6340:
2241:. In comparison to other bunodont lutrine genera where the upper incisor is known, its third incisors are only marginally larger than their first and second incisors. The right I of a skull of E. sivalensis, for instance, measures 3 mm (0.12 in) in anteroposterior diameter (APD) and 4.5 mm (0.18 in) in transverse diameter (TD). The skull's right I measures 5.2 mm (0.20 in) in APD and 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in TD. In comparison, the right I is the largest incisor of the holotype, with measurements of 10.5 mm (0.41 in) in APD and 8 mm (0.31 in) in TD (the canines are larger than the incisors, measuring 17.1 mm (0.67 in) in APD and 13.8 mm (0.54 in) in TD). The large I trait also applies to
2267:
3651:
6346:
2623:
1333:. Bunodont otters are defined as large to very large mustelids of North America, Eurasia, and Africa that had robust dentition compared to most of the extant otters, generally allowing them to prey upon hard-armored creatures. Despite sharing the feature of bunodont dentition, there are at least several clades of lutrines belonging to this category rather than one, so the term "bunodont otters" therefore is categorical rather than taxonomic and covers lutrines during the same periods with similar dentitions rather than one that directly defines their taxonomic state.
115:
716:
6334:
3332:
2764:
1051:
1251:
7818:
141:
2456:
7824:
3473:
7807:
3067:
2043:
3255:
7813:
3674:". The aggregate time span of the species is at least 0.7 myr, from 3.7 Ma to 3.0 Ma. The Hadar Formation is also known for its representation of a great diversity of bovid species that represented most major tribes in Africa. The bovid tribes that were found in the formation included the Aepycerotini, Alcelaphini,
2755:
given the lack of fossilized crabs at Dikika, unlikeliness for biomasses of crabs to support populations of large otters, and apparent incompatibility for enamel dentition. Fast-swimming fish might have been unlikely to have been regular food sources due to the specialized dentition for crushing hard
3552:
Based on methods of determining palaeoenvironments such as ecomorphological analysis, dental microwear of bovids, and carbon and oxygen isotopes of enamel, the Basal Member (BM) has the greatest abundance of bovids and suids in the Hadar
Formation, suggesting that the environments of which they were
2712:
species in the
African continent are suggested to have preyed upon a wider variety of foods in addition to their primary prey including softer prey despite their bunodont dentitions, making their potential diets distinct from those of their Indian subcontinental counterparts. One suggested type of
3592:
assemblage of the Basal and Sidi Hakoma
Members indicate sources of freshwater input, in which their shells also indicate only a three-month dry season, characteristic of the central African savannas. The single dry season, indicating a nine-month rainy season, is a distinctive factor of the Sidi
2249:
genus as having a much larger I than I - I and being more conical in shape. DIK-56's I tooth measures 12.4 mm (0.49 in) in mesiodistal width (MD) and 11.6 mm (0.46 in) in buccolingual width (BL) compared to its I measurements of 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in MD and 9.7 mm
3717:
Other
Pliocene-age formations within Ethiopia show similar trends of great diversity in the Bovidae family from its multiple tribes along with suids, hippopatamids, cercopithecids, hominids, and equids of generally the same genera as the Hadar Formation. Most herbivores present in the Shungura
2186:
species differences are usually attributed to dentition, so the premolar teeth or molar teeth fossils are examined to discern the two bunodont otter genera. The generic differences (larger P hypocone, conical post-protocone cusps, and apparent lack of anterior upper premolars for
612:
allowing the lutrine to consume prey by crushing them rather than shearing them like the modern sea otter and unlike most other extant otters. As such, it is grouped among the bunodont otters, a categorical term referring to fossil lutrines with non-bladelike carnassials in the
3593:
Hakoma member from the modern climate in East Africa, which has a bimodal dry season format (two dry seasons) rather than a single one. The Sidi Hakoma
Submember 2 (SH-2) is similar to SH-1 and is thought to have been associated with woodlands with some grassy plains, of which
1006:, South Africa, which dates to the lower Pliocene and was named after the palaeontologist Quinton B. Hendey, who they said described the first known specimens that were since attributed to the species. In December of the same year, Jorge Morales and Pickford instead described
892:, despite their similarities, were differentiated by the structure of the maxillary 4th premolar (P) and apparent lack of the anterior upper premolar (P) that is presumed to be reflected at the bottom jaw as well (both of which are debated up to today). In the same year that
5068:
Barry, John C.; Morgan, Michèle E.; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Pilbeam, David; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Raza, S. Mahmood; A. Khan, Imran; Badgley, Catherine; Hicks, Jason; Kelley, Jay (2002). "Faunal and
Environmental Change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan".
2418:
is represented only by a single complete left femur which has a short neck and a round head that is oriented in a proximal direction (close to the center) rather than a medial direction (in the center), the former being shifted at 40° relative to the longitude of the
1280:
was a result of a
Miocene-Pleistocene trend that gave prehistoric lutrines bunodont teeth and large sizes compared to their extant relatives. It is classified as a member of the bunodont otters group, a categorical term commonly used by researchers that also includes
3236:(?), is reported from the Dhok Pathan Formation of Pakistan and is Pliocene in age. Mammal genera that were found in the Dhok Pathan Formation are generally consistent with the mammal genera found within the Nagri Formation but also include other bovids, giraffids,
641:
because their bunodont dentitions would have allowed them to consume hard-shelled invertebrates. It is unknown whether
African species were generally aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial, but their potential diets suitable for bunodont dentitions include bivalves,
3694:, Reduncini, and Tragelaphini. Other groups, represented by extinct species of extant or extinct genera, include giraffids, hippopotamuses, suids, canids, felids (machairodontines were the most common), hyaenids, other mustelids, viverrids, rhinoceroses, equids,
3568:
The Sidi Hakoma
Submember 1 (SH-1), ranging from ~3.45 to 3.35 Ma, had similar fauna and thereby similar habitats to other members within the Hadar Formation but also likely included wetlands in certain regions. Taxa such as a species within the forest-dwelling
2029:. Non-bunodont otters likely branched out separately from bunodont otters during or before the Pliocene epoch, but their poor fossil records and restriction to Plio-Pleistocene deposits in comparison leave little understanding in their evolutionary phylogenies.
3459:
as well as mustelids, ursids, felids (machairodontines, pantherines, and felines), hyaenids, and viverrids. Other mammalian genera found within the Pinjor
Formation includes hominids, cercopithecids, rodents of various families, proboscideans, equines of the
2974:, can be used to understand a taxon's dependency on water, in which extant aquatic and semiaquatic taxa, which includes river and sea otters, have significantly lower oxygen isotopic deviations compared to terrestrial carnivorans. The researchers who studied
4451:
Constantino, Paul J.; Lee, James J.-W.; Morris, Dylan J.; Lucas, Peter W.; Hartstone-Rose, Adam; Lee, Wah-Keat; Dominy, Nathaniel J.; Cunningham, Andrew; Wagner, Mark; Lawn, Brian R. (2011). "Adaptation to hard-object feeding in sea otters and hominins".
961:
The taxonomies of individual lutrine species and genera continued to be revised into the 21st century as more prehistoric otter species were described while palaeontologists continually revised the fossil bunodont lutrine species to different genera.
5190:
Ma, Jiao; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Changzhu; Hu, Yaowu; Bocherens, Hervé (2019). "Ecological flexibility and differential survival of Pleistocene Stegodon orientalis and Elephas maximus in mainland southeast Asia revealed by stable isotope (C, O) analysis".
4783:
Jasinski, Steven E.; Abbas, Sayyed Ghyour; Mahmood, Khalid; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Khan, Muhammad Akbar (2022). "New Carnivoran(Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications".
3538:
of the Dikika composite sequence as part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, from base to top: the Basal, Sidi Hakoma, Denen Dora, and Kada Hadar members. All together, they are dated to ca. 3.5-2.9 Ma and are best known for the numerous remains of
4385:
Kargopoulos, Nikolaos; Valenciano, Alberto; Kampouridis, Panagiotis; Lechner, Thomas; Böhme, Madelaine (2021). "New early late Miocene species of Vishnuonyx (Carnivora, Lutrinae) from the hominid locality of Hammerschmiede, Bavaria, Germany".
5421:
Klaus, Sebastian; Singh, Bahadur; Hartmann, Lukas; Krishan, Kewal; Ghosh, Abhik; Patnaik, Rajeev (2017). "A fossil freshwater crab from the Pliocene Tatrot Formation (Siwalik Group) in Northern India (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae)".
2827:, Kenya remain unclear as their fossil materials, uncovered in the 1960s, were not specifically pronounced beyond "Kanapoi", which future research would have to cover. It is also pointed out that African species of bunodont otters like
2704:
in the same locations as them, both of which are common throughout the entire Siwalik sedimentary column which spans from 15-2 mya, ranging with the presence of the Enhydriodontini tribe in the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan).
2356:. The talus bone's trochlea (grooved surface forming the joints of bones) is shallow and mediolaterally wide while its tubercle is projected in the approximate center, both of which produce a robust and deep groove (or furrow) of the
3175:. It is suggested that the extinction of the amphicyonids and percrocutids left empty predatory niches that were quickly filled by other hyaenid genera, which became highly diversified and coexisted with felids in the subcontinent.
3313:
feeders that depended more on closed vegetation. These changes occurred shortly after the arrivals of the hipparionines and marked decreases in mammal groups within the Indian subcontinent such as the extinctions of the hominid
3746:
browsers within the formation while the bovid tribes Aepycerotini and Tragelaphini were predominantly mixed feeders with little change in diet. Fossil fish remains are also known from the Shungura Formation, namely the genera
2803:, speculated to weigh 56.4 kg (124 lb) to 60.1 kg (132 lb), had non-specialized limb proportions that implied generalist-terrestrial locomotion and poor aquatic adaptations. Because of the hypothesis that
5146:
Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit; Paul, Debajyoti; Sukumar, Raman (2019). "Dietary and habitat shifts in relation to climate of Neogene-Quaternary proboscideans and associated mammals of the Indian subcontinent".
3646:
indicates said lakeshore environments and surrounding wetlands. The bovid abundance data suggests similar amounts of tree cover for SH-3 and SH-4 with the difference being that the latter was slightly drier than the former.
1340:
by Xiaoming Wang et al. in 2018 defines some of the following extant and extinct otter species and genera within the subfamily Lutrinae based on a 50% majority consensus (the bunodont otter genera are bolded beginning from
2589:
of Ethiopia was estimated to have weighed 100 kg (220 lb) minimum and 200 kg (440 lb) maximum (the latter mentioned to be more likely), its holotype suggesting a bearlike size. Compared with most other
4093:"A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines"
4262:"Lutrinae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Lower Omo Valley, southwestern Ethiopia: systematics and new insights into the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Turkana otters"
3366:
in the Pliocene were other lutrines, machairodontines, and hyaenids. Herbivorous mammals found at the Tatrot Formation on the Potwar Plateau contain highly diverse assemblages of bovids but also include cervids, suids,
939:
genus due to the supposed species of the former being an evolutionary "branch" of "crab-eating otters" in Italy, Spain, and California, eventually leading to the modern sea otter. He correctly introduced the idea that
5564:
Alemseged, Zeresenay; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Kimbel, William H.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René (2005). "A new hominin from the Basal Member of the Hadar Formation, Dikika, Ethiopia, and its geological context".
2795:. However, the Omo and Hadar femoras' proximal ends pointed to a more aquatic nature than most lutrines, while their relative lengths resembled that of terrestrial generalist mustelids, including semiaquatic otters.
3442:
genus to have ever existed within the Siwaliks of the Indian subcontinent, identified from the Nagri-Pinjor formations. However, the species identified within the Pinjor Formation of the Plio-Pleistocene epochs is
3272:
The transition from the middle Miocene to the late Miocene reflected a period in which the evergreen to deciduous tropical forests once covering a large part of the Indian subcontinent shrank and were replaced by
2561:) to possibly exceed 100 kg (220 lb) in weight, making it the largest-known prehistoric otter at the time, although he mentioned that the undescribed fossil otters in Ethiopia (likely sorted later under
2552:
species are estimated to be some of the largest species of otters to ever exist, reflecting on the Miocene-Pleistocene trend of bunodont otters growing larger than their non-bunodont cousins. Pickford described
2528:
to be the largest prehistoric otter in India, ranging from 22 kg (49 lb) minimum to 25 kg (55 lb) maximum in body weight, its skull possibly being wolf-sized. He also estimated the body of
2191:) by tooth measurements have been difficult to prove due to the fragmentary nature of the fossils and relative inconsistencies of tooth measurements/dimensions by species. The reclassification of all "African
2123:
is complete, although the left M and left I are both missing and most of the teeth are broken from their crowns. It has a large brain case, a broad and short muzzle, and a large nasal opening. Outlines of the
3579:
was the most abundant bovid, and SH-1 had the lowest proportion of grazing bovids at any sub-member of the Hadar Formation. The vegetation of SH-1 might have closely resembled those at the Guinea or Sudanese
2371:
are known by the proximal (upper part) left femur, distal (lower part) right femur, and a humerus. The proximal left femur is known by a large tubercle along the posterior area of the neck, middle-aligning
1135:, with some researchers claiming neutrality due to preferred focuses on researching the individual species instead of their genus placements. In 2022, the four species were eventually reclassified into
5035:
Wang, Xiaoming; Flynn, Lawrence; Fortelius, Mikael (2013). "Chapter 17: Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy: An Overview". In Wang, Xiaoming; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Fortelius, Mikael (eds.).
3011:, which was present in the continent at the same time range. Based on investigations using carbon stable isotopes, a diet of pure oysters would result in an enamel δ13C value of −11.3%. The diet of
1222:, the species name was derived directly from the site in which it was recovered. In a September 2022 conference by Alberto Valenciano, Morales, and Pickford (the same month as the research paper on
1276:
epoch. It is perhaps the most well-known prehistoric otter given its old taxonomic history and it being a primary source of comparisons to other bunodont otter genera. It is generally thought that
2497:
are similar in weight to modern large-sized otters while others are estimated as much larger than them (It should also be noted that weight estimates are more often made for bunodont otters like
4322:
Geraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (2011). "Enhydriodon dikikae, sp. nov. (Carnivora: Mammalia), a gigantic otter from the Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia".
2439:, and a strong lesser trochanter that is centered more in the middle than on the ventral (or underside) and is thereby visible in a back view. The medial condyle of the femur is larger than the
4992:
Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Aftab, Kiran; Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Abbas, Ghyour (2021). "Tetraconodon and Sivachoerus (Suidae) from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot area of Potwar Plateau, northern Pakistan".
661:
plant diets which if true makes its behaviour unlike any extant otters. It is unknown whether the species is an outlier amongst African bunodont otter species, but it has been suggested that
3873:
Cautley, Proby Thomas; Falconer, Hugh (1835). "Synopsis of Fossil Genera and Species from the upper deposits of the tertiary strata of the Sivalik Hills, in the collection of the authors".
2756:
food in addition to large animals likely not having the ability to catch fast prey. Other armored prey, such as juvenile crocodiles, turtles, and ostrich eggs, were also suggested prey of
2791:
based on their smaller femur sizes were more locomotor generalists similar to most mustelids while larger species were fully aquatic since their femur structures shared similarities to
2668:(freshwater crabs), but there is little palaeontological evidence to directly support this claim. Regardless, it is suggested that the thick enamel in the posterior dentition of Indian
5265:
Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Jamil, Madeeha; Mahmood, Khalid; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb (2014). "Some New Remains of Cervids (Cervidae, Ruminantia) from Tatrot Formation of Northern Pakistan".
3642:
is now extinct in Africa. Sidi Hakoma Submember 4 indicates wetland habitats that surround lakes within drier environments. A further increase of Reduncinae bovids and a decrease in
6339:
4883:
Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Akhtar, Muhammad; Iliopoulos, George (2012). "Tragulids (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) from the middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan".
2508:
native to the subcontinent of India had modest weight estimates, comparable with most other bunodont otter genera as well as extant otter genera. Falconer's 1868 memoir described
2489:
to have ever existed based on weight estimates, but their precise sizes and weights remain unknown given the lack of complete specimens in their fossil records. Some species like
2883:). Since both the African clawless otter and Asian small-clawed otter are typically less associated with water bodies compared to other extant otters, it is hypothesized that
3854:
Verma, B.C.; Gupta, S.S. (1992). "Enhydriodon sivalensis, a giant fossil otter from the Saketi Formation (Upper Pliocene), Siwalik group, Sirmur district, Himachal Pradesh".
3019:
as its minimum-maximum carbon values (-9.7% to -4.7%) are ~2-7% more positive than the expected pure oyster diet value. Its enamel δ13C values fall within the range of mixed
633:
and much larger than its other incisors (although shorter than its canines), a trait not seen in extant and extinct lutrine genera. It is hypothesized that Indian species of
2638:
generally lack complete specimens and postcranial elements, their locomotion and ecological niches remain uncertain. A common theory of the Indian subcontinental species of
5541:(2022). "Chapter 18: The Hadar Formation, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia: Geology, Fauna, and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions". In Reynolds, Sally C.; Bobe, René (eds.).
3293:
resulting in more seasonality, bringing about large faunal turnovers. The drier and more seasonal climates along with fluvial changes gradually brought about larger, open
2787:
lifestyle, however, have been contradictory to each other, so there is, therefore, no majority consensus on it. In 2008, it was speculated that smaller African species of
5495:
Geraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (2015). "Pliocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation at Dikika, Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia".
3573:
tribe and five species of primates were recovered from the member, further indicating a large riverine forest with, predominantly, woodlands in the surrounding area.
3734:
diets as indicated from changes in dentition by formation member. These trends suggest that the African herbivores in the Pliocene were increasingly shifting to C
2875:) respectively and have larger values in femoral indexes than most other extant otters) while its FEI value is analogous to the extant African clawless otter and
2783:
could possibly hint at a semiaquatic as well as terrestrial lifestyle, meaning that it could eaten both aquatic prey and terrestrial prey. The speculations of
4562:
4190:"New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene)"
2811:
is speculated to have been mostly terrestrial based on its shared fossil location with both aquatic and terrestrial fauna at Dikika. The palaeobiologies and
6473:
3793:
Bunodont dentition refers to molars with round rather than sharp cusps, features that the sea otter and extinct lutrine relatives ("bunodont otters") have.
4091:
Wang, Xiaoming; Grohé, Camille; Su, Denise F.; White, Stuart C.; Ji, Xueping; Kelley, Jay; Jablonski, Nina G.; Deng, Tao; You, Youshan; Yang, Xin (2017).
6493:
1889:
7726:
2384:
compared with even the largest extant otters. The humerus (complete but weathered and cracked) is much longer and slightly robust compared to that of
6783:
6683:
6196:
1156:
531:
2139:
snout, parts of the orbits, a nearly complete upper dental arch that is missing both Is and a right I, and part of the lower jaw. The muzzle on the
776:
in an 1835 synopsis of the fossil genera in the Siwalik Hills that the two palaeontologists found, in which the fossil taxon was considered to be a
7018:
6643:
6433:
6280:
3419:
2213:
as the latest-appearing genus is suggested to have the most bunodont dentition of the Enhydriodontini tribe, which includes the earliest-appearing
2853:
was analysed based on femoral robustness index (FRI) and the femoral epicondylar index (FEI), in which its FRI value is comparable to the extinct
594:
were estimated to weigh over 100 kg (220 lb). Given these weight estimates, the three species likely reached sizes comparable to extant
7888:
7733:
7634:
7404:
7267:
6937:
6763:
6693:
6314:
6250:
3128:, Pakistan), both formations dating back to the middle Siwaliks representing late Miocene. The species was also present at the Tatrot Formation (
2978:
found that its tooth enamel δ18O values had a standard deviation of 2.7%, falling outside the δ18O standard deviations of the sea otter, and the
1743:
1319:
7572:
7558:
7428:
7075:
7065:
7008:
6663:
6533:
6513:
6503:
6443:
6423:
6393:
6297:
2747:
3151:. The early otter species also existed with various extinct carnivorous members of extant families during the late Miocene representing other
2717:. Several catfish genera were present in Africa starting from their first appearances during the late Miocene coinciding with the presence of
7780:
7705:
7668:
7624:
7437:
7307:
7230:
7048:
7028:
6850:
6823:
6733:
6673:
6633:
6593:
6573:
6523:
6463:
6413:
6403:
6162:
5106:"Isotopic reconstructions of habitat change surrounding the extinction of Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid, in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan"
3755:
3117:
2700:
1817:
954:
682:
3285:
to the Dhok Pathan floodplains suggests less draining in the fluvial system of the latter compared to the former with Dhok Pathan's smaller
2493:
are poorly studied compared to others and therefore lack confirmed size or weight estimates. It is generally estimated that some species of
1085:
term "ekecaman", which means "fisherman" because he suggested that fish may have been a diet for the species. He also declared the species "
7604:
7581:
7474:
7451:
7444:
7414:
7327:
7095:
6884:
6806:
6743:
6723:
6623:
6553:
6543:
6453:
6226:
6152:
5928:
5918:
3113:
1678:
872:
542:
7541:
7394:
7317:
7297:
7287:
7240:
7162:
6947:
6840:
6653:
6270:
6260:
4819:
Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Akhtar, Muhammad; Ikram, Tasneem. "True Ungulates From The Nagri Type Locality (Late Miocene), Northern Pakistan".
4019:
Pickford, Martin; Soria, Dolore; Morales, Jorge (2005). "Carnivores from the Late Miocene and Basal Pliocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya".
2694:
2207:, presence of a carnassial notch and one or more cusps between the protocone and the hypocone on P, and/or distolingual expansion on M."
1770:
1518:
1313:
1307:
1295:
2178:
dentition is well-defined by its extremely broad, bunodont carnassials in the molars and premolars similar to the modern sea otter. The
2072:
of the Awash Valley. It is currently unknown whether the skulls' features of either species are well-representative of other species of
7658:
7614:
7498:
7374:
7206:
6991:
6957:
6773:
6713:
6703:
6603:
6583:
3634:
2225:
dentition suggests a near suppression of carnassial functions in favour of crushing as the predominant function. The I (or third upper
1698:
866:
536:
5449:
Nanda, Avinash C.; Sehgal, Ramesh K.; Chauhan, Parth R. (2018). "Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia".
3053:
abilities that allowed it to feed on carrion, including bones, in potentially a similar manner to hyeanas or bone-crushing mustelids.
1202:, Ethiopia, the locality dating to the middle Pliocene. It was described as having a notably heavier skull (albeit broken) than other
7277:
6753:
6483:
1206:
species or the modern sea otter. The species named was based directly on the site of Dikika. It was deemed as the largest species of
5767:
Stewart, Kathlyn M.; Murray, Alison (2008). "Fish remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia".
7875:
4912:"Cervidae from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot areas (Dhok Pathan Formation, Northern Pakistan) with comments on the age of these sediments"
4429:
3129:
3125:
578:
of it and most related fossil lutrines. Indian subcontinental species are estimated to be of weights similar to that of the extant
2254:, the I is shorter than the canines, with C measuring 16.9 mm (0.67 in) in MD plus 15 mm (0.59 in) in BL and C
958:
in 1976, although it remained relatively obscure in the palaeontological record until later research revised its taxonomic state.
2486:
7992:
7972:
7957:
3956:
Hürzeler, Johannes; Engesser, Burkart (1976). "Les faunes de mammifères néogènes du Bassin de Baccinello (Grosseto, Italie)".
602:, making them the largest known mustelids to exist, although a lack of complete specimens makes precise estimates impossible.
6345:
5820:
5798:
3362:
The carnivoran fossil records of the Tatrot Formation in India are scarce, but amongst the extinct members that existed with
3140:
was shown to have existed with several archaic mammalian carnivorous families that went extinct before the Pliocene, such as
654:
in particular could have been a terrestrial locomotor that at least semiregularly hunted or scavenged terrestrial prey with
7987:
2751:. In contrast to the slow-moving, abundant catfish, crabs in Africa were excluded as potential prey for African species of
1101:
since no type specimen or valid diagnosis was designated to it, a view supported by Morales and Pickford in December 2005.
3423:
are reported from at least the Tatrot or Pinjor Formations of India as well, indicating an active freshwater habitat that
3178:
Other extinct members of extant and extinct mammalian families were found in the Nagri Formation and thereby existed with
2839:, Tanzania which lacked such a feature, putting a question to the extent of the possibly terrestrial lifestyle of African
2680:
species are suggested to have combined shearing functions of the carnassials with overall bunodont crowns to prey more on
7967:
3612:, which indicate either more closed habitats or wetlands. It also contains the largest micromammal assemblages of extant
876:
were described, creating a particularly complicated history for the earliest-described prehistoric otter genus. In 1931,
4622:
Stewart, Kathlyn M (2001). "The freshwater fish of Neogene Africa (Miocene–Pleistocene): systematics and biogeography".
7962:
4657:
Peigné, Stéphane; De Bonis, Louis; Likius, Andossa; Mackaye, Hassane Taïsso; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (2008).
7982:
5052:
3742:
grasslands in Africa. There were a few exceptions, however, as Giraffidae and Deinotheriidae were both consistently C
2266:
1159:
tribe, which they described as hosting genera of extinct bunodont otters from the Siwalik Hills and Africa including
1022:
was distinct enough to be reclassified as a genus based on full generic differentiation, suggesting that the species
845:
as the most unique feature of its upper jaw, being nearly square and its coronal lobes being developed from conical
7977:
5651:
Negash, Enquye W.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Grine, Frederick; Sponheimer, Matt; G. Wynn, Jonathan (2020).
4497:"First fossil small-clawed otter, Amblonyx, with a note on some specimens of Lutra, from the Upper Siwaliks, India"
3833:
3549:
fossils are known from the formation's Basal and Sigi Hakoma members and are unknown in the other top two members.
2401:
2001:
than any other bunodont otter genus. The researchers explained that the acquisition of bunodont dentition occurred
2994:
was not as semiaquatic as initially thought. The results of the study contradict the 2008 assumption that the Omo
2835:
were always found in sites in association with permanent bodies of water as opposed to the Upper Laetolil Beds in
3049:
diet at least semi-regularly via hunting and/or scavenging. The large bunodont dentition of the species suggests
3041:, however, falls outside the range of studied extant freshwater otter populations. It is instead considered that
5286:"New Fossils of Sivatherium Giganteum (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of the Indian Subcontinent"
4053:
Pickford, Martin (2007). "Revision of the Mio-Pliocene bunodont otter-like mammals of the Indian Subcontinent".
2290:, are scarce, leaving too little information on the overall anatomies of many genera. The only known species of
530:, two debated species, and at least a few other undescribed species from Africa. The genus belongs to the tribe
7947:
4587:
Lewis, Margaret E. (2008). "The femur of extinct bunodont otters in Africa (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae)".
582:, but African species are estimated to be heavier than extant lutrines. In particular, several species such as
3324:
as a result of the fragmentation of closed habitats in favour of open habitats that would eliminate food for C
6333:
5082:
3455:
by the Pliocene. Other carnivoran genera that were found in the Pinjor Formation included the newly arrived
2444:
2233:
is much larger than its I (smallest incisor) and I, appearing larger and more canine-like in comparison to
2091:
skull, identified as belonging to a fully-grown individual, is relatively well-preserved with identifiable
5234:
Jukar, Advait Muhesh; Sun, Boyang; Nanda, Avinash C.; Bernor, Raymond L. (2019). "The first occurrence of
4688:
Werdelin, Lars; Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo (2012). "Carnivora from the Kanapoi hominin site, northern Kenya".
5238:
Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) outside Africa and its biogeographic significance".
3659:
2377:
676:
species have been complicated by its affinities and similarities with other bunodont lutrine genera like
2990:
aligns itself more within the range of extant terrestrial carnivorans such as hyaenids, suggesting that
140:
7952:
3541:
2979:
2947:
2361:
2160:
2119:
parts. However, it has also suffered from wear and being slightly twisted clockwise. Most notably, the
1077:
in Kenya (early Pliocene, ca. 5.2-4.0 Ma), describing it as one of the earliest members of the African
698:
genus than any other known bunodont otter genus that may have gained bunodont dentition as a result of
4842:
4371:. The 2nd International Symposium on Vertebrate Paleontology 20th-22nd September 2022. pp. 31–32.
3650:
5813:
3600:
Sidi Hakoma Submember 3 (SH-3) indicates the presence of woodlands and grasslands with more lakeside
2352:
but differs by the smaller head and thinner neck as well as a larger distal projection of the bone's
3698:, deinotheres, and elephantids were all also found within the locality. Small mammal groups include
2876:
2440:
723:(Figure 3-4 are different views of the same specimen). The drawings were based on specimens at the
7823:
3823:
3937:
Repenning, Charles A. (1976). "Enhydra and Enhydriodon From The Pacific Coast of North America".
3671:
7817:
2891:
were both semiaquatic locomotors that had lower associations with water than aquatic locomotors
2159:
short snout and very large canine size both clearly make the species different-looking and more
2143:
skull is short, a small anterior orbital border positioned just above the posterior side of the
1214:, was described from the Lower Omo Valley in 2022, dating from the late Pliocene up to the Plio-
1119:
by Pickford and Morales in December 2005, where they additionally described a new species named
7919:
7843:
3918:
Willemsen, Gerard F. (1992). "A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe".
3738:
herbivory as opposed to browsing and mixed feeding as a result of the increasing dominance of C
2538:
2524:, although no size or weight estimates were offered for it by him. In 2007, Pickford estimated
2282:
left femur (E) plus a left femur (F-G) and left astragalus (J-K) of the African clawless otter.
1366:
7893:
5828:
3535:
1014:
based on dentition convergences. In 2007, the two palaeontologists reaffirmed that the dental
7914:
7906:
2812:
4563:"Gigantic wolverines, otters the size of wolves: fossils offer fresh insights into the past"
2986:), which were recorded to be 0.6% and 0.3%-0.9% respectively. The standard deviation of Omo
952:
genus was later reclassified by Johannes Hürzeler and Burkart Engesser into the newer genus
5806:
5776:
5710:
Bibi, Faysal; Souron, Antoine; Bocherens, Hervé; Uno, Kevin; Boisserie, ean-Renaud (2013).
5664:
5574:
5504:
5458:
5338:
5200:
5156:
5120:
5001:
4953:"New proboscidean material from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan with remarks on some species"
4736:
4697:
4631:
4596:
4461:
4395:
4331:
4104:
3375:, hipparionines, anthracotheres, hippopotamids, giraffids, and tragulids. The crocodilians
2684:, although bivalves could potentially have been secondary prey for it). The possibility of
2147:. The front part of the snout is identified as short, thereby comparable with the snout of
1015:
5327:"A Pelican Tarsometatarsus (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Latest Pliocene Siwaliks of India"
5325:
Thomas A., Stidham; Krishan, Kewal; Singh, Bahadur; Ghosh, Abhik; Patnaik, Rajeev (2014).
4843:"The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan"
3108:
period, did not coexist for the same epochs based on their formation deposit appearances.
2622:
1127:
had brought about continuous debate regarding the practicality of the differences between
114:
8:
3895:
3082:
2602:
was later estimated to weigh more than 200 kg (440 lb), making it heavier than
877:
846:
694:. Currently, the Enhydriodontini tribe is considered evolutionarily closer to the modern
305:
5780:
5668:
5578:
5508:
5462:
5342:
5204:
5160:
5124:
5005:
4740:
4724:
4701:
4635:
4600:
4465:
4399:
4335:
4108:
1957:). Although the majority consensus tree displays a close morphological relation between
880:
described more fossils discovered in the Siwalik Hills, including a newer species named
715:
5749:
5736:
5711:
5687:
5652:
5633:
5474:
5403:
5361:
5326:
5307:
5216:
5172:
5086:
5017:
4974:
4933:
4865:
4801:
4760:
4411:
4368:"Lutra" libyca from the Mio/Pliocene of Wadi Natrun (Egypt): a new systematics proposal
4347:
4283:
4216:
4189:
4161:
4120:
3516:
3289:
having more seasonal flow than before. This reflects the general trend of late Miocene
3027:
3020:
2943:
2436:
2432:
2389:
2364:
muscles for extension of the foot at the ankle compared to the African clawless otter.
2052:. Its I, while larger than its other incisors, is not hypertrophied in size unlike the
2002:
1966:
699:
655:
408:
135:
5105:
3243:, anthracotheres, suids, hipparionines, rhinocerotids, "tetralophodont gomphotheres",
1151:, although its genus placement remains disputed. In 2005, Morales and Pickford sorted
7901:
7812:
5741:
5692:
5637:
5625:
5590:
5516:
5478:
5407:
5366:
5311:
5220:
5176:
5048:
5021:
4978:
4869:
4805:
4752:
4709:
4674:
4643:
4477:
4415:
4366:
4287:
4221:
3829:
3825:
Palæontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer: Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis
3588:, which creates habitat mosaics of grasslands, woodlands, and some forest belts. The
3007:
2868:
2763:
2501:
than size estimates, although size comparisons to modern animals may be referenced).
2373:
1398:
1187:
was explicitly excluded from the Enhydriodontini tribe despite its similarities, and
986:
on the basis of Pilgrim's diagnosis of the latter, rejecting Willemsen's synonymy of
928:
781:
7806:
5753:
5608:
Bobe, René (2011). "Fossil Mammals and Paleoenvironments in the Omo-Turkana Basin".
5212:
5168:
5090:
4937:
4764:
4351:
4165:
4124:
3268:
to Eurasia are representative of major Eurasian faunal turnovers of the late Miocene
2614:
was potentially "lion-sized", making it the largest mustelid species to ever exist.
746:. He explained that the scientific name, meaning "otter tooth", is derived from the
6095:
5784:
5731:
5723:
5682:
5672:
5617:
5582:
5546:
5512:
5466:
5431:
5393:
5356:
5346:
5297:
5247:
5208:
5164:
5128:
5078:
5040:
5009:
4964:
4951:
Abbas, Ghyour; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Un Nisa, Badar (2021).
4923:
4892:
4857:
4793:
4744:
4705:
4670:
4639:
4604:
4541:
4508:
4469:
4403:
4339:
4273:
4211:
4201:
4151:
4112:
4062:
3999:
3520:
3331:
2768:
2258:
measuring 19.5 mm (0.77 in) in MD and 15.3 mm (0.60 in) in BL.
2112:
1082:
1050:
5788:
5386:"A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan"
4797:
4407:
4116:
7942:
7866:
6287:
5653:"Dietary trends in herbivores from the Shungura Formation, southwestern Ethiopia"
5586:
5470:
5435:
5351:
5132:
4748:
4473:
4343:
4278:
4261:
3500:
3290:
3160:
3141:
2916:
2405:
2353:
2125:
1090:
975:
477:
342:
4910:
Ghaffar, Abdul; Akhtar, Muhammad; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Roohi, Ghazala (2018).
3344:
plants from the Pliocene-Pleistocene. It adapted its diets to mixed feeding of C
3104:
species that were present in the Siwalik Hills in India and Pakistan during the
1226:), however, they referred to certain lutrine species previously reclassified to
7189:
6112:
5987:
5013:
4608:
3512:
3309:
plants diminished greatly and eventually disappeared by 7.0 Ma along with the C
3302:
2461:
2048:
1797:
1623:
1475:
1301:
1250:
724:
5550:
5398:
5385:
5302:
5285:
4896:
3507:, Ethiopia, indicating that its fossils range from 4 Ma to 3.2 Ma. Fossils of
3277:
because of global cooling, drier conditions, and the intensification of Asian
3037:
plants such as fish, turtles, or bivalves. The δ13C standard deviation of Omo
3033:
feeders, only partly falling within the range of diets of aquatic feeders of C
7936:
7488:
7257:
6206:
6081:
3819:
3767:
3558:
3383:
3244:
3187:
3168:
3164:
3078:
2920:
2735:
2598:
species, it had an estimated skull length of about 25 cm (9.8 in).
2455:
2431:
located on the ventromedial head (aligning to the middle underside of it), a
2116:
2096:
2092:
1416:
1074:
1062:
897:
809:
788:
or diagnostic descriptions were attributed to it. As a result of the rename,
769:
747:
739:
735:
554:
430:
291:
245:
72:
5677:
4546:
4529:
4092:
4004:
3987:
2915:(adapted to digging and living somewhat underground) musteloids such as the
2435:
that bends on the back and is lower than the femoral head, a short and deep
750:
terms ἐνυδρίς (otter) and ὀδούς (tooth) and is not a reference to the genus
7770:
7691:
7682:
7509:
6925:
6905:
6024:
5745:
5727:
5696:
5629:
5594:
5370:
4756:
4513:
4496:
4481:
4225:
4066:
3687:
3643:
3609:
3570:
3554:
3553:
present in were possibly woody grasslands as well as riverine forests. The
3504:
3320:
3259:
3210:
3206:
2967:
2741:
2673:
2465:, a bunodont otter genus, in a bipedal position. Bunodont otters including
2428:
2144:
2005:
in the evolution of lutrines, reflected by the phylogeny tree's clades: in
1003:
948:
given their bunodont dentitions, but the supposed European "branch" of the
909:
630:
254:
5044:
4928:
4911:
3491:
were large lutrine species found in different locations within modern-day
3472:
2203:
in 2022 has been attributed to " metaconid higher than the protoconid on M
822:
819:
7747:
7531:
7384:
7125:
7085:
7055:
7038:
6967:
6186:
6179:
6140:
6122:
6040:
6001:
5901:
5888:
5834:
5251:
4560:
4140:"Carnivores from the Kanapoi Hominid site, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya"
3695:
3451:
after a long time of relative success eventually might have gone through
3282:
3248:
3214:
3148:
3072:
2681:
2577:) was estimated to be wolf-sized and around 40 kg (88 lb) while
2120:
2108:
2104:
2060:
There are currently only two known partial skulls that are attributed to
1457:
1215:
1198:
based on its remains of a partial skull and femurs in the Lower Awash of
1094:
793:
609:
523:
47:
34:
4969:
4952:
1973:
as an isolated clade separate from typical members of Enhydriodontini ("
7880:
7758:
7719:
7712:
7698:
7592:
7344:
7152:
6894:
6874:
6563:
6376:
6363:
6172:
6069:
5977:
5967:
5621:
4384:
4206:
3761:
3749:
3691:
3675:
3605:
3585:
3452:
3377:
3368:
3274:
3144:
3066:
2658:. This claim was made first by Willemsen from analogies of the diet of
2325:
2274:
of the femur (A-B), complete left femur (C-D), and astragalus (H-I) of
2136:
1180:
915:
838:
777:
702:, but the extent to which they are closely related remains unresolved.
202:
92:
57:
5384:
Garbin, Rafaella C.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Joyce, Walter G. (2020).
4861:
3527:
was named after the Dikikae Basal Member of the Hadar Formation while
2477:
are typically estimated to be larger/heavier than non-bunodont otters.
2348:, and the extant African clawless otter. The astragalus is similar to
2042:
7740:
7548:
7364:
7354:
7334:
7247:
7196:
7142:
6794:
6613:
6129:
6088:
6047:
6033:
6010:
5948:
5939:
5873:
5830:
5538:
4156:
4139:
3707:
3575:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3372:
3264:
3254:
3199:
3172:
3152:
3050:
2912:
2863:
2775:
swimming, its appearance being similar to its relative, the sea otter
2692:
is supported by the presence of fossilized freshwater bivalve genera
2655:
2424:
2420:
2271:
1565:
1545:
1337:
1325:
1258:
813:
800:
despite being the older genus name. Using the available specimens of
757:
614:
579:
564:
547:
503:
192:
152:
97:
41:
7837:
4658:
2380:. The femur specimens indicate large overall sizes of the femurs of
1949:
than the other extant lutrines that lack bunodont carnassial teeth (
7860:
7481:
7113:
6998:
6974:
6914:
6240:
6216:
6054:
5861:
5842:
3988:"Giant bunodont Lutrinae from the Mio-Pliocene of Kenya and Uganda"
3711:
3703:
3601:
3589:
3581:
3492:
3439:
3407:
3350:
3294:
3278:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3191:
3183:
3133:
3121:
2959:
2723:
2689:
2100:
1352:
1269:
967:
905:
861:
805:
785:
651:
638:
626:
621:
of the Miocene to Pleistocene and the sea otter of the sole extant
606:
550:
511:
225:
172:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
3604:
compared to the previous sub-members, with increased presences of
2245:, which was described after Pickford's general description of the
7787:
7648:
7641:
7462:
7169:
7102:
6981:
6864:
5957:
3683:
3628:
3562:
3395:
3336:
3240:
3226:
3218:
3156:
3105:
2836:
2824:
2714:
2626:
A sea otter eating a clam, similar to suggested diets of certain
2393:
2357:
2313:
2226:
1273:
1070:
752:
643:
575:
559:
527:
519:
496:
102:
77:
30:
2971:
2485:
species, particularly a few that had resided in Africa, are the
1945:
shared a closer morphology with its other extinct relatives and
764:). According to Falconer, the Siwalik Hill fossils belonging to
690:
is presently considered a distinct genus not closely related to
7521:
7213:
6857:
6102:
5867:
5855:
4494:
3679:
3618:
3461:
3456:
3286:
3195:
2963:
2955:
2934:
With the overall lack of consensus on the lifestyle of African
2867:(the latter two which are analogous to the large sea otter and
2729:
2513:
2321:
1199:
669:
were both large terrestrial bunodont otters of Africa as well.
618:
507:
182:
162:
5037:
Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology
4495:
Raghavan, P.; Pickford, M.; Patnaik, R.; Gayathri, P. (2007).
4365:
Valenciano, Alberto; Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2022).
3305:
while communities exclusively or predominantly consisting of C
2970:. The authors explained that using oxygen isotopic ratios, or
1123:. The reclassification of African fossil bunodont otters into
912:
and the first described species from the continent of Africa.
7220:
7132:
6813:
6304:
6233:
5838:
3773:
3613:
3464:
tribe, rhinocerotids, suids, cervids, giraffids, and bovids.
3202:
2664:
2642:
is that based on their robust, bunodont dentition similar to
2607:
1272:, which first appeared in Eurasia and Africa during the late
829:
515:
499:
212:
4786:
Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology
4561:
Alberto Valenciano Vaquero; Romala Govender (21 June 2020).
2954:
species in comparison to extant terrestrial mammals such as
1175:", previously described by Denis Geraads et al. in 2004, to
6830:
4656:
4260:
Grohé, Camille; Uno, Kevin; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud (2022).
2800:
2317:
599:
595:
5324:
3523:
in Ethiopia, the fossils ranging from 3.44 Ma to 2.53 Ma.
3499:
fossils were found within the bottom two sequences of the
974:
by Gerard F. Willemsen in 1992. However, in January 2005,
5712:"Ecological change in the lower Omo Valley around 2.8 Ma"
5420:
4782:
4659:"Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)"
4450:
4364:
3699:
2713:
prey was large fish with hard external coverings such as
2084:
skulls have somewhat different features from each other.
5650:
5494:
5383:
4321:
3132:, India) of the Upper Siwaliks from the early or middle
5563:
5145:
5083:
10.1666/0094-8373(2002)28[1:FAECIT]2.0.CO;2
5067:
4909:
2927:
was a more generalized terrestrial mustelid similar to
557:
and is a reference to its dentition rather than to the
5709:
1268:
belongs to the tribe Enhydriodontini in the subfamily
1045:
5264:
4950:
7776:
7766:
7679:
7664:
7654:
7630:
7620:
7610:
7600:
7569:
7554:
7537:
7527:
7517:
7494:
7470:
7425:
7410:
7400:
7390:
7380:
7370:
7360:
7350:
7340:
7323:
7313:
7303:
7293:
7283:
7273:
7263:
7253:
7236:
7226:
7202:
7185:
7175:
7158:
7148:
7138:
7121:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7061:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7014:
7004:
6987:
6963:
6953:
6943:
6933:
6890:
6880:
6870:
6846:
6836:
6819:
6802:
6779:
6769:
6759:
6749:
6739:
6729:
6719:
6709:
6699:
6689:
6679:
6669:
6659:
6649:
6639:
6629:
6619:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6579:
6569:
6559:
6549:
6539:
6529:
6519:
6509:
6499:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6459:
6449:
6439:
6429:
6419:
6409:
6399:
6389:
6310:
6293:
6276:
6266:
6256:
6246:
6222:
6212:
6202:
6192:
6168:
6158:
6148:
6118:
6108:
6077:
6021:
5998:
5983:
5973:
5963:
5924:
5914:
4882:
4018:
2128:
around the skull's frontals can also be identified.
852:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, more species of
261:
5233:
4991:
3001:Grohe et al. initially considered that the diet of
2423:section of the bone. The lateromedial width of the
1965:, the authors of the consensus tree also created a
5536:
5448:
5034:
4432:. Florida Museum of Natural History. 30 March 2017
4187:
3958:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
2286:Postcranial remains of bunodont otters, including
5113:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4725:"A contextual review of the Carnivora of Kanapoi"
4259:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3939:Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey
3702:, leporids, old world porcupines, murid rodents,
3124:) and the Dhok Pathan Formation (Dhok Pathan and
2151:. Although the evolution of bunodont otters like
1191:was reclassified as a sister taxon to the tribe.
605:Its advanced dentition is well-known, its broad,
7934:
5545:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–228.
5240:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
4885:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4090:
3955:
3856:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India
3557:were common within the member, fitting with the
3531:had its name derived from the Lower Omo Valley.
2557:of the Western Rift Valley, Uganda (at the time
1194:In 2011, Denis Geraads and colleagues described
5657:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5039:. Columbia University Press. pp. 423–444.
3985:
3902:. India: Palaeontologia Indica. pp. 80–88.
3872:
3666:The Hadar Formation represents many fossils of
3476:Geographical and stratigraphic distribution of
2907:. Meanwhile, the lowest values correspond with
574:species are unknown given the lack of complete
4687:
4188:Valenciano, Alberto; Govender, Romala (2020).
3968:
3894:
3670:, most notably the partial skeleton known as "
3358:browser that failed to adapt and went extinct.
5814:
5766:
4722:
4380:
4378:
4172:
3818:
3112:remains were present at the Nagri Formation (
1171:. In 2007, Pickford synonymized the species "
1010:as a distinct genus that might be related to
860:were introduced and more lutrine genera with
4530:"The Miocene carnivore assemblage of Greece"
3584:that interdigitate with the central African
2328:(also known as a talus bone). The femora of
1139:in a research paper by Camille Grohé et al.
5189:
4836:
4834:
4818:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4723:Werdelin, Lars; Lewis, Margaret E. (2020).
4317:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
3890:
3888:
3722:diets or had generally shifted from mixed C
3565:habitats between grasslands and woodlands.
3136:. In the Nagri and Dhok Pathan Formations,
2569:) could have possibly been larger than it.
804:, Falconer calculated that there were four
768:were previously classified by Falconer and
5899:
5821:
5807:
4375:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4021:Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España
3913:
3911:
3909:
3853:
3089:and other hyaenids during the late Miocene
2923:, thereby reinforcing the hypothesis that
2911:, which has similar values to terrestrial
2654:were both specialized for commonly eating
2634:As fossil bunodont otter genera including
1210:until another species also from Ethiopia,
994:. Additionally, they erected a species of
378:Geraads, Alemseged, Bobe & Reed, 2011
113:
6374:
5735:
5686:
5676:
5601:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5397:
5360:
5350:
5301:
4968:
4927:
4663:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4545:
4512:
4277:
4215:
4205:
4155:
4003:
3986:Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2005).
3936:
3917:
2545:), averaging to 16 kg (35 lb).
1081:lineage. The species was named after the
5543:African Paleoecology and Human Evolution
5537:Campisano, Christopher J.; Rowan, John;
5490:
5488:
4831:
4771:
4582:
4580:
4255:
4137:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4052:
4031:
3885:
3875:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
3649:
3471:
3330:
3253:
3065:
2762:
2621:
2454:
2265:
2041:
1249:
1049:
714:
4621:
4521:
4294:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
3906:
3849:
3847:
3845:
2966:along with semiaquatic mammals such as
2676:than cancrivorous (in contrast, Indian
2408:is small and more circular compared to
1985:as well). Regardless, they argued that
1981:was proposed as an isolated clade from
1261:. It is the only extant bunodont otter.
7935:
5523:
5103:
4840:
4527:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3654:Skeleton of Lucy, the most well-known
2537:teeth dimensions to be similar to the
2447:of the femur is rectangular and wide.
2427:is narrow. The femur also has a large
2068:of the Siwalik Hills and the other of
1953:was described as not being related to
849:unlike the two extant lutrine genera.
719:1868 Illustrations of the 2 crania of
7842:
7841:
6361:
5886:
5802:
5485:
5283:
4586:
4577:
4073:
3061:
2903:was said to be more terrestrial than
2779:Femora and dental remains of African
2312:fossil remains include a fragmentary
827:), one less than in the extant genus
553:. Enhydriodon means "otter tooth" in
5607:
4821:Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
4232:
3842:
2938:species considered, a 2022 study on
2585:are thought to be of similar sizes.
1989:is closer to the clade composing of
1057:right femur faced at different sides
1034:would no longer be classified under
908:, its fossil teeth being located in
4916:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
4097:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3807:
3348:plants by middle Pleistocene while
3015:, however, was not based purely on
1046:Modern revisions of African species
567:and its two prehistoric relatives.
13:
4388:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4324:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3718:Formation show either consistent C
3225:. An extinct reptilian species of
3045:consumed terrestrial prey with a C
2662:(abalones and marine bivales) and
400:Grohé, Uno, & Boisserie, 2022
14:
8004:
5497:Journal of African Earth Sciences
4690:Journal of African Earth Sciences
3171:, and hyaenines), viverrids, and
2404:is not as prominent in size. The
1941:As shown in the above phylogeny,
1245:
966:was originally reclassified as a
772:under the genus and species name
563:genus, which includes the modern
7822:
7816:
7811:
7805:
6344:
6338:
6332:
5517:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.03.020
4710:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.11.003
4675:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00377.x
4644:10.1046/j.1467-2960.2001.00052.x
3828:. United Kingdom: R. Hardwicke.
3056:
2617:
2376:, and a similar position of the
2163:(or evolutionarily recent) than
2155:is unclear, it is proposed that
833:but matching the total count of
812:in the species's upper jaw (the
710:
139:
45:
5887:
5760:
5703:
5644:
5557:
5451:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
5442:
5414:
5377:
5318:
5277:
5258:
5227:
5213:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.021
5183:
5169:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105968
5139:
5097:
5061:
5028:
4985:
4944:
4903:
4876:
4812:
4716:
4681:
4650:
4615:
4554:
4488:
4444:
4422:
4358:
4131:
3787:
1147:but was eventually assigned to
1143:was also initially sorted unto
686:up to the modern day, although
646:, reptiles, eggs, and carrion.
570:The exact sizes and lengths of
6362:
4994:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
4012:
3949:
3930:
3866:
2721:, including the extant genera
2340:but also larger than those of
2131:The broken skull belonging to
2032:
742:, India that he attributed to
637:were semiaquatic and consumed
1:
7993:Prehistoric carnivoran genera
7973:Pleistocene mammals of Africa
7958:Fossil taxa described in 1868
5789:10.1016/j.geobios.2007.06.004
5290:Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae
4798:10.1080/08912963.2022.2138376
4408:10.1080/02724634.2021.1948858
4117:10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666
3900:The Fossil Carnivora of India
3800:
3608:and the highest abundance of
3297:predominantly consisting of C
2610:. According to Grohé et al.,
2516:. In 1932, Pilgrim diagnosed
2294:with postcranial remains are
1402:(North American river otter)
1257:closest extant relative, the
1073:palaeontological site of the
916:Perceived relationships with
738:based on several crania from
734:was first erected in 1868 by
625:genus. Its I teeth (or third
526:. It contains nine confirmed
367:Morales & Pickford, 2005
356:Morales & Pickford, 2005
5587:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.06.001
5471:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.035
5436:10.1016/j.palwor.2016.08.003
5390:European Journal of Taxonomy
5352:10.1371/journal.pone.0111210
5133:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.017
4749:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.05.001
4474:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.009
4430:"Enhydritherium terraenovae"
4344:10.1080/02724634.2011.550356
4279:10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a30
2807:was a terrestrial predator,
2450:
2170:
931:brought about the idea that
756:, which includes the modern
455:Falconer & Cautley, 1835
16:Extinct genus of carnivorans
7:
7988:Taxa named by Hugh Falconer
3660:National Museum of Ethiopia
3467:
3417:), and the freshwater crab
3005:could have been the oyster
2512:as a lutrine the size of a
2394:lateral supracondylar crest
2378:medial condyle of the femur
2367:The postcranial remains of
2270:Views of the left proximal
2250:(0.38 in) in BL. Like
1179:, an extinct member of the
705:
389:Werdelin & Lewis, 2013
10:
8009:
7968:Pliocene mammals of Africa
5567:Journal of Human Evolution
5193:Quaternary Science Reviews
5149:Quaternary Science Reviews
5104:Nelson, Sherry V. (2007).
5014:10.1007/s12517-021-08684-x
4729:Journal of Human Evolution
4609:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.09.010
4528:Koufos, George D. (2011).
4454:Journal of Human Evolution
3668:Australopithecus afarensis
3656:Australopithecus afarensis
3616:genera such as the extant
3542:Australopithecus afarensis
3281:. A change from the Nagri
2980:North American river otter
2332:are smaller than those of
1002:from the type locality of
935:was related to the extant
7963:Miocene mammals of Africa
7850:
7803:
7757:
7678:
7591:
7568:
7508:
7461:
7424:
7112:
6924:
6904:
6793:
6385:
6370:
6357:
6330:
6139:
6068:
6020:
5997:
5947:
5938:
5910:
5895:
5882:
5850:
5610:Evolutionary Anthropology
5551:10.1017/9781139696470.018
5399:10.5852/ejt.2020.724.1165
5303:10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.04
3480:in East Africa by species
3434:Amongst carnivoran taxa,
3340:was a typical grazer of C
3328:browsers and frugivores.
1884:
1877:
1812:
1798:Enhydritherium terranovae
1792:
1785:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1731:
1693:
1673:
1666:
1639:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1560:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1479:(African clawless otter)
1472:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1356:
978:and colleagues diagnosed
837:. He described the upper
518:that lived from the late
414:
407:
281:
276:
260:
253:
136:Scientific classification
134:
121:
112:
23:
7983:Pliocene mammals of Asia
5845:and their extinct allies
4144:Contributions in Science
3780:
2877:Asian small-clawed otter
2672:species makes them more
2261:
2037:
672:The taxonomic status of
122:Lower jaw dentitions of
7978:Miocene mammals of Asia
5678:10.1073/pnas.2006982117
4897:10.13130/2039-4942/6009
4850:Papers in Palaeontology
4841:Martin, Jérémy (2018).
4547:10.3989/egeol.40560.190
4138:Werdelin, Lars (2003).
4005:10.3989/egeol.05613-666
3438:is the longest-lasting
2487:largest known mustelids
1155:into the newly created
1115:were reclassified into
884:. He also implied that
792:had been considered a "
5728:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0890
5284:Kumar, Suresh (2022).
4589:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4514:10.3989/egeol.07632200
4266:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4067:10.3989/egeol.07631192
3663:
3481:
3447:, which suggests that
3359:
3269:
3090:
2873:Pteronura brasiliensis
2776:
2745:and the extinct genus
2631:
2539:African clawless otter
2520:as being smaller than
2478:
2443:of the same bone. The
2396:is longer compared to
2283:
2161:evolutionarily derived
2057:
1744:Tyrrhenolutra helbingi
1367:Pteronura brasiliensis
1262:
1058:
728:
266:Enhydriodon sivalensis
7948:Prehistoric mustelids
7915:Paleobiology Database
5045:10.7312/wang15012-017
4929:10.4072/rbp.2018.2.04
3653:
3597:was the most common.
3475:
3334:
3303:Potwar Miocene rivers
3257:
3081:, which lived in the
3069:
2998:species was aquatic.
2948:oxygen isotope ratios
2766:
2625:
2559:Sivaonyx kamuhangirei
2458:
2269:
2195:" species other than
2135:contains a short and
2045:
1771:Paralutra garganensis
1566:Siamogale thailandica
1253:
1218:boundary. Similar to
1121:Sivaonyx kamuhangirei
1053:
718:
534:(which also contains
128:Enhydriodon africanus
29:Temporal range: Late
5252:10.4435/BSPI.2019.13
3730:diets to generally C
3511:were located at the
3079:percrocutine hyaenid
2533:based on its lower M
2392:is well-formed. The
2003:at least three times
1969:tree proposing that
1370:(giant river otter)
1177:Pseudocivetta ingens
1065:erected the species
5781:2008Geobi..41..283S
5669:2020PNAS..11721921N
5663:(36): 21921–21927.
5579:2005JHumE..49..499A
5509:2015JAfES.107...28G
5463:2018JAESc.162...54N
5343:2014PLoSO...9k1210S
5205:2019QSRv..212...33M
5161:2019QSRv..22405968P
5125:2007PPP...243..204N
5006:2021ArJG...14.2473B
4970:10.5070/P9381054113
4741:2020JHumE.14002334W
4702:2012JAfES..64....1W
4636:2001AqFF....2..177S
4601:2008CRPal...7..607L
4534:Estudios Geológicos
4501:Estudios Geológicos
4466:2011JHumE..61...89C
4400:2021JVPal..41E8858K
4336:2011JVPal..31..447G
4109:2018JSPal..16...39W
4055:Estudios Geológicos
3992:Estudios Geológicos
3318:and the deinothere
3085:and coexisted with
3083:Indian subcontinent
2813:niche partitionings
2504:The two species of
2445:intercondylar fossa
2278:in comparison to a
2276:Enhydriodon hendeyi
1546:Siamogale melilutra
1038:under the basis of
774:Amyxodon sivalensis
663:Enhydriodon dikikae
452:Amyxodon sivalensis
124:Enhydriodon hendeyi
5622:10.1002/evan.20330
4624:Fish and Fisheries
4565:. The Conversation
4207:10.7717/peerj.9221
3664:
3610:tragelaphin bovids
3517:Shungura Formation
3505:Lower Awash Valley
3482:
3360:
3354:was a consistent C
3270:
3182:including bovids,
3155:, ursids, felids (
3091:
3062:Pakistan and India
2777:
2632:
2479:
2437:trochanteric fossa
2433:greater trochanter
2390:deltoid tuberosity
2284:
2058:
1967:Bayesian inference
1263:
1059:
1042:being a subgenus.
864:dentition such as
816:was calculated as
729:
700:parallel evolution
345:& Soria, 2005
7953:Miocene mustelids
7930:
7929:
7902:Open Tree of Life
7844:Taxon identifiers
7835:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
6353:
6352:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6064:
6063:
4862:10.1002/spp2.1247
3920:Scripta Geologica
3644:alcelaphin bovids
3431:were present in.
3070:A restoration of
3008:Etheria elliptica
2984:Lontra canadensis
2869:giant river otter
2402:medial epicondyle
2374:lesser trochanter
1951:Lutra aonychoides
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1890:Lutra aonychoides
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1655:
1654:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1519:Paralutra jaegeri
1488:
1487:
1461:(Eurasian otter)
1429:
1428:
1399:Lontra canadensis
1343:Paralutra jaegeri
1183:family. In 2017,
929:Charles Repenning
488:
487:
481:
468:
456:
446:
434:
420:
401:
390:
379:
368:
357:
346:
331:
320:
309:
295:
249:
8000:
7923:
7922:
7910:
7909:
7897:
7896:
7884:
7883:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7839:
7838:
7826:
7820:
7815:
7809:
7778:
7768:
7727:Parabrachypsalis
7681:
7666:
7656:
7632:
7622:
7612:
7602:
7571:
7556:
7539:
7529:
7519:
7496:
7472:
7427:
7412:
7402:
7392:
7382:
7372:
7362:
7352:
7342:
7325:
7315:
7305:
7295:
7285:
7275:
7265:
7255:
7238:
7228:
7204:
7187:
7177:
7160:
7150:
7140:
7123:
7093:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7016:
7006:
6989:
6965:
6955:
6945:
6935:
6892:
6882:
6872:
6848:
6838:
6821:
6804:
6781:
6771:
6761:
6751:
6741:
6731:
6721:
6711:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6671:
6661:
6651:
6641:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6491:
6481:
6471:
6461:
6451:
6441:
6431:
6421:
6411:
6401:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6371:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6312:
6295:
6278:
6268:
6258:
6248:
6224:
6214:
6204:
6194:
6170:
6160:
6150:
6120:
6110:
6079:
6023:
6000:
5985:
5975:
5965:
5945:
5944:
5926:
5916:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5896:
5884:
5883:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5739:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5680:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5534:
5521:
5520:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5354:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5236:Eurygnathohippus
5231:
5225:
5224:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5119:(1–2): 204–222.
5110:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5032:
5026:
5025:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4972:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4931:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4780:
4769:
4768:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4319:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4257:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4209:
4185:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4157:10.5962/p.214388
4135:
4129:
4128:
4088:
4071:
4070:
4050:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
3983:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3840:
3839:
3816:
3794:
3791:
3686:, Cephalophini,
3632:and the extinct
3606:reduncine bovids
3521:Lower Omo Valley
3301:plants near the
3161:machairodontines
2769:life restoration
2575:Sivaonyx hendeyi
2076:, but the known
1880:
1879:
1788:
1787:
1761:
1760:
1734:
1733:
1669:
1668:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1536:
1535:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1089:", described by
1083:Turkana language
982:as a synonym of
826:
825:
824:
821:
796:" or synonym of
476:
463:
454:
441:
428:
418:
399:
388:
377:
366:
355:
340:
329:
318:
304:
290:
263:
244:
237:
224:
144:
143:
117:
107:
44:
21:
20:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7918:
7913:
7905:
7900:
7892:
7887:
7879:
7874:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7846:
7836:
7827:
7793:
7753:
7674:
7587:
7564:
7504:
7457:
7420:
7108:
6920:
6900:
6789:
6379:
6366:
6349:
6320:
6197:Bassaricynoides
6135:
6060:
6016:
5993:
5934:
5904:
5891:
5878:
5846:
5827:
5797:
5796:
5765:
5761:
5716:Biology Letters
5708:
5704:
5649:
5645:
5606:
5602:
5562:
5558:
5535:
5524:
5493:
5486:
5447:
5443:
5419:
5415:
5382:
5378:
5323:
5319:
5282:
5278:
5263:
5259:
5232:
5228:
5188:
5184:
5144:
5140:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5033:
5029:
4990:
4986:
4949:
4945:
4908:
4904:
4881:
4877:
4845:
4839:
4832:
4817:
4813:
4781:
4772:
4721:
4717:
4686:
4682:
4655:
4651:
4620:
4616:
4585:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4555:
4526:
4522:
4493:
4489:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4383:
4376:
4363:
4359:
4320:
4295:
4272:(30): 684–693.
4258:
4233:
4186:
4173:
4136:
4132:
4089:
4074:
4051:
4032:
4017:
4013:
3984:
3969:
3954:
3950:
3935:
3931:
3916:
3907:
3893:
3886:
3871:
3867:
3852:
3843:
3836:
3817:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3658:fossil, at the
3561:preference for
3534:There are four
3501:Hadar Formation
3470:
3357:
3347:
3343:
3327:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3291:climate forcing
3262:equids such as
3258:The arrival of
3077:, a species of
3064:
3059:
3048:
3036:
3031:
3024:
2917:American badger
2620:
2555:E. kamuhangirei
2536:
2453:
2441:lateral condyle
2406:olecranon fossa
2362:plantar flexion
2264:
2257:
2206:
2173:
2093:temporal crests
2040:
2035:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1721:
1712:
1656:
1588:
1579:
1489:
1430:
1420:(marine otter)
1248:
1157:Enhydriodontini
1091:R. J. G. Savage
1048:
976:Martin Pickford
944:was related to
925:
896:was described,
818:
817:
713:
708:
659:
584:E. kamuhangirei
546:) in the otter
532:Enhydriodontini
484:
470:
469:
459:
448:
447:
437:
429:Falconer &
422:
421:
352:E. kamuhangirei
330:Werdelin, 2003
272:
269:
243:
235:
226:Enhydriodontini
222:
138:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8006:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7911:
7898:
7885:
7872:
7856:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7774:
7763:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7687:
7685:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7662:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7628:
7618:
7608:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7577:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7552:
7545:
7535:
7525:
7514:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7467:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7433:
7431:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7408:
7398:
7388:
7378:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7331:
7321:
7311:
7301:
7291:
7281:
7271:
7261:
7251:
7244:
7234:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7200:
7193:
7190:Enhydritherium
7183:
7173:
7166:
7156:
7146:
7136:
7129:
7118:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7099:
7089:
7079:
7069:
7059:
7052:
7042:
7032:
7022:
7019:Negodiaetictis
7012:
7002:
6995:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6941:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6910:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6888:
6878:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6827:
6817:
6810:
6799:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6777:
6767:
6757:
6747:
6737:
6727:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6677:
6667:
6657:
6647:
6644:Prepoecilogale
6637:
6627:
6617:
6607:
6597:
6587:
6577:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6477:
6467:
6457:
6447:
6437:
6434:Erokomellivora
6427:
6417:
6407:
6397:
6386:
6380:
6375:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6308:
6301:
6291:
6284:
6281:Probassariscus
6274:
6264:
6254:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6220:
6210:
6200:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6166:
6156:
6145:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6116:
6113:Palaeomephitis
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6027:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6006:
6004:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5988:Pristinailurus
5981:
5971:
5961:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5922:
5911:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5892:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5794:
5775:(2): 283–295.
5759:
5702:
5643:
5616:(6): 254–263.
5600:
5573:(4): 499–514.
5556:
5522:
5484:
5441:
5430:(3): 566–571.
5413:
5376:
5317:
5276:
5257:
5246:(2): 171–179.
5226:
5182:
5138:
5096:
5060:
5053:
5027:
4984:
4943:
4922:(2): 132–140.
4902:
4891:(2): 325–341.
4875:
4856:(3): 483–497.
4830:
4811:
4770:
4715:
4680:
4669:(4): 793–846.
4649:
4630:(3): 177–230.
4614:
4595:(8): 607–627.
4576:
4553:
4540:(2): 296–297.
4536:(in Spanish).
4520:
4507:(2): 144–145.
4503:(in Spanish).
4487:
4443:
4421:
4374:
4357:
4330:(2): 447–453.
4293:
4231:
4171:
4130:
4072:
4061:(2): 108–124.
4057:(in Spanish).
4030:
4011:
3998:(3): 233–245.
3994:(in Spanish).
3967:
3948:
3929:
3905:
3896:Guy E. Pilgrim
3884:
3865:
3841:
3834:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3513:Usno Formation
3469:
3466:
3420:Acanthopotamon
3387:, the pelican
3355:
3345:
3341:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3245:cercopithecids
3188:anthracotheres
3142:hyainailourine
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3046:
3034:
3029:
3022:
2893:Enhydritherium
2881:Aonyx cinereus
2859:Enhydritherium
2821:E. cf. dikikae
2674:molluscivorous
2619:
2616:
2534:
2471:Enhydritherium
2462:Enhydritherium
2452:
2449:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2204:
2172:
2169:
2137:non-prognathic
2049:Enhydra lutris
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2023:Enhydritherium
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1624:Enhydra lutris
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:Aonyx capensis
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1336:The following
1302:Enhydritherium
1247:
1246:Classification
1244:
1173:E. aethiopicus
1093:in 1978, as a
1047:
1044:
924:
914:
814:dental formula
784:, although no
780:of an unknown
762:Enhydra lutris
725:British Museum
712:
709:
707:
704:
657:
486:
485:
483:
482:
462:
461:
460:
458:
457:
440:
439:
438:
436:
435:
419:Genus synonymy
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
403:
402:
391:
380:
369:
358:
347:
332:
321:
319:Pilgrim, 1931
310:
296:
279:
278:
277:Other species
274:
273:
271:Falconer, 1868
270:
258:
257:
251:
250:
233:
229:
228:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8005:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7862:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7840:
7825:
7821:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7734:Paroligobunis
7731:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7635:Legionarictis
7629:
7627:
7626:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7405:Tyrrhenolutra
7399:
7397:
7396:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7268:Megencephalon
7262:
7260:
7259:
7258:Megalenhydris
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6938:Brevimalictis
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6764:Trochotherium
6758:
6756:
6755:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6694:Sabadellictis
6688:
6686:
6685:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6347:
6343:
6341:
6335:
6317:
6316:
6315:Tetraprothomo
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6251:Parahyaenodon
6245:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6207:Chapalmalania
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6082:Brachyprotoma
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5539:Reed, Kaye E.
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5392:(652): 1–67.
5391:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5273:(2): 225–230.
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5054:9780231520829
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:(2473): 1–6.
4999:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4591:(in French).
4590:
4583:
4581:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4431:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4268:(in French).
4267:
4263:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4027:(1–2): 39–61.
4026:
4022:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3960:(in French).
3959:
3952:
3945:(3): 305–315.
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3820:Hugh Falconer
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:Auchenoglanis
3764:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3445:E. sivalensis
3441:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3429:E. sivalensis
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:Rhamphosuchus
3380:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:chalicotheres
3208:
3207:rhinocerotids
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:percrocutinae
3163:), hyaenids (
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:, while both
3099:
3098:E. sivalensis
3095:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3057:Palaeoecology
3054:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:hippopotamids
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:stable carbon
2942:measured the
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:striped skunk
2918:
2914:
2913:semifossorial
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:Sivaonyx beyi
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:Enhydriodon's
2782:
2774:
2773:E. sivalensis
2770:
2767:Hypothetical
2765:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:Auchenoglanis
2732:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:E. sivalensis
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2618:Palaeobiology
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2526:E. sivalensis
2523:
2522:E. sivalensis
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:E. sivalensis
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:E. latipes(?)
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:Sivaonyx beyi
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:Enydritherium
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2280:Sivaonyx beyi
2277:
2273:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2252:E. sivalensis
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Enhydriodon's
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:Enhydriodon's
2168:
2166:
2165:E. sivalensis
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2117:palatine bone
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:E. sivalensis
2085:
2083:
2082:E. sivalensis
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:E. sivalensis
2063:
2055:
2054:Enhydriodon's
2051:
2050:
2044:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:Lontra felina
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:Tyrrhenolutra
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1255:Enhydriodon's
1252:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:E. pattersoni
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:Turkana Basin
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Lars Werdelin
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Ernst Stromer
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
843:E. sivalensis
840:
836:
832:
831:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:E. sivalensis
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Proby Cautley
767:
766:E. sivalensis
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
748:Ancient Greek
745:
744:E. sivalensis
741:
740:Siwalik Hills
737:
736:Hugh Falconer
733:
726:
722:
721:E. sivalensis
717:
711:Early history
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
670:
668:
667:Sivaonyx beyi
664:
660:
653:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
561:
556:
555:Ancient Greek
552:
549:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
529:
525:
522:to the early
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
493:
479:
475:
474:E. pattersoni
472:
471:
467:
453:
450:
449:
445:
444:E. sivalensis
432:
427:
424:
423:
413:
410:
406:
398:
397:
392:
387:
386:
381:
376:
375:
370:
365:
364:
359:
354:
353:
348:
344:
339:
338:
333:
328:
327:
322:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:
280:
275:
268:
267:
259:
256:
252:
247:
242:
241:
234:
231:
230:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
7851:
7810:
7786:
7779:
7771:Chamitataxus
7769:
7746:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7692:Brachypsalis
7690:
7683:Oligobuninae
7667:
7657:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7623:
7613:
7603:
7580:
7573:Mustelavinae
7559:Moralesictis
7557:
7547:
7540:
7530:
7520:
7510:Mellivorinae
7497:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:Leptarctinae
7413:
7403:
7393:
7383:
7373:
7363:
7353:
7343:
7333:
7326:
7316:
7306:
7296:
7286:
7276:
7266:
7256:
7246:
7239:
7229:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7195:
7188:
7179:
7178:
7168:
7161:
7151:
7141:
7131:
7124:
7101:
7094:
7084:
7076:Stipanicicia
7074:
7066:Sminthosinis
7064:
7054:
7047:
7037:
7027:
7017:
7009:Martellictis
7007:
6997:
6990:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6956:
6946:
6936:
6926:Ictonychinae
6913:
6906:Helictidinae
6893:
6883:
6873:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6822:
6812:
6805:
6782:
6772:
6762:
6752:
6742:
6732:
6722:
6712:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6672:
6664:Promellivora
6662:
6652:
6642:
6632:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6592:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6534:Mesomephitis
6532:
6522:
6514:Melidellavus
6512:
6504:Matanomictis
6502:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6462:
6452:
6444:Franconictis
6442:
6432:
6424:Circamustela
6422:
6412:
6402:
6394:Acheronictis
6392:
6337:
6313:
6303:
6298:Protoprocyon
6296:
6286:
6279:
6269:
6259:
6249:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6215:
6205:
6195:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6161:
6151:
6128:
6121:
6111:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:Simocyoninae
6009:
5986:
5976:
5966:
5956:
5927:
5917:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5542:
5500:
5496:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5389:
5379:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5296:(2): 85–92.
5293:
5289:
5279:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5116:
5112:
5099:
5074:
5071:Paleobiology
5070:
5063:
5036:
5030:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4853:
4849:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4792:(11): 1–36.
4789:
4785:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4592:
4588:
4567:. Retrieved
4556:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4460:(1): 89–96.
4457:
4453:
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4424:
4391:
4387:
4367:
4360:
4327:
4323:
4269:
4265:
4197:
4193:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4100:
4096:
4058:
4054:
4024:
4020:
4014:
3995:
3991:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3923:
3919:
3899:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3859:
3855:
3835:112-0-015839
3824:
3789:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3716:
3688:Hippotragini
3667:
3665:
3655:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3599:
3595:Aepycerotini
3594:
3574:
3571:Cephalophini
3567:
3555:Aepycerotini
3551:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3508:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3449:E. falconeri
3448:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3425:E. falconeri
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3373:stegodontids
3364:E. falconeri
3363:
3361:
3349:
3335:
3321:Deinotherium
3319:
3316:Sivapithecus
3315:
3271:
3263:
3260:Hipparionini
3230:
3215:gomphotheres
3200:hipparionine
3180:E. falconeri
3179:
3177:
3149:amphicyonids
3138:E. falconeri
3137:
3110:E. falconeri
3109:
3101:
3097:
3094:E. falconeri
3093:
3092:
3087:E. falconeri
3086:
3071:
3051:durophageous
3042:
3038:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2748:Nkondobagrus
2746:
2742:Chrysichthys
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2648:E. falconeri
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2579:E. africanus
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2531:E. falconeri
2530:
2525:
2521:
2518:E. falconeri
2517:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2459:Skeleton of
2429:femoral head
2415:
2414:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2366:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2157:E. dikikae's
2156:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1628:(sea otter)
1622:
1621:
1620:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1474:
1473:
1456:
1455:
1415:
1414:
1397:
1396:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:E. africanus
1104:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1032:P. maremmana
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1004:Langebaanweg
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
963:
960:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
926:
921:
917:
910:South Africa
904:of the late
902:E. africanus
901:
894:E. falconeri
893:
889:
885:
882:E. falconeri
881:
871:
865:
857:
853:
851:
842:
834:
828:
801:
797:
789:
773:
765:
761:
751:
743:
731:
730:
720:
695:
691:
687:
681:
677:
673:
671:
666:
662:
647:
634:
622:
604:
591:
587:
583:
571:
569:
558:
541:
535:
491:
490:
489:
473:
465:
464:Synonyms of
451:
443:
442:Synonyms of
425:
395:
394:
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
350:
336:
335:
325:
324:
314:
313:
301:E. falconeri
300:
299:
287:E. africanus
286:
285:
265:
264:
255:Type species
239:
238:
127:
123:
40:10.1–2
24:
18:
7852:Enhydriodon
7781:Pliotaxidea
7748:Zodiolestes
7706:Floridictis
7669:Tisisthenes
7625:Lartetictis
7532:Eomellivora
7438:Craterogale
7385:Teruelictis
7308:Paludolutra
7231:Lutraeximia
7180:Enhydriodon
7126:Algarolutra
7086:Trigonictis
7056:Poecilogale
7049:Poecilictis
7039:Pannonictis
7029:Oriensictis
6968:Enhydrictis
6851:Ischyrictis
6824:Ferinestrix
6734:Skopelogale
6674:Proputorius
6634:Plesiomeles
6594:Parataxidea
6574:Palaeomeles
6524:Mellalictis
6464:Kinometaxia
6414:Arikarictis
6404:Aragonictis
6187:Bassariscus
6180:Bassaricyon
6163:Angustictis
6141:Procyonidae
6123:Promephitis
6041:Alopecocyon
6002:Amphictinae
5902:Musteloidea
5889:Musteloidea
5424:Palaeoworld
5337:(11): 1–8.
5077:(2): 1–71.
4963:(1): 1–12.
4569:27 November
4150:: 115–132.
4103:(1): 1–24.
3756:Sindacharax
3696:catarrhines
3638:, of which
3529:E. omoensis
3509:E. omoensis
3489:E. omoensis
3478:Enhydriodon
3436:Enhydriodon
3393:, turtles (
3369:elephantids
3283:floodplains
3145:hyaenodonts
3118:Sethi Nagri
3102:Enhydriodon
3073:Dinocrocuta
3043:E. omoensis
3039:Enhydriodon
3013:E. omoensis
3003:Enhydriodon
2996:Enhydriodon
2992:E. omoensis
2988:Enhydriodon
2976:E. omoensis
2952:Enhydriodon
2940:E. omoensis
2936:Enhydriodon
2899:, although
2841:Enhydriodon
2829:Enhydriodon
2817:E. ekecaman
2789:Enhydriodon
2781:Enhydriodon
2753:Enhydriodon
2719:Enhydriodon
2710:Enhydriodon
2708:The larger
2701:Lamellidens
2688:preying on
2686:Enhydriodon
2682:crustaceans
2670:Enhydriodon
2640:Enhydriodon
2636:Enhydriodon
2628:Enhydriodon
2612:E. omoensis
2606:and modern
2600:E. omoensis
2592:Enhydriodon
2583:E. ekecaman
2567:E. omoensis
2550:Enhydriodon
2543:A. capensis
2506:Enhydriodon
2499:Enhydriodon
2495:Enhydriodon
2483:Enhydriodon
2475:Enhydriodon
2416:E. omoensis
2350:E. omoensis
2304:E. omoensis
2292:Enhydriodon
2288:Enhydriodon
2247:Enhydriodon
2235:Paludolutra
2231:Enhydriodon
2211:Enhydriodon
2201:Enhydriodon
2189:Enhydriodon
2180:Enhydriodon
2153:Enhydriodon
2121:dental arch
2105:premaxillae
2074:Enhydriodon
2062:Enhydriodon
2033:Description
2019:Paludolutra
2011:Enhydriodon
1991:Enhydriodon
1959:Enhydriodon
1943:Enhydriodon
1818:Paludolutra
1644:Enhydriodon
1458:Lutra lutra
1287:Paludolutra
1278:Enhydriodon
1266:Enhydriodon
1240:S. africana
1228:Enhydriodon
1224:E. omoensis
1216:Pleistocene
1212:E. omoensis
1208:Enhydriodon
1204:Enhydriodon
1189:Paludolutra
1169:Paludolutra
1153:Enhydriodon
1149:Enhydriodon
1137:Enhydriodon
1129:Enhydriodon
1109:E. ekecaman
1099:E. ekecaman
1095:nomen nudum
1079:Enhydriodon
1067:E. ekecaman
1055:E. omoensis
1040:Paludolutra
1036:Enhydriodon
1024:P. campanii
1020:Paludolutra
1008:Paludolutra
996:Enhydriodon
992:Enhydriodon
988:Paludolutra
980:Paludolutra
972:Enhydriodon
964:Paludolutra
955:Paludolutra
950:Enhydriodon
946:Enhydriodon
933:Enhydriodon
918:Paludolutra
886:Enhydriodon
878:Guy Pilgrim
858:E. campanii
854:Enhydriodon
798:Enhydriodon
732:Enhydriodon
692:Enhydriodon
688:Paludolutra
683:Paludolutra
674:Enhydriodon
648:E. omoensis
635:Enhydriodon
631:canine-like
610:carnassials
592:E. omoensis
572:Enhydriodon
524:Pleistocene
506:known from
492:Enhydriodon
466:E. ekecaman
396:E. omoensis
326:E. ekecaman
240:Enhydriodon
209:Subfamily:
35:Pleistocene
25:Enhydriodon
7937:Categories
7759:Taxidiinae
7720:Oligobunis
7713:Megalictis
7699:Corumictis
7605:Baranogale
7593:Mustelinae
7582:Mustelavus
7475:Arctomeles
7452:Trocharion
7445:Leptarctus
7415:Vishnuonyx
7345:Sardolutra
7328:Pelycictis
7153:Cyrnolutra
7096:Trochictis
6895:Sthenictis
6885:Plionictis
6875:Plesiogulo
6807:Canimartes
6744:Sonitictis
6724:Sivalictis
6624:Plesiogale
6564:Oaxacagale
6554:Namibictis
6544:Miomustela
6454:Kenyalutra
6377:Mustelidae
6364:Mustelidae
6227:Edaphocyon
6173:Arctonasua
6153:Amphinasua
6070:Mephitidae
5978:Parailurus
5968:Magerictis
5929:Plesiogale
5919:Peignictis
5831:red pandas
5829:Genera of
5722:(1): 1–4.
5155:: 105968.
4735:: 102334.
4436:10 October
3964:: 333–336.
3801:References
3762:Synodontis
3750:Polypterus
3692:Neotragini
3676:Antilopini
3586:rainforest
3547:E. dikikae
3525:E. dikikae
3497:E. dikikae
3485:E. dikikae
3453:anagenesis
3427:and later
3378:Crocodylus
3275:grasslands
3249:hystricids
3173:herpestids
3169:ictitheres
3114:Dhok Milan
2925:E. dikikae
2909:E. dikikae
2905:E. hendeyi
2885:E. hendeyi
2851:E. hendeyi
2809:E. dikikae
2758:E. dikikae
2604:E. dikikae
2587:E. dikikae
2571:E. hendeyi
2563:E. dikikae
2400:while the
2388:, and its
2382:E. dikikae
2369:E. dikikae
2338:E. dikikae
2330:E. hendeyi
2326:astragalus
2310:E. hendeyi
2300:E. dikikae
2296:E. hendeyi
2243:E. dikikae
2215:Vishnuonyx
2141:E. dikikae
2133:E. dikikae
2078:E. dikikae
2070:E. dikikae
1999:Vishnuonyx
1679:Vishnuonyx
1291:Vishnuonyx
1236:S. hendeyi
1220:E. dikikae
1196:E. dikikae
1181:Viverridae
1161:Vishnuonyx
1113:E. hendeyi
1028:P. lluecai
1016:morphology
1000:E. hendeyi
900:described
873:Vishnuonyx
839:carnassial
778:carnivoran
588:E. dikikae
543:Vishnuonyx
374:E. dikikae
337:E. hendeyi
315:E? latipes
203:Mustelidae
126:(A-C) and
7867:Q27962593
7741:Promartes
7549:Mellivora
7542:Hoplictis
7395:Torolutra
7365:Siamogale
7355:Satherium
7335:Pteronura
7318:Paralutra
7298:Nesolutra
7288:Mionictis
7248:Lutrogale
7241:Lutrictis
7197:Hydrictis
7163:Djourabus
7143:Cyrnaonyx
6948:Cernictis
6841:Iberictis
6795:Guloninae
6654:Presictis
6614:Plesictis
6474:Laphyctis
6271:Parapotos
6261:Paranasua
6130:Spilogale
6089:Conepatus
6048:Protursus
6034:Actiocyon
6011:Amphictis
5949:Ailurinae
5940:Ailuridae
5874:Carnivora
5854:Kingdom:
5843:mustelids
5638:205826374
5503:: 28–35.
5479:134929306
5457:: 54–68.
5408:229387265
5312:248233024
5221:135056116
5199:: 33–44.
5177:210307849
5022:244120161
4979:237772570
4957:PaleoBios
4870:134966832
4806:253346978
4416:240538139
4288:252106648
4200:: e9221.
3712:aardvarks
3708:squirrels
3704:spalacids
3576:Aepyceros
3414:Pangshura
3402:Geoclemys
3390:Pelecanus
3295:woodlands
3265:Hipparion
3223:spalacids
3192:tragulids
3184:giraffids
3167:hyaenids
3153:mustelids
2897:Satherium
2864:Satherium
2847:species.
2695:Parreysia
2656:shellfish
2548:Africa's
2451:Body Mass
2425:epiphysis
2421:diaphysis
2346:Satherium
2324:, and an
2272:epiphysis
2217:and then
2171:Dentition
2064:: one of
2046:Skull of
2027:Siamogale
2025:, and in
1983:Siamogale
1975:Paralutra
1338:cladogram
1326:Siamogale
1314:Paralutra
1308:Djourabus
1296:Torolutra
1259:sea otter
1234:, namely
1141:E. soriae
1069:from the
1061:In 2003,
927:In 1976,
806:premolars
794:dead name
758:sea otter
615:premolars
580:sea otter
565:sea otter
548:subfamily
504:mustelids
363:E? soriae
341:Morales,
193:Carnivora
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
33:to Early
7861:Wikidata
7659:Putorius
7615:Dinogale
7499:Promeles
7482:Arctonyx
7375:Sivaonyx
7207:Limnonyx
7114:Lutrinae
6999:Lyncodon
6992:Lutravus
6975:Galictis
6958:Eirictis
6915:Melogale
6774:Xenictis
6714:Sinictis
6704:Semantor
6604:Perunium
6584:Paragale
6494:Marcetia
6241:Nasuella
6217:Cyonasua
6096:Mephitis
6055:Simocyon
5868:Mammalia
5862:Chordata
5860:Phylum:
5856:Animalia
5835:raccoons
5754:10791621
5746:23234862
5697:32839326
5630:22170694
5595:16026815
5371:25365300
5331:PLOS ONE
5267:Biologia
5091:18408360
4938:59060740
4765:23285088
4757:28625408
4482:21474163
4352:84797296
4226:32547866
4166:82943977
4125:58892181
3926:: 89–94.
3898:(1932).
3862:: 31–36.
3822:(1868).
3635:Saidomys
3602:wetlands
3590:ostracod
3582:savannas
3563:ecotonal
3493:Ethiopia
3468:Ethiopia
3440:caniform
3408:Hardella
3351:Stegodon
3279:monsoons
3232:Gavialis
3219:hominids
3134:Pliocene
3122:Pakistan
3075:gigantea
2960:hyaenids
2919:and the
2845:Sivaonyx
2833:Sivaonyx
2724:Clarotes
2690:bivalves
2678:Sivaonyx
2354:tubercle
2219:Sivaonyx
2193:Sivaonyx
2184:Sivaonyx
2101:maxillae
2007:Sivaonyx
1995:Sivaonyx
1699:Sivaonyx
1353:Lutrinae
1283:Sivaonyx
1270:Lutrinae
1232:Sivaonyx
1165:Sivaonyx
1145:Sivaonyx
1133:Sivaonyx
1125:Sivaonyx
1117:Sivaonyx
1012:Sivaonyx
984:Sivaonyx
968:subgenus
906:Pliocene
890:Sivaonyx
867:Sivaonyx
862:bunodont
856:such as
847:mamelons
790:Amyxodon
786:holotype
706:Taxonomy
678:Sivaonyx
652:Ethiopia
639:bivalves
627:incisors
607:bunodont
551:Lutrinae
537:Sivaonyx
512:Pakistan
426:Amyxodon
409:Synonyms
385:E. afman
343:Pickford
246:Falconer
213:Lutrinae
199:Family:
183:Mammalia
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
7907:3612786
7894:1013396
7881:4833854
7788:Taxidea
7649:Neogale
7642:Mustela
7463:Melinae
7278:Melodon
7170:Enhydra
7103:Vormela
6982:Ictonyx
6865:Pekania
6784:Zorilla
6754:Taxodon
6484:Luogale
6288:Procyon
5958:Ailurus
5872:Order:
5866:Class:
5777:Bibcode
5769:Geobios
5737:3565503
5688:7486712
5665:Bibcode
5575:Bibcode
5505:Bibcode
5459:Bibcode
5362:4218845
5339:Bibcode
5201:Bibcode
5157:Bibcode
5121:Bibcode
5002:Bibcode
4827:: 1–59.
4737:Bibcode
4698:Bibcode
4696:: 1–8.
4632:Bibcode
4597:Bibcode
4462:Bibcode
4396:Bibcode
4332:Bibcode
4217:7271888
4105:Bibcode
3684:Caprini
3640:Golunda
3629:Oenomys
3624:Golunda
3559:tribe's
3536:members
3519:of the
3503:of the
3396:Batagur
3337:Elephas
3241:cervids
3238:cervine
3227:gharial
3157:felines
3106:Neogene
3017:Etheria
2929:S. beyi
2901:S. beyi
2889:S. beyi
2855:S. beyi
2837:Laetoli
2825:Kanapoi
2805:S. beyi
2793:Enhydra
2715:catfish
2660:Enhydra
2644:Enhydra
2630:species
2596:Enhydra
2565:and/or
2514:panther
2467:Enhydra
2410:S. beyi
2398:S. beyi
2360:of the
2358:tendons
2334:S. beyi
2314:humerus
2239:Enhydra
2227:incisor
2197:S. beyi
2149:Enhydra
2097:frontal
2015:Enhydra
1987:Enhydra
1979:jaegeri
1971:Enhydra
1963:Enhydra
1947:Enhydra
1331:Enhydra
1274:Miocene
1185:Enhydra
1071:Kanapoi
942:Enhydra
937:Enhydra
922:Enhydra
835:Enhydra
753:Enhydra
696:Enhydra
644:catfish
623:Enhydra
576:fossils
560:Enhydra
528:species
520:Miocene
497:extinct
431:Cautley
308:, 1931
306:Pilgrim
294:, 1931
292:Stromer
232:Genus:
219:Tribe:
189:Order:
179:Class:
31:Miocene
7943:Otters
7522:Ekorus
7214:Lontra
6858:Martes
6684:Pyctis
6103:Mydaus
5839:skunks
5752:
5744:
5734:
5695:
5685:
5636:
5628:
5593:
5477:
5406:
5369:
5359:
5310:
5219:
5175:
5089:
5051:
5020:
4977:
4936:
4868:
4804:
4763:
4755:
4480:
4414:
4350:
4286:
4224:
4214:
4164:
4123:
3832:
3771:, and
3710:, and
3680:Bovini
3619:Acomys
3462:Equini
3457:canids
3411:, and
3287:rivers
3247:, and
3234:lewisi
3221:, and
3203:equids
3130:Tatrot
3126:Hasnot
2964:bovids
2962:, and
2956:felids
2861:, and
2739:, and
2730:Bagrus
2573:(then
2322:femurs
2320:, two
2302:, and
2145:canine
2126:orbits
2115:, and
2113:muzzle
1997:, and
1200:Dikika
1167:, and
1111:, and
1030:, and
998:named
810:molars
782:family
629:) are
619:molars
590:, and
514:, and
508:Africa
495:is an
480:, 1978
478:Savage
433:, 1835
248:, 1868
130:(D-F)
7920:36917
7889:IRMNG
7489:Meles
7221:Lutra
7133:Aonyx
6305:Potos
6234:Nasua
5750:S2CID
5634:S2CID
5475:S2CID
5404:S2CID
5308:S2CID
5217:S2CID
5173:S2CID
5109:(PDF)
5087:S2CID
5018:S2CID
4975:S2CID
4934:S2CID
4866:S2CID
4846:(PDF)
4802:S2CID
4761:S2CID
4412:S2CID
4394:(3).
4348:S2CID
4284:S2CID
4194:PeerJ
4162:S2CID
4121:S2CID
3881:(12).
3781:Notes
3774:Lates
3614:murid
3196:suids
2665:Aonyx
2608:lions
2481:Some
2316:, an
2262:Limbs
2229:) of
2109:nasal
2038:Skull
2017:, in
1955:Lutra
830:Lutra
823:2.1.5
820:3.1.4
600:lions
596:bears
516:India
500:genus
7876:GBIF
6831:Gulo
6814:Eira
5742:PMID
5693:PMID
5626:PMID
5591:PMID
5367:PMID
5049:ISBN
4753:PMID
4571:2022
4478:PMID
4438:2022
4222:PMID
3830:ISBN
3700:bats
3672:Lucy
3626:and
3515:and
3487:and
3381:and
3159:and
3147:and
3116:and
3096:and
2972:δ18O
2946:and
2895:and
2887:and
2843:and
2831:and
2819:and
2801:Chad
2698:and
2650:and
2581:and
2473:and
2336:and
2318:ulna
2237:and
2182:and
2087:The
2080:and
1961:and
1345:"):
1329:and
1238:and
1131:and
920:and
888:and
870:and
808:and
680:and
665:and
540:and
48:PreꞒ
5785:doi
5732:PMC
5724:doi
5683:PMC
5673:doi
5661:117
5618:doi
5583:doi
5547:doi
5513:doi
5501:107
5467:doi
5455:162
5432:doi
5394:doi
5357:PMC
5347:doi
5298:doi
5248:doi
5209:doi
5197:212
5165:doi
5153:224
5129:doi
5117:243
5079:doi
5041:doi
5010:doi
4965:doi
4924:doi
4893:doi
4889:118
4858:doi
4794:doi
4745:doi
4733:140
4706:doi
4671:doi
4667:152
4640:doi
4605:doi
4542:doi
4509:doi
4470:doi
4404:doi
4340:doi
4274:doi
4212:PMC
4202:doi
4152:doi
4148:498
4113:doi
4063:doi
4000:doi
3962:283
3924:101
2950:of
2823:in
2815:of
2799:of
2771:of
2594:or
2199:to
1230:as
1097:of
1018:of
990:to
970:of
841:of
650:of
617:or
598:or
502:of
7939::
7917::
7904::
7891::
7878::
7863::
5841:,
5837:,
5833:,
5783:.
5773:41
5771:.
5748:.
5740:.
5730:.
5718:.
5714:.
5691:.
5681:.
5671:.
5659:.
5655:.
5632:.
5624:.
5614:20
5612:.
5589:.
5581:.
5571:49
5569:.
5525:^
5511:.
5499:.
5487:^
5473:.
5465:.
5453:.
5428:26
5426:.
5402:.
5388:.
5365:.
5355:.
5345:.
5333:.
5329:.
5306:.
5294:18
5292:.
5288:.
5271:60
5269:.
5244:58
5242:.
5215:.
5207:.
5195:.
5171:.
5163:.
5151:.
5127:.
5115:.
5111:.
5085:.
5075:28
5073:.
5047:.
5016:.
5008:.
4998:14
4996:.
4973:.
4961:38
4959:.
4955:.
4932:.
4920:21
4918:.
4914:.
4887:.
4864:.
4852:.
4848:.
4833:^
4825:22
4823:.
4800:.
4790:35
4788:.
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4759:.
4751:.
4743:.
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4727:.
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4694:64
4692:.
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4538:67
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4505:63
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3860:37
3858:.
3844:^
3809:^
3777:.
3765:,
3759:,
3753:,
3726:-C
3714:.
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3690:,
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3545:.
3495:.
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3251:.
3229:,
3217:,
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2412:.
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2167:.
2111:,
2107:,
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2056:I.
1993:,
1977:"
1323:,
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1311:,
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1299:,
1293:,
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1242:.
1163:,
1107:,
1026:,
586:,
510:,
98:Pg
42:Ma
37:,
7777:†
7767:†
7680:†
7665:†
7655:†
7631:†
7621:†
7611:†
7601:†
7570:†
7555:†
7538:†
7528:†
7518:†
7495:†
7471:†
7426:†
7411:†
7401:†
7391:†
7381:†
7371:†
7361:†
7351:†
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7324:†
7314:†
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7092:†
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7035:†
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6820:†
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6780:†
6770:†
6760:†
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6740:†
6730:†
6720:†
6710:†
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6680:†
6670:†
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6620:†
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6580:†
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6420:†
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6311:†
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6277:†
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6213:†
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6119:†
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6078:†
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5915:†
5822:e
5815:t
5808:v
5791:.
5787::
5779::
5756:.
5726::
5720:9
5699:.
5675::
5667::
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5597:.
5585::
5577::
5553:.
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5469::
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5438:.
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5314:.
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5250::
5223:.
5211::
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5179:.
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5131::
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5093:.
5081::
5057:.
5043::
5024:.
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5004::
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4967::
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4926::
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4872:.
4860::
4854:5
4808:.
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4747::
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4712:.
4708::
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4677:.
4673::
4646:.
4642::
4634::
4628:2
4611:.
4607::
4599::
4593:7
4573:.
4550:.
4544::
4517:.
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4472::
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4008:.
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2205:1
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2013:-
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103:N
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88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
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