1363:
613:
823:
423:
625:
1534:
1508:
771:
1469:
1414:
898:
873:
745:
1289:
1388:
1336:
1110:
1084:
1481:
677:
1161:
638:
398:
651:
797:
527:
498:
1584:
923:
1609:
716:
1264:
1050:
1024:
999:
973:
579:
1238:
1187:
848:
448:
1440:
1324:
948:
473:
1122:
553:
1213:
690:
664:
1559:
1738:
Although Hawaii is part of the United States, Hawaiian Pidgin is mostly considered as a
Pacific creole language rather than Atlantic, this is further mentioned in John Holm's "An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles". Therefore, it does not have to follow its political boundaries on being a U.S.
326:. Most English creoles were formed in British colonies, following the great expansion of British naval military power and trade in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The main categories of English-based creoles are Atlantic (the Americas and Africa) and Pacific (Asia and Oceania).
1915:
329:
Over 76.5 million people globally are estimated to speak an
English-based creole. Sierra Leone, Malaysia, Nigeria, Ghana, Jamaica, and Singapore have the largest concentrations of creole speakers.
347:, spoken along the West African coast in the early sixteenth century, was ancestral to most or all of the Atlantic creoles (the English creoles of both West Africa and the Americas).
283:
200:
2368:
3537:
2078:
3477:
276:
2059:
2361:
237:
227:
65:
269:
1997:
1876:
3673:
3572:
2545:
1647:
1916:"What Does the USVI and Puerto Rico Have in Common? A Summary of a Stimulating Discussion on Self-Determination in the Virgin Islands"
2354:
119:
3622:
3407:
2304:
2275:
2254:
2088:
1769:
209:
3642:
2715:
2600:
252:
95:
2482:
571:
3123:
3228:
110:
1941:
2325:
2231:
2042:
3027:
1684:
828:
730:
80:
56:
45:
31:
3275:
3071:
415:
247:
154:
17:
1877:
A Contrastive analysis of
English Influences on the Lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish in Puerto Rico and St. Croix
3032:
2538:
1368:
75:
3632:
3325:
3287:
1679:
339:
189:
3627:
3280:
3100:
2917:
2738:
2397:
669:
618:
173:
134:
90:
1942:"About Man Betta Man, Fission and Fusion, and Creole, Calypso and Cultural Survival in the Virgin Islands"
3003:
2993:
2591:
2558:
2554:
257:
337:
It is disputed to what extent the various
English-based creoles of the world share a common origin. The
3587:
3302:
3160:
2571:
2523:
3567:
3093:
3051:
3022:
2954:
2922:
2531:
1281:
232:
2110:
3292:
3246:
3145:
3118:
3083:
2978:
2849:
2432:
1179:
840:
428:
242:
2346:
1725:
and were a group of free blacks and runaway slaves who joined with a group of Native
Americans in
3504:
3337:
3155:
3130:
2507:
1205:
3419:
3397:
3201:
2898:
2867:
2745:
2427:
2381:
1667:
630:
3315:
2242:
3617:
3402:
3297:
3010:
2944:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2512:
2422:
776:
605:
545:
3610:
128:
3039:
2932:
2872:
2750:
2723:
2640:
2452:
1526:
1495:
Almost no L2 users. Has been classified as an
Atlantic Creole based on internal structure.
1102:
490:
218:
100:
8:
3637:
3467:
3459:
3357:
3320:
3206:
3191:
3066:
3056:
2983:
2822:
2467:
1785:
Hancock, I. F. (1969). "A provisional comparison of the
English-based Atlantic creoles".
1662:
903:
878:
750:
142:
3527:
3494:
3429:
3412:
3267:
3088:
2635:
2625:
2502:
2472:
2290:
2198:
2098:
1804:
Gilman, Charles (1978). "A Comparison of
Jamaican Creole and Cameroon Pidgin English".
1256:
890:
763:
105:
3532:
3517:
3489:
3449:
3241:
3178:
2927:
2703:
2667:
2497:
2487:
2457:
2417:
2392:
2321:
2300:
2271:
2250:
2227:
2202:
2084:
2038:
1765:
1294:
865:
815:
789:
168:
70:
3223:
2477:
3652:
3605:
3557:
3484:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3213:
3186:
3044:
2964:
2909:
2807:
2789:
2776:
2613:
2608:
2190:
2013:
1813:
1500:
1474:
1457:
1393:
1355:
708:
309:
85:
3522:
3424:
3362:
3332:
3140:
3015:
2836:
2812:
2784:
2755:
2728:
2693:
2580:
2462:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2412:
2402:
2315:
2294:
2265:
2221:
1689:
1461:
1419:
1316:
1230:
1137:
1076:
1016:
940:
737:
519:
512:
465:
440:
390:
305:
178:
163:
3597:
3512:
3472:
3372:
3196:
2949:
2854:
2844:
2760:
2562:
2286:
2249:. Vol. 2, Reference Survey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 405–551.
1637:
1486:
682:
2194:
1971:
1817:
3667:
3647:
3562:
3218:
3135:
3076:
2988:
2939:
2817:
2799:
2181:
2149:
1694:
1633:
1551:
1341:
1153:
1115:
1089:
695:
3150:
2998:
2877:
2492:
2407:
2030:
1848:
1166:
965:
915:
643:
2124:
656:
403:
3061:
2553:
1976:
1853:
991:
802:
532:
319:
1831:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022).
2618:
1589:
1539:
1513:
1380:
503:
1889:
2645:
2376:
1614:
1601:
1576:
1269:
1055:
1029:
1004:
978:
928:
721:
584:
314:
3582:
3577:
3387:
2733:
2660:
2655:
2284:
1726:
1445:
1432:
1243:
1192:
853:
453:
323:
322:
of
English served as the basis for the majority of the creole's
2650:
2630:
1642:
1329:
1127:
1042:
953:
558:
478:
2156:, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1832:
1764:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 519.
1564:
1406:
1218:
2341:
30:"English creole" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2314:
Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995).
2179:
Avram, Andrei (2003). "Pitkern and
Norfolk revisited".
2296:
The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction
2037:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
2154:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
1830:
2313:
1837:(25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
1729:after the Spanish abolished slavery there in 1793.
1658:Not strictly creoles, but sometimes called thus:
27:Creole language derived from the English language
3665:
318:, meaning that at the time of its formation the
343:posits that a single language, commonly called
2342:Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
2539:
2362:
277:
2897:
2060:"Toward a writing system for Hawai'i Creole"
1913:
810:Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole
784:Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole
758:Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole
350:
1998:"Creoles in Texas – 'The Afro-Seminoles'."
3573:Comparison of American and British English
2546:
2532:
2369:
2355:
2147:
2076:
2007:
1874:Villanueva Feliciano, Orville Omar. 2009.
1759:
1717:, Black Seminoles have also been known as
1648:Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language
284:
270:
2014:Kuiper, Kathleen. "Black Seminoles." In:
3266:
2057:
1991:
1784:
14:
3666:
2267:An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
1803:
2527:
2350:
2293:; Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. (2010).
2178:
2035:An introduction to pidgin and creoles
3643:Non-native pronunciations of English
2317:Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction
2263:
2240:
2219:
2029:
1762:Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages
1401:Including 4,000,000 L2 users (2001)
597:
382:
2226:. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.
2070:
24:
2213:
2150:"Hawai'i Creole structure dataset"
2051:
1939:
1834:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1302:Including 190,000 L2 users (2020)
25:
3685:
3674:English-based pidgins and creoles
2335:
1868:
1521:Including 10,000 L2 users (1991)
1685:Middle English creole hypothesis
1607:
1582:
1557:
1532:
1506:
1479:
1467:
1438:
1412:
1386:
1361:
1334:
1322:
1287:
1262:
1236:
1211:
1200:Including 5,000,000 L2 speakers
1185:
1174:Including 7,400,000 L2 speakers
1159:
1120:
1108:
1082:
1068:
1048:
1022:
997:
971:
946:
921:
896:
871:
846:
829:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
821:
795:
769:
743:
731:Leeward Caribbean English Creole
714:
688:
675:
662:
649:
636:
623:
611:
577:
551:
525:
496:
471:
446:
421:
396:
32:Middle English creole hypothesis
2172:
2166:
2141:
2117:
2023:
1964:
1958:
1890:"Virgin Islands Creole English"
1849:"Virgin Islands English Creole"
1732:
1707:
1251:Including 120,000,000 L2 users
416:Turks and Caicos Creole English
3593:English-based creole languages
2378:English-based creole languages
2299:. Cambridge University Press.
2270:. Cambridge University Press.
1933:
1907:
1882:
1841:
1824:
1797:
1778:
1753:
1145:
13:
1:
3633:List of English-based pidgins
2320:. John Benjamins Publishing.
1920:The Virgin Islands Consortium
1746:
1680:List of English-based pidgins
572:San Andrés–Providencia Creole
298:English-based creole language
129:British rule of the Caribbean
3628:Linguistic purism in English
1569:Possibly 1,000–2,000 (2004)
1037:Dialects: Aluku, Paramaccan
174:Multicultural London English
7:
2729:London & Thames Estuary
2220:Holm, John A., ed. (1983).
2148:Velupillai, Viveka (2013),
2077:Velupillai, Viveka (2013).
1760:Velupillai, Viveka (2015).
1673:
1627:
1350:Including 400,000 L2 users
1097:Ethnic population: 250,000
986:Including 150,000 L2 users
566:Dialect of Jamaican Patois
540:Dialect of Jamaican Patois
373:
10:
3690:
3588:English as a lingua franca
1308:
29:
3568:Broad and general accents
3550:
3503:
3478:regional and occupational
3458:
3445:
3438:
3350:
3311:
3259:
3237:
3177:
3109:
2974:
2963:
2908:
2890:
2863:
2835:
2798:
2775:
2714:
2676:
2599:
2590:
2579:
2570:
2388:
2243:"English-based varieties"
2195:10.1017/S0266078403003092
1818:10.1080/00138387808597871
1636:, sometimes considered a
1306:
1282:Equatorial Guinean Pidgin
1143:
1066:
595:
380:
371:
351:Table of creole languages
332:
210:Caribbean music in the UK
2508:Turks and Caicos Islands
2223:Central American English
2020:Accessed April 13, 2018.
2004:Accessed April 11, 2018.
1700:
1653:
1427:530,000 L2 users (1999)
2016:Encyclopedia Britannica
1787:African Language Review
1715:Encyclopedia Britannica
57:Community and subgroups
40:Part of a series on the
2746:Received Pronunciation
2264:Holm, John A. (2000).
2241:Holm, John A. (1989).
2058:Sasaoka, Kyle (2019).
1972:"Afro-Seminole Creole"
1668:Cayman Islands English
1643:Iyaric ("Rastafarian")
631:British Virgin Islands
340:monogenesis hypothesis
91:Kittians and Nevisians
2940:Multicultural Toronto
777:Saint Kitts and Nevis
606:Virgin Islands Creole
546:Bocas del Toro Creole
135:Decline and legacy of
3101:Western Pennsylvania
2083:. pp. 252–261.
1527:Torres Strait Creole
1424:560,000 (2012–2019)
1103:Afro-Seminole Creole
983:670,000 (2016–2018)
491:Miskito Coast Creole
345:proto–Pidgin English
300:(often shortened to
3638:Mid-Atlantic accent
3229:Trinidad and Tobago
2398:Antigua and Barbuda
2291:Schneider, Edgar W.
2247:Pidgins and Creoles
1940:Sprawe, Gilbert A.
1663:Bay Islands English
904:Trinidad and Tobago
879:Trinidad and Tobago
751:Antigua and Barbuda
364:Number of speakers
3161:Pennsylvania Dutch
2285:Schreier, Daniel;
1914:Staff Consortium.
1274:12,000,000 (2017)
1257:Cameroonian Pidgin
891:Trinidadian Creole
764:Saint Kitts Creole
137:the British Empire
3661:
3660:
3546:
3545:
3346:
3345:
3255:
3254:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3094:Pacific Northwest
2955:Standard Canadian
2886:
2885:
2831:
2830:
2771:
2770:
2521:
2520:
2306:978-1-139-48741-2
2277:978-0-521-58581-1
2256:978-0-521-35940-5
2090:978-0-19-969140-1
2002:. March 28, 2014.
1771:978-90-272-5272-2
1723:Seminole Freedmen
1625:
1624:
1295:Equatorial Guinea
1223:5,000,000 (2011)
1197:5,100,000 (2015)
1171:8,200,000 (2019)
908:1,000,000 (2011)
866:Tobagonian Creole
816:Vincentian Creole
790:Montserrat Creole
619:US Virgin Islands
598:Eastern Caribbean
458:3,000,000 (2001)
383:Western Caribbean
294:
293:
169:Caribbean English
48:African-Caribbean
16:(Redirected from
3681:
3558:English language
3443:
3442:
3264:
3263:
3247:Falkland Islands
3146:General American
3119:African-American
2972:
2971:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2331:
2310:
2281:
2260:
2237:
2207:
2206:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2125:"Hawai'i Pidgin"
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1719:Seminole Maroons
1711:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1501:Australian Kriol
1485:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1394:Papua New Guinea
1392:
1390:
1389:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1356:Ngatikese Creole
1340:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1003:
1001:
1000:
977:
975:
974:
952:
950:
949:
927:
925:
924:
902:
900:
899:
877:
875:
874:
852:
850:
849:
841:Grenadian Creole
827:
825:
824:
801:
799:
798:
775:
773:
772:
749:
747:
746:
720:
718:
717:
709:Anguillan Creole
694:
692:
691:
681:
679:
678:
668:
666:
665:
655:
653:
652:
642:
640:
639:
629:
627:
626:
617:
615:
614:
583:
581:
580:
557:
555:
554:
531:
529:
528:
502:
500:
499:
477:
475:
474:
452:
450:
449:
429:Turks and Caicos
427:
425:
424:
402:
400:
399:
355:
354:
286:
279:
272:
179:Creole languages
37:
36:
21:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3542:
3499:
3454:
3434:
3342:
3338:Solomon Islands
3307:
3251:
3233:
3165:
3156:New York Latino
3131:American Indian
3111:
3105:
2966:
2959:
2900:
2882:
2868:Channel Islands
2859:
2827:
2794:
2767:
2710:
2672:
2582:
2566:
2552:
2522:
2517:
2384:
2375:
2338:
2328:
2307:
2287:Trudgill, Peter
2278:
2257:
2234:
2216:
2214:Further reading
2211:
2210:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1806:English Studies
1802:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1690:World Englishes
1676:
1656:
1630:
1608:
1606:
1583:
1581:
1558:
1556:
1533:
1531:
1507:
1505:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1439:
1437:
1420:Solomon Islands
1413:
1411:
1387:
1385:
1362:
1360:
1347:600,000 (2015)
1335:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1317:Hawaiian Pidgin
1311:
1299:200,000 (2020)
1288:
1286:
1263:
1261:
1237:
1235:
1231:Nigerian Pidgin
1212:
1210:
1206:Ghanaian Pidgin
1186:
1184:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1138:Gullah language
1136:Dialect of the
1121:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1049:
1047:
1023:
1021:
998:
996:
972:
970:
958:720,000 (2021)
947:
945:
941:Guyanese Creole
933:260,000 (2018)
922:
920:
897:
895:
883:300,000 (2011)
872:
870:
858:110,000 (2020)
847:
845:
833:110,000 (2016)
822:
820:
796:
794:
770:
768:
744:
742:
738:Antiguan Creole
715:
713:
689:
687:
676:
674:
663:
661:
650:
648:
637:
635:
624:
622:
612:
610:
600:
578:
576:
563:270,000 (2000)
552:
550:
526:
524:
520:Limonese Creole
513:Rama Cay Creole
497:
495:
483:170,000 (2014)
472:
470:
466:Belizean Creole
447:
445:
441:Jamaican Patois
422:
420:
408:330,000 (2018)
397:
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391:Bahamian Creole
385:
376:
353:
335:
306:creole language
290:
181:
164:British English
145:Empire Windrush
139:
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49:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
18:English creoles
15:
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3112:ethno-cultural
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2704:Stoke-on-Trent
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2623:
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2605:
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2594:
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2567:
2563:Modern English
2551:
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2513:Virgin Islands
2510:
2505:
2500:
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2453:Mosquito Coast
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2423:Bocas del Toro
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2336:External links
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2000:Kreol Magazine
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1487:Norfolk Island
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1450:13,000 (2011)
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1032:
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792:
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781:51,000 (2015)
779:
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753:
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727:
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724:
711:
705:
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701:90,000 (2019)
699:
683:Sint Eustatius
608:
602:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
590:
589:12,000 (1981)
587:
574:
568:
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548:
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541:
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537:55,000 (2013)
535:
522:
516:
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506:
493:
487:
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302:English creole
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3011:New York City
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2739:Multicultural
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2699:Black Country
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2182:English Today
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2031:Holm, John A.
2026:
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1695:Belter Creole
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1552:Bonin English
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869:
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855:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
830:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
807:5,100 (2020)
806:
804:
793:
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788:
787:
783:
780:
778:
767:
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762:
761:
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741:
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736:
735:
732:
728:
725:
723:
712:
710:
707:
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703:
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698:
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685:
684:
672:
671:
659:
658:
646:
645:
633:
632:
620:
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607:
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594:
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586:
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569:
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549:
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394:
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348:
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287:
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268:
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220:
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216:
211:
208:
207:
206:
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202:
199:
198:
191:
188:
186:
185:English-based
183:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
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156:
153:
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147:
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141:
140:
138:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
101:Saint Lucians
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
51:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3592:
3403:South Africa
3398:Sierra Leone
3151:Miami Latino
3040:Philadelphia
3028:Inland North
2933:Newfoundland
2751:West Country
2565:by continent
2377:
2316:
2295:
2266:
2246:
2222:
2189:(1): 44–49.
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2158:, retrieved
2153:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2079:
2072:
2064:ScholarSpace
2063:
2053:
2034:
2025:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1894:Find a Bible
1893:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1833:
1826:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1657:
1477:
1332:
1248:120,000,000
1167:Sierra Leone
1118:
966:Sranan Tongo
916:Bajan Creole
686:
673:
670:Saint-Martin
660:
647:
644:Sint Maarten
634:
621:
344:
338:
336:
328:
313:
301:
297:
295:
258:Trinidadians
190:French-based
184:
144:
111:Trinidadians
3528:Philippines
3321:New Zealand
3207:Bay Islands
3187:The Bahamas
3110:Social and
3067:New Orleans
2984:New England
2878:Isle of Man
2823:Port Talbot
2724:East Anglia
2641:Northumbria
2473:Saint Kitts
1983:11 February
1899:11 February
1619:10,000,000
1373:700 (1983)
1146:West Africa
1133:200 (1990)
1094:390 (2015)
1060:250 (2018)
729:Dialect of
657:Puerto Rico
106:Vincentians
3468:Bangladesh
3460:South Asia
3413:Cape Flats
3363:The Gambia
3288:Aboriginal
3124:vernacular
3089:California
3062:High Tider
3057:Appalachia
2918:Aboriginal
2850:South-West
2694:Birmingham
2651:Sunderland
2636:Manchester
2626:Lancashire
2483:San Andrés
2458:Montserrat
2160:2021-08-20
2134:2018-06-25
2129:Ethnologue
1977:Ethnologue
1854:Ethnologue
1747:References
1594:2,100,000
1398:4,100,000
1369:Micronesia
992:Saramaccan
803:Montserrat
533:Costa Rica
320:vocabulary
308:for which
238:Dominicans
81:Grenadians
3533:Singapore
3495:Sri Lanka
3450:Hong Kong
3276:variation
3268:Australia
3179:Caribbean
3045:Baltimore
2928:Lunenburg
2873:Gibraltar
2790:Highlands
2668:Yorkshire
2631:Liverpool
2382:Caribbean
2203:144835575
2109:ignored (
2099:cite book
1812:: 57–65.
1590:Singapore
1540:Australia
1514:Australia
1381:Tok Pisin
511:Dialect:
504:Nicaragua
248:Jamaicans
228:Antiguans
155:Languages
86:Jamaicans
66:Antiguans
50:community
3668:Category
3653:Standard
3623:Learning
3611:Nerrière
3602:Globish
3518:Malaysia
3490:Pakistan
3430:Zimbabwe
3358:Cameroon
3192:Barbados
2923:Atlantic
2891:Americas
2808:Abercraf
2777:Scotland
2756:Cornwall
2677:Midlands
2661:Teesside
2656:Tyneside
2646:Pitmatic
2609:Cheshire
2555:Dialects
2503:Trinidad
2493:Suriname
2463:Rama Cay
2408:Barbados
2393:Anguilla
2033:(2000).
1860:27 March
1674:See also
1628:Marginal
1615:Malaysia
1602:Manglish
1577:Singlish
1475:Pitcairn
1458:Pitcairn
1270:Cameroon
1056:Suriname
1030:Suriname
1005:Suriname
979:Suriname
929:Barbados
722:Anguilla
585:Colombia
374:Atlantic
361:Country
315:lexifier
312:was the
243:Guyanese
76:Guyanese
3583:Engrish
3578:E-Prime
3551:Related
3538:Vietnam
3523:Myanmar
3393:Nigeria
3388:Namibia
3378:Liberia
3260:Oceania
3242:Bermuda
3214:Jamaica
3141:Chicano
2979:Midland
2965:United
2901:America
2837:Ireland
2813:Cardiff
2785:Glasgow
2734:Cockney
2614:Cumbria
2592:England
2583:Britain
2559:accents
2443:Jamaica
2433:Grenada
2418:Bermuda
2403:Bahamas
2380:of the
1950:6 April
1925:10 July
1793:: 7–72.
1727:Florida
1518:17,000
1462:Norfolk
1446:Vanuatu
1433:Bislama
1309:Pacific
1244:Nigeria
1193:Liberia
854:Grenada
454:Jamaica
404:Bahamas
324:lexicon
310:English
304:) is a
201:Culture
120:History
46:British
3606:Gogate
3513:Brunei
3425:Uganda
3408:accent
3383:Malawi
3351:Africa
3326:accent
3281:accent
3224:Samaná
3197:Bequia
3016:accent
2989:Boston
2967:States
2950:Quebec
2910:Canada
2899:North
2855:Ulster
2845:Dublin
2761:Dorset
2619:Barrow
2581:Great
2572:Europe
2498:Tobago
2478:Samaná
2468:Roatán
2438:Guyana
2413:Belize
2324:
2303:
2274:
2253:
2230:
2201:
2087:
2041:
1768:
1739:state.
1612:
1587:
1562:
1537:
1511:
1492:1,800
1484:
1472:
1443:
1417:
1391:
1366:
1339:
1330:Hawaii
1327:
1292:
1267:
1241:
1216:
1190:
1180:Kreyol
1164:
1128:Mexico
1125:
1113:
1087:
1077:Gullah
1053:
1043:Kwinti
1027:
1017:Ndyuka
1002:
976:
954:Guyana
951:
926:
901:
876:
851:
826:
800:
774:
748:
719:
693:
680:
667:
654:
641:
628:
616:
582:
559:Panama
556:
530:
501:
479:Belize
476:
451:
426:
401:
367:Notes
333:Origin
233:Bajans
219:People
71:Bajans
3648:Plain
3563:Basic
3485:Nepal
3473:India
3373:Kenya
3368:Ghana
3333:Palau
3293:South
3136:Cajun
3077:Texas
3072:Older
3052:South
3023:North
2999:Maine
2818:Gower
2800:Wales
2716:South
2601:North
2448:LimĂłn
2199:S2CID
1945:(PDF)
1701:Notes
1654:Other
1565:Japan
1407:Pijin
1219:Ghana
358:Name
3439:Asia
3316:Fiji
3303:West
3219:Saba
3084:West
3004:West
2994:East
2557:and
2322:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2111:help
2085:ISBN
2039:ISBN
1985:2023
1952:2023
1927:2022
1901:2023
1862:2023
1766:ISBN
1154:Krio
696:Saba
143:HMT
2561:of
2191:doi
1814:doi
1721:or
296:An
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2187:19
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2097:{{
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2137:.
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2018:.
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1929:.
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1816::
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