392:
224:
240:
20:
433:
210:
need pollinators to consistently choose flowers of the same species, so they have evolved different lures to encourage specific pollinators to maintain fidelity to the same species. The attractions offered are mainly nectar, pollen, fragrances and oils. The ideal pollinating insect is hairy (so that pollen adheres to it), and spends time exploring the flower so that it comes into contact with the reproductive structures.
2194:
31:
484:
on the inner surface. A female wasp enters through a narrow aperture, fertilizes these pistillate flowers, and lays its eggs in some ovaries, with galls being formed by the developing larvae. In due course, staminate flowers develop inside the syconium. Wingless male wasps hatch and mate with females
328:
which can probe deep into tubular flowers. Butterflies mostly fly by day and are particularly attracted to pink, mauve and purple flowers. The flowers are often large and scented, and the stamens are so-positioned that pollen is deposited on the insects while they feed on the nectar. Moths are mostly
337:
Inflorescences pollinated by beetles tend to be flat with open corollas or small flowers clustered in a head with multiple, projecting anthers that shed pollen readily. The flowers are often green or pale-coloured, and heavily scented, often with fruity or spicy aromas, but sometimes with odours of
353:
can visit more advanced blooms, but their purpose is to nourish themselves, and any transfer of pollen from one flower to another happens haphazardly. The small size of many flies is often made up for by their abundance, however they are unreliable pollinators as they may bear incompatible pollen,
209:
Wind and water pollination require the production of vast quantities of pollen because of the chancy nature of its deposition. If they are not to be reliant on the wind or water (for aquatic species), plants need pollinators to move their pollen grains from one plant to another. They particularly
360:
orchids are pollinated by midges unique to each species. Due to mutual specialisation, pollinators are highly dependent on floral diversity. Therefore, losses in plant diversity, such as those carried on by increasing land use, may be linked to extinctions of pollinators. A decline, for whatever
373:
will cling on to a flower while vibrating its flight muscles, and this dislodges the pollen. Because bees care for their brood, they need to collect more food than just to maintain themselves, and therefore are important pollinators. Other bees are nectar thieves and bite their way through the
333:
tend to visit larger flowers and hover as they feed; they transfer pollen by means of the proboscis. Other moths land on the usually smaller flowers, which may be aggregated into flowerheads. Their energetic needs are not so great as those of hawkmoths and they are offered smaller quantities of
364:
Flowers pollinated by bees and wasps vary in shape, colour and size. Yellow or blue plants are often visited, and flowers may have ultra-violet nectar guides, that help the insect to find the nectary. Some flowers, like sage or pea, have lower lips that will only open when sufficiently heavy
537:-bearing plants. Other flowering plants are mostly pollinated by insects (or birds or bats), which seems to be the primitive state, and some plants have secondarily developed wind pollination. Some plants that are wind pollinated have vestigial nectaries, and other plants like
88:
of insects and flowering plants in the development of pollination behaviour by the insects and pollination mechanisms by the flowers, benefiting both groups. Both the size and the density of a population are known to affect pollination and subsequent reproductive performance.
424:
in the
Mediterranean area. The plant attracts these insects by producing a scent that mimics the scent of the female bee. In addition, the lip acts as a decoy, as the male bee confuses it with a female that is visiting a pink flower. Pollen transfer occurs during the ensuing
192:
from 125 to 90 Ma, would displace many of the gymnosperm lineages and cause the extinction of many of their pollinators, while some would transition to angiosperms and some new families would form pollination associations with angiosperms. Traits such as
485:
in the galls before tunnelling their way out of the developing fruit. The winged females, now laden with pollen, follow, flying off to find other receptive syconia at the right stage of development. Most species of fig have their own unique
321:(wind-pollinated) plants, which has to be produced in much larger quantities because such a high proportion is wasted. This is energetically costly, but in contrast, entomophilous plants have to bear the energetic costs of producing nectar.
309:. On the other hand, some plants are generalists, being pollinated by insects in several orders. Entomophilous plant species have frequently evolved mechanisms to make themselves more appealing to insects, e.g., brightly coloured or scented
1506:
Goffinet, Bernard; Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J. (2004). "Phylogenetic inferences in the dung-moss family
Splachnaceae from analyses of cpDNA sequence data and implications for the evolution of entomophily".
765:
Labandeira, Conrad C.; Yang, Qiang; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Monteiro, Antónia; Wang, Yong-Jie; Goreva, Yulia; Shih, ChungKun; Siljeström, Sandra; Rose, Tim R.; Dilcher, David L. (2016-02-10).
890:
Khramov, Alexander V.; Yan, Evgeny; Kopylov, Dmitry S. (December 2019). "Nature's failed experiment: Long-proboscid
Neuroptera (Sisyridae: Paradoxosisyrinae) from Upper Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar".
1198:
Raddi (Anacardiaceae) in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil = Entomofauna associada à floração de
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil | Somavilla
365:
insects, such as bees, land on them. With the lip depressed, the anthers may bow down to deposit pollen on the insect's back. Other flowers, like tomato, may only liberate their pollen by
255:
Insect-pollinated flowers are usually more striking than wind-pollinated flowers, as they need to advertise themselves to insects. Compare the flowers of the insect-pollinated sedge
383:
and in certain desert plants with small blossoms near the ground with little fragrance or visual attraction, small quantities of nectar and limited quantities of sticky pollen.
1126:
84:
have adaptations for their role, such as lapping or sucking mouthparts to take in nectar, and in some species also pollen baskets on their hind legs. This required the
1258:
Oliveira, P.E.; Gibbs, P.E.; Barbosa, A.A. (2004). "Moth pollination of woody species in the
Cerrados of Central Brazil: a case of so much owed to so few?".
176:
relationships with specific insect species (typically beetles) which pollinate them. Such relationships extend back to at least the late
Mesozoic, with both
934:
Peñalver, Enrique; Arillo, Antonio; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Riccio, Mark L.; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Grimaldi, David A. (July 2015).
345:
Unspecialised flies with short proboscides are found visiting primitive flowers with readily accessible nectar. More specialised flies like
1638:
597:"Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance: Plant-pollinator interactions"
329:
nocturnal and are attracted by night-blooming plants. The flowers of these are often tubular, pale in colour and fragrant only at night.
194:
1130:
545:
is primarily wind pollinated, but is also visited by insects which pollinate it. In general, showy, colourful, fragrant flowers like
633:
Peris, David; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Peñalver, Enrique; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Labandeira, Conrad C. (March 2017).
124:, developed flower-like structures that were likely insect pollinated. Insects pollination for gymnosperms likely originated in the
1922:
576:
1561:
1490:
1452:
1383:
1304:
1242:
1102:
708:
Zhao, Xiangdong; Wang, Bo; Bashkuev, Alexey S.; Aria, CĂ©dric; Zhang, Qingqing; Zhang, Haichun; et al. (March 2020).
991:
Khramov, Alexander V.; Lukashevich, Elena D. (2019). "A Jurassic dipteran pollinator with an extremely long proboscis".
823:
Liu, Qing; Lu, Xiumei; Zhang, Qingqing; Chen, Jun; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhang, Weiwei; Liu, Xingyue; Wang, Bo (2018-09-17).
317:, or appealing shapes and patterns. Pollen grains of entomophilous plants are generally larger than the fine pollens of
1400:
189:
1631:
156:
flies, as well as some extant families that specialised on gymnosperms before switching to angiosperms, including
1647:
541:
that are regularly pollinated by insects, produce clouds of pollen and some wind pollination is inevitable. The
2037:
1154:"Transition from wind pollination to insect pollination in sedges: experimental evidence and functional traits"
399:
mimics bees in appearance and scent, implying close coevolution of a species of flower and a species of insect.
1034:
Cai, Chenyang; Escalona, Hermes E.; Li, Liqin; Yin, Ziwei; Huang, Diying; Engel, Michael S. (September 2018).
2232:
2120:
1713:
635:"False Blister Beetles and the Expansion of Gymnosperm-Insect Pollination Modes before Angiosperm Dominance"
1153:
391:
342:, include traps designed to retain the beetles in contact with the reproductive parts for longer periods.
184:
beetles (which still pollinate cycads today) from the
Cretaceous being found with preserved cycad pollen.
2242:
2170:
1624:
68:
with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and
2150:
2130:
1509:
1472:
1193:
1554:
1129:. University of California, Davis: College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from
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2017:
1994:
1907:
1482:
1476:
257:
230:
141:
2082:
65:
1442:
1373:
1092:
377:
Ants are not well adapted to pollination but they have been shown to perform this function in
2175:
2067:
1857:
1852:
1703:
1294:
1232:
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corolla in order to raid the nectary, in the process bypassing the reproductive structures.
2222:
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to attract flies) have evolved independently in several unrelated angiosperm families.
1321:
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113:
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2217:
768:"The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies"
438:
185:
57:
239:
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2089:
2062:
1988:
1862:
1746:
1679:
1505:
849:
710:"Mouthpart homologies and life habits of Mesozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies"
542:
481:
408:
396:
145:
34:
1271:
1060:
1035:
960:
935:
659:
634:
188:(flowering plants) first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, and during the
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1353:
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791:
678:
498:
157:
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137:
121:
109:
595:
Mustajärvi, Kaisa; Siikamäki, Pirkko; Rytkönen, Saara; Lammi, Antti (2001).
361:
reason, to one side of this partnership can be catastrophic for the other.
116:
from one plant to another. Prior to the appearance of flowering plants some
2077:
2042:
1966:
1736:
1603:
1530:
1192:
Köhler, Andreas; Sühs, Rafael
Barbizan; Somavilla, Alexandre (2010-11-11).
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969:
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809:
783:
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686:
564:
486:
432:
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19:
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1971:
1942:
1867:
1837:
1791:
1741:
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1522:
1322:"Pollinator diversity and specialization in relation to flower diversity"
560:
550:
404:
356:
282:
177:
165:
98:
85:
49:
1401:"Reproductive Assurance And The Evolution Of Pollination Specialization"
354:
and lack of suitable breeding habitats may limit their activities. Some
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FrĂĽnd, Jochen; Linsenmair, Karl Eduard; BlĂĽthgen, Nico (2010-09-14).
530:
465:
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350:
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286:
161:
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77:
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beetles (which today are exclusively found on flowering plants) and
2032:
1937:
1779:
1774:
1593:
1419:
555:
473:
447:
443:
559:
are insect pollinated. The only entomophilous plants that are not
2027:
1983:
1949:
1927:
1882:
764:
538:
522:
346:
198:
125:
73:
594:
1961:
1662:
1651:
936:"Long-Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms"
534:
420:
314:
310:
306:
69:
61:
53:
30:
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1539:
1932:
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Wind pollination is the reproductive strategy adopted by the
456:
169:
72:; they may also have an attractive scent which in some cases
1976:
294:
290:
1440:
1371:
1230:
302:
298:
278:
81:
23:
825:"High niche diversity in Mesozoic pollinating lacewings"
128:
period. Candidates for pollinators include extinct long
1399:
Fenster, Charles B.; Marten-Rodriguez, Silvana (2007).
1398:
1319:
772:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1152:
Wragg, Peter D.; Johnson, Steven D. (September 2011),
707:
1646:
1292:
1191:
1094:Convergent Evolution: Limited Forms Most Beautiful
990:
407:with a particular pollinator species, such as the
1160:, vol. 191, no. 4, pp. 1128–1140,
889:
415:in its northern ranges, but is pollinated by the
324:Butterflies and moths have hairy bodies and long
2209:
1033:
505:"cut in pieces, segmented", hence "insect"; and
1296:The Earth Under Threat: A Christian Perspective
1036:"Beetle Pollination of Cycads in the Mesozoic"
822:
261:and the closely related, but wind-pollinated,
1632:
1555:
1461:
1194:"Entomofauna associated to the floration of
1151:
112:(seed plants) were largely dependent on the
1639:
1625:
1562:
1548:
497:The word is artificially derived from the
64:. Flowers pollinated by insects typically
1367:
1365:
1363:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1059:
959:
866:
848:
799:
741:
668:
658:
612:
476:, formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow
431:
390:
386:
338:decaying organic matter. Some, like the
29:
18:
1408:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1299:. Wild Goose Publications. p. 14.
1226:
1224:
56:of plants, especially but not only of
2210:
1923:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
1360:
1124:
1111:
1090:
1084:
577:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
1620:
1543:
1481:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
1441:Faegri, K.; Van Der Pijl, L. (2013).
1372:Faegri, K.; Van Der Pijl, L. (2013).
1231:Faegri, K.; Van Der Pijl, L. (2013).
1221:
628:
626:
624:
411:. The species is almost exclusively
204:
13:
1027:
563:are the dung-mosses of the family
516:
14:
2254:
1444:Principles of Pollination Ecology
1375:Principles of Pollination Ecology
1234:Principles of Pollination Ecology
1127:"Pollinators We Never Talk About"
621:
2192:
1346:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18450.x
1166:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03762.x
614:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x
238:
222:
1569:
1499:
1434:
1392:
1313:
1286:
1260:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1251:
1185:
1145:
1097:. MIT Press. pp. 118–120.
2038:Home-stored product entomology
1447:. Elsevier. pp. 176–177.
1378:. Elsevier. pp. 102–110.
984:
927:
883:
816:
758:
701:
588:
464:arrangement with certain tiny
92:
16:Form of pollination by insects
1:
2121:Decline in insect populations
1714:List of insect-inspired songs
913:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.010
582:
213:
80:. Insect pollinators such as
1293:Prance, Ghillean T. (1996).
1237:. Elsevier. pp. 34–36.
492:
7:
570:
10:
2259:
2151:Pesticide toxicity to bees
2131:List of endangered insects
1510:American Journal of Botany
1091:McGhee, George R. (2011).
850:10.1038/s41467-018-06120-5
114:wind to carry their pollen
103:
96:
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2103:
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2006:
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1802:
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1729:
1672:
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1272:10.1007/s00606-003-0120-0
1061:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.036
961:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.062
660:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009
472:, the inflorescence is a
369:, a technique in which a
132:insect groups, including
2116:Colony collapse disorder
2111:Bees and toxic chemicals
1196:Schinus terebinthifolius
1013:10.1016/j.gr.2019.02.004
442:(fig) fruit showing the
2018:Insect bites and stings
1995:Drosophila melanogaster
1908:Biological pest control
1483:Oxford University Press
1478:A Greek-English Lexicon
258:Cyperus sphaerocephalus
231:Cyperus sphaerocephalus
197:(emitting the odour of
2083:Rats, Lice and History
784:10.1098/rspb.2015.2893
734:10.1126/sciadv.aay1259
451:
400:
38:
27:
2068:Alfred Russel Wallace
1853:Entomological warfare
1704:Insects in literature
1469:Liddell, Henry George
829:Nature Communications
435:
394:
387:Plant-insect pairings
142:Pseudopolycentropodid
97:Further information:
33:
22:
2233:Evolutionary biology
2023:Insect sting allergy
1817:Cicadas in mythology
1523:10.3732/ajb.91.5.748
1046:(17): 2806–2812.e1.
380:Polygonum cascadense
190:angiosperm radiation
66:advertise themselves
60:, is distributed by
26:pollinating a flower
2126:Habitat destruction
1878:Insects in religion
1338:2010Oikos.119.1581F
1052:2018CBio...28E2806C
1005:2019GondR..71..210K
952:2015CBio...25.1917P
905:2019CrRes.10404180K
893:Cretaceous Research
841:2018NatCo...9.3793L
726:2020SciA....6.1259Z
651:2017CBio...27..897P
436:Cross section of a
403:Some plant species
37:covered with pollen
2243:Insects in culture
2199:Insects portal
2171:Insects and humans
1699:Arthropods in film
1648:Human interactions
1203:Bioscience Journal
778:(1824): 20152893.
601:Journal of Ecology
454:Figs in the genus
452:
401:
264:Cyperus esculentus
247:Cyperus esculentus
46:insect pollination
39:
28:
2205:
2204:
2094:Insect Literature
2051:
2050:
1950:Carmine/Cochineal
1903:Beneficial insect
1873:Insects in ethics
1822:Scarab (artifact)
1812:Bees in mythology
1721:Insects on stamps
1614:
1613:
1492:978-0-19-910207-5
1454:978-1-4832-9303-5
1385:978-1-4832-9303-5
1332:(10): 1581–1590.
1306:978-0-947988-80-7
1244:978-1-4832-9303-5
1104:978-0-262-01642-1
993:Gondwana Research
946:(14): 1917–1923.
489:species of wasp.
446:with pollinating
273:Many insects are
205:The plant's needs
2250:
2197:
2196:
2073:Jean-Henri Fabre
1848:Cricket fighting
1843:Cockroach racing
1709:Insects in music
1670:
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1634:
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1133:on 10 April 2016
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745:
720:(10): eaay1259.
714:Science Advances
705:
699:
698:
672:
662:
630:
619:
618:
616:
592:
427:pseudocopulation
413:self-pollinating
367:buzz pollination
340:giant water lily
242:
226:
150:Paradoxosisyrine
58:flowering plants
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1178:
1176:
1158:New Phytologist
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1040:Current Biology
1032:
1028:
989:
985:
940:Current Biology
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928:
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884:
821:
817:
763:
759:
706:
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639:Current Biology
631:
622:
593:
589:
585:
573:
519:
517:Taxonomic range
495:
439:Ficus glomerata
389:
277:, particularly
271:
270:
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252:
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250:
243:
235:
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144:scorpionflies,
134:Aneuretopsychid
106:
101:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2228:Insect ecology
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2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2090:Lafcadio Hearn
2087:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Jan Swammerdam
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1989:Model organism
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:Insect farming
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:Artificial fly
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1680:Insects in art
1676:
1674:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1517:(5): 748–759.
1498:
1491:
1460:
1453:
1433:
1420:10.1086/509647
1414:(2): 215–228.
1391:
1384:
1359:
1312:
1305:
1285:
1266:(1–2): 41–54.
1250:
1243:
1220:
1184:
1144:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1026:
983:
926:
882:
815:
757:
700:
645:(6): 897–904.
620:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
572:
569:
543:hoary plantain
539:common heather
518:
515:
494:
491:
480:with multiple
468:wasps. In the
388:
385:
254:
253:
244:
237:
236:
228:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
215:
212:
206:
203:
168:flies. Living
152:lacewings and
146:Kalligrammatid
110:spermatophytes
105:
102:
94:
91:
35:Soldier beetle
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Neonicotinoid
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:Other aspects
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
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1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
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1745:
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1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1691:Musca depicta
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
587:
578:
575:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
449:
445:
441:
440:
434:
430:
428:
423:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
393:
384:
382:
381:
375:
372:
368:
362:
359:
358:
352:
348:
343:
341:
335:
332:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
265:
260:
259:
249:
248:
241:
233:
232:
225:
211:
202:
200:
196:
195:sapromyophily
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:Bennettitales
119:
115:
111:
100:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:is a form of
47:
43:
36:
32:
25:
21:
2176:Insecticides
2093:
2081:
2078:Hans Zinsser
2043:Clothes moth
1993:
1804:In mythology
1737:Fishing bait
1689:
1604:Ornithophily
1598:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1477:
1473:Robert Scott
1463:
1443:
1436:
1411:
1407:
1394:
1374:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1295:
1288:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1233:
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1177:, retrieved
1157:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1093:
1086:
1043:
1039:
1029:
996:
992:
986:
943:
939:
929:
896:
892:
885:
832:
828:
818:
775:
771:
760:
717:
713:
703:
642:
638:
607:(1): 80–87.
604:
600:
590:
565:Splachnaceae
554:
520:
510:
502:
496:
455:
453:
437:
419:
417:solitary bee
402:
378:
376:
363:
355:
344:
336:
323:
319:anemophilous
272:
262:
256:
245:
229:
208:
107:
45:
41:
40:
2223:Pollination
2162:Categories,
2141:Insecticide
1972:Sericulture
1943:Royal jelly
1868:Flea circus
1858:Entomophagy
1792:Cantharidin
1787:Spanish fly
1762:In medicine
1742:Fly fishing
1673:In the arts
1599:Entomophily
1571:Pollination
1125:Kimsey, L.
999:: 210–215.
835:(1): 3793.
670:2445/163381
561:seed plants
513:, "loved".
501:: εντομο-,
462:mutualistic
357:Pterostylis
326:proboscides
287:butterflies
283:Lepidoptera
275:pollinators
186:Angiosperms
174:mutualistic
158:Nemestrinid
154:Zhangsolvid
138:Mesopsychid
118:gymnosperms
99:Coevolution
93:Coevolution
86:coevolution
50:pollination
42:Entomophily
2212:Categories
2181:Pesticides
1918:Bee pollen
1913:Beekeeping
1895:entomology
1838:Biomimicry
1770:Apitherapy
1730:In fishing
1685:Beetlewing
1666:in culture
1587:Hydrophily
1582:Anemophily
1179:2024-05-30
899:: 104180.
583:References
547:sunflowers
478:receptacle
470:common fig
409:bee orchid
405:co-evolved
397:bee orchid
214:Mechanisms
120:, such as
108:The early
78:pheromones
2164:templates
2136:Pesticide
1752:Fly tying
1354:0030-1299
1174:0028-646X
1021:134847380
921:199111088
859:2041-1723
792:0962-8452
679:0960-9822
493:Etymology
487:commensal
448:fig wasps
371:bumblebee
331:Hawkmoths
178:oedemerid
166:Acrocerid
130:proboscis
2104:Concerns
2056:Pioneers
2033:Woodworm
1938:Propolis
1893:Economic
1780:Melittin
1775:Apitoxin
1594:Zoophily
1531:21653429
1475:(1980).
1280:21936259
1213:18 April
1137:25 March
1078:52038878
1070:30122529
978:13022302
970:26166781
877:30224679
810:26842570
752:32181343
687:28262492
571:See also
556:Buddleja
474:syconium
444:syconium
351:Tabanids
347:syrphids
334:nectar.
182:boganiid
52:whereby
2028:Bed bug
2010:insects
2008:Harmful
1984:Shellac
1928:Beeswax
1883:Jingzhe
1663:insects
1659:Aspects
1652:insects
1428:1890083
1334:Bibcode
1199:|"
1048:Bibcode
1001:Bibcode
948:Bibcode
901:Bibcode
868:6141599
837:Bibcode
801:4760178
743:7056314
722:Bibcode
695:3967504
647:Bibcode
551:orchids
523:grasses
503:entomo-
482:ovaries
466:agaonid
460:have a
450:inside.
311:flowers
307:beetles
199:carrion
162:Tabanid
126:Permian
104:History
76:insect
62:insects
2238:Plants
2218:Botany
1967:Kermes
1962:Chitin
1955:Polish
1529:
1489:
1451:
1426:
1382:
1352:
1303:
1278:
1241:
1172:
1101:
1076:
1068:
1019:
976:
968:
919:
875:
865:
857:
808:
798:
790:
750:
740:
693:
685:
677:
535:catkin
531:rushes
527:sedges
421:Eucera
315:nectar
170:cycads
74:mimics
70:nectar
54:pollen
1933:Honey
1650:with
1424:S2CID
1404:(PDF)
1326:Oikos
1276:S2CID
1074:S2CID
1017:S2CID
974:S2CID
917:S2CID
691:S2CID
511:phile
499:Greek
457:Ficus
299:flies
295:wasps
291:moths
172:have
1977:Silk
1527:PMID
1487:ISBN
1471:and
1449:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1350:ISSN
1301:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1215:2014
1170:ISSN
1139:2016
1099:ISBN
1066:PMID
966:PMID
873:PMID
855:ISSN
806:PMID
788:ISSN
748:PMID
683:PMID
675:ISSN
553:and
533:and
507:φίλη
395:The
349:and
305:and
303:ants
289:and
279:bees
164:and
148:and
140:and
82:bees
1661:of
1519:doi
1416:doi
1412:168
1342:doi
1330:119
1268:doi
1264:245
1209:(6)
1162:doi
1056:doi
1009:doi
956:doi
909:doi
897:104
863:PMC
845:doi
796:PMC
780:doi
776:283
738:PMC
730:doi
665:hdl
655:doi
609:doi
293:),
44:or
24:Bee
2214::
1525:.
1515:91
1513:.
1485:.
1422:.
1410:.
1406:.
1362:^
1348:.
1340:.
1328:.
1324:.
1274:.
1262:.
1223:^
1207:26
1205:.
1201:.
1168:,
1156:,
1113:^
1072:.
1064:.
1054:.
1044:28
1042:.
1038:.
1015:.
1007:.
997:71
995:.
972:.
964:.
954:.
944:25
942:.
938:.
915:.
907:.
895:.
871:.
861:.
853:.
843:.
831:.
827:.
804:.
794:.
786:.
774:.
770:.
746:.
736:.
728:.
716:.
712:.
689:.
681:.
673:.
663:.
653:.
643:27
641:.
637:.
623:^
605:89
603:.
599:.
567:.
549:,
529:,
525:,
509:,
429:.
313:,
301:,
297:,
281:,
160:,
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2096:)
2092:(
2086:)
2080:(
1640:e
1633:t
1626:v
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1521::
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1430:.
1418::
1388:.
1356:.
1344::
1336::
1309:.
1282:.
1270::
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1217:.
1164::
1141:.
1107:.
1080:.
1058::
1050::
1023:.
1011::
1003::
980:.
958::
950::
923:.
911::
903::
879:.
847::
839::
833:9
812:.
782::
754:.
732::
724::
718:6
697:.
667::
657::
649::
617:.
611::
285:(
267:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
