1149:
850:("the Exaltation of Inana"), the events can be reconstructed from the point of view of Enheduanna: a certain Lugal-Ane came to power in the city of Ur, who as the new ruler invoked the legitimacy of the city god Nanna. Lugal-Ane is probably identical with a Lugal-An-na or Lugal-An-né, who is mentioned in ancient Babylonian literary texts about the war as king of Ur. Apparently Lugal-Ane demanded that the high priestess and consort of the moon god Enheduanna had to confirm his assumption of power. En-ḫedu-anna, as representative of the Sargonid dynasty, refused, whereupon she was suspended from her office and expelled from the city. The mention of the temple E-ešdam-ku indicates that she then found refuge in the city of Ĝirsu. In this exile, she composed the song
1095:, the song is intended to persuade the goddess Inanna to intervene in the conflict in favor of Enheduanna and the Sargonian dynasty. To reach this, the text constructs a myth: An, the king of the gods, endows the goddess Inanna with divine powers and has her execute his judgment on all the cities of Sumer, making her herself the ruler of the land and most powerful of all the gods. When now the city of Ur rebels against her rule, Inanna passes her judgment over it and has it executed by Nanna, the city god of Ur and her father. Inanna has thus become the mistress of heaven and earth alike – and thus empowered to enforce her will even over the originally superior gods (An and Nanna), which results in the destruction of Ur and Lugal-Ane.
33:
782:
1029:
145:
869:
1126:, which is only partially preserved in a fragmentary form, is outlined by Black et al. as containing three parts: an introductory section (lines 1–90) emphasizing Inanna's "martial abilities"; a long, middle section (lines 91–218) that serves as a direct address to Inanna, listing her many positive and negative powers, and asserting her superiority over other deities, and a concluding section (219–274) narrated by Enheduanna that exists in a very fragmentary form.
1264:
970:
1359:
feminism, Robson states that the picture of
Enheduanna from the surviving works of the 18th century BCE is instead one of her as "her father's political and religious instrument". Robson also stresses that there exists neither "access to what Enheduanna thought or did" or "evidence that (Enheduanna) was able to write", but that as the high priestess and daughter of
1187:) is characterized by Black et al. as "Inanna in warrior mode." The poem starts with a hymn to Inanna as "lady of battle" (lines 1–24) then shifts to a narration by Inanna herself in the first person (lines 25–52), where she describes the revenge she wants to take on the mountains of Ebih for their refusal to bow to her.
712:
archaeological rediscovery has attracted a considerable amount of attention and scholarly debate in modern times related to her potential attribution as the first known named author. She has also received considerable attention in feminism, and the works attributed to her have also been studied as an early progenitor of
1194:
and requests his assistance (lines 53–111), but An doubts Inanna's ability to take revenge (lines 112–130). This causes Inanna to fly into a rage and attack Ebih (lines 131–159). Inanna then recounts how she overthrew Ebih (lines 160–181) and the poem ends with a praise of Inanna (lines 182–184). The
803:
states that Sargon, having conquered Ur, likely sought to "consolidate the
Akkadian dynasty's links with the traditional Sumerian past in the important cult and political center of Ur" by appointing Enheduanna to an important position in the native Sumerian moon god cult. Winter states that is likely
711:
and found an alabaster disk with her name, association with Sargon of Akkad, and occupation inscribed on the reverse. References to her name were then later discovered in excavated works of
Sumerian literature, which initiated investigation into her potential authorship of those works. Enheduanna's
1322:, remarks that "the attribution is exceptional, and against the practice of anonymous authorship during the period; it almost certainly served to invest these compositions with an even greater authority and importance than they would have had otherwise, rather than to document historical reality".
1024:
of two lines near the end of the composition appear to credit her with composition of the preceding text. However, Black shows that in the majority of manuscripts, the line following this colophon, which contains the line count for the 42nd and final hymn, demonstrates that the preceding two lines
1358:
as "the first known author in world literature" with her introductory essay "Women as Verbal
Artists: Reclaiming the Sisters of Enheduanna". Robson says that after this publication, the "feminist image of Enheduanna... as a wish fulfillment figure" took off. Rather than as a "pioneer poetess" of
1314:
as a whole, and noting that "rather than limit the inferences they draw from it" other scholars should consider that "the abundant textual documentation from
Mesopotamia... provides a precious resource for tracing the origins and evolution of countless facets of civilization."
686:
based on linguistic and archaeological grounds as to whether or not she actually wrote or composed any of the rediscovered works that have been attributed to her. Additionally, the only manuscripts of the works attributed to her were written by scribes in the
904:
states that "given the placement and attention to detail" of the central figure, "she has been identified as
Enheduanna" Two seals bearing her name, belonging to her servants and dating to the Sargonic period, have been excavated at the Giparu at Ur.
944:
and another "Hymn to Inanna" (at the time not yet reconstructed) contained references to
Enheduanna. Falkenstein suggested that this might be evidence of Enheduanna's authorship, but acknowledged that the hymns are only known from the later
1134:
from "a desire to attribute it to her". They also note that the concluding section also appears to reference "some historical events which cannot be elucidated." This poem also contains a potential reference to the events described in
1088:/van Dijk in 1968. A fundamentally new edition based on a broader textual foundation as well as recent linguistic research and textual criticism was published by Annette Zgoll in 1997, with further improvements in Zgoll 2014 and 2021.
1532:
859:
King Narām-Sîn succeeded in putting down the rebellion of Lugal-Ane and other kings and restored the
Akkadian central authority for the remaining years of his reign. Probably Enheduanna then returned to her office in the city of Ur.
1129:
Black et al. surmise that the fragmentary nature of the concluding section makes it unclear whether
Enheduanna composed the hymn, the concluding section was a later addition, or that her name was added to the poem later in the
1448:
698:
The cultural memory of
Enheduanna and the works attributed to her were lost some time after the end of the First Babylonian Empire. Her existence was first rediscovered by modern archaeology in 1927, when
1025:
are part of the 42nd hymn. Black concludes that: "At most... it might be reasonable to accept a claim for (Enheduanna)'s authorship or editorship" for only Hymn 42, the final hymn in the collection.
1078:) is a hymn to the goddess Inanna of 154 lines. According to Claus Wilcke, the text "belongs to the most difficult that exists in the literary tradition in Sumerian". The first complete edition of
1148:
820:
suggests that the role of high priestess appears to have held a similar level of honor to that of a king; as the high priestess of Nanna, Enheduanna would have served as the embodiment of
916:
of the 18th and 17th centuries BCE. Black et al. suggest that "perhaps Enheduanna has survived in scribal literature" due to the "continuing fascination with the dynasty of her father
695:
than she would have spoken. These scribes may have attributed these works to her as part of the legendary narratives of the dynasty of Sargon of Akkad in later Babylonian traditions.
667:
BCE). She was likely appointed by her father as the leader of the religious group at Ur to cement ties between the Akkadian religion of her father and the native Sumerian religion.
1256:
have put forth arguments rejecting or doubting Enheduanna's authorship. Civil has raised the possibility that "Enheduanna" refers not to the name, but instead the station of
2606:
Zgoll, Annette (2014). "Nin-me-šara – Mythen als argumentative Waffen in einem rituellen Lied der Hohepriesterin En-ḫedu-Ana". In Janowski, Bernd; Schwemer, Daniel (eds.).
2560:
Winter, Irene (2009). "Women In Public: The Disk Of Enheduanna, The Beginning Of The Office Of En-Priestess, And The Weight Of Visual Evidence". In Winter, Irene (ed.).
2844:
2208:
Godotti, Alhena (12 August 2016). "Mesopotamian Women's Cultic Roles in Late 3rd — Early 2nd millennia BCE". In Budin, Stephanie Lynn; Turfa, Jean Macintosh (eds.).
856:, the performance of which was intended to persuade the goddess Inanna (as Ištar the patron goddess of her dynasty) to intervene on behalf of the Akkadian empire.
949:
and that more work would need to be done constructing and analyzing the received texts before any conclusions could be made. In 1989, Westenholz suggested that
908:
Two of the works attributed to Enheduanna, "The Exaltation of Inanna" and "Inanna and Ebih" have survived in numerous manuscripts due to their presence in the
2680:
2021:
Binkley, Roberta A. (2004). "The Rhetoric of Origins and the Other: Reading the Ancient Figure of Enheduanna". In Lipson, Carol; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).
32:
2541:
Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1989). "Enḫeduanna, En-Priestess, Hen of Nanna, Spouse of Nanna". In Behrens, Hermann; Loding, Darlene; Roth, Martha T. (eds.).
2643:
Perception and (Self-)Presentation of Powerful Women in the Ancient World, Proceedings of the 8th Melammu Workshop, Kassel 31 January - 1 February 2019
2641:
Zgoll, Annette (2021). "Innana and En-ḫedu-ana: Mutual Empowerment and the myth INNANA CONQUERS UR". In Droß-Krüpe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (eds.).
2806:
1248:
and Åke Sjöberg were the first to definitively assert Enheduanna's authorship of the works attributed to her, other Assyriologists including
892:
disk shattered into several pieces, which has since been reconstructed. The reverse side of the disk identifies Enheduanna as the wife of
578:
2901:
900:. The front side shows the high priestess standing in worship as what has been interpreted as a nude male figure pours a libation.
2668:
Pryke, Louise M. (2017). "Enheduanna and Ancient Literature." Ishtar: Gods and heroes. London and New York, Routledge, pp. 16-18.
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that the position she was appointed to already existed beforehand, and that her appointment to this role, and the attribution to
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2623:
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2349:
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2301:
2217:
2198:
2111:
2077:
2030:
1542:
1310:, not only still maintains Enheduanna's authorship of all of the works attributed to her, but rejects "excess skepticism" in
2981:
2916:
832:
worshipped has been extensively studied by archaeologists, we have no definitive information about what their duties were.
2926:
2729:
Wilcke, Claus (1972). "Der aktuelle Bezug der Sammlung der sumerischen Tempelhymnen und ein Fragment eines Klageliedes".
2859:
2786:
2315:
2841:
2588:
2550:
2387:
728:, founder of the Akkadian Empire. In a surviving inscription Sargon styles himself "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer (
2430:
Sjöberg, Åke W. (1 January 1975). "in-nin šà-gur4-ra. A Hymn to the Goddess Inanna by the en-Priestess Enḫeduanna".
2971:
2886:
2310:
Helle, Sophus, "Enheduana: The Complete Poems of the World's First Author", New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023
2896:
2881:
2876:
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shows the high priestess standing in worship as what has been interpreted as a nude male figure pours a libation
571:
2610:. Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments Neue Folge 8. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. pp. 5–67.
1563:
1306:
says that there is still little reason to doubt Enheduanna's authorship of these works. Hallo, responding to
670:
Enheduanna has been celebrated as the earliest known named author in world history, as a number of works in
2941:
2936:
1253:
824:, spouse of Nanna, which would have given her actions divine authority. However, although the Giparu in
716:. English translations of her works have inspired a number of literary adaptations and representations.
2966:
2700:
564:
1366:
Enheduanna has also been analyzed as an early rhetorical theorist. Roberta Binkley finds evidence in
1091:
The work refers to the rebellion of Lugal-Ane and Enheduanna's exile. Probably composed in exile in
816:. After Enheduanna, the role of high priestess continued to be held by members of the royal family.
2956:
2911:
2906:
1319:
817:
2854:
1142:, which has led Westenholz to suggest that that poem may have been written by Enheduanna as well.
844:, numerous former city-states rebelled against the Akkadian central power. From hints in the song
1268:
1203:. Black et al. describe these lands as "home to the nomadic, barbarian tribes who loom large in
986:
913:
688:
2976:
2931:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2228:
1244:
The question of Enheduanna's authorship of poems has been subject to significant debate. While
1043:, the subject of three hymns attributed to Enheduanna, resting her foot on the back of a lion,
909:
176:
2811:
2512:
Weigle, Marta (Autumn 1978). "Women as Verbal Artists: Reclaiming the Sisters of Enheduanna".
1573:
1207:
as forces of destruction and chaos" that sometimes need to be "brought under divine control".
973:
The ruins of the Giparu (front), the temple complex where Enheduanna served as an EN priestess
2681:"Hidden women of history: Enheduanna, princess, priestess and the world's first known author"
2097:
1131:
1021:
946:
202:
1296:
1001:. However, some of these poems, such as hymn 9, addressed to the temple of the deified king
2946:
2041:
1443:
1431:
1343:
8:
1419:
1375:
1291:
date from at least six centuries after when she would have lived, and they were found in
1272:
1204:
1017:
1006:
982:
885:
671:
519:
2746:
2629:
2529:
2500:
2492:
2455:
2280:
2177:
2145:
1355:
1299:... making it impossible to posit what that putative original might have looked like."
841:
781:
713:
700:
452:
181:
2750:
2708:
2669:
2646:
2633:
2619:
2594:
2584:
2565:
2546:
2504:
2484:
2459:
2447:
2383:
2364:
2345:
2326:
2311:
2297:
2213:
2194:
2169:
2149:
2107:
2073:
2026:
1538:
990:
809:
692:
682:
may identify her as their author. However, there is considerable debate among modern
595:
149:
67:
2836:
2738:
2611:
2521:
2476:
2439:
2397:
2272:
2157:
2137:
1303:
1245:
1196:
1195:"rebel lands" of Ebih that are overthrown in the poem have been identifiedwith the
1085:
933:
813:
794:
457:
319:
171:
2645:. Melammu Workshops and Monographs. Vol. 4. Münster: Zaphon. pp. 13–56.
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38:
1816:
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1028:
928:
The first person to connect the disk and seals with literary works excavated in
770:, whom Sargon brought "in a collar to the gate of Enlil": Sargon then conquered
2615:
2443:
1642:
1339:
1257:
683:
207:
57:
2742:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1473:
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and a city with which the deity was associated, and may have helped to create
2870:
2701:"Between History and Fiction — Enheduana, the First Poet in World Literature"
2488:
2451:
2401:
2173:
2128:
Delnero, Paul (1 July 2016). "Scholarship and Inquiry in Early Mesopotamia".
1809:
1449:
List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region
1160:
1036:
767:
462:
410:
289:
2598:
2141:
1287:
For the Inanna and Nanna poems, Black et al. argue that at best, all of the
2229:"En-hedu-Ana, une femme auteure en pays de Sumer au IIIe millénaire ?"
2068:
Black, Jeremy; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor; Zólyomi, Gábor (2006).
1838:
1630:
1413:
1391:
1351:
1307:
1249:
994:
901:
739:
447:
423:
382:
217:
1013:, showing that the collection may have gained additional poems over time.
2961:
1395:
1335:
1311:
1295:
settings, not ritual ones, and that "surviving sources show no traces of
1288:
1155:
868:
363:
284:
236:
2562:
On Art in the Ancient Near East Volume II: From the Third Millennium BCE
2181:
1948:
1946:
1944:
2533:
2496:
2294:
The world's oldest literature : studies in Sumerian belles-lettres
1407:
1378:. Hallo, building on the work of Binkley, compares the sequence of the
691:
six centuries after she lived, written in a more recent dialect of the
678:
feature her as the first-person narrator, and other works, such as the
542:
510:
486:
437:
260:
2707:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Babylonian Collection. pp. 39–45.
2284:
1975:
1973:
1941:
1318:
Summarizing the debate, Paul A. Delnero, professor of Assyriology at
997:
between the native Sumerian religion and the Semitic religion of the
889:
552:
467:
353:
338:
265:
2525:
2480:
1422: – Ancient Greek woman or fictional figure in Plato's Symposium
1070:("Mistress of the innumerable me"; modern translations also include
2276:
1970:
1958:
1371:
1363:, Enheduanna was "probably the most privileged woman of her time".
1331:
1263:
1145:
The first English translation of this work was by Sjöberg in 1975.
1138:
547:
532:
348:
343:
255:
1534:
On Art in the Ancient Near East: From the Third Millennium B.c.e.
1425:
1394:, and considers these both evidence of "the birth of rhetoric in
1233:
1220:
1179:
1114:
391:
299:
2087:
Civil, Miguel (1980). "Les limites de l'information textuelle".
969:
1217:
Hymn of Praise to Ekisnugal and Nanna on Assumption of En-ship
1040:
989:
periods. Each hymn is dedicated to a particular deity from the
978:
929:
821:
778:
to the sea, ultimately conquering at least 34 cities in total.
775:
735:
704:
537:
477:
329:
197:
101:
2805:
English Translations of works attributed to Enheduanna at the
2104:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
2025:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 47–59.
1715:
1713:
1215:
The two hymns dedicated to Nanna are labeled by Westenholz as
977:
The hymns have been reconstructed from 37 tablets from Ur and
2731:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
2545:. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum. pp. 539–556.
2432:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
2096:
Ebeling, Erich, ed. (1938). "Bd 2 Ber - Ezur und Nachträge".
1869:
1437:
1292:
1280:
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1092:
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759:
636:
491:
294:
226:
162:
2067:
1851:
1820:
1651:
1636:
1479:
1016:
The first translation of the collection into English was by
1710:
1428: – Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician (died 415)
1200:
763:
501:
401:
310:
246:
87:
2837:
Disk of Enheduanna in the Penn Museum Collections Database
1686:
1009:, cannot have been written by Enheduanna or anyone in the
2543:
DUMU-E-DUB-BA-A : Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg
1749:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1191:
749:
1997:
1985:
1551:
2210:
Women in Antiquity: Real Women across the Ancient World
1657:
1596:
1594:
1490:
1488:
1020:, who also argued that the mention of a "subscript" or
958:
881:
825:
808:
would have helped her forge a syncreticism between the
771:
708:
640:
523:
275:
2703:. In Wisti-Lassen, Agnete; Wagensonner, Klaus (eds.).
2263:
Hallo, William W. (1990). "The Limits of Skepticism".
2160:(1958). "Ehedu'anna, Die Tochter Sargons von Akkade".
1797:
1669:
1512:
1260:-priestess that the daughter of Sargon of Akkad held.
1223:
1182:
1117:
1079:
1065:
851:
845:
753:
743:
729:
626:
620:
614:
604:
600:
1579:
1461:
2323:
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character
1905:
1893:
1857:
1606:
1591:
1485:
2361:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
1917:
1826:
1737:
1618:
2760:"The Struggle to Unearth the World's First Author"
2581:Der Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana im Lied nin-me-šara
2042:"En-hedu-ana not the composer of the Temple Hymns"
1929:
1725:
1500:
2467:Weadock, Penelope N. (1975). "The Giparu at Ur".
1881:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1698:
1330:Enheduanna has received substantial attention in
840:Toward the end of the reign of Sargon's grandson
2868:
2418:
2193:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 10–12.
2162:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
2049:Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires
1719:
1346:, when, two years after attending a lecture by
2396:
2252:Hallo, William W.; van Dijk, J. J. A. (1968).
2106:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1979:
1964:
1952:
1410: – Assyrian priestess of the moon god Sin
762:". The inscription celebrates the conquest of
2807:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
2251:
1875:
1755:
572:
2787:"Enheduanna: The world's first named author"
2089:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
1236:lost). The second hymn is very fragmentary.
1053:
2422:The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns
2156:
1663:
1210:
1058:
2583:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 38–42.
2540:
1680:
1557:
863:
579:
565:
31:
2419:Sjöberg, Åke W.; Bergmann, Eugen (1969).
2321:Kramer, Samuel Noah (17 September 2010).
2191:Sargonic and Gutian Periods, 2334-2113 BC
835:
2358:
2265:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2226:
1863:
1434: – Sumerian person, c. 3400–3000 BC
1354:introduced Enheduanna to an audience of
1262:
1147:
1027:
968:
912:, an advanced scribal curriculum in the
867:
780:
2758:Winkler, Elizabeth (19 November 2022).
2466:
2429:
2400:; Minamore, Bridget (15 October 2017).
2377:
2207:
2130:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
2127:
2095:
2020:
1991:
1923:
1832:
1692:
1624:
1569:
1467:
1416: – Byzantine historian (1083–1153)
1325:
961:, might also have been written by her.
2869:
2559:
2511:
2320:
2188:
1935:
1612:
1600:
1530:
1518:
1494:
872:The Disk of Enheduanna, discovered by
2640:
2605:
2578:
2514:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
2342:The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC
2339:
2291:
2262:
2086:
2039:
2023:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks
2003:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1743:
1731:
1704:
1585:
1506:
1239:
1158:inscribed with the text of the poem
774:and "laid waste" the territory from
2842:Spotlight on the Disk of Enheduanna
2817:The Exaltation of Inanna (Inanna B)
2359:Liverani, Mario (4 December 2013).
923:
880:In 1927, as part of excavations at
13:
2679:Pryke, Louise (12 February 2019).
2661:
2382:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2378:Roberts, Jimmy Jack Mcbee (1972).
1167:
14:
2993:
2779:
1350:in 1976, American anthropologist
1098:
631:(high) priestess of the moon god
16:Sumerian high priestess of Inanna
143:
2902:1927 archaeological discoveries
2833:Artifacts depicting Enheduanna
2608:Weisheitstexte, Mythen und Epen
2325:. University of Chicago Press.
2227:Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2009).
2070:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
1190:Inanna then visits the sky god
964:
752:, king of the land , governor (
649:
1524:
1344:feminist movement of the 1970s
37:Enheduanna, high priestess of
1:
2892:23rd-century BC women writers
2380:The Earliest Semitic Pantheon
2013:
1044:
719:
660:
653:
42:
2922:Ancient Near Eastern scribes
2705:Women at the dawn of history
1230:Hymn of Praise of Enheduanna
1224:
1183:
1118:
1080:
1066:
981:, most of which date to the
852:
846:
754:
744:
730:
643:in the reign of her father,
627:
621:
615:
605:
7:
2982:Children of Sargon of Akkad
2917:Ancient Asian women writers
2699:Wagensonner, Klaus (2020).
2072:. Oxford University Press.
1720:Sjöberg & Bergmann 1969
1401:
10:
2998:
2927:Ancient Mesopotamian women
2616:10.14315/9783641219949-003
2444:10.1515/zava.1975.65.2.161
2292:Hallo, William W. (2010).
1980:Robson & Minamore 2017
1965:Robson & Minamore 2017
1953:Robson & Minamore 2017
1111:The Stout-Hearted Mistress
1107:The Great-Hearted Mistress
828:where the en priestess of
599:
2822:Hymn to Inanna (Inanna C)
2743:10.1515/zava.1972.62.1.35
2564:. BRILL. pp. 65–84.
1876:Hallo & van Dijk 1968
1756:Hallo & van Dijk 1968
1338:interview, Assyriologist
1199:mountain range in modern
1054:Hymns dedicated to Inanna
940:and two hymns to Inanna:
139:
128:
107:
93:
83:
73:
63:
53:
30:
23:
2258:. Yale University Press.
2255:The Exaltation of Inanna
2189:Frayne, Douglas (1993).
1454:
1368:The Exaltation of Inanna
1320:Johns Hopkins University
1302:Despite these concerns,
1277:The Exaltation of Inanna
1211:Hymns dedicated to Nanna
1060:The Exaltation of Inanna
953:and two other hymns, to
942:The Exaltation of Inanna
936:, who observed that the
884:, British archaeologist
818:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
724:Enheduanna's father was
2972:Women religious writers
2887:23rd-century BC writers
2847:9 December 2023 at the
2827:Temple Hymns Collection
2579:Zgoll, Annette (1997).
2142:10.1515/janeh-2016-0008
1273:Sumerian literary works
1269:First Babylonian Empire
1072:The Exaltation of Inana
914:First Babylonian Empire
864:Archaeological artifact
707:in the ancient city of
689:First Babylonian Empire
625:, or variants) was the
46: 23rd century BCE
2897:23rd-century BC clergy
2882:23rd-century BC deaths
2877:23rd-century BC births
2340:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995).
2233:Topoi. Orient-Occident
2040:Black, Jeremy (2002).
1531:Winter, Irene (2010).
1284:
1164:
1050:
974:
877:
836:Rebellion of Lugal-Ane
797:
1266:
1151:
1132:Old Babylonian period
1031:
972:
947:Old Babylonian period
871:
785:Enheduanna's father,
784:
680:Sumerian Temple Hymns
203:Dumuzid, the Shepherd
150:Literature portal
2344:. Psychology Press.
1444:List of female poets
1388:Exaltation of Inanna
1342:credits this to the
1326:Influence and legacy
1048: 2334–2154 BCE
676:Exaltation of Inanna
115:Exaltation of Inanna
2942:Ancient women poets
2937:Ancient priestesses
2403:Lines of Resistance
2006:, pp. 127–128.
1695:, pp. 145–147.
1654:, pp. 334–335.
1482:, pp. 315–316.
1440: – Queen of Ur
1420:Diotima of Mantinea
1376:modes of persuasion
1205:Sumerian literature
1007:Third Dynasty of Ur
886:Sir Leonard Woolley
672:Sumerian literature
2860:Seal of Enheduanna
2855:Disk of Enheduanna
2851:(Penn Museum Blog)
2099:Ezur und Nachträge
1289:manuscript sources
1285:
1271:would have copied
1165:
1051:
975:
878:
798:
766:and the defeat of
714:classical rhetoric
701:Sir Leonard Wooley
453:Naram-Sin of Akkad
190:Pre-dynastic kings
2967:Women hymnwriters
2793:. 25 October 2022
2714:978-1-7343420-0-0
2674:978-1-138-86073-5
2652:978-3-96327-138-0
2625:978-3-641-21994-9
2571:978-90-474-2845-9
2425:. J. J. Augustin.
2370:978-1-134-75084-9
2351:978-0-415-16763-5
2332:978-0-226-45232-6
2303:978-90-04-17381-1
2296:. Leiden: Brill.
2219:978-1-317-21990-3
2200:978-0-8020-0593-9
2158:Falkenstein, Adam
2113:978-3-11-004450-8
2079:978-0-19-929633-0
2032:978-0-7914-6100-6
1994:, pp. 47–49.
1852:Black et al. 2006
1823:, pp. 98–99.
1821:Black et al. 2006
1806:, pp. 45–46.
1652:Black et al. 2006
1637:Black et al. 2006
1588:, pp. 38–42.
1544:978-90-04-17499-3
1521:, pp. 10–12.
1480:Black et al. 2006
1356:feminist scholars
1281:scribal education
1279:as part of their
1240:Authorship debate
991:Sumerian pantheon
810:Sumerian religion
693:Sumerian language
589:
588:
156:
155:
2989:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2685:The Conversation
2656:
2637:
2602:
2575:
2556:
2537:
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2393:
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2124:
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2064:
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2046:
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2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
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1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1939:
1933:
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1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:, pp. 1–11.
1873:
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1667:
1664:Falkenstein 1958
1661:
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1498:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1390:to the biblical
1227:
1186:
1121:
1119:in-nin ša-gur-ra
1084:was produced by
1083:
1069:
1049:
1046:
934:Adam Falkenstein
924:Attributed works
896:and daughter of
855:
849:
814:Semitic religion
795:24th century BCE
757:
747:
733:
666:
665:
662:
658:
655:
651:
630:
624:
622:En-he2-du7-an-na
618:
608:
603:
602:
581:
574:
567:
458:Shar-kali-sharri
320:En-shag-kush-ana
172:History of Sumer
158:
157:
148:
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146:
47:
44:
35:
21:
20:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2957:Sumerian people
2912:Akkadian people
2907:Akkadian Empire
2867:
2866:
2849:Wayback Machine
2812:Inanna and Ebih
2796:
2794:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2728:
2719:
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2664:
2662:Further reading
2659:
2653:
2626:
2591:
2572:
2553:
2526:10.2307/3346320
2481:10.2307/4200011
2409:
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2398:Robson, Eleanor
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1681:Westenholz 1989
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1558:Westenholz 1989
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1501:
1493:
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1478:
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1466:
1462:
1457:
1404:
1384:Inanna and Ebih
1361:Sargon of Akkad
1348:Cyrus H. Gordon
1328:
1267:Scribes in the
1242:
1213:
1184:in-nin me-huš-a
1176:Inanna and Ebih
1172:
1169:Inanna and Ebih
1161:Inanna and Ebih
1103:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1011:Akkadian empire
1005:from the later
999:Akkadian empire
967:
951:Inanna and Ebih
926:
918:Sargon of Akkad
898:Sargon of Akkad
874:Leonard Woolley
866:
838:
801:Irene J. Winter
791:Akkadian Empire
787:Sargon of Akkad
726:Sargon of Akkad
722:
663:
656:
648:
645:Sargon of Akkad
585:
500:5th Dynasty of
476:2nd Dynasty of
400:3rd Dynasty of
381:3rd Dynasty of
373:Lugal-Ane-mundu
328:1st Dynasty of
309:2nd Dynasty of
274:1st Dynasty of
245:1st Dynasty of
232:En-me-barage-si
216:1st Dynasty of
144:
142:
140:
133:Sargon of Akkad
124:
78:Akkadian Empire
49:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2781:
2780:External links
2778:
2776:
2775:
2764:The New Yorker
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2538:
2509:
2475:(2): 101–128.
2464:
2438:(2): 161–253.
2427:
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2394:
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2375:
2369:
2356:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2318:
2316:978-0300264173
2308:
2302:
2289:
2277:10.2307/604525
2271:(2): 187–199.
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2199:
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2168:(2): 129–131.
2154:
2136:(2): 109–143.
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2084:
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2031:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1957:
1955:, 10:11–10:39.
1940:
1928:
1916:
1914:, p. 187.
1904:
1902:, p. 673.
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1854:, p. 334.
1837:
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1641:
1639:, p. 299.
1629:
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1560:, p. 549.
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1497:, p. 324.
1484:
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1470:, p. 373.
1459:
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1441:
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1429:
1423:
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1411:
1403:
1400:
1380:Hymn to Inanna
1374:and classical
1340:Eleanor Robson
1327:
1324:
1241:
1238:
1212:
1209:
1171:
1166:
1124:Hymn to Inanna
1102:
1100:Hymn to Inanna
1097:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1018:Åke W. Sjöberg
987:Old Babylonian
966:
963:
925:
922:
888:discovered an
865:
862:
837:
834:
789:, founded the
721:
718:
703:excavated the
684:Assyriologists
674:, such as the
639:city-state of
611:transliterated
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2977:Deified women
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2932:Ancient poets
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2590:3-927120-50-2
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2437:
2434:(in German).
2433:
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2424:
2423:
2417:
2406:. BBC Radio 4
2405:
2404:
2399:
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2391:
2389:0-8018-1388-3
2385:
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2366:
2363:. Routledge.
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2212:. Routledge.
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1864:Glassner 2009
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1813:
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1752:
1746:, p. 30.
1745:
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1615:, p. 68.
1614:
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1603:, p. 69.
1602:
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1509:, p. 49.
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1037:cylinder seal
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769:
768:Lugal-zage-si
765:
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746:
741:
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668:
659: –
646:
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635:(Sīn) in the
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463:Dudu of Akkad
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411:Lugal-zage-si
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108:Notable works
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19:
2795:. Retrieved
2790:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:
2734:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2704:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2642:
2607:
2580:
2561:
2542:
2517:
2513:
2472:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2408:. Retrieved
2402:
2379:
2360:
2341:
2322:
2293:
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2264:
2254:
2241:. Retrieved
2239:(1): 219–231
2236:
2232:
2209:
2190:
2165:
2161:
2133:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2103:
2098:
2088:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2052:
2048:
2022:
1999:
1992:Binkley 2004
1987:
1982:, 9:40–9:54.
1967:, 9:35–9:40.
1960:
1931:
1924:Delnero 2016
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1833:Sjöberg 1975
1828:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1734:, p. 3.
1727:
1700:
1693:Roberts 1972
1688:
1659:
1632:
1625:Weadock 1975
1620:
1608:
1581:
1570:Godotti 2016
1565:
1553:
1533:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1475:
1468:Ebeling 1938
1463:
1414:Anna Komnene
1392:Book of Amos
1387:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1365:
1352:Marta Weigle
1329:
1317:
1308:Miguel Civil
1301:
1297:Old Sumerian
1286:
1276:
1254:Jeremy Black
1250:Miguel Civil
1243:
1229:
1216:
1214:
1197:Jebel Hamrin
1189:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1105:Also called
1104:
1099:
1090:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1015:
995:syncreticism
976:
965:Temple hymns
950:
941:
938:Temple Hymns
937:
927:
907:
902:Irene Winter
879:
858:
839:
799:
742:, anointed (
723:
697:
679:
675:
669:
591:
590:
448:Man-ishtishu
442:
141:
120:Temple Hymns
119:
114:
68:Old Sumerian
58:EN priestess
18:
2947:Hymnwriters
2791:BBC Culture
2769:20 November
2720:13 December
2243:12 December
2119:11 December
2059:10 December
1936:Weigle 1978
1613:Winter 2009
1601:Winter 2009
1519:Frayne 1993
1495:Kramer 2010
1396:Mesopotamia
1336:BBC Radio 4
1312:Assyriology
1156:clay tablet
1137:Inanna and
1081:Nin me šara
1067:Nin me šara
853:Nin me šara
847:Nin me šara
664: 2279
657: 2334
520:3rd dynasty
443:En-hedu-ana
362:Dynasty of
285:Meskalamdug
237:Aga of Kish
74:Nationality
2871:Categories
2797:28 October
2520:(3): 1–9.
2410:9 December
2014:References
2004:Hallo 2010
1912:Hallo 1990
1900:Hallo 2010
1888:Civil 1980
1804:Zgoll 1997
1792:Zgoll 2021
1780:Zgoll 2014
1768:Zgoll 1997
1744:Zgoll 1997
1732:Black 2002
1705:Black 2002
1586:Zgoll 1997
1572:, p.
1507:Kuhrt 1995
1408:Adad-guppi
1386:, and the
1225:e ugim e-a
1039:depicting
738:, king of
720:Background
606:Enḫéduanna
601:𒂗𒃶𒌌𒀭𒈾
592:Enheduanna
543:Amar-Suena
511:Utu-hengal
487:Puzer-Mama
438:Tashlultum
261:Lugalbanda
54:Occupation
25:Enheduanna
2751:163266334
2634:198766340
2505:163852175
2489:0021-0889
2460:161560381
2452:1613-1150
2174:0373-6032
2150:133572636
1372:invention
1174:The hymn
890:alabaster
842:Narām-Sîn
616:Enheduana
553:Ibbi-Suen
468:Shu-Durul
354:Urukagina
339:Ur-Nanshe
266:Gilgamesh
182:King list
177:Mythology
163:Sumerians
129:Relatives
2845:Archived
2599:37629393
2182:23295714
1402:See also
1332:feminism
1275:such as
1153:Sumerian
1034:Akkadian
1032:Ancient
1022:colophon
812:and the
637:Sumerian
596:Sumerian
548:Shu-Suen
533:Ur-Namma
349:Entemena
344:Eannatum
256:Enmerkar
161:Notable
135:(father)
64:Language
2690:6 March
2534:3346320
2497:4200011
1537:BRILL.
1426:Hypatia
1334:. In a
1293:scribal
1234:incipit
1221:incipit
1180:incipit
1122:), the
1115:incipit
1076:Inana B
793:in the
731:mashkim
652:
609:, also
420:Dynasty
392:Kug-Bau
302:of Kish
300:Mesilim
94:Subject
2952:Inanna
2749:
2711:
2672:
2649:
2632:
2622:
2597:
2587:
2568:
2549:
2532:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2458:
2450:
2386:
2367:
2348:
2329:
2314:
2300:
2285:604525
2283:
2216:
2197:
2180:
2172:
2148:
2110:
2076:
2029:
1541:
1432:Kushim
1228:) and
1041:Inanna
983:Ur III
979:Nippur
930:Nippur
822:Ningal
776:Lagash
736:Inanna
705:Giparu
538:Shulgi
478:Lagash
433:Sargon
330:Lagash
198:Alulim
102:Inanna
2747:S2CID
2737:(1).
2630:S2CID
2530:JSTOR
2501:S2CID
2493:JSTOR
2456:S2CID
2281:JSTOR
2178:JSTOR
2146:S2CID
2055:: 2–4
2045:(PDF)
1455:Notes
1438:Puabi
1304:Hallo
1246:Hallo
1093:Ĝirsu
1086:Hallo
1003:Sulgi
955:Nanna
910:Decad
894:Nanna
830:Nanna
806:Nanna
760:Enlil
758:) of
748:) of
734:) of
633:Nanna
492:Gudea
424:Akkad
295:Puabi
227:Etana
98:Nanna
84:Genre
39:Nanna
2799:2022
2771:2022
2722:2021
2709:ISBN
2692:2023
2670:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2595:OCLC
2585:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2485:ISSN
2469:Iraq
2448:ISSN
2412:2021
2384:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2245:2021
2214:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2170:ISSN
2121:2021
2108:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2061:2021
2027:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1252:and
1201:Iraq
1139:Ebih
985:and
932:was
764:Uruk
755:ensi
745:guda
740:Kish
628:entu
502:Uruk
402:Uruk
383:Kish
364:Adab
311:Uruk
247:Uruk
218:Kish
88:Hymn
2739:doi
2612:doi
2522:doi
2477:doi
2440:doi
2273:doi
2269:110
2138:doi
1574:137
1398:."
1370:of
1109:or
957:at
920:".
750:Anu
613:as
522:of
422:of
2962:Ur
2873::
2789:.
2762:.
2745:.
2735:62
2733:.
2683:.
2628:.
2618:.
2593:.
2528:.
2516:.
2499:.
2491:.
2483:.
2473:37
2471:.
2454:.
2446:.
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2279:.
2267:.
2237:10
2235:.
2231:.
2176:.
2166:52
2164:.
2144:.
2132:.
2102:.
2051:.
2047:.
1972:^
1943:^
1840:^
1811:^
1712:^
1671:^
1644:^
1593:^
1487:^
1382:,
1258:EN
1192:An
1074:/
1045:c.
959:Ur
882:Ur
826:Ur
772:Ur
709:Ur
661:c.
654:c.
650:r.
641:Ur
619:,
598::
524:Ur
276:Ur
100:,
43:c.
2801:.
2773:.
2753:.
2741::
2724:.
2694:.
2655:.
2636:.
2614::
2601:.
2574:.
2555:.
2536:.
2524::
2518:3
2507:.
2479::
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2442::
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2140::
2134:2
2123:.
2091:.
2082:.
2063:.
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1938:.
1926:.
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1866:.
1835:.
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1770:.
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1722:.
1707:.
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1627:.
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1283:.
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41:(
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