1172:
length. Instead of the foot of the mainsail being fastened directly to the boom as in the past, it was attached to slides that were free to move along the tracks from one side of the boom to the other. This mechanism allowed the mainsail to be shaped to maximise its efficiency, and pegs could be inserted into the surface of the boom to constrain the foot of the sail in a particular shape. The crew painted color-coded lines along the boom to indicate the correct peg placement for three different degrees of curvature. The width of the boom earned it the nickname the "
339:, based on the selected design. Using data from these tests, Burgess calculated the drag on the hull design as it was progressively scaled up at one-foot increments from 78 feet to 87 feet at the waterline (the J-class specification allowed for waterline lengths between 75 feet and 87 feet). By this method, he determined the minimum drag under predicted conditions would be generated with the hull scaled to a waterline length 80 feet.
1060:
During the first two weeks of July 1930, the
America's Cup Committee staged a series of observation races to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the four contenders to defend the cup. The races were conducted by starting the yachts in pairs, with the second pair starting fifteen minutes
1171:
Burgess' solution was to commission a very wide boom, 4 feet (1.2 metres) across, tapered at both ends and triangular in cross section. The boom was mounted with a flat side upwards, and this surface had transverse metal tracks laid into it, crossing the boom at 18-inch (46-cm) intervals along its
1116:
From August 2–9, the 1930 annual cruise of the New York Yacht Club offered a final opportunity for the contenders for the defense of the
America's Cup to compete with each other prior to the selection trials. The cruise consisted of several port-to=-port legs, interspersed with races over set
261:'s challenge for the America's cup, they decided to form two syndicates to build one yacht each for the defense of the cup, and also to welcome other syndicates who might want to offer a defender. The two NYYC syndicates were to be led by Vice-Commodore
1167:
of the day, the foot of the mainsail was fixed all along its length to the rigid, straight boom. As a result, the lowest third of the sail — and the part with the greatest surface area — was flattened and therefore not used to its greatest advantage.
334:
The precise waterline length of the yacht was fixed after analysis of historical meteorological data to predict the likely wind conditions during the races, followed by experiments with a 15-foot (4.6-metre) 544-pound (247 kg) model hull at the
346:
mast was designed to the maximum height allowable under the Racing Rules: 152 feet 6 inches (46.48 m). Based on this mast height, a boom length of 66 feet 6 inches (20.27 m) was selected after consultation with
374:
rigging, to achieve a 33% saving in weight. This required the development of new fittings for the ends of the lines, because the wire could not be spliced. The result was a fitting called "Tru-loc", developed for this project by the
1219:
Formal trials between the four contenders commenced on August 20. The contenders were to race in pairs, the second division starting 15 minutes after the first division, as in the observation races.
597:
to better evaluate the new yacht's characteristics and provide training for her crew. Before the first of these races, a Mrs
Churchman of Philadelphia, a friend of Clark's, presented the crew of
327:
that
Burgess had previously designed for Vanderbilt. However, when Burgess presented two models of an 80-foot sloop design to the syndicate for consideration in August, neither of them resembled
1183:
sailed faster with the new boom, even though it was substantially heavier than a conventional boom (365 lbs, 166 kg; 16% heavier). This impression had been confirmed by scheduled tests against
1029:
586:
sailed for the first time on April 19, 1930, with her full crew and a number of guests. From then until May 9, she was taken out almost daily, and on increasingly long and demanding sails.
1293:
By 1931, she was standing at the
Herreshoff yard with her mast removed and bow projecting over the fence and sidewalk. A placard had been affixed to her bow, carrying the words "
3298:
2954:
1317:
907:
for a series of races planned in Long Island Sound by the local clubs. Here she first raced against the three other yachts built as contenders to defend the
America's Cup:
3327:
302:
367:. The duralumin mast was 600 pounds (270 kg) lighter than the lighter of the two wooden masts, and 1,000 pounds (450 kg) lighter than the heavier of them.
376:
207:
3274:
2477:
2307:
1136:
1144:
1006:
527:
336:
2964:
2530:
2335:
398:, the 1920 America's Cup defender, except for three that were still in use aboard her. In turn, some of these winches had previously been used aboard
2511:
2314:
532:
464:
1025:
547:
2292:
559:
321:
2470:
1205:
s wetted area by 1% and therefore reduced drag. The disadvantage was a change in the yacht's handling immediately before the selection trials.
553:
3034:
2893:
565:
1198:
came on August 14, with the fitting of a new rudder with a smoother surface and a substantially smaller area. The smaller rudder reduced
2863:
620:
and other J-class boats would inevitably make them slower than the previous generation of yachts. This opinion was soon disproved by
1325:
3234:
2843:
2268:
502:
1303:
was scrapped in 1935, her metal worth $ 5,000 (about $ 109,000 in 2022). Her duralumin mast was donated to the police barracks at
412:
in 1925. The three replacement winches were ordered from
Herreshoff, who had also manufactured the winches for those two yachts.
2433:
2504:
3322:
616:
These mock races were of particular significance because of a prevailing opinion that the sturdier and heavier build of
2298:
514:
Under the Racing Rules, yachts were allowed a total crew of 31, including any afterguard. The afterguard comprised:
2497:
317:
192:
53:
1337:... Resolute was sold to E. Walter Clark a Philadelphia banker and director of a railroad company and NYYC member.
415:
Her construction was of steel frames and deck beams, with wooden decks and a hull was built from very expensive
1179:
The new boom was fitted on August 10, and tests began the same day. By August 13, the crew was satisfied that
432:
was launched at 8 am on April 14, 1930, and christened by her sponsor, Harriet
Aldrich. Rhode Island Governor
3332:
356:
2261:
2489:
1094:
each scored a technical victory over the other when their competitor could not finish a race. Likewise,
885:
wooden masts, and on June 2, her duralumin mast was fitted for the first time, and tested the next day.
2833:
1395:
605:
that became the boat's mascot and was fixed to the side of the navigator's cockpit. Three days later,
1407:
331:. The syndicate members unanimously selected one of the two designs as the basis for their defender.
266:
238:
1376:
2823:
3317:
2254:
1021:
405:
364:
3144:
1304:
3184:
2813:
2733:
2713:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2557:
1254:
1214:
1111:
1055:
976:
894:
211:
176:
105:
481:
s mothership, providing living quarters for her crew, and storage for her sails and rigging.
419:. It is estimated that she cost $ 1 million to build (nearly $ 18 million in 2022 dollars).
320:
to build it. Vanderbilt proposed that
Burgess base his design on an enlarged version of the
3204:
3084:
2442:
2360:
981:
The following week, the J-class boats traveled to
Newport for three races organized by the
352:
309:
8:
1163:
design by Burgess. The optimum profile for a sail is curved, like an airfoil, but in the
904:
355:. Three masts were constructed for comparison: two wooden masts of different design from
284:
254:
237:. For all these exploits, she had earned the nickname "Lucky Enterprise". Rear-Commodore
180:
3284:
3224:
2883:
2773:
2763:
2463:
1033:
982:
203:
426:
with Herreshoff on August 1, 1929, who gave the project the construction number 1146.
3164:
3154:
3114:
3074:
2723:
2613:
2603:
2573:
2449:
2409:
2353:
915:
870:
289:
258:
245:, and the yacht sailed with this model prominently displayed in the captain's cabin.
219:
95:
1241:
On the evening of August 27, the America's Cup Committee informed the afterguard of
3264:
3024:
2753:
2743:
2673:
2663:
2623:
2583:
2520:
2321:
1321:
571:
Monsell was delegated to assemble the rest of his crew, some of whom had sailed on
470:
400:
394:
313:
294:
262:
231:
188:
184:
71:
43:
3094:
2994:
2984:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2793:
2783:
2693:
2593:
2456:
2374:
1343:
136:
120 ft 9 in (36.80 m) overall; 80 ft (24 m) at waterline
1076:
all finished roughly the same, points-wise (14, 13, and 13 respectively), while
404:, the 1903 defender. They were donated to the syndicate by its member Commodore
3104:
2803:
2703:
2563:
2416:
2381:
1160:
1028:, then when a mechanical failure with her rigging nearly forced her aground in
921:
487:, an old pilot boat fitted with a single-cylinder engine to act as a crew ferry
433:
3311:
2277:
348:
279:
172:
25:
493:, a specially-built 42-foot, 175-hp motorboat to act as a tender and to tow
3174:
3044:
3014:
474:
to become the America's Cup defender in 1893. She was refitted to serve as
416:
223:
3194:
3124:
3054:
3004:
2519:
1259:
The four races for the America's Cup were largely uneventful, other than
1173:
1164:
1061:
after the first. The yachts to race in each pair were determined by lot.
881:
was carried out there. They had all been carried out with the heavier of
227:
993:
recorded the fastest time in the first race, but withdrew after fouling
214:. This had been a 12-gun schooner built in 1799 which saw action in the
3064:
2903:
2388:
1287:
3134:
2873:
1383:. Coatesville, PA: The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum. n.d
360:
215:
1024:: first when caught in an ebb tide that nearly carried her onto the
2402:
2395:
909:
383:
2974:
2328:
2246:
1400:
Enterprise: The Story of the Defense of the America's Cup in 1930
1264:
952:
arrived too late to compete in any but the fourth and last race.
3254:
3244:
3214:
2853:
1222:
Due to poor winds, only two trial races were held, both won by
1150:
602:
589:
Beginning on May 10, Walter Clark had arranged for his yacht
1080:
had won only a single race and finished with only 8 points.
1039:
nearby came to assist, but the danger had already passed.
1020:
was nearly wrecked twice in one day while practicing near
955:
This series convinced Burgess, and later Vanderbilt, that
1344:"1929 - 1937 :: History :: J Class Association"
183:. It was ordered by a syndicate headed by Vice-Commodore
869:
All but the last of these mock races had taken place at
208:
List of ships of the United States Navy named Enterprise
2240:. Providence, 1946, p.72, quoted in van der Linde 2022
1245:
that their yacht had been selected to defend the cup.
444:
The syndicate also obtained several support craft for
1263:
having to withdraw from the third race when her main
944:
won three out of four races, with the other going to
877:
had relocated to Newport, and the final race against
1508:
The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum (n.d.)
1105:
3328:
Sailing yachts designed by William Starling Burgess
1369:
The Eastern Yacht Club: A History from 1870 to 1985
1297:, Successful Defender of The America's Cup, 1930".
1248:
624:performance in May as set out in the table below:
202:in honor of the six commissioned warships of the
3309:
1032:. In the former incident, a launch from cruiser
226:. Refitted as a brig in 1811, she fought in the
970:
888:
1064:The end results of the observations were that
575:in 1920. The crew was mustered in April 1930.
538:With these five, it left a crew of 26 to sail
241:presented Aldrich with a model of this famous
2505:
2262:
1381:The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum
1282:Shortly after the America's Cup competition,
1274:had successfully defended the America's Cup.
206:to have borne the name up to that time (see
386:, were ordered from Ratsey & Lapthorn.
370:Burgess suggested using 19-strand wire for
2512:
2498:
2269:
2255:
1698:
1394:
1046:was fitted with her duralumin mast again.
422:The syndicate placed their order to build
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2007:
2005:
1371:. Marblehead, MA: The Eastern Yacht Club.
1234:was disabled in one of her races against
989:Enterprise won all three of these races.
248:
2232:
2230:
1712:
1710:
503:Greenport Basin and Construction Company
456:, for living quarters for the afterguard
2202:
2200:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1724:
1722:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1366:
1009:cup, and a second prize was awarded to
967:due to their longer waterline lengths.
3310:
2032:
2002:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1804:
1802:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1637:
1635:
1607:
1605:
1566:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1084:won every race that she had finished.
2493:
2250:
2227:
1707:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1472:
1470:
1468:
501:as needed. She was commissioned from
2197:
2188:
2170:
2143:
2113:
2101:
2072:
2054:
2014:
1993:
1972:
1960:
1924:
1888:
1719:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1402:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1350:
230:where she captured the British brig
1847:
1811:
1799:
1758:
1632:
1602:
1511:
13:
2276:
1545:
1525:
1465:
937:raced with her light wooden mast.
468:to unsuccessfully compete against
439:
14:
3344:
1479:
1445:
1433:
1412:The Herreshoff Catalogue Raisonné
1151:"Park Avenue" boom and new rudder
1131:won one. As part of this cruise,
1106:New York Yacht Club annual cruise
1016:Following the races, on July 26,
359:, and an innovative twelve-sided
210:for details), but in particular,
128:128 long tons (130 metric tonnes)
1362:. London: Adlard Coles Nautical.
1194:The final major modification to
1098:scored a technical victory over
318:Herreshoff Manufacturing Company
193:Herreshoff Manufacturing Company
54:Herreshoff Manufacturing Company
2218:
2209:
2179:
2161:
2152:
2134:
2125:
2092:
2023:
1984:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1623:
1614:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1310:
1249:The races for the America's Cup
272:Aldrich's syndicate comprised:
175:and successful defender of the
2523:defender and challenger yachts
1557:
1187:, and a chance encounter with
1049:
1:
1426:
963:were not a serious threat to
452:Vanderbilt's own motor-yacht
312:as their captain and engaged
2238:Yachting in Narragansett Bay
971:The Eastern Yacht Club races
889:The Long Island Sound series
363:mast from aircraft builders
7:
1990:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.123,130
1939:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.109-110
1396:Vanderbilt, Harold Stirling
1367:Garland, Joseph E. (1989).
528:Charles "Bubbles" Havemeyer
10:
3349:
2167:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.172–81
2011:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.142–59
1903:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.104–07
1885:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.92, 98
1252:
1212:
1155:One further refinement to
1127:each won three races, and
1109:
1053:
1005:was awarded the Commodore
974:
892:
609:began to practice against
578:
462:, which had been built as
316:to design their yacht and
3295:
2914:
2537:
2528:
2426:
2346:Built to class: 1929–1937
2345:
2284:
1876:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.90–97
1844:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.83–84
1835:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.79–80
1826:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.63–81
1787:Vanderbilt 1931, pp.41–60
1307:for use as a radio mast.
1208:
648:Distance (nautical miles)
542:. The syndicate engaged:
392:winches came mostly from
156:
148:
140:
132:
124:
119:
111:
101:
91:
86:
78:
67:
59:
49:
39:
31:
21:
1746:Vanderbilt 1931, p.26–29
1668:Vanderbilt 1931, p.22-23
1408:"HMCo #1146s Enterprise"
1377:"The Yachts: Enterprise"
1001:As winner of the races,
835:abandoned due to weather
812:abandoned due to weather
212:the third of these ships
171:was a 1930 yacht of the
3323:America's Cup defenders
2185:Vanderbilt 1931, 184–85
2158:Vanderbilt 1931, 183–84
1590:Vanderbilt 1931, p.9–10
1290:, never to sail again.
1277:
1270:Having won four races,
509:
365:Glenn L. Martin Company
342:To maximise sail area,
218:with France and in the
3185:Stars & Stripes 87
2814:Stars & Stripes 88
2285:Conversions: 1892–1929
2206:Vanderbilt 1931, p.219
2194:Vanderbilt 1931, p.206
2131:Vanderbilt 1931, p.167
2122:Vanderbilt 1931, p.166
2110:Vanderbilt 1931, p.165
2098:Vanderbilt 1931, p.164
2089:Vanderbilt 1931, p.163
2069:Vanderbilt 1931, p.162
2029:Vanderbilt 1931, p.159
2020:Vanderbilt 1931, p.155
1999:Vanderbilt 1931, p.130
1981:Vanderbilt 1931, p.135
1969:Vanderbilt 1931, p.113
1957:Vanderbilt 1931, p.110
1948:Vanderbilt 1931, p.109
1930:Vanderbilt 1931, p.108
1921:Vanderbilt 1931, p.107
1912:Vanderbilt 1931, p.103
1894:Vanderbilt 1931, p.102
1522:Vanderbilt 1931, p.213
1159:came in an innovative
933:. During this series,
925:. They were joined by
382:Sails, including four
377:American Cable Company
351:, of sail-making firm
249:Design and development
1867:Vanderbilt 1931, p.86
1858:Vanderbilt 1931, p.89
1817:Vanderbilt 1931, p.68
1808:Vanderbilt 1931, p.62
1796:Vanderbilt 1931, p.61
1778:Vanderbilt 1931, p.41
1769:Vanderbilt 1931, p.30
1755:Vanderbilt 1931, p.31
1695:Vanderbilt 1931, p.23
1677:Vanderbilt 1931, p.22
1659:Vanderbilt 1931, p.21
1650:Vanderbilt 1931, p.19
1641:Vanderbilt 1931, p.20
1629:Vanderbilt 1931, p.18
1620:Vanderbilt 1931, p.16
1611:Vanderbilt 1931, p.14
1599:Vanderbilt 1931, p.10
1563:Vanderbilt 1931, p.25
1554:Vanderbilt 1931, p.24
1542:Vanderbilt 1931, p.88
1476:Vanderbilt 1931, p.35
436:attended the launch.
353:Ratsey & Lapthorn
160:7,583 sq.ft (704.5 m)
3333:1930s sailing yachts
3205:Il Moro di Venezia V
2955:Countess of Dufferin
2176:Vanderbilt 1931, 172
2149:Vanderbilt 1931, 169
2140:Vanderbilt 1931, 161
1686:32nd.americascup.com
1581:Vanderbilt 1931, p.9
1492:Vanderbilt 1931, p.4
1462:Vanderbilt 1931, p.8
1442:Vanderbilt 1931, p.6
1360:: the J-Class Yachts
408:, who had purchased
310:Harold S. Vanderbilt
308:The syndicate named
1704:Garland 1989, p.185
1145:City of Newport Cup
641:
265:and Rear-Commodore
255:New York Yacht Club
181:New York Yacht Club
152:14 ft 6 in (4.42 m)
144:22 ft 1 in (6.73 m)
18:
2884:Oracle Team USA 17
2427:Revival: 1994–2017
1728:van der Linde 2022
1351:Dear, Ian (2004).
1255:1930 America's Cup
1215:1930 America's Cup
1191:while practising.
1112:1930 America's Cup
1056:1930 America's Cup
1007:Charles P. Curtiss
983:Eastern Yacht Club
977:1930 America's Cup
895:1930 America's Cup
663:Competitor's time
627:
448:. These included:
204:United States Navy
177:1930 America's Cup
115:1930 America's Cup
106:1930 America's Cup
16:
3305:
3304:
2487:
2486:
871:Long Island Sound
867:
866:
521:Harold Vanderbilt
337:Naval Model Basin
299:Harold Vanderbilt
290:Floyd L. Carlisle
259:Sir Thomas Lipton
220:First Barbary War
164:
163:
102:Notable victories
96:Harold Vanderbilt
3340:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2551:
2546:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2336:White Heather II
2271:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2224:jclassyachts.com
2222:
2216:
2215:Dear 2004, p.155
2213:
2207:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2070:
2067:
2052:
2049:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1543:
1540:
1523:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1490:
1477:
1474:
1463:
1460:
1443:
1440:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1363:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1324:. Archived from
1204:
642:
626:
593:to race against
524:Starling Burgess
518:Winthrop Aldrich
480:
314:Starling Burgess
295:E. Walter Clarke
276:Winthrop Aldrich
263:Winthrop Aldrich
189:Starling Burgess
185:Winthrop Aldrich
82:Scrapped in 1935
72:Winthrop Aldrich
44:Starling Burgess
19:
15:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2554:
2550:1870: 17 yachts
2549:
2545:1851: 14 yachts
2544:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2488:
2483:
2422:
2341:
2280:
2275:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2073:
2068:
2055:
2051:Dear 2004, p.67
2050:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:Dear 2004, p.64
1736:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:Dear 2004, p.49
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1496:
1491:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1342:
1331:
1329:
1316:
1313:
1280:
1257:
1251:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1153:
1114:
1108:
1058:
1052:
979:
973:
940:Of the series,
897:
891:
792:
581:
546:Sailing master
533:C. Sherman Hoyt
512:
478:
442:
440:Support vessels
285:George F. Baker
251:
191:, and built by
12:
11:
5:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:J-class yachts
3303:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3145:Southern Cross
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2804:Kookaburra III
2798:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:J-class yachts
2274:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2091:
2071:
2053:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1718:
1716:Dear 2004, p.9
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1544:
1524:
1510:
1494:
1478:
1464:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1404:
1392:
1373:
1364:
1348:
1340:
1312:
1309:
1279:
1276:
1253:Main article:
1250:
1247:
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1152:
1149:
1110:Main article:
1107:
1104:
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
1026:Dumpling Rocks
975:Main article:
972:
969:
893:Main article:
890:
887:
865:
864:
861:
858:
853:
848:
845:
841:
840:
838:
836:
833:
824:
822:
818:
817:
815:
813:
810:
805:
803:
799:
798:
785:
782:
777:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:
754:
749:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
725:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
701:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
677:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
655:
652:
649:
646:
628:Test races of
580:
577:
569:
568:
562:
556:
550:
548:George Monsell
536:
535:
530:
525:
522:
519:
511:
508:
507:
506:
488:
482:
457:
441:
438:
434:Norman S. Case
306:
305:
303:George Whitney
300:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
250:
247:
198:She was named
187:, designed by
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
120:Specifications
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
64:
63:April 14, 1930
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
23:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:Young America
2829:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:Constellation
2729:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:America's Cup
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2239:
2236:Davis, Jeff.
2233:
2231:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1328:on 2012-03-31
1327:
1323:
1322:America's Cup
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
978:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
917:
912:
911:
906:
902:
896:
886:
884:
880:
876:
873:. On May 23,
872:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
576:
574:
567:
563:
561:
560:Adolph Nelson
557:
555:
551:
549:
545:
544:
543:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
486:
483:
477:
473:
472:
467:
466:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
449:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:George Ratsey
345:
340:
338:
332:
330:
326:
323:
322:M-class sloop
319:
315:
311:
304:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:Vincent Astor
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
267:Junius Morgan
264:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
239:Junius Morgan
236:
235:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
112:America's Cup
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:Racing career
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:
24:
20:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3175:Australia II
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3085:Endeavour II
3083:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3045:Shamrock III
3043:
3033:
3023:
3015:Valkyrie III
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2556:
2476:
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2455:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2361:Endeavour II
2359:
2352:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2237:
2220:
2211:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2094:
2025:
2016:
1995:
1986:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1840:
1831:
1822:
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1774:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1625:
1616:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1416:. Retrieved
1411:
1399:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1336:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:the original
1311:Bibliography
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1242:
1240:
1235:
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1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1165:Marconi rigs
1156:
1154:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
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1073:
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939:
934:
930:
926:
920:
914:
908:
903:returned to
900:
898:
883:Enterprise's
882:
878:
874:
868:
855:
850:
830:
826:
807:
794:
788:
779:
774:
770:
751:
746:
727:
722:
703:
698:
679:
674:
658:Enterprise's
657:
637:
633:
629:
622:Enterprise's
621:
617:
615:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
588:
583:
582:
572:
570:
558:Second mate
554:Harry Klefve
539:
537:
513:
498:
494:
490:
484:
475:
469:
463:
459:
453:
445:
443:
429:
428:
423:
421:
417:Tobin bronze
414:
409:
406:Walter Clark
399:
393:
390:Enterprise's
389:
388:
381:
372:Enterprise's
371:
369:
344:Enterprise's
343:
341:
333:
328:
324:
307:
271:
252:
242:
233:
224:Tripolitania
199:
197:
167:
166:
165:
125:Displacement
3299:Yacht clubs
3125:Dame Pattie
3055:Shamrock IV
3035:Shamrock II
3005:Valkyrie II
2915:Challengers
1174:Park Avenue
1050:Observation
1042:On July 2,
1030:the Narrows
899:On June 9,
640:, May 1930
564:Third mate
552:First mate
228:War of 1812
40:Designer(s)
3312:Categories
3297:see also:
3285:Luna Rossa
3225:Luna Rossa
3065:Shamrock V
2904:Te Rehutai
2774:Courageous
2764:Courageous
2684:Enterprise
2389:Shamrock V
2368:Enterprise
1427:References
1418:2023-01-08
1387:2023-01-03
1354:Enterprise
1332:2010-12-07
1318:"Resolute"
1301:Enterprise
1295:Enterprise
1288:dry docked
1284:Enterprise
1272:Enterprise
1261:Shamrock V
1243:Enterprise
1224:Enterprise
1200:Enterprise
1196:Enterprise
1181:Enterprise
1157:Enterprise
1133:Enterprise
1121:Enterprise
1088:Enterprise
1066:Enterprise
1044:Enterprise
1018:Enterprise
1003:Enterprise
995:Enterprise
965:Enterprise
946:Enterprise
935:Enterprise
901:Enterprise
875:Enterprise
856:Enterprise
780:Enterprise
752:Enterprise
728:Enterprise
704:Enterprise
680:Enterprise
651:Competitor
630:Enterprise
618:Enterprise
607:Enterprise
599:Enterprise
595:Enterprise
584:Enterprise
566:Oli Larsen
540:Enterprise
495:Enterprise
476:Enterprise
446:Enterprise
430:Enterprise
424:Enterprise
243:Enterprise
200:Enterprise
168:Enterprise
17:Enterprise
3165:Australia
3155:Australia
3135:Gretel II
3115:Sovereign
3075:Endeavour
2874:Alinghi 5
2724:Weatherly
2614:Volunteer
2604:Mayflower
2574:Madeleine
2538:Defenders
2450:Lionheart
2436:Britannia
2410:Whirlwind
2354:Endeavour
2301:Britannia
1358:Endeavour
1232:Whirlwind
1137:Astor Cup
1117:courses.
1100:Whirlwind
1078:Whirlwind
1022:Jamestown
957:Whirlwind
916:Whirlwind
905:Glen Cove
793:2:38:25 (
787:2:37:02 (
613:as well.
491:Bystander
384:mainsails
361:duralumin
257:accepted
253:When the
216:Quasi-War
157:Sail area
74:syndicate
3275:Aotearoa
3265:Aotearoa
3025:Shamrock
2965:Atalanta
2824:America³
2754:Intrepid
2744:Intrepid
2714:Columbia
2674:Resolute
2664:Reliance
2654:Columbia
2644:Columbia
2634:Defender
2624:Vigilant
2584:Mischief
2558:Columbia
2403:Weetamoe
2396:Velsheda
2322:Resolute
1398:(1931).
1305:Scituate
1228:Weetamoe
1226:against
1185:Resolute
1143:won the
1141:Weetamoe
1135:won the
1125:Weetamoe
1092:Weetamoe
1082:Weetamoe
1070:Weetamoe
991:Weetamoe
942:Weetamoe
927:Resolute
910:Weetamoe
879:Resolute
863:4:37:20
851:Resolute
827:Resolute
808:Resolute
789:Resolute
771:Resolute
759:3:51:10
747:Resolute
735:2:33:26
711:2:49:00
699:Resolute
687:3:29:08
675:Resolute
634:Resolute
632:against
591:Resolute
573:Resolute
471:Vigilant
410:Reliance
401:Reliance
395:Resolute
329:Prestige
325:Prestige
222:against
179:for the
92:Skippers
68:Owner(s)
60:Launched
3095:Sceptre
2995:Thistle
2985:Galatea
2975:Genesta
2945:Livonia
2935:Cambria
2925:America
2864:SUI 100
2794:Liberty
2784:Freedom
2694:Rainbow
2594:Puritan
2457:Rainbow
2443:Hanuman
2375:Rainbow
2329:Vanitie
2315:Candida
2308:Cambria
1267:broke.
1265:halyard
1176:boom".
1036:Detroit
931:Vanitie
860:4:10:10
831:Vanitie
795:Vanitie
784:2:29:40
775:Vanitie
756:3:39:24
732:2:31:00
723:Vanitie
708:2:39:45
684:3:25:00
638:Vanitie
611:Vanitie
601:with a
579:Testing
465:Colonia
173:J Class
50:Builder
32:Sail no
26:J-class
3282:2021:
3272:2017:
3262:2013:
3255:USA 17
3252:2010:
3245:NZL 92
3242:2007:
3235:SUI 64
3232:2003:
3222:2000:
3215:NZL 32
3212:1995:
3202:1992:
3192:1988:
3182:1987:
3172:1983:
3162:1980:
3152:1977:
3142:1974:
3132:1970:
3122:1967:
3112:1964:
3105:Gretel
3102:1962:
3092:1958:
3082:1937:
3072:1934:
3062:1930:
3052:1920:
3042:1903:
3032:1901:
3022:1899:
3012:1895:
3002:1893:
2992:1887:
2982:1886:
2972:1885:
2962:1881:
2952:1876:
2942:1871:
2932:1870:
2922:1851:
2901:2021:
2891:2017:
2881:2013:
2871:2010:
2861:2007:
2854:NZL 82
2851:2003:
2844:NZL 60
2841:2000:
2831:1995:
2821:1992:
2811:1988:
2801:1987:
2791:1983:
2781:1980:
2771:1977:
2761:1974:
2751:1970:
2741:1967:
2731:1964:
2721:1962:
2711:1958:
2704:Ranger
2701:1937:
2691:1934:
2681:1930:
2671:1920:
2661:1903:
2651:1901:
2641:1899:
2631:1895:
2621:1893:
2611:1887:
2601:1886:
2591:1885:
2581:1881:
2571:1876:
2564:Sappho
2561:&
2555:1871:
2464:Ranger
2417:Yankee
2382:Ranger
1414:. 2022
1236:Yankee
1209:Trials
1189:Yankee
1129:Yankee
1096:Yankee
1074:Yankee
1072:, and
1011:Yankee
961:Yankee
950:Yankee
922:Yankee
919:, and
844:May 29
821:May 22
802:May 21
764:May 17
740:May 16
716:May 13
692:May 12
668:May 10
654:Winner
499:Corona
460:Corona
357:Nevins
133:Length
2478:Topaz
2293:Astra
1203:'
603:hamsa
479:'
234:Boxer
149:Draft
22:Class
2531:List
2471:Svea
2299:HMY
1286:was
1278:Fate
1161:boom
1139:and
1123:and
1090:and
1034:USS
959:and
929:and
847:29.5
829:and
773:and
671:25.8
660:time
645:Date
636:and
510:Crew
497:and
454:Vara
232:HMS
141:Beam
79:Fate
3195:KZ1
2434:K1
1356:to
719:9.6
485:Mut
3314::
2894:17
2229:^
2199:^
2115:^
2103:^
2074:^
2056:^
2034:^
2004:^
1974:^
1962:^
1849:^
1801:^
1760:^
1721:^
1709:^
1634:^
1604:^
1547:^
1527:^
1513:^
1497:^
1481:^
1467:^
1447:^
1435:^
1410:.
1379:.
1335:.
1320:.
1238:.
1230:.
1147:.
1102:.
1068:,
1013:.
985:.
948:.
913:,
797:)
791:)
767:22
743:32
695:22
379:.
269:.
195:.
2513:e
2506:t
2499:v
2270:e
2263:t
2256:v
1421:.
1390:.
1346:.
997:.
505:.
35:4
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