395:
545:
976:
636:
124:
465:
789:
102:
828:
In many instances, the specific colours, shapes, and odours produced by sporophytes have been shown to have species-specific relationships to the flies that visit them. This suggests that the
Splachnaceae co-exist through signal diversification, which allows different species to avoid competition for
1034:
Entomophily is a notable adaptation that, as in flowering plants, has helped species in
Splachnaceae to rapidly diversify within a short evolutionary timeframe. According to recent phylogenetic studies, the morphological adaptations of many species within Splachnaceae have evolved following, rather
516:
is highly variable in shape. In many species, the middle of the sporophyte (hypophysis/apophysis) may be highly inflated or flared in order to attract insects. Above this is a shorter "urn" which is the same colour, and harbours a bluntly conical or convex operculum on top; of which the annulus is
776:
Due to their ecological preference for decaying animal matter, members of
Splachnaceae are considered annual-shuttles, and populations cannot be sustained over long periods of time. Furthermore, such habitats are extremely discontinuous as they depend on the production and decay of animal matter
405:
Male plants are more slender, with a looser leaf distribution. Leaves differ in size and differentiation towards the apex of the stem forming an often-bulbous perigonia. Perigonial leaves are strongly differentiated, being ovate and tapering to a long tip. The
720:
rather than to the
Funariaceae as was thought. Although members of both Splachnaceae and Meesiaceae grow in similar moist habitats such as peatlands, they differ in the structure of the sporangium; where Splachnaceae possess an erect sporangium with a mitrate
760:
Members of
Splachnaceae are found throughout the world; although they are distributed predominantly in temperate and cold regions of the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as in high altitude regions of the
1096:
Bernard
Goffinet, A. Jonathan Shaw & Cymon J. Cox (2004). "Phylogenetic inferences in the dung-moss family Splachnaceae from analyses of cpDNA sequence data and implications for the evolution of entomophily".
1386:
Goffinet, Bernard; Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J. (2004). "Phylogenetic inferences in the dung-moss family
Splachnaceae from analyses of cpDNA sequence data and implications for the evolution of entomophily".
959:
will produce sperm and eggs through mitosis. If fertilization is successful, a diploid zygote will form, eventually developing into a dependent sporophyte, which will produce the following generation of spores.
777:
within a specific climatic and vegetational zone. For these reasons, Splachnaceae are mostly found in regions where the temperature is cold enough to slow the rapid decay of animal matter on which they inhabit.
348:(standing up), with green-yellow to reddish leaves/stems, and most often under 5 cm in height. Stems stand vertically and when cross-sectioned, can be seen to have a well-defined central strand. Large
1141:
Marino, Paul; Raguso, Robert; Goffinet, Bernard (2009-01-01). "The ecology and evolution of fly dispersed dung mosses (Family
Splachnaceae): Manipulating insect behaviour through odour and visual cues".
947:
The gametophyte stage starts with the production of a haploid spore, which must first be dispersed onto suitable habitat (often by wind or by insect in
Splachnaceae). From here, the spore will
391:
cells are thin-walled, being more rectangular towards the base and hexagonal at the apex. Perichaetial leaves are often larger, but similar in structure to the other leaves on the stem.
833:. Competition between species is nonetheless strong, with reduced rates of growth having been observed under experimental conditions where two species are grown in close proximity.
983:
Although the first records of these mosses in herbaria are uncertain, Splachnaceae was first published in 1824 (Memoirs of the
Wernerian Natural History Society 5: 442. 1824.) by
853:
Chemical adaptations of the Splachnaceae include the odours produced and released by the sporophytes. In the sporophytes of entomophilous species, volatile compounds, including
780:
Although not all species are restricted to habitats associated with decaying animal matter, they have nonetheless been observed to flourish in nitrogen-rich substrates.
825:, also known as dung flies. Three types of adaptations have been recorded for entomophily: (1) coprophily, (2) morphological adaptations and (3) chemical adaptations.
928:. Additionally, results indicated that the tissues of species in Splachnaceae reflect the nutrient content of their chosen substrata; being much higher in nitrogen,
493:
The caulonema is the secondary stage of protonema. It is branched regularly, has spindle-shaped chloroplasts, and oblique crosswalls. At this stage, budding begins.
845:
movements of the peristome which help spores to leave. As well, the small spore size and stickiness helps spores to be dispersed in clumps on the hairs of insects.
841:
Morphological adaptations of the family Splachnaceae include the enlarged, often inflated hypophysis, the coloured sporangium/upper region of the seta, and
944:. For mosses, the dominant stage is the haploid gametophyte, which supports and nourishes the diploid sporophyte through an attachment known as the foot.
829:
spore-dispersal within a limited range. This is akin to the signal diversification strategies observed in flowering plants, which reduce competition for
1705:
899:
Almost all species within Splachnaceae are coprophilus to some extent, meaning that they grow on decaying animal matter. This includes the dung of
769:
Broth., are restricted to tropical latitudes; although this is uncommon. There is an overwhelming preference for members of this family to inhabit
622:). Spore dispersal is only achieved following the decay of the sporangial wall. Species in this subfamily are coprophilous but not entomophilous.
1863:
1709:
932:, and calcium compared to other bryophytes. For these species, there is selective advantage to growing on such nutrient concentrated substrates.
733:
1902:
1319:"The ecology and evolution of fly dispersed dung mosses (Family Splachnaceae): Manipulating insect behaviour through odour and visual cues"
662:
227:
801:
Splachnaceae is the only family of bryophytes in which entomophily has been observed. Entomophily is especially common within the genera
1684:
Bryologia europaea; seu, Genera muscorum europaeorum, monographice illustrata auctoribus Ph. Bruch, W. Ph. Schimper & Th. Gümbel
1837:
700:
255:
1876:
437:. This protonema serves members of Splachnaceae by quickly colonizing its preferred substrate, developing in three stages: the
940:
Like all other bryophytes, species in the family Splachnaceae complete their life cycle in two generations, also known as the
1075:
1881:
951:, and following a protonematal stage, develop into a leafy gametophyte. Following this, male and female organs called the
461:. In Splachnaceae, they are often small and sticky for easy insect dispersal. Spores are sometimes dispersed in clusters.
883:
The odours produced in the Splachnaceae have also been compared to those produced by plants in the angiosperm families
592:) can be distinguished by their highly differentiated and often inflated hypophysis. All species are coprophilous and
1273:
716:
studies do not support this relationship and instead point to the Splachnaceae as being more closely related to the
394:
857:
and octane derivatives, have been isolated. These are in especially high concentration within the hypophysis. Such
1907:
1889:
481:
The chloronema is the earliest stage of protonema, having unique features such as irregular branching, round
1548:"Conservatism and diversification of plant functional traits: Evolutionary rates versus phylogenetic signal"
536:, may be present on the sporophyte; it being nearly always mitrate (shaped like a bishop's cap) and smooth.
1772:
1035:
than having triggered, transitions to a coprophilous and entomophilous habit; suggesting that visual and
988:
204:
123:
1829:
1196:
1099:
963:
Due to the often short-lived nature of their habitat, members of Splachnaceae do not usually engage in
941:
1917:
872:
have been observed to benefit from an increase in copulatory success in relation to these compounds.
1233:
975:
1508:
1984:
1824:
1763:
1725:
817:. Entomophilous species are in particular, noted for their brightly coloured and often scented
544:
879:, with many scents being produced in order to mimic the faecal/carrion odours enjoyed by flies
1979:
1868:
1668:
Species muscorum frondosorum : descriptae et tabulis aeneis lxxvii coloratis illustratae
1066:
875:
Chemical adaptations for entomophily in the Splachnaceae can also be thought of as a type of
738:
1930:
1989:
1785:
984:
964:
916:
676:
635:
387:(finely toothed) on the edges, and possess a single costa that often ends before the apex.
329:(archegonia and antheridia on separate individuals); although exceptions are known such as
200:
110:
1469:"Bryophyte Ecology Volume 2 ebook | Bryophyte Ecology | Michigan Technological University"
8:
979:
Plate depicting various species in the family Splachnaceae from its original publication.
692:
615:
248:
1816:
1951:
1699:
1642:
1609:
1582:
1547:
1524:
1338:
1167:
118:
1358:"Classification of extant moss genera | Bernard Goffinet - Bryology (and Lichenology)"
632:) is the most polymorphic subfamily, with species that inhabit many different niches.
296:
Many species in this family are coprophilous, growing exclusively on animal faeces or
1925:
1687:
1647:
1629:
1587:
1569:
1528:
1468:
1445:
1404:
1318:
1279:
1269:
1159:
1116:
1095:
518:
1342:
1171:
1956:
1637:
1621:
1577:
1559:
1520:
1435:
1424:"How to rely on the unreliable: Examples from Mesozoic bryophytes of Transbaikalia"
1396:
1330:
1151:
1108:
876:
809:
684:
517:
poorly developed. A single peristome is present, with 16 variably pigmented teeth (
270:
241:
1777:
1666:
1301:
512:
of Splachnaceae is usually elongate and erect, with a defined central strand. The
1748:
865:
of the apophysis; and are absent throughout the seta as well as the gametophyte.
858:
654:
353:
220:
1894:
1300:
Wernerian Natural History Society.; Society, Wernerian Natural History (1824).
869:
822:
743:
372:
998:
Hedw., of which the family was named after. It was first described in 1801 in
1973:
1691:
1633:
1573:
1532:
1449:
1357:
1163:
884:
713:
388:
357:
277:, containing around 70 species in 6 genera. Around half of those species are
59:
1564:
1283:
1943:
1681:
1651:
1625:
1591:
1408:
1120:
854:
438:
360:
may be present along the stem, although axillary branches are infrequent.
1850:
1757:
1400:
1299:
1112:
956:
952:
948:
709:
619:
593:
556:
533:
482:
446:
442:
345:
341:
278:
185:
34:
1002:(51–56, pl. 8.), with the type specimen having been described in latin (
567:. It comprises 6 genera and approximately 73 species. The type genus is
464:
1334:
1155:
1065:
Bernard Goffinet (2012). "Splachnaceae". In Patrick M. McCarthy (ed.).
929:
842:
830:
818:
762:
717:
513:
502:
458:
431:
411:
407:
380:
376:
352:
cells surround the central strand with thin, red to orange cell walls.
349:
290:
79:
44:
1855:
1614:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1440:
1423:
379:
leaves that are moderately crisped when dry. Leaf distribution may be
1811:
1798:
1039:
signaling of insects has evolved multiple times in the Splachnaceae.
1036:
925:
911:
900:
821:. These sporophyte attract insects, most notably flies of the family
803:
726:
712:, sharing soft textured and similarly shaped leaves. However, recent
670:
601:
564:
505:
that are highly adapted for their specific ecological relationships.
434:
383:
or may become larger/denser near the apex of the stem. Leaves may be
365:
337:
234:
155:
84:
1842:
1719:
1938:
1742:
921:
722:
529:
326:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1803:
1610:"Living together and living apart: the sexual lives of bryophytes"
788:
371:
Female plants are more robust than male plants; having spreading,
356:
cells are often more red in color, being narrow and thick-walled.
888:
427:
384:
361:
297:
175:
165:
89:
64:
600:, which is only coprophilous. Genera are distinguished by their
485:, and transverse crosswalls. There is no budding at this stage.
904:
560:
301:
282:
1317:
Marino, Paul; Raguso, Robert; Goffinet, Bernard (2009-01-01).
614:) is characterized by the absence of a differentiated line of
1790:
862:
522:
286:
135:
1665:
Hedwig, Johannes; Schwägrichen, Christian Friedrich (1801).
708:
Members of Splachnaceae may superficially resemble those of
643:, of which members of Splachnaceae are distantly related to.
741:
of Russia, associated with dinosaur skeletons of the genus
574:
Three subfamilies have been named within the Splachnaceae.
551:, which may superficially resemble species in Splachnaceae.
509:
423:
398:
Illustration of the sporophytic and gametophytic stages of
274:
145:
101:
910:
In past cultivation experiments, it was observed that the
783:
1671:. Vol. 1801. Lipsiae (Leipzig): sumtu J. A. Barthii.
770:
907:, the stomach pellets of predatory birds, and corpses.
457:
Unicellular spores are produced through meiosis by the
1197:"Splachnaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"
1682:
Schimper, Wilhelm-Philippe, 1808-1880. (1836–1855).
1316:
1140:
813:, as well as having been documented in the species
1664:
725:and Meesiaceae possess a curved sporangium with a
501:Many species in this family have very exaggerated
1971:
1422:Mamontov, Yuriy S.; Ignatov, Michael S. (2019).
1303:Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society
1064:
920:have a greater tolerance for substrates of high
1552:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1421:
1385:
289:, a characteristic found in no other seedless
1263:
1704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
836:
563:; which is further nestled within the class
555:Splachnaceae currently resides in the order
755:
430:spore which quickly germinates to become a
1708:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
100:
1641:
1581:
1563:
1439:
1686:. Sumptibus librariae E. Schweizerbart.
1513:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1355:
1234:"California Moss eFlora key to Tayloria"
974:
942:alternation of heteromorphic generations
891:, all of which are pollinated by flies.
787:
634:
543:
463:
393:
325:Mosses in this family are predominantly
1545:
1506:
1029:
848:
784:Ecological relationships and life cycle
1972:
525:are often abundant on the sporangium.
1724:
1723:
1603:
1601:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1306:. Vol. v.5 (1824). Edinburgh.: .
1295:
1293:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1076:Australian Biological Resources Study
472:, showing the exaggerated hypophysis.
1918:dccc19d4-19a3-4f3a-a589-1592f2f9b079
1607:
1428:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
970:
861:are most often secreted through the
410:is terminal, and will often harbour
1024:Corollarium Bryologiae Europaeae 5.
1019:Authors: Schimper, Wilhelm Philipp
752:and may be a member of the family.
13:
1598:
1525:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02214.x
1485:
1456:
1370:
1290:
1127:
994:The type genus of Splachnaceae is
14:
2001:
1509:"Entomophily in the Splachnaceae"
1250:
1213:
1178:
1082:
1049:
647:
364:are dark brown or red and may be
1356:Goffinet, Bernard (2014-03-04).
122:
32:
1675:
1658:
1539:
1415:
417:
308:Hedw. are often referred to as
1349:
1310:
914:and shoots of species such as
796:
532:, composed of tissue from the
521:usually consists of 8 teeth).
320:
315:
1:
1558:(Supplement_2): 19699–19706.
1268:. New Age International Ltd.
1042:
935:
894:
496:
476:
1507:Koponen, Aune (1990-09-01).
1026:1856. (Coroll. Bryol. Eur.)
1000:Species Muscorum Frondosorum
488:
7:
1009:
903:mammals, skeletal remains,
539:
300:. For this reason, certain
10:
2006:
1608:Haig, David (2016-10-19).
1546:Ackerly, D. (2009-10-20).
1389:American Journal of Botany
1100:American Journal of Botany
924:content than other arctic
426:, gametophytes start as a
1732:
837:Morphological adaptations
792:Life cycle of a bryophyte
737:from the Middle Jurassic
452:
216:
211:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
1068:Australian Mosses Online
756:Distribution and habitat
729:(hood shaped) calyptra.
445:, and finally the leafy
1565:10.1073/pnas.0901635106
765:. Some genera, such as
1626:10.1098/rstb.2015.0535
1473:digitalcommons.mtu.edu
1264:Chopra, R. N. (2005).
980:
793:
644:
552:
473:
402:
30:Middle Jurassic–Recent
1266:Biology of bryophytes
978:
791:
739:Ukureyskaya Formation
638:
547:
470:Splachnum ampullaceum
467:
400:Splachnum ampullaceum
397:
1401:10.3732/ajb.91.5.748
1113:10.3732/ajb.91.5.748
1030:Evolutionary history
1004:Splachnum vasculosum
989:George Arnott Walker
985:Robert Kaye Greville
965:asexual reproduction
917:Splachnum sphaericum
868:Flies of the family
849:Chemical adaptations
815:Aplodon wormskioldii
677:Splachnum sphaericum
630:Moseniella, Tayloria
549:Funaria hygrometrica
111:Splachnum sphaericum
1238:ucjeps.berkeley.edu
696:Bruch & Schimp.
618:on the sporangium (
1620:(1706): 20150535.
1335:10.1007/BF03182289
1156:10.1007/BF03182289
1015:Voitiaceae Schimp.
981:
794:
748:closely resembles
645:
553:
474:
403:
285:to disperse their
1967:
1966:
1926:Open Tree of Life
1726:Taxon identifiers
1441:10.1111/jse.12483
971:Botanical history
264:
263:
207:
1997:
1960:
1959:
1947:
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1933:
1921:
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1895:NHMSYS0000310711
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1833:
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1656:
1655:
1645:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1519:(1–3): 115–127.
1504:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1353:
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1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
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1230:
1211:
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1208:
1207:
1193:
1176:
1175:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1062:
877:chemical mimicry
859:chemoattractants
641:Meesia uliginosa
199:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Family of mosses
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
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1994:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
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1924:
1916:
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1906:
1901:
1893:
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1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
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1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1789:
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1771:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1659:
1606:
1599:
1544:
1540:
1505:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1420:
1416:
1384:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1315:
1311:
1298:
1291:
1276:
1262:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1201:www.efloras.org
1195:
1194:
1179:
1139:
1128:
1094:
1083:
1071:
1063:
1050:
1045:
1032:
1012:
973:
938:
897:
851:
839:
799:
786:
758:
650:
639:Sporophytes of
542:
499:
491:
479:
455:
420:
323:
318:
198:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:wfo-7000000579
1948:
1935:
1922:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1754:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1674:
1657:
1597:
1538:
1484:
1455:
1434:(4): 339–360.
1414:
1395:(5): 748–759.
1369:
1348:
1309:
1289:
1274:
1249:
1212:
1177:
1126:
1107:(5): 748–759.
1081:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1022:Published In:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
972:
969:
937:
934:
896:
893:
870:Scathophagidae
850:
847:
838:
835:
823:Scathophagidae
798:
795:
785:
782:
757:
754:
744:Kulindadromeus
706:
705:
697:
689:
681:
667:
659:
649:
648:List of genera
646:
559:(M. Fleisch.)
541:
538:
498:
495:
490:
487:
478:
475:
468:Sporangium of
454:
451:
419:
416:
358:Axillary hairs
350:parenchymatous
322:
319:
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115:
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1980:Splachnaceae
1764:Splachnaceae
1734:Splachnaceae
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1351:
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196:Splachnaceae
195:
172:Superorder:
109:
24:Splachnaceae
18:
1990:Splachnales
1851:iNaturalist
1758:Wikispecies
901:herbivorous
843:hygroscopic
831:pollinators
819:sporophytes
797:Entomophily
710:Funariaceae
693:Tetraplodon
608:Voitioideae
590:Tetraplodon
557:Splachnales
534:gametophyte
503:sporophytes
447:gametophore
422:Like other
346:acrocarpous
342:gametophyte
321:Gametophyte
316:Description
310:dung mosses
291:land plants
249:Tetraplodon
186:Splachnales
1974:Categories
1478:2020-04-09
1363:2020-04-08
1243:2020-04-08
1206:2020-04-08
1043:References
957:archegonia
953:antheridia
936:Life cycle
930:phosphorus
926:bryophytes
895:Coprophily
773:and fens.
767:Moseniella
763:neotropics
718:Meesiaceae
663:Moseniella
616:dehiscence
596:excluding
528:A haploid
514:sporangium
497:Sporophyte
477:Chloronema
459:sporophyte
439:chloronema
432:uniseriate
412:paraphyses
408:perigonium
381:homogenous
377:lanceolate
344:is always
228:Moseniella
162:Subclass:
142:Division:
1812:FloraBase
1749:Q12336690
1700:cite book
1692:173655873
1634:0962-8436
1574:0027-8424
1533:0024-4074
1450:1759-6831
1323:Symbiosis
1164:1878-7665
1144:Symbiosis
1037:olfactory
996:Splachnum
949:germinate
912:protonema
804:Splachnum
750:Tayloria,
727:cucullate
671:Splachnum
602:peristome
586:Splachnum
569:Splachnum
565:Bryopsida
489:Caulonema
443:caulonema
435:protonema
366:papillose
338:monoicous
336:which is
306:Splachnum
235:Splachnum
156:Bryopsida
146:Bryophyta
132:Kingdom:
1944:35002527
1939:Tropicos
1743:Wikidata
1652:27619699
1592:19843698
1409:21653429
1343:36557683
1284:66464066
1172:36557683
1121:21653429
1010:Synonyms
1006:Hedw.).
922:nitrogen
810:Tayloria
723:calyptra
704:Hornsch.
685:Tayloria
540:Taxonomy
530:calyptra
519:exostome
362:Rhizoids
354:Cortical
327:dioicous
304:such as
281:, using
242:Tayloria
192:Family:
1643:5031620
1583:2780941
905:antlers
889:Araceae
863:stomata
655:Aplodon
604:teeth.
582:Aplodon
523:Stomata
428:haploid
389:Laminal
385:serrate
298:carrion
283:insects
221:Aplodon
212:Genera
182:Order:
176:Bryanae
166:Bryidae
152:Class:
136:Plantae
1931:534537
1915:NZOR:
1869:114016
1856:133497
1778:120873
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701:Voitia
666:Broth.
658:R. Br.
612:Voitia
571:Hedw.
561:Ochyra
453:Spores
424:mosses
340:. The
302:genera
287:spores
275:mosses
271:family
256:Voitia
203:&
1908:61531
1882:15858
1864:IRMNG
1830:10842
1817:23087
1804:1ZPMF
1339:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1072:(PDF)
688:Hook.
373:ovate
269:is a
201:Grev.
1903:NCBI
1877:ITIS
1843:4648
1838:GBIF
1799:EPPO
1791:3814
1773:APNI
1710:link
1706:link
1688:OCLC
1648:PMID
1630:ISSN
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1446:ISSN
1405:PMID
1280:OCLC
1270:ISBN
1160:ISSN
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987:and
955:and
887:and
807:and
771:bogs
510:seta
508:The
205:Arn.
35:PreꞒ
1952:WFO
1890:NBN
1825:FNA
1786:EoL
1638:PMC
1622:doi
1618:371
1578:PMC
1560:doi
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