9488:
9439:
9332:
9119:
8986:
8971:
8551:
8438:
8418:
8413:
8403:
8368:
8184:
8179:
7979:
7949:
7919:
7803:
7768:
7728:
7703:
7693:
7653:
7405:
7294:
7177:
7152:
7047:
7019:
7009:
6802:
6772:
6714:
6699:
6562:
6388:
6295:
6152:
5867:
5770:
5596:
5530:
5443:
5418:
4972:
4655:
4489:
3379:
3347:
3175:
3157:
3096:
2823:
2785:
2603:
2435:
2386:
2323:
2211:
1980:
1912:
1898:
1733:
1500:
1418:
1287:
1172:
1133:
976:
964:
948:
923:
791:
627:
586:
559:
447:
380:
259:
170:
109:
9667:
4947:
4930:
3125:, growing on rocks or very rocky soil. Other orchids (including the majority of
2887:
119:
9765:
9324:
9314:
9296:
9268:
9230:
9220:
9172:
9139:
9129:
9124:
9046:
8996:
8943:
8928:
8813:
8727:
8667:
8657:
8561:
8463:
8398:
8388:
8348:
8330:
8131:
8058:
7846:
7808:
7763:
7698:
7673:
7648:
7592:
7506:
7274:
7221:
7157:
7014:
6906:
6883:
6845:
6822:
6812:
6615:
6477:
6416:
6280:
5985:
4127:
3913:
3892:
3426:
3266:
3190:
2875:
2820:
2064:
2050:
1757:
1685:
1558:
1472:
1425:
1414:
1336:
1278:
1206:
1098:
1055:
1039:
1003:
960:
911:
882:
782:
on the stem, often folded lengthwise along the centre ("plicate"), and have no
267:
251:
157:
20:
6099:
5403:
5373:
4578:
4432:
2929:
929:
9831:
9306:
9235:
9205:
9182:
9177:
9162:
9114:
9081:
9076:
9011:
8805:
8790:
8737:
8717:
8677:
8672:
8652:
8614:
8566:
8513:
8503:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8423:
8338:
8315:
8297:
8265:
8250:
8212:
8116:
8096:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7934:
7929:
7909:
7894:
7856:
7851:
7798:
7788:
7783:
7733:
7713:
7688:
7678:
7579:
7501:
7481:
7420:
7415:
7395:
7329:
7299:
7259:
7167:
7162:
7109:
6979:
6941:
6916:
6888:
6873:
6817:
6797:
6792:
6709:
6676:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6607:
6597:
6587:
6567:
6537:
6469:
6436:
6426:
6393:
6383:
6373:
6242:
6224:
6156:
6005:
5954:
5875:
5548:
5452:
5046:
4985:
4692:
4586:
4465:"The anther steps onto the stigma for self-fertilization in a slipper orchid"
3968:
3598:
published in 1704, attributing it to the ancient Greeks and Romans, in which
3302:
3043:
3038:. The world's richest diversity of orchid genera and species is found in the
2943:
2833:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2694:
2659:
2610:
2582:
2540:
2533:
2498:
2239:
2134:
1902:
1535:
1534:: 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern
1384:
1352:
1341:
1309:
1246:
877:
844:
834:
807:
677:
441:
395:. The world's richest diversity of orchid genera and species is found in the
236:
183:
73:
4304:
Brown, Andrew; Dixon, Kingsley; French, Christopher; Brockman, Gary (2013).
622:
9755:
9410:
9245:
9240:
9225:
9215:
9154:
9036:
9021:
8991:
8948:
8938:
8892:
8869:
8859:
8831:
8732:
8712:
8682:
8624:
8571:
8493:
8448:
8408:
8363:
8353:
8343:
8235:
8204:
8169:
8154:
8068:
8063:
7969:
7723:
7718:
7683:
7663:
7638:
7625:
7615:
7587:
7544:
7539:
7496:
7463:
7448:
7410:
7387:
7324:
7319:
7304:
7269:
7251:
7203:
7142:
7137:
7129:
7004:
6964:
6898:
6878:
6868:
6860:
6827:
6787:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6666:
6661:
6625:
6542:
6421:
6378:
6275:
6252:
6216:
6065:
5615:
5487:
5115:
5054:
4907:
4861:
4842:
4809:
4710:
4638:
Matthew Blanchard, Roberto Lopez, Erik Runkle, PhD, and Yin-Tung Wang, PhD
4508:
4207:
3926:
3366:
3308:
3140:
2994:
2860:
2743:
2701:
2652:
2568:
2365:
2316:
2302:
2232:
2197:
1987:
1916:
1887:
1874:
1866:
1774:
1709:
1664:
1653:
1629:
1576:
1530:
1364:
1324:
1074:
1022:
919:
894:
886:
871:
819:, shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs.
803:
795:
771:
730:
506:
474:
463:
423:
283:
275:
3438:
produce potato-like tubers and were consumed as food by native peoples in
2883:
9610:
9419:
9200:
9096:
9056:
9031:
9026:
9016:
8884:
8874:
8864:
8846:
8795:
8747:
8742:
8722:
8702:
8629:
8556:
8498:
8453:
8393:
8358:
8255:
8245:
8189:
8101:
8040:
8035:
7987:
7959:
7939:
7899:
7881:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7748:
7743:
7708:
7602:
7559:
7534:
7458:
7430:
7425:
7264:
7241:
7226:
7195:
7114:
6989:
6969:
6931:
6782:
6777:
6754:
6739:
6681:
6671:
6577:
6572:
6524:
6441:
6365:
6350:
6327:
6322:
6247:
6234:
5970:
5966:
5811:
4684:
4111:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
3888:
3591:
3145:
3052:
3014:
2900:
2806:
2680:
2673:
2631:
2617:
2589:
2505:
2456:
2295:
2288:
2246:
2162:
2127:
2015:
1870:
1432:
1421:
1294:
by three or six longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends.
1137:
1093:
1063:
1013:
779:
690:
514:
493:
418:
193:
48:
9462:
6029:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
5097:
4899:
9283:
9273:
9250:
9134:
9071:
9006:
8933:
8910:
8836:
8782:
8692:
8546:
8533:
8508:
8488:
8240:
8222:
8194:
8164:
8159:
8091:
8050:
8027:
7964:
7954:
7904:
7889:
7818:
7773:
7758:
7668:
7569:
7549:
7511:
7491:
7213:
7119:
6999:
6984:
6974:
6704:
6653:
6592:
6547:
6398:
6355:
6314:
6305:
5715:"List of Assam State Symbols | State Animal| State Flower | State Tree"
4760:
4079:
3900:
3510:
3261:
3179:
3167:
3162:
3149:
3122:
2960:
nomenclature, rather than nothospecies. For instance, hybrids between
2912:
2722:
2666:
2638:
2596:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2407:
2393:
2337:
2309:
2267:
2183:
2169:
2155:
2057:
1959:
1920:
1858:
1440:
1388:
1250:
1184:
1157:
1034:
1028:
829:
742:
722:
609:
574:
435:
429:
403:
216:
93:
58:
6018:
5539:
5269:
5038:
5019:
4800:
4783:
1924:
biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of
545:
9615:
9522:
9509:
9291:
9260:
9192:
9061:
8920:
8902:
8854:
8823:
8752:
8697:
8634:
8619:
8604:
8541:
8523:
8458:
8433:
8270:
8174:
8126:
8106:
7753:
7658:
7633:
7104:
7096:
6994:
6959:
6936:
6926:
6911:
6850:
6807:
6767:
6744:
6514:
6446:
6337:
4463:
Chen LJ, Liu KW, Xiao XJ, Tsai WC, Hsiao YY, Huang J, Liu ZJ (2012).
3912:
might be a viable conservation tool for orchid species endangered by
3586:
3544:
3500:
3461:
3453:
3439:
3434:
3337:
3126:
3116:
3047:
2729:
2645:
2624:
2428:
2400:
2344:
2281:
2274:
2260:
2218:
2120:
2099:
2071:
2029:
2008:
1994:
1966:
1645:
1562:: more than 500 genera and more or less 20,000 species, cosmopolitan
1436:
1372:
1302:
1291:
1201:
1161:
1079:
1047:
972:
815:
594:
98:
42:
9628:
9589:
9381:
2924:
942:
822:
The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of
9750:
9404:
9144:
9066:
8976:
8958:
8707:
8644:
8596:
8586:
8443:
8260:
8146:
8121:
8083:
7924:
7793:
7778:
7564:
7554:
7529:
7486:
7453:
7362:
7289:
7086:
7069:
6921:
6837:
6691:
6506:
6496:
6408:
6076:
4928:
3603:
3520:
3489:
3473:
3384:
3233:
3211:
3099:
2949:
2937:
2918:
2852:
2715:
2708:
2512:
2491:
2484:
2414:
2379:
2358:
2330:
2253:
2225:
2204:
2176:
2148:
2085:
2043:
2022:
1939:
Genome duplication occurred prior to the divergence of this taxon.
1933:
1637:
1505:
1447:
1266:
999:
686:
641:
632:
600:
482:
469:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
9514:
4173:
1305:
in their seed and must enter symbiotic relationships with various
1143:
In some extremely specialized orchids, such as the Eurasian genus
955:
The reproductive parts of an orchid flower are unique in that the
9106:
8772:
7871:
7826:
7521:
7473:
7440:
7354:
7078:
7024:
6532:
6013:
World checklist of Orchidaceae species from the Catalogue of Life
4108:
3648:
3362:
3332:
3257:
3216:
3134:
3111:
3067:
The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution:
3039:
3035:
2799:
2449:
2442:
2372:
2190:
2141:
2092:
2078:
2036:
2001:
1841:
1649:
1150:
856:
783:
759:
698:
650:
614:
605:
417:
The Orchidaceae family encompasses about 6–11% of all species of
407:
396:
392:
103:
78:
3412:. The similarity in appearance to testes naturally accounts for
1282:
Cross-sections of orchid capsules showing the longitudinal slits
860:) is grown more for its colorful leaves than its white flowers.
767:
7377:
7344:
6951:
4666:
4174:"Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation"
3607:
3552:
3530:
3393:
3358:
2828:
2792:
2736:
2561:
2526:
2519:
2421:
1973:
1884:
1848:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1145:
1051:
1043:
968:
956:
787:
672:
666:
566:
530:
526:
457:
383:
with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are
230:
224:
6105:
5416:
2855:", because of the shape of the twin tubers in some species of
1847:
from about 15-20 million years ago. The bee was carrying
1387:. After the preparation of the agar medium, it is poured into
708:
356:
296:
9724:
9501:
5817:
3872:
3575:
3374:
3229:
3107:
3004:
2845:
2836:
2778:
1844:
1417:
to be recognized. The Orchidaceae is currently placed in the
1376:
1312:
1254:
907:
661:. The root caps of terrestrial orchids are smooth and white.
658:
580:
522:
411:
144:
6094:
4308:. Floreat, W.A.: Simon Nevill Publications. pp. 16–17.
3209:("BLC") Paradise Jewel 'Flame' hybrid orchid. Blooms of the
998:
The complex mechanisms that orchids have evolved to achieve
329:
4931:"Orchids from the past, with a new species in Baltic amber"
4280:(3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. p. 13.
3103:
2351:
1660:
1477:
1410:
1360:
1298:
1210:
775:
763:
654:
635:; the small size, compared to a one-Euro coin, and the two
534:
371:
365:
350:
344:
5508:
4050:
3882:
3543:
has a white variety (alba) that is the national flower of
1078:
pollinia (orange) attached to a toothpick with its sticky
848:), is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Also,
6150:
4171:
3932:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1656:
1194:
335:
5321:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
5297:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
4873:
4871:
4303:
3584:
Orchids native to the Mediterranean are depicted on the
1245:, produce offshoots or plantlets formed from one of the
6116:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 170–172.
4830:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3873:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
2953:. (The suffix is obligatory starting at four genera.)
689:
orchids, those that grow upon a support, have modified
4822:
3871:
Almost all orchids are included in Appendix II of the
618:, which creeps along the top or just beneath the soil.
5158:
Breve Diccionario Etimológico de la Lengua Castellana
5015:
5013:
4868:
4250:. Silvercrown Mountain Outdoor School. Archived from
3160:
with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as
885:
and lack normally developed leaves, as do all of the
725:
that contains nutrients and water for drier periods.
362:
347:
332:
326:
4966:
orchid genome by BAC sequence analysis" (pdf format)
4556:
3602:
the son of a nymph and a satyr rapes a priestess of
3406:
3398:
2826:(i.e. the genus after which the family is named) is
569:
structure. They can grow according to two patterns:
341:
5419:"Mycorrhizal association and morphology in orchids"
5071:"The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids"
2910:is used for all hybrids of species from the genera
338:
16:
Family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales
6019:Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
5645:. Koorie Heritage Trust Incorporated. p. 38.
5268:
5189:Plants and their names : a concise dictionary
5155:
5130:"Orchidaceae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
5010:
4410:
1187:orchid growing entirely underground in Australia,
1012:(1862). Orchids have developed highly specialized
971:grains are contained in one or two bundles called
5387:
4610:"World's first night-flowering orchid discovered"
4109:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
3908:was at only 10%. From this it was concluded that
3460:located the plants in habitat by observing where
3357:), are commercially important as a flavouring in
967:. Instead of being released singly, thousands of
9829:
5569:
5067:
4521:
4023:The symbolic (or even religious) meaning of the
1156:Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male
740:(giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Some
5951:Hidden Beauty – The Orchids of the Saale Valley
5841:
5622:
4462:
1197:and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it.
7046:
5995:Note that this website has been superseded by
5153:
4929:George Poinar, Jr.; Finn N. Rasmussen (2017).
2859:. The term "orchid" was introduced in 1845 by
461:, and many commonly cultivated plants such as
406:. It contains about 28,000 currently accepted
6136:
5212:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
5186:
4984:
3432:Some saprophytic orchid species of the group
3248:) to identify potential fragrance chemicals.
3156:. The fungi involved include those that form
1580:: 208 genera and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan
6468:
6026:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
5967:Citizen science observations for Orchidaceae
5806:
5804:
5465:
5211:
4276:Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (August 2011).
4275:
4096:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
4046:
4044:
3442:and can be successfully cultivated, notably
1193:, is never exposed to light, and depends on
664:Some sympodial terrestrial orchids, such as
5570:Gross, K.; Sun, M; Schiestl, F. P. (2016).
3574:is the state flower of the Indian state of
1345:seedling on a sphagnum leaf, on a thumbtack
963:are joined to form a single structure, the
368:
353:
6143:
6129:
5924:"Search The International Orchid Register"
4607:
4241:
4147:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3086:Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera
1919:is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the
1865:, has been placed within the extant tribe
1213:, knocking the pollinator off the flower.
549:Germinating seeds of the temperate orchid
295:
118:
5801:
5605:
5595:
5538:
5442:
5372:
5105:
4946:
4851:
4841:
4799:
4700:
4498:
4488:
4271:
4269:
4172:Yohan Pillon & Mark W. Chase (2007).
4126:
4078:
4068:
4041:
3482:is the national Venezuelan flower, while
3345:The dried seed pods of one orchid genus,
1476:: 2 genera and 16 species, south-eastern
521:flowers, a nearly always highly modified
304:Distribution range of family Orchidaceae
5768:
5640:
5299:9th edition (2016), Article H.6 and H.7.
4935:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
4738:
4723:
4392:. University of Hawaii Botany Department
4337:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
4329:
4327:
4325:
4057:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3930:are not toxic to pets, according to the
3596:Le Jardinier Fleuriste et Historiographe
3594:, invented a classical myth in his book
3336:
3197:
3189:
1335:
1277:
1092:
1068:
941:
928:
707:
621:
544:
492:
8584:
5739:
5242:
5187:Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995).
4299:
4297:
3995:List of taxa named after human genitals
3883:Assisted migration as conservation tool
1450:, but never received strong support in
1228:
1106:Some orchids mainly or totally rely on
9830:
7353:
5691:. Government of Belize. Archived from
5023:"The origin and speciation of orchids"
4360:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4266:
3846:Pernel George Barnett 'Yankee Clipper'
1861:of orchids then. This extinct orchid,
1851:of a previously unknown orchid taxon,
1323:, namely the species within the genus
1225:was discovered to flower nocturnally.
1164:attractants. Males of such species as
922:, so that the labellum lies below the
828:, a semiterrestrial or rock-hugging ("
604:. While a new lead is developing, the
387:plants that are found in almost every
9386:
9385:
7342:
6124:
6095:The Global Orchid Information Network
5231:Online Etymology Dictionary, "orchid"
4992:. Genera Orchidacearum. Vol. 2.
4322:
3565:), or 'the flor del Espiritu Santo'.
3467:
3232:of orchids is frequently analysed by
2882:was used for some orchids, based on "
1663:, a topology that was confirmed by a
910:, three petals and a three-chambered
379:), a diverse and widespread group of
9779:8b0d8fd4-1b56-449f-a2de-2b153e84399c
9730:FE514B44-9E44-C00B-FEF3-F9BC6F23EBAD
9691:f0c1993e-e036-4074-bdae-936c9854ef2b
4419:fruit flies via a floral synomone".
4383:
4294:
4248:Orchids in Northern Washington State
4232:. (Meredith Publishing Group) p. 12.
4093:
3152:soil fungi through the formation of
3042:, but they are also found above the
1286:The ovary typically develops into a
1233:Some species, such as in the genera
842:from tropical and subtropical Asia (
5918:
5628:
5245:A Dictionary of English Plant Names
5191:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4559:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
4349:
4051:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3215:alliance are often used in ladies'
3077:tropical America: 212 to 250 genera
1273:
13:
9843:Extant Campanian first appearances
9743:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000046-2
5824:from the original on 14 April 2012
5309:Brassavola Guiseppi Casa Luna 1968
4228:Nash, N., and Frownie, S. (2008).
3392:has been claimed to come from the
3083:tropical Africa: 230 to 270 genera
1830:A study in the scientific journal
1026:species attract male fruit flies (
445:(1,000 species). It also includes
14:
9854:
5960:
5769:Endersby, Jim (7 November 2016).
5641:Zola, Nellie; Gott, Beth (1992).
3416:being considered an aphrodisiac.
1877:). An even older orchid species,
540:
9366:
9365:
5943:
5480:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00872.x
4384:Carr, Gerald (30 October 2005).
4200:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x
4070:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
3851:
3836:
3821:
3809:
3794:
3779:
3767:
3750:
3731:
3716:
3701:
3686:
3671:
3656:
3637:
3632:Mrs. Mahler 'Mem. Fred Tompkins'
3622:
3114:and subtropics. Species such as
3080:tropical Asia: 260 to 300 genera
2979:
2903:. For instance, the nothogenus
2832:. The genus name comes from the
1439:below was made according to the
881:depend on their green roots for
762:, orchids generally have simple
477:have produced more than 100,000
322:
131:
46:
6078:Flora of the Western Australian
5911:
5882:
5835:
5762:
5733:
5707:
5681:
5659:
5634:
5563:
5502:
5459:
5410:
5381:
5343:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5261:
5236:
5224:
5205:
5180:
5147:
5122:
5061:
4978:
4955:
4922:
4816:
4775:
4741:Plant Systematics and Evolution
4732:
4717:
4660:
4632:
4608:Tom Lawrie (23 November 2010).
4601:
4550:
4515:
4456:
4404:
4377:
4365:. Brasilian Orchid Organisation
4278:Orchids of South-West Australia
4017:
4008:
3866:
3450:Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
3251:
3021:
1205:, a genus discussed briefly by
982:
4235:
4222:
4165:
4135:
4102:
4087:
3666:Hawaiian Wedding Song 'Virgin'
3074:North America: 20 to 26 genera
987:
790:bodies called stegmata in the
488:
313:are plants that belong to the
1:
6100:Orchid Conservation Coalition
5890:"Phalaenopsis Orchid | ASPCA"
5423:Journal of Plant Interactions
4536:10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80088-1
4335:"Structure of orchid flowers"
4094:Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961).
4034:
3959:Orchid Conservation Coalition
3897:Yachang Orchid Nature Reserve
3170:. These orchids are known as
1401:Taxonomy of the Orchid family
1088:artificial orchid pollination
6007:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
5868:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.018
5740:Lobelli, Jarrett A. (2012).
5597:10.1371/journal.pone.0147975
5531:10.1080/11263504.2011.634447
5444:10.1080/17429145.2012.699105
4724:Thompson, David Ian (2003).
4490:10.1371/journal.pone.0037478
3980:Orchids of Western Australia
3899:. In response to threats of
3223:
3194:As decoration in a flowerpot
3030:, occurring in almost every
2814:
1825:
794:sheaths (not present in the
7:
6055:Harvard University Herbaria
6035:Harvard University Herbaria
5928:Royal Horticultural Society
5777:University of Chicago Press
4421:Journal of Chemical Ecology
4242:Jenny King (10 June 2011).
3937:
3919:
3533:, where it is known as the
3425:are used to flavour rum on
3407:
3399:
3321:Royal Horticultural Society
2986:Royal Horticultural Society
1930:most recent common ancestor
1394:
786:. Orchid leaves often have
649:Terrestrial orchids may be
10:
9859:
5991:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5772:Orchid: A Cultural History
5220:. Perseus Digital Library.
4386:"Flowering Plant Families"
4128:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3975:Orchids of the Philippines
3804:Marjorie Hausermann 'York'
3696:Hawaiian Variable 'Prasan'
3555:'s national flower is the
3529:is the national flower of
3519:is the national flower of
3509:is the national flower of
3499:is the national flower of
3488:is the national flower of
3330:
3095:A majority of orchids are
3090:
2893:
2837:
1949:List of Orchidaceae genera
1946:
1398:
1102:is about to self-pollinate
991:
906:Orchid flowers have three
901:
18:
9394:
9361:
9323:
9305:
9282:
9259:
9191:
9153:
9105:
9094:
8957:
8919:
8901:
8883:
8845:
8822:
8804:
8781:
8770:
8643:
8595:
8532:
8329:
8306:
8295:
8221:
8203:
8145:
8082:
8049:
8026:
7978:
7880:
7869:
7817:
7624:
7601:
7578:
7520:
7472:
7439:
7386:
7375:
7371:
7250:
7239:
7212:
7194:
7176:
7128:
7095:
7077:
7068:
7037:
6950:
6897:
6859:
6836:
6753:
6690:
6652:
6624:
6606:
6523:
6505:
6490:
6459:
6407:
6364:
6336:
6313:
6304:
6293:
6261:
6233:
6215:
6204:
6164:
6051:Missouri Botanical Garden
6049:– via eFloras.org,
6031:Missouri Botanical Garden
5404:10.1017/S0269915X05003046
5374:10.15517/lank.v11i1.18315
5276:Oxford English Dictionary
4948:10.1093/botlinnean/bow018
4579:10.1007/s00265-006-0227-8
4230:Complete guide to orchids
4027:orchids is not yet known.
3964:Orchid Pavilion Gathering
3904:and the mortality due to
3288:(common spotted orchid).
3242:gas-liquid chromatography
3102:, which grow anchored to
2867:, as a shortened form of
1942:
1883:, was described from the
1771:
1754:
1747:
1730:
1723:
1706:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1573:
1555:
1548:
1527:
1520:
1497:
1490:
1469:
1462:
851:Phalaenopsis schilleriana
753:
737:Grammatophyllum speciosum
639:tuberoids typical of the
421:. The largest genera are
303:
294:
248:
243:
222:
215:
128:Scientific classification
126:
117:
34:
4001:
3071:Oceania: 50 to 70 genera
2886:" meaning testicle and "
1894:& Rasmussen (2017).
1667:study in the same year.
1009:Fertilisation of Orchids
835:Psychopsiella limminghei
676:, have two subterranean
565:that lack any permanent
9786:Watson & Dallwitz:
6113:Encyclopædia Britannica
5848:Biological Conservation
5754:(1): 16. Archived from
5742:"The Emperor's orchids"
5218:A Greek-English Lexicon
5154:Joan Corominas (1980).
4994:Oxford University Press
4433:10.1023/A:1005477926244
3891:was constructed at the
3326:
3294:American Orchid Society
3282:(pyramidal orchid) and
3185:
2972:are placed in the grex
2846:
1840:, was found trapped in
410:distributed across 763
25:Orchid (disambiguation)
6053:, St. Louis, MO &
6033:, St. Louis, MO &
5247:. London: Allen Lane.
5162:. Ed. Gredos. p.
4843:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553
4728:. University of Natal.
4654:June 27, 2010, at the
4363:"Anatomy of an Orchid"
4244:"The coralroot orchid"
4098:. G. & C. Merriam.
3516:Rhyncholaelia digbyana
3342:
3279:Anacamptis pyramidalis
3220:
3195:
3132:Some orchids, such as
2851:), literally meaning "
1518: Monandrae
1452:molecular phylogenetic
1346:
1283:
1222:Bulbophyllum nocturnum
1122:Paphiopedilum parishii
1113:Holcoglossum amesianum
1103:
1082:
994:Pollination of orchids
952:
939:
863:Some orchids, such as
806:are covered by a waxy
718:
646:
555:
533:, and extremely small
502:
23:. For other uses, see
9712:Paleobiology Database
5270:"bollock, n. and adj"
5134:www.sciencedirect.com
4990:Orchidoideae (Part 1)
4971:20 March 2014 at the
4614:Australian Geographic
4390:Vascular Plant Family
3829:Rhyncholaeliocattleya
3679:Rhyncholaeliocattleya
3578:where it is known as
3526:Prosthechea cochleata
3340:
3331:Further information:
3201:
3193:
3050:, and two species of
1880:Succinanthera baltica
1838:Proplebeia dominicana
1339:
1281:
1096:
1072:
1054:may be produced in a
1002:were investigated by
945:
932:
892:Orchids of the genus
866:Dendrophylax lindenii
711:
645:genus are highlighted
625:
552:Anacamptis coriophora
548:
496:
6089:Flora of New Zealand
5813:The CITES Appendices
5758:on 17 December 2012.
5243:Grigson, G. (1973).
4962:"An overview of the
4179:Conservation Biology
3990:Black rot on orchids
3924:Plants in the genus
3547:, commonly known as
3445:Gastrodia sesamoides
3419:The dried leaves of
3341:Vanilla fruit drying
3285:Dactylorhiza fuchsii
3238:headspace technology
3206:Brassolaeliocattleya
1632:study showed strong
1435:are recognised. The
1363:gel combined with a
1229:Asexual reproduction
1190:Rhizanthella slateri
1132:The labellum of the
715:Prosthechea fragrans
439:(1,400 species) and
5860:2012BCons.150...68L
5775:. Chicago, London:
5719:assamyellowpage.com
5588:2016PLoSO..1147975G
5523:2012PBios.146..985P
5435:2012JPlaI...7..238S
5098:10.1038/nature23897
5090:2017Natur.549..379Z
4900:10.1038/nature06039
4892:2007Natur.448.1042R
4753:1993PSyEv.185..229K
4650:ORCHIDS APRIL 2007
4620:on 30 November 2011
4571:2006BEcoS..60..833Z
4481:2012PLoSO...737478C
4413:Bulbophyllum patens
4361:Zimmermann, Pedro.
4192:2007ConBi..21..263P
3831:'Nobile's carnival'
3816:'Miva Breeze Alize'
3762:'Empress Frederick'
3506:Guarianthe skinneri
3276:(fragrant orchid),
3273:Gymnadenia conopsea
1634:statistical support
1177:cross-pollination.
1167:Euglossa imperialis
1119:The slipper orchid
798:) and are fibrous.
509:. Among these are:
19:For the color, see
9211:Pentaphragmataceae
8429:Stegnospermataceae
8321:Berberidopsidaceae
7945:Pentadiplandraceae
6432:Atherospermataceae
5997:World Flora Online
5695:on 12 October 2007
5689:"National Symbols"
5667:"Simbolos Patrios"
5323:9th edition, 2016.
4836:(1814): 20151553.
4761:10.1007/BF00937660
4685:10.1093/aob/mcw084
4640:"Growing the Best
4254:on 21 October 2011
3910:assisted migration
3726:Beaumesnil 'Parme'
3468:Cultural symbolism
3458:Aboriginal peoples
3354:Vanilla planifolia
3343:
3221:
3196:
3154:orchid mycorrhizae
2969:Brassavola acaulis
1854:Meliorchis caribea
1636:for the following
1508:and tropical Asia
1347:
1284:
1262:Epipogium aphyllum
1138:poke bonnet-shaped
1127:self-fertilization
1104:
1083:
953:
946:Labelled image of
940:
933:Labelled image of
825:Macodes sanderiana
719:
647:
556:
525:(labellum), fused
511:bilateral symmetry
503:
455:), the type genus
451:(the genus of the
9825:
9824:
9699:Open Tree of Life
9388:Taxon identifiers
9379:
9378:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9168:Cardiopteridaceae
9090:
9089:
8967:Plocospermataceae
8766:
8765:
8580:
8579:
8519:Anacampserotaceae
8379:Ancistrocladaceae
8308:Berberidopsidales
8291:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8231:Biebersteiniaceae
8112:Sphaerosepalaceae
7998:Strasburgeriaceae
7915:Setchellanthaceae
7865:
7864:
7338:
7337:
7280:Cercidiphyllaceae
7235:
7234:
7064:
7063:
7033:
7032:
6486:
6485:
6455:
6454:
6289:
6288:
6271:Austrobaileyaceae
6067:Flora of Zimbabwe
5794:978-0-226-37632-5
5652:978-1-875606-10-8
5254:978-0-7139-0442-0
5198:978-0-19-866189-4
5173:978-84-249-1332-8
5084:(7672): 379–383.
5039:10.1111/nph.19580
5003:978-0-19-850710-9
4801:10.1111/nph.13106
3741:Chocolate Drop x
3557:Holy Ghost orchid
3422:Jumellea fragrans
3382:mastic ice cream
3246:mass spectrometry
3172:myco-heterotrophs
2963:Brassavola nodosa
2890:" meaning plant.
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1317:mycoheterotrophic
1058:of the labellum (
1006:and described in
1000:cross-pollination
433:(1,500 species),
427:(2,000 species),
308:
307:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
211:
9850:
9818:
9817:
9805:
9804:
9792:
9791:
9782:
9781:
9769:
9768:
9759:
9758:
9746:
9745:
9733:
9732:
9720:
9719:
9707:
9706:
9694:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9671:
9670:
9668:NBNSYS0000160580
9658:
9657:
9645:
9644:
9632:
9631:
9619:
9618:
9606:
9605:
9593:
9592:
9580:
9579:
9570:
9569:
9557:
9556:
9544:
9543:
9531:
9530:
9518:
9517:
9505:
9504:
9492:
9491:
9479:
9478:
9466:
9465:
9456:
9455:
9443:
9442:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9383:
9382:
9369:
9368:
9103:
9102:
9052:Thomandersiaceae
9042:Lentibulariaceae
9002:Scrophulariaceae
8982:Tetrachondraceae
8779:
8778:
8768:
8767:
8758:Mitrastemonaceae
8688:Pentaphylacaceae
8663:Tetrameristaceae
8610:Hydrostachyaceae
8593:
8592:
8582:
8581:
8384:Rhabdodendraceae
8374:Dioncophyllaceae
8304:
8303:
8137:Dipterocarpaceae
8074:Dipentodontaceae
8018:Crossosomataceae
7993:Geissolomataceae
7878:
7877:
7739:Chrysobalanaceae
7644:Ctenolophonaceae
7611:Lepidobotryaceae
7401:Anisophylleaceae
7384:
7383:
7373:
7372:
7351:
7350:
7340:
7339:
7315:Tetracarpaeaceae
7310:Aphanopetalaceae
7285:Daphniphyllaceae
7248:
7247:
7237:
7236:
7186:Trochodendraceae
7148:Circaeasteraceae
7075:
7074:
7056:Ceratophyllaceae
7044:
7043:
6720:Alstroemeriaceae
6583:Potamogetonaceae
6558:Scheuchzeriaceae
6553:Hydrocharitaceae
6503:
6502:
6466:
6465:
6346:Aristolochiaceae
6311:
6310:
6302:
6301:
6263:Austrobaileyales
6213:
6212:
6209:
6207:Basalangiosperms
6191:Acrogymnospermae
6153:flowering plants
6145:
6138:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6058:
6057:, Cambridge, MA.
6038:
6037:, Cambridge, MA.
5994:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5808:
5799:
5798:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5599:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5542:
5511:Plant Biosystems
5506:
5500:
5499:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5446:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5356:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5272:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5161:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5075:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5017:
5008:
5007:
4996:. pp. 1–5.
4982:
4976:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4886:(7157): 1042–5.
4875:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4845:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4794:(3): 1330–1341.
4779:
4773:
4772:
4747:(3–4): 229–247.
4736:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4673:Annals of Botany
4664:
4658:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4616:. Archived from
4605:
4599:
4598:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4524:Animal Behaviour
4519:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4460:
4454:
4444:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4358:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4048:
4028:
4021:
4015:
4012:
3985:Shangsi Festival
3953:The Orchid Thief
3906:transplant shock
3855:
3840:
3825:
3813:
3798:
3783:
3771:
3759:Cattleya mossiae
3754:
3735:
3720:
3705:
3690:
3675:
3660:
3641:
3626:
3562:Peristeria elata
3540:Lycaste skinneri
3485:Cattleya trianae
3479:Cattleya mossiae
3410:
3402:
3400:ḥasyu al-tha‘lab
3365:manufacture and
3058:Macquarie Island
3026:Orchidaceae are
2849:
2842:
2841:
2548:Paraphalaenopsis
1750:
1749:
1726:
1725:
1702:
1701:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1551:
1550:
1523:
1522:
1493:
1492:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1310:basidiomyceteous
1274:Fruits and seeds
1108:self-pollination
936:Caladenia alpina
869:(ghost orchid),
857:Ludisia discolor
774:have reticulate
770:, although some
558:All orchids are
391:on Earth except
381:flowering plants
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
299:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
207:
136:
135:
122:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
9858:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9813:
9808:
9800:
9795:
9787:
9785:
9777:
9772:
9764:
9762:
9754:
9749:
9741:
9736:
9728:
9723:
9715:
9710:
9702:
9697:
9689:
9687:
9679:
9674:
9666:
9661:
9653:
9648:
9640:
9635:
9627:
9622:
9614:
9609:
9601:
9596:
9588:
9583:
9575:
9573:
9565:
9560:
9552:
9547:
9539:
9534:
9526:
9521:
9513:
9508:
9500:
9495:
9487:
9482:
9474:
9469:
9461:
9459:
9451:
9446:
9438:
9433:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9390:
9380:
9375:
9337:
9333:Paracryphiaceae
9319:
9301:
9278:
9255:
9187:
9149:
9120:Torricelliaceae
9099:
9086:
8987:Calceolariaceae
8972:Carlemanniaceae
8953:
8915:
8897:
8879:
8841:
8818:
8800:
8775:
8762:
8639:
8589:
8576:
8552:Balanophoraceae
8528:
8439:Lophiocarpaceae
8419:Achatocarpaceae
8414:Caryophyllaceae
8404:Macarthuriaceae
8369:Drosophyllaceae
8325:
8300:
8275:
8217:
8199:
8185:Crypteroniaceae
8180:Melastomataceae
8141:
8078:
8045:
8022:
7980:Crossosomatales
7974:
7950:Gyrostemonaceae
7920:Koeberliniaceae
7874:
7861:
7813:
7804:Picrodendraceae
7769:Lacistemataceae
7729:Dichapetalaceae
7704:Centroplacaceae
7694:Lophopyxidaceae
7654:Erythroxylaceae
7620:
7597:
7574:
7516:
7468:
7435:
7406:Corynocarpaceae
7380:
7367:
7347:
7334:
7295:Grossulariaceae
7244:
7231:
7208:
7190:
7178:Trochodendrales
7172:
7153:Lardizabalaceae
7124:
7091:
7060:
7048:Ceratophyllales
7039:Ceratophyllidae
7029:
7020:Ecdeiocoleaceae
7010:Flagellariaceae
6946:
6893:
6855:
6832:
6803:Tecophilaeaceae
6773:Blandfordiaceae
6749:
6715:Petermanniaceae
6700:Campynemataceae
6686:
6648:
6620:
6602:
6563:Aponogetonaceae
6519:
6494:
6482:
6451:
6403:
6389:Himantandraceae
6360:
6332:
6298:
6296:Mesangiospermae
6285:
6257:
6229:
6205:
6200:
6181:Marchantiophyta
6160:
6149:
6107:"Orchids"
6104:
6041:
5975:
5963:
5946:
5941:
5932:
5930:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5840:
5836:
5827:
5825:
5810:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5767:
5763:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5582:(2): e0147975.
5568:
5564:
5507:
5503:
5468:New Phytologist
5464:
5460:
5415:
5411:
5386:
5382:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5027:New Phytologist
5018:
5011:
5004:
4983:
4979:
4973:Wayback Machine
4960:
4956:
4927:
4923:
4876:
4869:
4821:
4817:
4788:New Phytologist
4780:
4776:
4737:
4733:
4722:
4718:
4665:
4661:
4656:Wayback Machine
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4606:
4602:
4555:
4551:
4530:(4): 996–1004.
4520:
4516:
4461:
4457:
4449::1161-1172 and
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4359:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4323:
4316:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4274:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4240:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4170:
4166:
4151:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4107:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3940:
3922:
3885:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3817:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3775:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3746:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3652:
3651:'Diamond Crown'
3642:
3633:
3627:
3470:
3335:
3329:
3254:
3226:
3188:
3158:ectomycorrhizas
3093:
3024:
2982:
2928:, for instance
2896:
2817:
2812:
2387:Grammatophyllum
1981:Acanthophippium
1951:
1945:
1913:molecular clock
1901:. According to
1899:Late Cretaceous
1828:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1734:Cypripedioideae
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1501:Cypripedioideae
1403:
1397:
1276:
1231:
1182:achlorophyllous
1173:Eulaema meriana
1134:Cypripedioideae
996:
990:
985:
949:Diuris carinata
904:
840:lady's slippers
792:vascular bundle
756:
631:, collected in
628:Neotinea lactea
543:
513:of the flower (
491:
475:horticulturists
361:
325:
321:
260:Cypripedioideae
239:
228:
206:
130:
113:
110:Late Cretaceous
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9856:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9806:
9802:wfo-7000000429
9793:
9783:
9770:
9760:
9747:
9734:
9721:
9708:
9695:
9685:
9672:
9659:
9646:
9633:
9620:
9607:
9594:
9581:
9571:
9558:
9545:
9532:
9519:
9506:
9493:
9480:
9467:
9457:
9444:
9431:
9416:
9400:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9325:Paracryphiales
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9315:Escalloniaceae
9311:
9309:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9297:Caprifoliaceae
9294:
9288:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9269:Columelliaceae
9265:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9231:Argophyllaceae
9228:
9223:
9221:Alseuosmiaceae
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9197:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9173:Phyllonomaceae
9170:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9140:Myodocarpaceae
9137:
9132:
9130:Pittosporaceae
9127:
9125:Griseliniaceae
9122:
9117:
9111:
9109:
9100:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9047:Schlegeliaceae
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8997:Plantaginaceae
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8963:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8944:Sphenocleaceae
8941:
8936:
8931:
8929:Convolvulaceae
8925:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8907:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8889:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8851:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8828:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8814:Metteniusaceae
8810:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8776:
8771:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8728:Sarraceniaceae
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8668:Fouquieriaceae
8665:
8660:
8658:Marcgraviaceae
8655:
8649:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8599:
8590:
8585:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8562:Misodendraceae
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8464:Phytolaccaceae
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8399:Asteropeiaceae
8396:
8391:
8389:Simmondsiaceae
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8349:Plumbaginaceae
8346:
8341:
8335:
8333:
8331:Caryophyllales
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8312:
8310:
8301:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8132:Sarcolaenaceae
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8088:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:Gerrardinaceae
8055:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7884:
7875:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7847:Elaeocarpaceae
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7823:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7809:Phyllanthaceae
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7764:Passifloraceae
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7699:Putranjivaceae
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7674:Calophyllaceae
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7649:Rhizophoraceae
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7607:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7593:Zygophyllaceae
7590:
7584:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7507:Ticodendraceae
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7478:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7381:
7376:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7348:
7343:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7275:Hamamelidaceae
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7254:
7245:
7240:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7222:Myrothamnaceae
7218:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7158:Menispermaceae
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7083:
7081:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7015:Joinvilleaceae
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6907:Strelitziaceae
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6884:Pontederiaceae
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6846:Dasypogonaceae
6842:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6823:Amaryllidaceae
6820:
6815:
6813:Xeronemataceae
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6616:Petrosaviaceae
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6500:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6478:Chloranthaceae
6474:
6472:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6417:Calycanthaceae
6413:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6281:Schisandraceae
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6210:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6186:Polypodiophyta
6183:
6178:
6173:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6148:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:at the online
6081:
6075:at the online
6070:
6064:at the online
6059:
6047:Flora of China
6039:
6016:
6010:
5999:
5986:The Plant List
5973:
5962:
5961:External links
5959:
5958:
5957:
5953:, directed by
5945:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5881:
5834:
5800:
5793:
5761:
5732:
5721:. 1 March 2012
5706:
5680:
5658:
5651:
5633:
5621:
5562:
5517:(4): 985–991.
5501:
5474:(1): 209–223.
5458:
5429:(3): 238–247.
5409:
5398:(3): 113–122.
5380:
5342:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5289:
5260:
5253:
5235:
5223:
5204:
5197:
5179:
5172:
5146:
5121:
5060:
5033:(2): 700–716.
5021:(April 2024).
5009:
5002:
4977:
4954:
4941:(3): 327–333.
4921:
4867:
4815:
4774:
4731:
4716:
4679:(1): 159–172.
4659:
4631:
4600:
4565:(6): 833–843.
4549:
4514:
4455:
4427:(2): 533–546.
4403:
4376:
4348:
4321:
4314:
4293:
4286:
4265:
4234:
4221:
4186:(1): 263–265.
4164:
4160:External links
4134:
4121:(3): 201–217.
4101:
4086:
4063:(2): 105–121.
4039:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3921:
3918:
3914:climate change
3893:Hongshui River
3884:
3881:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3618:Some cultivars
3469:
3466:
3427:Reunion Island
3328:
3325:
3270:(bee orchid),
3267:Ophrys apifera
3253:
3250:
3225:
3222:
3187:
3184:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3046:, in southern
3023:
3020:
2981:
2978:
2907:Brassocattleya
2895:
2892:
2876:Middle English
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2065:Ancistrochilus
2061:
2054:
2051:Agrostophyllum
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1947:Main article:
1944:
1941:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:Epidendroideae
1753:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:Apostasioideae
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1640:of the orchid
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1559:Epidendroideae
1554:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1473:Apostasioideae
1468:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1426:APG III system
1399:Main article:
1396:
1393:
1275:
1272:
1230:
1227:
1125:reproduces by
1099:Ophrys apifera
1040:methyl eugenol
1004:Charles Darwin
992:Main article:
989:
986:
984:
981:
903:
900:
883:photosynthesis
768:parallel veins
755:
752:
712:Pseudobulb of
678:tuberous roots
620:
619:
591:
542:
541:Stem and roots
539:
507:synapomorphies
490:
487:
306:
305:
301:
300:
292:
291:
290:
289:
281:
273:
268:Epidendroideae
265:
257:
252:Apostasioideae
246:
245:
241:
240:
229:
220:
219:
213:
212:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
161:
160:
155:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
115:
114:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
21:Orchid (color)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9855:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9816:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9780:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9761:
9757:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9458:
9454:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9436:
9432:
9427:
9421:
9417:
9412:
9406:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9384:
9372:
9364:
9363:
9360:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9307:Escalloniales
9304:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9236:Menyanthaceae
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9206:Campanulaceae
9204:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9184:
9183:Aquifoliaceae
9181:
9179:
9178:Helwingiaceae
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9163:Stemonuraceae
9161:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9152:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9115:Pennantiaceae
9113:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9093:
9083:
9082:Orobanchaceae
9080:
9078:
9077:Paulowniaceae
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9012:Linderniaceae
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8806:Metteniusales
8803:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8791:Oncothecaceae
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8769:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8738:Actinidiaceae
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8718:Diapensiaceae
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8678:Lecythidaceae
8676:
8674:
8673:Polemoniaceae
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8653:Balsaminaceae
8651:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8615:Hydrangeaceae
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8583:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8567:Schoepfiaceae
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8514:Portulacaceae
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8504:Halophytaceae
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8484:Molluginaceae
8482:
8480:
8479:Nyctaginaceae
8477:
8475:
8474:Sarcobataceae
8472:
8470:
8469:Petiveriaceae
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8424:Amaranthaceae
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8339:Frankeniaceae
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8316:Aextoxicaceae
8314:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8298:Superasterids
8294:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8266:Simaroubaceae
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8251:Anacardiaceae
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8213:Picramniaceae
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8117:Thymelaeaceae
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8097:Muntingiaceae
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8025:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Stachyuraceae
8011:
8009:
8008:Guamatelaceae
8006:
8004:
8003:Staphyleaceae
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7935:Emblingiaceae
7933:
7931:
7930:Salvadoraceae
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7910:Limnanthaceae
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7895:Tropaeolaceae
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7868:
7858:
7857:Brunelliaceae
7855:
7853:
7852:Cephalotaceae
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7799:Ixonanthaceae
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7789:Euphorbiaceae
7787:
7785:
7784:Rafflesiaceae
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7734:Euphroniaceae
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7714:Malpighiaceae
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7689:Caryocaraceae
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7679:Podostemaceae
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7580:Zygophyllales
7577:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7502:Casuarinaceae
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7482:Nothofagaceae
7480:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7421:Tetramelaceae
7419:
7417:
7416:Cucurbitaceae
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7396:Apodanthaceae
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7341:
7331:
7330:Cynomoriaceae
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7300:Saxifragaceae
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:Peridiscaceae
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7238:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7168:Ranunculaceae
7166:
7164:
7163:Berberidaceae
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7110:Nelumbonaceae
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:Eriocaulaceae
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6942:Zingiberaceae
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Heliconiaceae
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6889:Haemodoraceae
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Commelinaceae
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Asphodelaceae
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:Ixioliriaceae
6796:
6794:
6793:Doryanthaceae
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6710:Melanthiaceae
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6677:Cyclanthaceae
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6644:Dioscoreaceae
6642:
6640:
6639:Burmanniaceae
6637:
6635:
6634:Nartheciaceae
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6608:Petrosaviales
6605:
6599:
6598:Cymodoceaceae
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6588:Posidoniaceae
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6568:Juncaginaceae
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6538:Tofieldiaceae
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6470:Chloranthales
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Chloranthidae
6458:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Hernandiaceae
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:Gomortegaceae
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6394:Eupomatiaceae
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Degeneriaceae
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Myristicaceae
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6292:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Hydatellaceae
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6225:Amborellaceae
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6115:
6114:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6043:"Orchidaceae"
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6021:"Orchidaceae"
6017:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5955:David Cebulla
5952:
5948:
5947:
5944:Documentaries
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5895:
5894:www.aspca.org
5891:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5805:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5668:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:Lankesteriana
5353:
5346:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5150:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5014:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4986:Mark W. Chase
4981:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:(5): e37478.
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4453:(3): 509-519.
4452:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4315:9780980348149
4311:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4287:9780646562322
4283:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4026:
4020:
4011:
4007:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:Orchidelirium
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3877:Paphiopedilum
3874:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3745:Pão de Açúcar
3744:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3711:Barbara Belle
3710:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:Rhynchostylis
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3551:(White Nun).
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:Pleurothallis
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:holoparasites
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3044:Arctic Circle
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2980:Abbreviations
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:Odontoglossum
2940:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:School Botany
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2834:Ancient Greek
2831:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2772:Trichoglottis
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:Trichocentrum
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:Seidenfadenia
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:Rhynchostylis
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:Pleurothallis
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:Phragmipedium
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:Papilionanthe
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:Paphiopedilum
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:Odontoglossum
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:Cirrhopetalum
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:Australorchis
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:Mark W. Chase
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:North America
1533:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:morphological
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:coconut water
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:Horticultural
1350:
1344:
1343:
1342:Disa uniflora
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
995:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
950:
944:
938:
937:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
899:
897:
896:
890:
888:
887:heterotrophic
884:
880:
879:
878:Taeniophyllum
874:
873:
868:
867:
861:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
846:
845:Paphiopedilum
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
826:
820:
818:
817:
811:
809:
805:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
751:
747:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
726:
724:
717:
716:
710:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:
675:
674:
669:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:
592:
589:
588:
583:
582:
577:
576:
572:
571:
570:
568:
564:
561:
554:
553:
547:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:vanilla plant
450:
449:
444:
443:
442:Pleurothallis
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
425:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
319:
316:
312:
302:
298:
293:
285:
282:
277:
274:
269:
266:
261:
258:
253:
250:
249:
247:
242:
238:
235:
232:
227:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:Tracheophytes
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
111:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
26:
22:
9395:
9246:Calyceraceae
9241:Goodeniaceae
9226:Phellinaceae
9216:Stylidiaceae
9155:Aquifoliales
9037:Bignoniaceae
9022:Martyniaceae
8992:Gesneriaceae
8949:Hydroleaceae
8939:Montiniaceae
8893:Boraginaceae
8870:Gelsemiaceae
8860:Gentianaceae
8832:Eucommiaceae
8733:Roridulaceae
8713:Symplocaceae
8683:Sladeniaceae
8625:Curtisiaceae
8572:Loranthaceae
8494:Didiereaceae
8449:Barbeuiaceae
8409:Microteaceae
8364:Nepenthaceae
8354:Polygonaceae
8344:Tamaricaceae
8236:Nitrariaceae
8205:Picramniales
8170:Vochysiaceae
8155:Combretaceae
8069:Tapisciaceae
8064:Petenaeaceae
7970:Brassicaceae
7724:Trigoniaceae
7719:Balanopaceae
7684:Hypericaceae
7664:Bonnetiaceae
7639:Irvingiaceae
7626:Malpighiales
7616:Celastraceae
7588:Krameriaceae
7545:Elaeagnaceae
7540:Dirachmaceae
7497:Juglandaceae
7464:Polygalaceae
7449:Quillajaceae
7411:Coriariaceae
7388:Cucurbitales
7325:Haloragaceae
7320:Penthoraceae
7305:Crassulaceae
7270:Altingiaceae
7252:Saxifragales
7204:Dilleniaceae
7143:Papaveraceae
7138:Eupteleaceae
7130:Ranunculales
7038:
7005:Restionaceae
6965:Bromeliaceae
6899:Zingiberales
6879:Philydraceae
6869:Hanguanaceae
6861:Commelinales
6828:Asparagaceae
6788:Hypoxidaceae
6762:
6735:Ripogonaceae
6730:Philesiaceae
6725:Colchicaceae
6667:Velloziaceae
6662:Triuridaceae
6626:Dioscoreales
6543:Alismataceae
6491:
6460:
6422:Siparunaceae
6379:Magnoliaceae
6276:Trimeniaceae
6253:Nymphaeaceae
6217:Amborellales
6196:Angiospermae
6151:Families of
6111:
6088:
6077:
6066:
6046:
6025:
6006:
5984:
5978:
5950:
5931:. Retrieved
5912:Bibliography
5897:. Retrieved
5893:
5884:
5854:(1): 68–75.
5851:
5847:
5837:
5826:, retrieved
5812:
5771:
5764:
5756:the original
5751:
5745:
5735:
5723:. Retrieved
5718:
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5693:the original
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5669:(in Spanish)
5661:
5642:
5636:
5624:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5367:(1): 55–67.
5364:
5358:
5345:
5328:
5316:
5311:, BlueNanta.
5304:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5274:
5263:
5244:
5238:
5226:
5217:
5207:
5188:
5182:
5157:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5133:
5124:
5081:
5077:
5063:
5030:
5026:
4989:
4980:
4964:Phalaenopsis
4963:
4957:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4883:
4879:
4833:
4829:
4818:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4725:
4719:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4647:
4642:Phalaenopsis
4641:
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4618:the original
4603:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4389:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4339:. Retrieved
4305:
4277:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4247:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4183:
4177:
4167:
4159:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:
4137:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4060:
4056:
4024:
4019:
4010:
3951:
3945:
3927:Phalaenopsis
3925:
3923:
3887:In 2006 the
3886:
3876:
3870:
3867:Conservation
3858:
3843:
3828:
3801:
3789:Little Angel
3786:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3723:
3708:
3693:
3678:
3663:
3644:
3629:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3549:Monja Blanca
3548:
3538:
3535:black orchid
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3497:Miss Joaquim
3494:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3367:aromatherapy
3352:
3351:(especially
3346:
3344:
3318:
3309:Bulbophyllum
3307:
3301:
3298:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3255:
3252:Horticulture
3227:
3210:
3205:
3161:
3150:parasitising
3141:Corallorhiza
3139:
3133:
3131:
3115:
3094:
3066:
3051:
3028:cosmopolitan
3025:
3022:Distribution
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:Phalaenopsis
2993:
2989:
2983:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2861:John Lindley
2856:
2844:
2827:
2818:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2744:Thrixspermum
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2702:Selenipedium
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2653:Restrepiella
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2569:Phalaenopsis
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2366:Gastrochilus
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2303:Dactylorhiza
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2233:Chiloschista
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2198:Bulbophyllum
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1988:Aceratorchis
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1938:
1925:
1917:Vanilloideae
1910:
1905:
1896:
1888:Baltic amber
1878:
1875:Orchidoideae
1867:Cranichideae
1862:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1775:Orchidoideae
1773:
1772:
1756:
1755:
1732:
1731:
1710:Vanilloideae
1708:
1707:
1684:
1683:
1665:phylogenomic
1630:phylogenetic
1627:
1577:Orchidoideae
1575:
1574:
1557:
1556:
1531:Vanilloideae
1529:
1528:
1499:
1498:
1471:
1470:
1430:
1404:
1365:carbohydrate
1351:
1348:
1340:
1331:hydrochorous
1325:
1296:
1285:
1260:
1259:
1242:
1238:
1235:Phalaenopsis
1234:
1232:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1084:
1075:Phalaenopsis
1073:
1059:
1042:, raspberry
1033:
1027:
1023:Bulbophyllum
1021:
1019:
1017:fertilized.
1007:
997:
983:Reproduction
954:
947:
934:
920:resupination
905:
895:Corallorhiza
893:
891:
876:
872:Aphyllorchis
870:
864:
862:
855:
849:
843:
833:
823:
821:
814:
812:
800:
796:Orchidoideae
772:Vanilloideae
757:
748:
741:
735:
731:Bulbophyllum
729:
727:
720:
713:
703:
691:aerial roots
685:
682:
671:
665:
663:
648:
640:
626:
613:
612:joined by a
599:
593:
585:
579:
573:
557:
550:
515:zygomorphism
504:
499:Phalaenopsis
498:
468:
464:Phalaenopsis
462:
456:
446:
440:
434:
428:
424:Bulbophyllum
422:
416:
401:
385:cosmopolitan
317:
310:
309:
284:Vanilloideae
276:Orchidoideae
244:Subfamilies
233:
223:
203:
177:
164:
151:
29:
9611:iNaturalist
9577:orchidaceae
9554:Orchidaceae
9453:Orchidaceae
9426:Orchidaceae
9420:Wikispecies
9396:Orchidaceae
9201:Rousseaceae
9097:Campanulids
9057:Verbenaceae
9032:Acanthaceae
9027:Pedaliaceae
9017:Byblidaceae
8885:Boraginales
8875:Apocynaceae
8865:Loganiaceae
8847:Gentianales
8796:Icacinaceae
8748:Cyrillaceae
8743:Clethraceae
8723:Styracaceae
8703:Primulaceae
8630:Grubbiaceae
8557:Santalaceae
8499:Basellaceae
8454:Gisekiaceae
8394:Physenaceae
8359:Droseraceae
8256:Sapindaceae
8246:Burseraceae
8190:Alzateaceae
8102:Neuradaceae
8041:Francoaceae
8036:Geraniaceae
7988:Aphloiaceae
7960:Capparaceae
7940:Tovariaceae
7900:Moringaceae
7882:Brassicales
7842:Cunoniaceae
7837:Oxalidaceae
7832:Connaraceae
7749:Achariaceae
7744:Humiriaceae
7709:Elatinaceae
7603:Celastrales
7560:Cannabaceae
7535:Barbeyaceae
7459:Surianaceae
7431:Begoniaceae
7426:Datiscaceae
7265:Paeoniaceae
7242:Superrosids
7227:Gunneraceae
7196:Dilleniales
7115:Platanaceae
6990:Thurniaceae
6970:Rapateaceae
6932:Marantaceae
6783:Lanariaceae
6778:Asteliaceae
6763:Orchidaceae
6755:Asparagales
6740:Smilacaceae
6682:Pandanaceae
6672:Stemonaceae
6578:Zosteraceae
6573:Maundiaceae
6525:Alismatales
6442:Monimiaceae
6366:Magnoliales
6351:Saururaceae
6328:Winteraceae
6323:Canellaceae
6306:Magnoliidae
6248:Cabombaceae
6235:Nymphaeales
6168:Supergroup
6084:Orchidaceae
6073:Orchidaceae
6062:Orchidaceae
6002:Orchidaceae
5979:Orchidaceae
5971:iNaturalist
5933:28 November
5779:. pp.
5747:Archaeology
4648:WWW.AOS.ORG
4080:10654/18083
3950:, based on
3895:, near the
3889:Longtan Dam
3859:Cattlianthe
3739:Cattlianthe
3709:Cattlianthe
3592:Louis Liger
3580:Kopou Phul.
3396:expression
3388:. The name
3262:subtropical
3180:mycorrhizal
3168:saprotrophs
3146:chlorophyll
3123:lithophytes
3053:Nematoceras
3034:apart from
3015:Cleisostoma
2901:nothogenera
2880:bollockwort
2878:, the name
2869:Orchidaceae
2807:Zygopetalum
2681:Sarcochilus
2674:Saccolabium
2632:Pterostylis
2618:Pomatocalpa
2590:Platanthera
2506:Oeceoclades
2457:Masdevallia
2296:Cypripedium
2289:Cyrtopodium
2247:Cleisostoma
2163:Beloglottis
2128:Ascoglossum
1873:(subfamily
1871:Goodyerinae
1869:, subtribe
1859:pollinators
1628:In 2015, a
1433:subfamilies
1422:Asparagales
1413:at several
1307:mycorrhizal
1185:saprophytic
1158:orchid bees
1064:Asparagales
1014:pollination
988:Pollination
697:, called a
651:rhizomatous
610:pseudobulbs
489:Description
419:seed plants
318:Orchidaceae
271:Kosteletzky
263:Kosteletzky
204:Orchidaceae
194:Asparagales
171:Angiosperms
9832:Categories
9629:30000046-2
9284:Dipsacales
9274:Bruniaceae
9251:Asteraceae
9135:Araliaceae
9072:Phrymaceae
9007:Stilbaceae
8934:Solanaceae
8911:Vahliaceae
8837:Garryaceae
8783:Icacinales
8693:Sapotaceae
8547:Opiliaceae
8534:Santalales
8509:Talinaceae
8489:Montiaceae
8241:Kirkiaceae
8223:Sapindales
8195:Penaeaceae
8165:Onagraceae
8160:Lythraceae
8092:Cytinaceae
8051:Huerteales
8028:Geraniales
7965:Cleomaceae
7955:Resedaceae
7905:Caricaceae
7890:Akaniaceae
7819:Oxalidales
7774:Salicaceae
7759:Goupiaceae
7669:Clusiaceae
7570:Urticaceae
7550:Rhamnaceae
7512:Betulaceae
7492:Myricaceae
7214:Gunnerales
7120:Proteaceae
7000:Cyperaceae
6985:Mayacaceae
6975:Xyridaceae
6705:Corsiaceae
6654:Pandanales
6593:Ruppiaceae
6548:Butomaceae
6399:Annonaceae
6356:Piperaceae
6315:Canellales
5540:2318/93116
5391:Mycologist
5282:19 January
4417:Bactrocera
4035:References
3946:Adaptation
3901:inundation
3511:Costa Rica
3462:bandicoots
3378:or in the
3163:Armillaria
2974:Brassavola
2913:Brassavola
2723:Spiranthes
2667:Roezliella
2639:Renanthera
2597:Platystele
2555:Peristeria
2478:Mexipedium
2471:Meliorchis
2464:Maxillaria
2408:Herschelia
2394:Gymnadenia
2338:Epidendrum
2310:Dendrobium
2268:Coryanthes
2184:Brassavola
2170:Biermannia
2156:Bartholina
2058:Anacamptis
1921:monandrous
1911:Using the
1863:M. caribea
1644:, using 9
1441:APG system
1389:test tubes
1379:, or even
1321:mycorrhiza
1249:along the
1239:Dendrobium
1219:In 2011,
1162:pheromonal
1035:Zeugodacus
1029:Bactrocera
830:lithophyte
758:Like most
743:Dendrobium
723:pseudobulb
575:Monopodial
519:resupinate
436:Dendrobium
430:Epidendrum
404:Asteraceae
287:Szlachetko
217:Type genus
41:80–0
9523:FloraBase
9292:Adoxaceae
9261:Bruniales
9193:Asterales
9062:Lamiaceae
8921:Solanales
8903:Vahliales
8855:Rubiaceae
8824:Garryales
8753:Ericaceae
8698:Ebenaceae
8635:Cornaceae
8620:Loasaceae
8605:Nyssaceae
8542:Olacaceae
8524:Cactaceae
8459:Aizoaceae
8434:Limeaceae
8271:Meliaceae
8175:Myrtaceae
8127:Cistaceae
8107:Malvaceae
7754:Violaceae
7659:Ochnaceae
7634:Pandaceae
7105:Sabiaceae
7097:Proteales
6995:Juncaceae
6960:Typhaceae
6937:Costaceae
6927:Cannaceae
6912:Lowiaceae
6851:Arecaceae
6808:Iridaceae
6768:Boryaceae
6745:Liliaceae
6515:Acoraceae
6447:Lauraceae
6338:Piperales
6176:Bryophyta
5899:11 August
5876:0006-3207
5549:1126-3504
5453:1742-9145
5047:0028-646X
4693:0305-7364
4587:0340-5443
4115:Phytotaxa
4025:Ara Pacis
3774:'Hermine'
3612:Narcisuss
3587:Ara Pacis
3545:Guatemala
3501:Singapore
3476:, China.
3454:Australia
3440:Australia
3435:Gastrodia
3234:perfumers
3224:Perfumery
3127:temperate
3117:Angraecum
3100:epiphytes
3097:perennial
3062:54° south
3048:Patagonia
2932:Colmanara
2815:Etymology
2730:Stanhopea
2646:Restrepia
2625:Promenaea
2576:Pholidota
2429:Lepanthes
2401:Habenaria
2345:Epipactis
2282:Cymbidium
2275:Cycnoches
2261:Coelogyne
2219:Catasetum
2121:Armodorum
2100:Aplectrum
2072:Angraecum
2030:Aeranthes
2009:Acrorchis
1995:Acianthus
1967:Abdominea
1826:Evolution
1454:studies.
1437:cladogram
1428:of 2009.
1383:puree or
1373:pineapple
1303:endosperm
1292:dehiscent
1202:Catasetum
1080:viscidium
1048:zingerone
889:species.
816:Catasetum
788:siliceous
780:alternate
695:epidermis
687:Epiphytic
595:Sympodial
560:perennial
483:cultivars
255:Horaninov
141:Kingdom:
112:– Present
9789:orchidac
9774:VicFlora
9763:VASCAN:
9756:42000388
9751:Tropicos
9460:BioLib:
9405:Wikidata
9371:Category
9145:Apiaceae
9067:Mazaceae
8977:Oleaceae
8959:Lamiales
8708:Theaceae
8645:Ericales
8597:Cornales
8587:Asterids
8444:Kewaceae
8261:Rutaceae
8147:Myrtales
8122:Bixaceae
8084:Malvales
7925:Bataceae
7794:Linaceae
7779:Peraceae
7565:Moraceae
7555:Ulmaceae
7530:Rosaceae
7487:Fagaceae
7454:Fabaceae
7363:Vitaceae
7290:Iteaceae
7087:Buxaceae
7070:Eudicots
6922:Musaceae
6838:Arecales
6692:Liliales
6507:Acorales
6497:Monocots
6409:Laurales
5922:(2016).
5828:16 April
5822:archived
5629:RHS 2016
5616:26886766
5576:PLOS ONE
5557:59939679
5496:86046305
5488:33873535
5116:28902843
5055:38382573
4969:Archived
4908:17728756
4862:26311671
4824:(2015).
4810:25345817
4769:41321812
4711:27288512
4652:Archived
4595:20819411
4544:53161684
4509:22649529
4469:PLOS ONE
4441:24971928
4396:3 August
4369:15 April
4341:15 April
4216:30157588
4208:17298532
3938:See also
3920:Toxicity
3844:Cattleya
3802:Cattleya
3787:Cattleya
3743:Cattleya
3724:Cattleya
3694:Cattleya
3681:Chia Lin
3664:Cattleya
3645:Cattleya
3630:Cattleya
3521:Honduras
3490:Colombia
3474:Shaoxing
3385:dondurma
3258:tropical
3217:corsages
3212:Cattleya
3119:sororium
3036:glaciers
2950:Oncidium
2938:Miltonia
2919:Cattleya
2853:testicle
2751:Tolumnia
2716:Sobralia
2709:Serapias
2688:Satyrium
2513:Oncidium
2492:Mormodes
2485:Miltonia
2415:Ionopsis
2380:Goodyera
2359:Eulophia
2331:Encyclia
2254:Clowesia
2226:Cattleya
2205:Calanthe
2177:Bletilla
2149:Barkeria
2114:Arethusa
2107:Arachnis
2086:Ansellia
2044:Aganisia
2023:Aerangis
1934:Laurasia
1638:topology
1407:taxonomy
1395:Taxonomy
1290:that is
1267:apomixis
973:pollinia
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784:stipules
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653:or form
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601:Cattleya
517:), many
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8773:Lamiids
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7827:Huaceae
7522:Rosales
7474:Fagales
7441:Fabales
7355:Vitales
7079:Buxales
7025:Poaceae
6533:Araceae
6492:Lilidae
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2800:Zeuxine
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2443:Ludisia
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2324:Dracula
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