Engineering - Knowledge

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That something can be a complex system, device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what already exists. Since a design has to be realistic and functional, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristics data defined. In the past engineers working on new designs found that they did not have all the required information to make design decisions. Most often, they were limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they studied

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understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology. For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics. Though physics and engineering are interrelated, it does not mean that a physicist is trained to do an engineer's job. A physicist would typically require additional and relevant training. Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work. But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of

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Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require

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The engineering profession engages in a range of activities, from collaboration at the societal level, and smaller individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are obligated to a funding source: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The types of engineering that are less constrained

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Jan./Feb.1998: 54–59. Article explores the concept of the "artist-engineer", an individual who used his artistic talent in engineering. Quote from article: Da Vinci reached the pinnacle of "artist-engineer"-dom, Quote2: "It was Leonardo da Vinci who initiated the most ambitious expansion in the role

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Royal Academy of Engineering and Academy of Medical Sciences: Systems Biology: a vision for engineering and medicine in pdf: quote1: Systems Biology is an emerging methodology that has yet to be defined quote2: It applies the concepts of systems engineering to the study of complex biological systems

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Institute of Medicine and Engineering: Mission statement The mission of the Institute for Medicine and Engineering (IME) is to stimulate fundamental research at the interface between biomedicine and engineering/physical/computational sciences leading to innovative applications in biomedical research

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The United States Census of 1850 listed the occupation of "engineer" for the first time with a count of 2,000. There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U.S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875.

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The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific

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There is a "real and important" difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology. Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an

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Engineering companies in more developed economies face challenges with regard to the number of engineers being trained, compared with those retiring. This problem is prominent in the UK where engineering has a poor image and low status. There are negative economic and political issues that this can

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Although engineering solutions make use of scientific principles, engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability, and constructability or ease of fabrication as well as the environment, ethical and legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the

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Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress innovation and invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use.

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Bioengineering is the engineering of biological systems for a useful purpose. Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics, biopharmaceuticals, and tissue-engineered

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Quote: "The 7th century, by contrast, had witnessed rapid innovations, such as the introduction of the hoplite and the trireme, which still were the basic instruments of war in the 5th." and "But it was the development of artillery that opened an epoch, and this invention did not predate the 4th

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The method used by engineers to create artifacts and systems—from cellular telephony, computers and smartphones, and GPS to remote controls, airplanes, and biomimetic materials and devices—isn't the same method scientists use in their work. The scientific method has a prescribed process: state a

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These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and

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process, engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. Engineers need proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. As a result, many engineers continue to learn new material throughout their

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developed in the late nineteenth century. Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new

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Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology, engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely

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If multiple solutions exist, engineers weigh each design choice based on their merit and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to yield a successful result. It is generally

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initiatives in aerospace and defence, automotive, oil and gas, machinery, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, electrical and electronics, power distribution and generation, utilities and transportation systems. This combination of technical engineering practice, management consulting practice,

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concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector. The demand for management-focused engineers (or from the opposite perspective, managers with an understanding of engineering), has resulted in the development of specialized engineering management degrees that develop the

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Engineering is a broad discipline that is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. Although an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, he or she may become multi-disciplined through experience. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical

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There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.

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question, observe, state a hypothesis, test, analyze, and interpret. It doesn't know what will be discovered, what truth will be revealed. In contrast, the engineering method aims for a specific goal and cannot be reduced to a set of fixed steps that must be followed.

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honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.

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Engineering has interconnections with society, culture and human behavior. Most products and constructions used by modern society, are influenced by engineering. Engineering activities have an impact on the environment, society, economies, and public safety.

3894:", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved July 1, 2007 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System." 1004:

in 1828, greatly lowered the amount of fuel needed to smelt iron. With the development of the high pressure steam engine, the power to weight ratio of steam engines made practical steamboats and locomotives possible. New steel making processes, such as the

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industry sector knowledge, and change management expertise enables professional engineers who are also qualified as management consultants to lead major business transformation initiatives. These initiatives are typically sponsored by C-level executives.

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Both fields provide solutions to real world problems. This often requires moving forward before phenomena are completely understood in a more rigorous scientific sense and therefore experimentation and empirical knowledge is an integral part of both.

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Origin: 1250–1300; ME engin < AF, OF < L ingenium nature, innate quality, esp. mental power, hence a clever invention, equiv. to in- + -genium, equiv. to gen- begetting; Source: Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc.

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was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the "father" of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also a capable

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Quote: In most universities it should be possible to cover the main branches of engineering, i.e. civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering in this way. More specialized fields of engineering application, of which

891:. Using a model water wheel, Smeaton conducted experiments for seven years, determining ways to increase efficiency. Smeaton introduced iron axles and gears to water wheels. Smeaton also made mechanical improvements to the 2774:

skills, knowledge, and expertise, alongside knowledge of business administration, management techniques, and strategic thinking. Engineers specializing in change management must have in-depth knowledge of the application of

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MIT World:The Art of Engineering: Inventor James Dyson on the Art of Engineering: quote: A member of the British Design Council, James Dyson has been designing products since graduating from the Royal College of Art in

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in the 18th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the

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has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.

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The application of the steam engine allowed coke to be substituted for charcoal in iron making, lowering the cost of iron, which provided engineers with a new material for building bridges. This bridge was made of

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The great engineer Theodore von Karman once said, "Scientists study the world as it is, engineers create the world that never has been." Today, more than ever, the engineer must create a world that never has

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Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as, for example,

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Overseas development and relief NGOs make considerable use of engineers, to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. Some charitable organizations use engineering directly for development:

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which will set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. He is important in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern

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Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost,

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by Sir James Hamilton, UK Engineering Council Quote: "The Civilingenior degree encompasses the main branches of engineering civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical." (From the Internet Archive)

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Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale, such as the manufacture of

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There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany established technical universities earlier.

1301:(airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment etc.), bridges, tunnels, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines, including 1136:

further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.

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The Genius of Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010

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lead to a large increase in iron production in the late 18th century. The higher furnace temperatures made possible with steam-powered blast allowed for the use of more lime in

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to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. Modern engineering comprises many subfields which include designing and improving

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The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines.

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Medicine, in part, studies the function of the human body. The human body, as a biological machine, has many functions that can be modeled using engineering methods.

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Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and are dedicated to emulating many of its functions by replacing

1758:. Geological engineers are involved with impact studies for facilities and operations that affect surface and subsurface environments, such as rock excavations (e.g. 3071: 10643: 5800:"IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology: Both general and technical articles on current technologies and methods used in biomedical and clinical engineering ..." 5615: 4786: 2669:, are adapting analytical tools traditionally used for engineering, such as systems modeling and computational analysis, to the description of biological systems. 6074: 5094: 2072:

Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things:

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entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of

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etc. These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of engineering principles in medicine, led to the development of the field of

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As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business

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Engineers take on the responsibility of producing designs that will perform as well as expected and, except those employed in specific areas of the

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Princeton U: Robert Maillart's Bridges: The Art of Engineering: quote: no doubt that Maillart was fully conscious of the aesthetic implications ...

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asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic

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allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes.

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requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The

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requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.

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C. Morón, E. Tremps, A. García, J.A. Somolinos (2011) The Physics and its Relation with the Engineering, INTED2011 Proceedings

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were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the

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applications for maintenance management; and Architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) software for civil engineering.

300:) referred to "a constructor of military engines". In this context, now obsolete, an "engine" referred to a military machine, 11700: 9600: 8250: 8245: 7658: 6242: 6221: 6198: 6163: 6144: 6122: 6092: 5651: 5585: 5547: 5516: 5392: 4715: 4652: 4612: 4587: 4543: 4456: 4431: 4406: 4378: 4203: 4149: 4072: 3823: 3784: 3716: 3648: 3621: 3580: 3476: 3451: 3407: 3376: 3347: 3300: 2916: 2891: 5715: 4505: 4155: 951:, a mathematician and inventor who worked on pumps, left notes at the Vauxhall Ordinance Office on a steam pump design that 8390: 6836: 6474: 5850: 4691: 3965:

century. It was first heard of in the context of Sicilian warfare against Carthage in the time of Dionysius I of Syracuse."

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The heart for example functions much like a pump, the skeleton is like a linked structure with levers, the brain produces

2180:(CAD) software. It enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with 1176:

design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the start of the 20th century although the work of

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read. In 1698 Savery built a steam pump called "The Miner's Friend". It employed both vacuum and pressure. Iron merchant

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A standard reference for the state of mechanical arts during the Renaissance is given in the mining engineering treatise

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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

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Later, as the design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a technical discipline, the term

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Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette (March 2001). "The construction of a discipline: Materials science in the United States".

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Engineering projects can be controversial. Examples from different engineering disciplines include: the development of

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Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England

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cause, as well as ethical issues. It is agreed the engineering profession faces an "image crisis". The UK holds the

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Branches: There are traditionally four primary engineering disciplines: civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical.

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Electrical engineering is the design, study, and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as

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Applied science led to the development of the steam engine. The sequence of events began with the invention of the

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operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.

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In recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as

9146: 7851: 6582: 2780: 2655: 2299: 308:). Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, 5965: 5871: 1492:

Interdisciplinary engineering draws from more than one of the principle branches of the practice. Historically,

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Geological engineering is associated with anything constructed on or within the Earth. This discipline applies

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Journal of the British Nuclear Energy Society: Volume 1 British Nuclear Energy Society – 1962 – Snippet view

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knowledge and skills needed for these roles. During an engineering management course, students will develop

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Computer engineering (CE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and

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industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.

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Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".

3643:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 309. 3014: 2306: 2239: 2220: 2208: 1911: 1813: 1592:. These and other branches of engineering are represented in the 36 licensed member institutions of the UK 1487: 313: 31: 6303: 5890: 5120: 2787:

applied to engineering practice or the engineering sector. This work often deals with large scale complex

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Mechanical engineering is the design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and

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of a problem often allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.

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insufficient to build a technically successful product, rather, it must also meet further requirements.

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Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution.

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deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and

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Before the development of modern engineering, mathematics was used by artisans and craftsmen, such as

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and medical bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems.

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that are foreign to pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.

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kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of

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New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example,

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of artist-engineer, progressing from astute observer to inventor to theoretician." (Bjerklie 58)

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to calculate the stresses in complex components. Second, engineering research employs many semi-

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sciences and engineering principles to direct or support the work of other disciplines such as

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Aerospace engineering covers the design, development, manufacture and operational behaviour of

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and the open hearth furnace, ushered in an area of heavy engineering in the late 19th century.

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The application of steam-powered cast iron blowing cylinders for providing pressurized air for

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are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.

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Marine engineering covers the design, development, manufacture and operational behaviour of

763:, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated 12038: 11872: 11304: 11160: 10873: 10368: 10262: 9878: 9578: 9573: 8954: 8400: 8357: 8342: 8307: 8297: 8142: 7764: 7759: 7634: 7518: 7423: 7396: 7278: 7139: 7047: 7042: 6976: 6971: 6946: 6936: 6889: 6809: 6763: 6639: 6577: 6454: 6422: 4126: 4106: 3039: 2754: 2147: 2111: 1725: 1699: 1553: 1525: 1350: 1314: 1254: 1193: 1137: 896: 511:, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the 412: 340: 101: 9672: 8722: 6011: 4893: 4809: 3732:

Humphris, Jane; Charlton, Michael F.; Keen, Jake; Sauder, Lee; Alshishani, Fareed (2018).

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as a symbol and reminder of the obligations and ethics associated with their profession.

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created a demand for machinery with metal parts, which led to the development of several

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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures

11909: 11904: 11717: 11550: 11077: 11055: 11050: 11008: 10981: 10941: 10395: 10289: 10243: 10155: 10114: 10097: 9980: 9975: 9696: 9677: 9490: 9414: 9178: 8979: 8974: 8668: 7974: 7929: 7816: 7639: 7460: 7295: 7285: 7169: 7032: 6966: 6961: 6668: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6444: 5468: 4527: 4298: 3909: 3105: 3029: 2859: 2709: 2708:(even to the extent that these disciplines may sometimes be included in a university's 2392: 2382: 2325: 2066: 2054: 2043: 1983: 1971: 1861: 1755: 1673: 1612: 1497: 1386: 1366: 1346: 1268: 1215:. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining 1105: 943:

published a book of 100 inventions containing a method for raising waters similar to a

760: 698: 106: 11215: 10450: 8697: 6291: 6234:

What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History

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through iteration between computational or mathematical modelling and experimentation.

5385:

What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History

4247: 1297:

Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as

962: 415:, were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the 11777: 11593: 11567: 11555: 11540: 11451: 11299: 11126: 11025: 10956: 10638: 10633: 10573: 10566: 10531: 10294: 10109: 10017: 9765: 9718: 9595: 9455: 9445: 9410: 9400: 9368: 9311: 9306: 9209: 8497: 8455: 8033: 7806: 7663: 7453: 7418: 7312: 7251: 7165: 6814: 6720: 6695: 6624: 6614: 6459: 6384: 6238: 6217: 6210: 6194: 6187: 6159: 6140: 6118: 6040: 5647: 5581: 5543: 5512: 5423: 5388: 4839: 4711: 4648: 4608: 4583: 4557: 4549: 4539: 4497: 4452: 4427: 4402: 4374: 4349: 4342: 4302: 4290: 4199: 4145: 4068: 4043: 4012: 3990: 3819: 3780: 3755: 3712: 3644: 3617: 3576: 3542: 3499: 3472: 3447: 3403: 3372: 3343: 3296: 3019: 2906: 2829: 2805: 2758: 2739: 2705: 2681: 2514: 1873: 1747: 1709: 1585: 1549: 1493: 1362: 1292: 1177: 944: 928: 752: 631: 539: 516: 427: 364: 336: 319:

The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin

260: 8712: 8581: 8532: 7904: 5681: 5472: 5208: 3244: 3229: 2427:

Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.

2053:

have to be evaluated on their merits before the one judged most suitable is chosen.

1994:

for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.

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engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

359:

to bring a steady supply of clean and fresh water to cities and towns in the empire.

11879: 11807: 11802: 11370: 11348: 11308: 11284: 11248: 11220: 11200: 11148: 10993: 10933: 10728: 10511: 10479: 10467: 10348: 10233: 10150: 10092: 9728: 9723: 9687: 9526: 9269: 9254: 9231: 9204: 8775: 8747: 8571: 8542: 8517: 8492: 8475: 8004: 7959: 7939: 7475: 7465: 7448: 6685: 6594: 5982:"University of Texas at Dallas: The Institute for Interactive Arts and Engineering" 5926: 5750: 5460: 4864: 4280: 4243: 3864: 3745: 2825: 2746:

artist and engineer, and a prime example of the nexus between art and engineering.

2287: 2155: 2104: 2007: 1775: 1272: 1093: 1006: 989: 904: 264: 9856: 9054: 8922: 8702: 6089: 4477:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

4222:

The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel

4181:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24. 3869: 3852: 3750: 3733: 3181: 843: 793:, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. 11936: 11884: 11515: 11378: 11233: 11143: 11133: 11121: 11100: 10976: 10961: 10743: 10738: 10578: 10489: 10373: 10358: 10353: 10134: 10048: 9829: 9652: 9623: 9358: 9183: 8902: 8835: 8611: 8559: 8522: 7994: 7954: 7876: 7831: 7668: 7573: 7558: 7533: 7347: 7327: 6848: 6132: 6096: 6078: 5969: 5878: 5834: 5787: 5711: 5596: 5568: 5539: 5495: 5419: 5124: 4674: 4491: 4267: 4263:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music" 4139: 4118: 4094: 3961: 3891: 3112: 2727:'s bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic. At the 2724: 2666: 2499: 2479: 2039: 1721: 1448: 1390: 1358: 1208: 1197: 1097: 1071: 1055: 956: 913: 827: 756: 737: 615: 576:

during the 4th century BC, which relied on animal power instead of human energy.

569: 504: 475: 423: 197: 150: 10211: 8845: 8707: 6279: 5846: 3936:

Wright, M T. (2005). "Epicyclic Gearing and the Antikythera Mechanism, part 2".

332:), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention." 11914: 11837: 11603: 11493: 11488: 11466: 11253: 11240: 11183: 11116: 11104: 10998: 10839: 10807: 10708: 10462: 10434: 10399: 10340: 9898: 9893: 9861: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9691: 9534: 9450: 9226: 9165: 9039: 8892: 8887: 8840: 8830: 8820: 8591: 8482: 8470: 8440: 8045: 7914: 7774: 7413: 7322: 6804: 6789: 6753: 6182: 5738: 5464: 4868: 4098: 3974: 2283: 2257: 2181: 2093: 1991: 1432: 1428: 1394: 1354: 1335: 1298: 1121: 1109: 1024: 948: 900: 741: 736:

by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the

729: 607: 563: 447: 435: 388: 162: 9024: 8631: 5532: 4561: 4285: 4262: 4067:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. 2161: 396: 12032: 11951: 11461: 11096: 10906: 10723: 10718: 10583: 10420: 10404: 10272: 10258: 10139: 10102: 10033: 9965: 9959: 9944: 9839: 9824: 9732: 9383: 9236: 9199: 9173: 9014: 8959: 8810: 8795: 8621: 8465: 7964: 7899: 7871: 7799: 7528: 7443: 6034: 5779: 5643:

The Future of Post-Human Engineering: A Preface to a New Theory of Technology

5438:

Ateneo de Manila University Press. Philippine Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963.

4679: 4399:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

4294: 3853:"Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe" 3759: 3734:"Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe" 3562: 2685: 2610: 2139: 2100: 2050: 1955: 1456: 1374: 1280: 1035: 977: 973: 952: 870: 733: 718: 710: 601: 500: 463: 368: 10593: 9029: 8825: 6008:"Aerospace Design: The Art of Engineering from NASA's Aeronautical Research" 2042:

to find suitable solutions to a particular problem. Creating an appropriate

1172:

is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including

188:

The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized

39: 11894: 11829: 11782: 11478: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11343: 11338: 11003: 10861: 10588: 10543: 10413: 10409: 10377: 10267: 10189: 10160: 10085: 10080: 10070: 9970: 9888: 9819: 9774: 9505: 9485: 9470: 9434: 9429: 9405: 9321: 9214: 9091: 8912: 8882: 8800: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8752: 8663: 8564: 8009: 7989: 7944: 7919: 7909: 7881: 7811: 7769: 7643: 7597: 7568: 7548: 6931: 3155: 2697: 2250: 2049:

More than one solution to a design problem usually exists so the different

2014:, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science. 1683: 1460: 1276: 1059: 1047: 879: 853: 790: 694: 543: 512: 296: 44: 10598: 9121: 9116: 9106: 9069: 9059: 8999: 8932: 8445: 5754: 5319: 3440:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

3289:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

2502:

are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.

2444:

Engineers, scientists and technicians at work on target positioner inside

256: 11946: 11926: 11899: 11725: 11483: 11383: 11070: 11065: 11013: 10891: 10881: 10750: 10206: 10175: 10170: 10129: 10038: 9814: 9789: 9784: 9753: 9510: 9465: 9373: 9353: 9086: 9009: 8969: 8877: 8857: 8601: 8586: 8576: 8512: 8432: 7999: 7984: 7969: 7949: 7866: 7794: 7611: 7601: 7588: 7553: 7503: 7433: 7386: 7273: 7263: 6728: 5326:. Vol. 60. American Society for Engineering Education. p. 467. 5265: 5140: 3955:

Britannica on Greek civilization in the 5th century – Military technology

3443: 3292: 2743: 2637: 2571: 2534: 2272: 2173: 2077: 2023: 1963: 1946: 1716:. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or 1440: 1398: 1212: 1129: 1125: 1019: 981: 936: 702: 555: 551: 451: 439: 376: 174: 154: 52: 7180: 7005: 6274: 6260: 5427: 4838:

Bronzino JD, ed., The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2006,

3125: 2853: 2207:

There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as

1856:, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as 831:(1556), which also contains sections on geology, mining, and chemistry. 11889: 11819: 11789: 11772: 11750: 11560: 11430: 11425: 11138: 11086: 10911: 10834: 10733: 10628: 10306: 10216: 10201: 10184: 10180: 9937: 9706: 9440: 9336: 9316: 9247: 9081: 8862: 8731: 8727: 8616: 8460: 7886: 7615: 7606: 7593: 7337: 7300: 6743: 4097:, web page, accessed on line October 23, 2009; this web page refers to 2766: 2689: 2614: 2586: 2582: 2373:

compared to other European countries, together with the United States.

2081: 2062: 1918: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1743: 1679: 1444: 1238: 1173: 1133: 993: 865: 819: 815: 801: 725: 706: 682: 635: 623: 597: 9101: 9064: 8606: 8040: 4038:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 2165:

Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating

1234: 11921: 11867: 11767: 11745: 11730: 11532: 11263: 11155: 11091: 10988: 10901: 10856: 10792: 10777: 10623: 10494: 10284: 10075: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9711: 9500: 9480: 9363: 9326: 9019: 8984: 8815: 8735: 8596: 7653: 7246: 7037: 6554: 5961: 3851:

Humphris J, Charlton MF, Keen J, Sauder L, Alshishani F (June 2018).

3572: 2601: 2550: 2542: 2487: 2409: 2228: 2166: 2073: 2031: 1869: 1767: 1657: 1420: 1310: 1101: 997: 966: 920: 888: 849: 786: 768: 690: 670: 654: 589: 581: 559: 459: 404: 392: 384: 372: 166: 8527: 8450: 5847:"Science Museum of Minnesota: Online Lesson 5a; The heart as a pump" 4980:"Comparing the Engineering Design Process and the Scientific Method" 1893: 1791: 638:

of the Industrial Revolution, and are widely used in fields such as

279:

devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc.

51:, underscores the importance of engineering in modern history. This 11862: 11572: 11500: 11188: 10916: 10896: 10817: 10653: 10551: 10484: 10253: 10012: 9883: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9553: 9424: 9348: 9096: 9049: 8680: 8655: 8643: 8368: 7673: 7391: 7078: 7068: 6926: 5865: 5117: 4424:

Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times

2989: 2581:

aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the

2578: 2295: 2267: 1853: 1713: 1653: 1424: 1382: 1200:

in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.

1144: 1038:. Boring cast iron cylinders with precision was not possible until 985: 778: 686: 666: 662: 639: 351: 305: 170: 6298: 11757: 11740: 11520: 11388: 11318: 11294: 11193: 10829: 10755: 10390: 10330: 10323: 10238: 10196: 10043: 10022: 10003: 9985: 9927: 9866: 9834: 9779: 9495: 9419: 9279: 9259: 9188: 8850: 8757: 8675: 8638: 8626: 8087: 7371: 6286: 5955: 5580:

Steve Fuller. Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge, 2012.

2625: 2618: 2546: 2538: 2509:

to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of the

2505:

An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the

2483: 2254: 2019: 2002: 1951: 1759: 1644: 658: 657:

which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century BC, the

585: 547: 531: 527: 471: 6156:

The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern

5668:

Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics, YC Fung and P. Tong

4553: 4501: 4141:

Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America

2696:

There are connections between engineering and art, for example,

2566: 2312: 584:

in Kush to store and contain water as well as boost irrigation.

11842: 11228: 11111: 10951: 10760: 10703: 10613: 10053: 9682: 9341: 9331: 9294: 9284: 9264: 9076: 8927: 7438: 6072:

quote:..the tools of artists and the perspective of engineers..

4144:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 2979: 2298:. In response, some engineering companies have enacted serious 2058: 2011: 1959: 1661: 1416: 1204: 1157: 1079: 927:

in 1643, demonstration of the force of atmospheric pressure by

909: 777:, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable 577: 535: 496: 276: 268: 182: 6309: 6189:

To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design

5974: 5609:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering" 4392: 4390: 4261:

Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017).

2779:

principles and methods. Professional engineers often train as

2592: 2122: 634:, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the 610:

developed machines in both civilian and military domains. The

566:, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC. 538:, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the 11762: 11735: 11289: 11060: 10923: 10787: 10695: 10301: 9918: 8547: 8537: 8502: 5682:"Code of Ethics | National Society of Professional Engineers" 5156:"Why Does It Matter? – why are engineering skills important?" 2641: 2321: 2027: 1012:

One of the most famous engineers of the mid-19th century was

835:

was the standard chemistry reference for the next 180 years.

782: 764: 593: 573: 499:

date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC, and

455: 443: 431: 212: 5981: 5839: 4451:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. 3200: 3115:

2735:, has developed a course that connects art and engineering. 796: 192:, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of 11441: 11258: 10946: 10849: 10802: 10221: 9932: 9299: 9289: 8964: 8487: 7317: 5451:"Relationship between physics and electrical engineering". 4751: 4387: 2720: 2600:, which glows green under blue light. The central mouse is 2107:

in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

1687: 1160:

can reach temperatures up to 3,500 °C (6,330 °F).

650: 233: 5234: 4950:"Genrich Altshuller's Theory of Inventive Problem Solving" 4857:

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

4125:, pp. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 4009:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

3850: 3731: 10603: 9922: 9844: 8692: 8085: 4628:

Van Every, Kermit E. (1986). "Aeronautical engineering".

4179:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

4105:, pp. 34–5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 3072:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

2324:, etc. are all combined to provide proper navigation and 2317: 2212: 2126:

A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around a

1185: 996:

in 1784 produced large scale quantities of wrought iron.

789:

musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable

653:

armies employed military machines and inventions such as

4470: 4468: 230:

American Engineers' Council for Professional Development

5918:

Bjerklie, David. "The Art of Renaissance Engineering."

5872:

Minnesota State University emuseum: Bones act as levers

4645:

Josiah Willard Gibbs – the History of a Great Mind

4260: 3318:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

2415: 604:

were also created during the 7th centuries BC in Kush.

458:

mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the

304:, a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a 3060:

Hammack, William; Anderson, John (February 16, 2022).

2765:

or "Management engineering" is a specialized field of

2103:, will not harm people. Engineers typically include a 290:, which itself dates back to the 14th century when an 4465: 2731:, an engineering professor, through a grant with the 2395:

to guide members and inform the public at large. The

1990:. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive 1313:. It is traditionally considered to be separate from 984:. These innovations lowered the cost of iron, making 728:

was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the

550:

in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. The earliest practical

5561:

Physics and Industrial Development: Bridging the Gap

4627: 3106:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/

2849: 2719:, for instance, held an exhibition about the art of 1724:, and hardware-software integration instead of only 5914: 5912: 5320:American Society for Engineering Education (1970). 4344:

Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution

2812:has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of 2150:

there are a number of computer aided applications (

1124:in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of 592:during military campaigns. Kushite ancestors built 6209: 6186: 5730: 4582:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 138. 4341: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4088:Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D. 3491: 3333: 3243: 3242: 2662:that uses concepts developed in both disciplines. 2057:, after gathering statistics on a large number of 1500:were major branches. Other engineering fields are 275:Engineering has existed since ancient times, when 5883: 4632:. Vol. 1. Grolier Incorporated. p. 226. 4496:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 1603:involves a wide range of subject areas including 1016:, who built railroads, dockyards and steamships. 740:. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the 12030: 5909: 5822: 5820: 5614:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016. 4854: 4703: 4479:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 3053: 2628:with technology. This has led to fields such as 2524:in the revision to the classic engineering text 2468:is used to conduct science experiments in space. 1966:all need to be carefully designed and optimized. 1648:lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom 1622: 1481: 980:, which enabled the transition from charcoal to 596:during the Bronze Age between 3700 and 3250 BC. 454:(modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The 6065: 5068:"The Latest Chapter in CAD Software Evaluation" 4697: 4605:A Short History of Twentieth Century Technology 4326: 3498:. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. 3362: 3059: 2130:during re-entry. Solutions to the flow require 1222: 923:and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by 744:, which was a key development during the early 5646:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 141. 5211:. National Society of Professional Engineers. 4339: 3433: 3431: 3365:Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture 1078:In 1890, there were 6,000 engineers in civil, 8384: 8071: 7196: 6325: 6131: 5817: 5280: 4123:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 4103:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 3906:"Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C." 3537:. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp. 1766:consolidation, slope and fill stabilization, 526:The earliest civil engineer known by name is 127: 6026: 3935: 3815:The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan 3773:Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). 3772: 3495:Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels 3363:Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990). 2665:Newly emerging branches of science, such as 1459:, robotics, turbines, audio equipments, and 6212:Guide to Information Sources in Engineering 5736: 5095:"Engineering Civilisation from the Shadows" 4747:"History and Heritage of Civil Engineering" 4317:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive) 3711:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 227. 3428: 3334:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). 3329: 3327: 3148: 2828:using engineering methodology coupled with 1852:One who practices engineering is called an 1820:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 852:, which was soon displaced by less brittle 320: 271:, the foremost military engineer of his age 215: 8391: 8377: 8078: 8064: 7203: 7189: 6332: 6318: 6153: 6090:Drew U: user website: cites Bjerklie paper 6032: 5558:R Gazzinelli, R L Moreira, W N Rodrigues. 5498:. Oxford and IBH Publishing, 2008, p. 208. 5180: 5153: 4685: 4607:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 3. 3983:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history 3885:The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project 3636: 3469:Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry 3315: 3174: 3132:. International Association of Engineers. 3062:"Working in the Penumbra of Understanding" 2397:National Society of Professional Engineers 2260:can produce a range of facial expressions. 941:Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester 134: 120: 7859: 7822:Relationship between religion and science 7210: 5287:Ryschkewitsch, M.G. NASA Chief Engineer. 5286: 4621: 4526: 4284: 3868: 3749: 3534:Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti 2887:List of basic chemical engineering topics 2110:The study of failed products is known as 1934:Learn how and when to remove this message 1840:Learn how and when to remove this message 1770:risk assessment, groundwater monitoring, 1731: 1404: 1320: 1092:in the 1800s included the experiments of 899:(1755–59) where he pioneered the use of ' 294:(literally, one who builds or operates a 6230: 6181: 6172: 6112: 5704: 5509:Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots 5382: 5376: 5041:"PDM: Not Just for the Big Boys Anymore" 4602: 4446: 4371:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 4340:Musson, A.E.; Robinson, Eric H. (1969). 4233: 4227: 4062: 4031: 3844: 3568:Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation 3324: 2777:industrial and organizational psychology 2676: 2591: 2565: 2475:What Engineers Know and How They Know It 2459: 2439: 2351:Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief 2311: 2249: 2160: 2121: 2001: 1945: 1637: 1627: 1601:Earth systems engineering and management 1330: 1233: 1143: 1018: 961: 842: 795: 350: 255: 38: 6083: 5943:from the original on September 19, 2018 5853:from the original on September 27, 2006 5507:Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Cynthia L. Breazeal. 5253: 4960:from the original on September 11, 2019 4642: 4580:A Social History of American Technology 4449:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition 4421: 4309: 4065:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power 3903: 3811: 3706: 3471:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 3391: 3188:from the original on September 29, 2007 2596:Genetically engineered mice expressing 2561: 2391:have established codes of practice and 1693: 1248: 1192:) awarded in the United States went to 478:machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia 14: 12031: 11412: 8193:Electrical and electronics engineering 8178:Developmental and reproductive biology 7112:Electrical and electronics engineering 6237:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 6115:Engineering: a very short introduction 5805:from the original on February 13, 2007 5692:from the original on February 18, 2020 5621:from the original on September 6, 2015 5215:from the original on February 18, 2020 5092: 4990:from the original on December 16, 2019 4474: 4368: 4212:from the original on December 29, 2019 4191: 3669: 3492:Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). 3466: 3437: 3286: 873:became incorporated into engineering. 755:were developed in the Muslim world. A 11626: 11411: 10681: 9145: 9144: 8411: 8372: 8059: 7184: 6313: 6117:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6000: 5897:from the original on February 2, 2007 5639: 4917: 4789:from the original on January 30, 2017 4724:from the original on December 5, 2013 4574: 4508:from the original on January 26, 2021 4396: 4176: 4170: 4006: 3917:from the original on December 4, 2013 3614:Springer Science & Business Media 3607: 3555: 3485: 3340:Springer Science & Business Media 3219: 3136:from the original on January 26, 2021 3104:definition of "engineering" from the 2917:List of mechanical engineering topics 2892:List of electrical engineering topics 2219:software for production engineering; 1878:Designated Engineering Representative 1667: 11998: 8398: 7145: 6207: 5792: 5660: 5407:Walter G Whitman; August Paul Peck. 5065: 5038: 3561: 3530: 3512:from the original on January 4, 2020 3416:from the original on January 3, 2020 3264:participating institution membership 2975:Controversies over the term Engineer 2882:List of aerospace engineering topics 2416:Relationships with other disciplines 2364:Engineering Ministries International 1916:adding citations to reliable sources 1887: 1818:adding citations to reliable sources 1785: 1286: 1207:after the successful flights by the 1164:Aeronautical engineering deals with 1104:and others and the invention of the 7155: 6053:from the original on April 20, 2007 5773: 5330:from the original on April 16, 2021 5259: 5241:from the original on April 30, 2011 5111: 5086: 4820:from the original on March 31, 2018 4707:Student's Britannica India,7vol.Set 4489: 4158:from the original on April 20, 2021 3675:Fritz Hintze, Kush XI; pp. 222–224. 3589:from the original on August 1, 2020 3438:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). 3287:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). 3162:from the original on March 26, 2024 3082:from the original on August 3, 2023 2927:List of software engineering topics 2585:, if necessary, through the use of 2300:corporate and social responsibility 1986:, marketability, productivity, and 1050:. Other machine tools included the 935:in 1656, laboratory experiments by 24: 10682: 8412: 6175:Applied Minds: How Engineers Think 6105: 5988:from the original on April 3, 2007 5761:from the original on March 3, 2020 5718:from the original on April 7, 2016 5387:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5020:from the original on April 8, 2020 4807: 4801: 4710:. Popular Prakashan. p. 146. 4493:English and American Tool Builders 3220:Smith, Ralph J. (March 29, 2024). 2912:List of genetic engineering topics 2840:have similarly borrowed the term. 1997: 649:Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and 417:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 25: 12065: 8223:Genetics and evolutionary biology 7842:Sociology of scientific knowledge 7837:Sociology of scientific ignorance 7790:History and philosophy of science 6253: 5571:. World Scientific, 1997, p. 110. 5364:from the original on May 16, 2022 5294:. p. 8 of 21. Archived from 5235:"Origin of the Iron Ring concept" 4930:from the original on July 2, 2019 3832:from the original on July 9, 2021 3793:from the original on July 9, 2021 3010:Environmental engineering science 2783:in the very specialized field of 2738:Among famous historical figures, 2558:case of failure of the solution. 2376: 2355:Engineers for a Sustainable World 2245: 2018:Engineers use their knowledge of 1466: 1112:in 1872. The theoretical work of 530:. As one of the officials of the 470:. The lever was also used in the 12009: 11997: 11986: 11985: 8039: 8027: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7004: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6259: 4011:. Brill Publishers. p. 65. 3686:"Siege warfare in ancient Egypt" 3657:from the original on May 2, 2022 3067:Issues in Science and Technology 2941:Glossary of areas of mathematics 2852: 2781:certified management consultants 2217:manufacturing process management 1892: 1790: 1046:, which is considered the first 988:and iron bridges practical. The 474:water-lifting device, the first 462:, where it was used in a simple 236:) has defined "engineering" as: 200:, and types of application. See 12010: 9545:Outdoors & sports equipment 8227:Cellular and molecular biology 6339: 6139:(2 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. 5674: 5640:Baofu, Peter (March 26, 2009). 5633: 5601: 5574: 5552: 5525: 5501: 5479: 5444: 5432: 5411:. American Book Company, 1946, 5401: 5346: 5313: 5227: 5201: 5174: 5147: 5129: 5059: 5032: 5002: 4972: 4942: 4911: 4875: 4848: 4832: 4771: 4739: 4661: 4636: 4596: 4568: 4520: 4483: 4440: 4426:. Ayer Publishing. p. 66. 4415: 4401:. University of Chicago Press. 4362: 4348:. University of Toronto Press. 4254: 4192:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). 4185: 4131: 4112: 4081: 4056: 4025: 4000: 3968: 3948: 3929: 3904:Wilford, John (July 31, 2008). 3897: 3877: 3805: 3776:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa 3766: 3725: 3707:Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). 3700: 3678: 3640:Ancient civilizations of Africa 3630: 3601: 3524: 3460: 3385: 3356: 3309: 2799: 2117: 1903:needs additional citations for 1682:and stationary structures like 1190:applied science and engineering 715:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 466:, and to move large objects in 7231:Analytic–synthetic distinction 6278:Learning materials related to 5354:"What is Engineering Science?" 5066:Arbe, Katrina (May 22, 2003). 4918:Lucas, Jim (August 22, 2014). 4883:"Nuclear Engineering Overview" 4783:Institution of Civil Engineers 4643:Wheeler, Lynde Phelps (1951). 4536:Johns Hopkins University Press 4369:Taylor, George Rogers (1969). 3779:. Cambridge University Press. 3280: 3270: 3236: 3118: 3098: 3005:Engineering education research 2922:List of nanoengineering topics 2526:Foundations of Solid Mechanics 2408:In Canada, engineers wear the 2305:The attainment of many of the 2265:by such a funding source, are 2190:finite element method analysis 1883: 1128:. The later inventions of the 1072:large scale factory production 676: 346: 57:Technical University of Madrid 13: 1: 9549:Personal protective equipment 6264:The dictionary definition of 6154:Billington, David P. (1996). 6033:Billington, David P. (1989). 5039:Arbe, Katrina (May 7, 2001). 5010:"Forensic Engineering | ASCE" 4248:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 3870:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085 3751:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085 3665:– via Books.google.com. 3395:The Technology of Mesopotamia 3046: 2897:List of engineering societies 1623:Other branches of engineering 1482:Interdisciplinary engineering 1188:in engineering (technically, 1082:, mechanical and electrical. 895:. Smeaton designed the third 838: 805: 771:brothers, described in their 489: 479: 326: 223: 6362:List of engineering branches 6231:Vincenti, Walter G. (1993). 6039:Princeton University Press. 5737:Evans-Pughe, C. (May 2003). 5383:Vincenti, Walter G. (1993). 5137:"engineeringuk.com/About_us" 4603:Williams, Trevor I. (1982). 4490:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). 4236:Mechanism and Machine Theory 4137: 3944:(1 (September 2005)): 54–60. 3857:Journal of Field Archaeology 3738:Journal of Field Archaeology 3015:Global Engineering Education 2328:(vehicle developed for 2007 2307:Millennium Development Goals 2240:product lifecycle management 2209:computer-aided manufacturing 2172:One of the most widely used 2010:. Engineering is applied to 1488:List of engineering branches 1223:Main branches of engineering 614:, an early known mechanical 580:were developed as a type of 314:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 32:Engineering (disambiguation) 27:Applied science and research 7: 11627: 7564:Hypothetico-deductive model 7539:Deductive-nomological model 7524:Constructivist epistemology 6077:September 27, 2007, at the 5183:"The ERA Foundation Report" 5070:. ThomasNet. Archived from 5043:. ThomasNet. Archived from 4779:"What is Civil Engineering" 4673:September 21, 2015, at the 2843: 2793:business process management 2749: 2733:National Science Foundation 2729:University of South Florida 2466:International Space Station 2211:(CAM) software to generate 2152:computer-aided technologies 2134:of the combined effects of 1781: 1728:or electronic engineering. 1514:instrumentation and control 495:. The earliest evidence of 487:ancient Egyptian technology 468:ancient Egyptian technology 450:mechanism, was invented in 10: 12070: 8328:Probability and statistics 5877:December 20, 2008, at the 5538:December 20, 2016, at the 5488:Future Of Economic Science 5465:10.1109/JAIEE.1927.6534988 5262:"Chair's Message, Caltech" 4954:Theories About Engineering 4869:10.1525/hsps.2001.31.2.223 4692:The Engineering Profession 4277:Cambridge University Press 4093:February 18, 2008, at the 4063:Shepherd, William (2011). 3987:Cambridge University Press 3812:Edwards, David N. (2004). 3400:The Rosen Publishing Group 3111:February 16, 2021, at the 2902:List of engineering topics 2867: 2820:, which deal with forming 2457:"engineering scientists". 2446:National Ignition Facility 2420: 2380: 2371:most engineering companies 2231:for electronic engineers; 1774:, mining excavations, and 1735: 1697: 1671: 1631: 1485: 1470: 1408: 1324: 1290: 1252: 1226: 1074:by the late 19th century. 669:. In the Middle Ages, the 409:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 249: 245: 232:(ECPD, the predecessor of 159:engineering design process 47:, the major driver in the 29: 11980: 11828: 11711: 11637: 11633: 11622: 11581: 11531: 11424: 11420: 11407: 11274: 11214: 11171: 11041: 10932: 10872: 10776: 10694: 10690: 10677: 10542: 10433: 10339: 9996: 9764: 9564: 9164: 9157: 9153: 9140: 8947: 8768: 8654: 8431: 8424: 8420: 8407: 8098: 8018: 7850: 7752: 7682: 7625:Semantic view of theories 7544:Epistemological anarchism 7496: 7481:dependent and independent 7218: 7130: 7077: 7061: 7013: 7002: 6777: 6719: 6638: 6563: 6490: 6383: 6370: 6347: 6208:Lord, Charles R. (2000). 5670:. World Scientific. 2001. 5494:October 26, 2018, at the 4890:Career Cornerstone Center 4704:Indu Ramchandani (2000). 4475:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 4286:10.1017/S1355771817000103 3840:– via Google Books. 3801:– via Google Books. 3709:Daily Life of the Nubians 3251:Oxford English Dictionary 2598:green fluorescent protein 2347:Engineers Against Poverty 2342:Engineers Without Borders 1752:environmental engineering 1617:philosophy of engineering 1502:manufacturing engineering 1307:environmental engineering 1227:For a topical guide, see 856:as a structural material. 774:Book of Ingenious Devices 515:period (911–609) BC. The 355:The Ancient Romans built 286:is derived from the word 149:is the practice of using 11858:Mergers and acquisitions 11599:Research and development 9964:Chemical & hormonal 9619:Communications equipment 7367:Intertheoretic reduction 7356:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 7333:Functional contextualism 6137:The Engineering Handbook 6113:Blockley, David (2012). 5093:Jowitt, Paul W. (2006). 4814:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4315:Professor Noel Sharkey, 4242:(5). Elsevier: 589–603. 4138:Lakwete, Angela (2003). 4032:Eldridge, Frank (1980). 3818:. Taylor & Francis. 3392:Faiella, Graham (2006). 3076:Arizona State University 2717:Art Institute of Chicago 2290:, the design and use of 2215:machining instructions; 1150:solar furnace at Odeillo 693:, first appeared in the 562:, first appeared in the 438:(ramp) were known since 220:, meaning "cleverness". 12044:Engineering occupations 10649:Painting and decorating 9673:Medical imaging systems 9606:Parts & peripherals 8123:Artificial intelligence 7852:Philosophers of science 7630:Scientific essentialism 7579:Model-dependent realism 7514:Constructive empiricism 7407:Evidence-based practice 7023:Bachelor of Engineering 6865:Engineering mathematics 6216:. Libraries Unlimited. 6173:Madhavan, Guru (2015). 6158:(New ed.). Wiley. 6095:April 19, 2007, at the 5920:MIT's Technology Review 5833:April 10, 2007, at the 5786:March 17, 2007, at the 5595:August 1, 2020, at the 5567:August 1, 2020, at the 5418:August 1, 2020, at the 5123:April 14, 2012, at the 4534:. Baltimore, Maryland: 4447:Tylecote, R.F. (1992). 4397:Rosen, William (2012). 4321:University of Sheffield 4177:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 3608:Selin, Helaine (2013). 3467:Arnold, Dieter (1991). 3256:Oxford University Press 3226:Encyclopedia Britannica 3035:Sustainable engineering 2956:Glossary of engineering 2789:business transformation 2630:artificial intelligence 2507:Navier–Stokes equations 2399:code of ethics states: 2202:product data management 2194:analytic element method 1772:groundwater remediation 1534:information engineering 1166:aircraft design process 1014:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 767:player invented by the 713:, described in 1551 by 681:The earliest practical 588:were employed to build 202:glossary of engineering 11962:State-owned enterprise 11942:Nonprofit organization 11853:Horizontal integration 9666:Scientific instruments 9629:Network infrastructure 8353:Structural engineering 8293:Mechanical engineering 8266:Western and South Asia 7935:Alfred North Whitehead 7925:Charles Sanders Peirce 7122:Structural engineering 7117:Mechanical engineering 6860:Engineering management 6290:Quotations related to 5781:and clinical practice. 5453:Journal of the A.I.E.E 4920:"What is engineering?" 4630:Encyclopedia Americana 4422:Jenkins, Rhys (1936). 4198:. Brill. p. 328. 3531:Wood, Michael (2000). 3156:"About ABET - History" 2985:Earthquake engineering 2870:Outline of engineering 2772:industrial engineering 2763:Engineering management 2702:landscape architecture 2693: 2672: 2660:biomedical engineering 2605: 2574: 2555: 2469: 2449: 2438: 2406: 2360:Engineering for Change 2333: 2294:and the extraction of 2292:sport utility vehicles 2261: 2169: 2143: 2036:appropriate experience 2015: 1967: 1738:Geological engineering 1732:Geological engineering 1718:electrical engineering 1706:electronic engineering 1649: 1506:acoustical engineering 1473:Biological engineering 1411:Mechanical engineering 1405:Mechanical engineering 1379:optoelectronic devices 1338: 1327:Electrical engineering 1321:Electrical engineering 1303:structural engineering 1281:biomolecule production 1241: 1229:Outline of engineering 1161: 1090:electrical engineering 1027: 1002:James Beaumont Neilson 969: 925:Evangelista Torricelli 857: 811: 804:used for raising ore, 644:automotive engineering 360: 321: 272: 267:, designed in 1668 by 252:History of engineering 243: 216: 60: 12049:Philosophy of science 11305:Private investigation 8218:Environmental science 8103:Aerospace engineering 8034:Philosophy portal 7785:Hard and soft science 7780:Faith and rationality 7649:Scientific skepticism 7429:Scientific Revolution 7212:Philosophy of science 7102:Aerospace engineering 7015:Engineering education 5968:July 5, 2006, at the 5323:Engineering education 4899:on September 29, 2011 3979:Donald Routledge Hill 3960:June 6, 2009, at the 3000:Engineering education 2995:Engineering economics 2951:Glossary of chemistry 2838:financial engineering 2834:Marketing engineering 2818:political engineering 2785:management consulting 2723:'s aerospace design. 2680: 2595: 2569: 2530: 2511:finite element method 2463: 2443: 2424: 2401: 2389:engineering societies 2330:DARPA Urban Challenge 2315: 2253: 2225:printed circuit board 2178:computer-aided design 2176:in the profession is 2164: 2128:Space Shuttle orbiter 2125: 2065:are at the heart of " 2005: 1949: 1866:Incorporated Engineer 1858:Professional Engineer 1641: 1634:Aerospace engineering 1628:Aerospace engineering 1609:environmental science 1510:corrosion engineering 1451:, vacuum technology, 1343:broadcast engineering 1334: 1237: 1170:aerospace engineering 1147: 1068:interchangeable parts 1032:Industrial Revolution 1022: 965: 933:Magdeburg hemispheres 893:Newcomen steam engine 846: 799: 753:programmable machines 748:in the 18th century. 746:Industrial Revolution 618:, and the mechanical 612:Antikythera mechanism 521:Great Pyramid of Giza 401:Brihadeeswarar Temple 354: 259: 238: 190:fields of engineering 55:is on display in the 49:Industrial Revolution 42: 11873:Vertical integration 9879:Speciality chemicals 9719:Electrical equipment 9636:Consumer electronics 7760:Criticism of science 7635:Scientific formalism 7519:Constructive realism 7424:Scientific pluralism 7397:Problem of induction 7043:Graduate certificate 5511:. SPIE Press, 2003. 5459:(2): 107–108. 1927. 5409:Whitman-Peck Physics 4759:on February 16, 2007 4576:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 4127:University of Aleppo 4107:University of Aleppo 4007:Lucas, Adam (2006). 3938:Antiquarian Horology 3040:Women in engineering 2755:Business engineering 2562:Medicine and biology 2448:(NIF) target chamber 2148:application software 2112:forensic engineering 2090:nondestructive tests 1912:improve this article 1814:improve this section 1726:software engineering 1708:required to develop 1700:Computer engineering 1694:Computer engineering 1315:military engineering 1255:Chemical engineering 1249:Chemical engineering 1194:Josiah Willard Gibbs 1138:Chemical engineering 897:Eddystone Lighthouse 785:. He described four 732:was invented in the 628:differential gearing 507:(1991–1802 BC). The 413:Pharos of Alexandria 341:military engineering 211:is derived from the 30:For other uses, see 12054:Main topic articles 11957:Sole proprietorship 11932:Joint-stock company 11206:Veterinary medicine 11031:Property management 10825:Passenger transport 9852:Commodity chemicals 9678:Optical instruments 9646:Video game consoles 9539:Musical instruments 9380:Media reproduction 7827:Rhetoric of science 7765:Descriptive science 7509:Confirmation holism 7402:Scientific evidence 7362:Inductive reasoning 7291:Demarcation problem 7028:Bachelor of Science 6870:Engineering physics 6854:Engineering drawing 6376:Interdisciplinarity 5755:10.1049/ir:20030503 5268:on November 4, 2011 5107:on October 6, 2006. 4810:"Civil Engineering" 4528:Hounshell, David A. 3637:G. Mokhtar (1981). 3369:Courier Corporation 3316:D.T. Potts (2012). 3254:(Online ed.). 3025:Reverse engineering 2961:Glossary of physics 2946:Glossary of biology 2570:A 3 tesla clinical 2496:engineering physics 2434:Theodore von Kármán 1764:building foundation 1605:engineering studies 1594:Engineering Council 1590:nuclear engineering 1453:vibration isolation 1371:electronic circuits 1347:electrical circuits 1265:specialty chemicals 1261:commodity chemicals 1217:theoretical physics 1154:Pyrénées-Orientales 1118:Maxwell's equations 1088:The foundations of 1052:screw cutting lathe 1023:Offshore platform, 885:mechanical engineer 862:classical mechanics 194:applied mathematics 11905:Putting-out system 11414:Information sector 11335:Personal services 10942:Financial services 10414:offshore platforms 10263:advanced materials 10244:Ready-mix concrete 9697:Laser construction 9657:Clocks and watches 9491:Injection moulding 9462:Other fabrication 9415:household hardware 8046:Science portal 7975:Carl Gustav Hempel 7930:Wilhelm Windelband 7817:Questionable cause 7640:Scientific realism 7461:Underdetermination 7296:Empirical evidence 7286:Creative synthesis 6630:Telecommunications 6535:Naval architecture 6014:on August 15, 2003 5301:on August 14, 2013 5189:on October 6, 2014 4808:Watson, J. Garth. 3910:The New York Times 3890:2008-04-28 at the 3371:. pp. 86–90. 3232:on April 25, 2024. 3030:Structural failure 2860:Engineering portal 2814:social engineering 2694: 2656:electrical signals 2606: 2575: 2520:As stated by Fung 2470: 2450: 2383:Engineering ethics 2334: 2326:obstacle avoidance 2262: 2227:(PCB) and circuit 2170: 2144: 2055:Genrich Altshuller 2044:mathematical model 2016: 1972:engineering design 1968: 1862:Chartered Engineer 1756:mining engineering 1674:Marine engineering 1668:Marine engineering 1650: 1613:engineering ethics 1498:mining engineering 1387:telecommunications 1367:electronic devices 1339: 1269:petroleum refining 1242: 1219:with experiments. 1162: 1106:electric telegraph 1028: 970: 858: 812: 761:musical instrument 699:Islamic Golden Age 426:were known in the 361: 273: 61: 12026: 12025: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11803:Natural resources 11648:Production-based 11618: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11556:Vocational school 11403: 11402: 11399: 11398: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10634:Electrical wiring 10620:Specialty trades 10574:Civil engineering 10429: 10428: 10103:Vulcanized rubber 9899:Cleaning products 9739:Electric lighting 9456:Surface finishing 9446:Powder metallurgy 9401:Metal fabrication 9147:Industrial sector 9136: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9035:Rare-earth metals 8943: 8942: 8366: 8365: 8348:Scientific naming 8338:Quantum computing 8168:Computer hardware 8163:Clinical research 8158:Civil engineering 8053: 8052: 7895: 7894: 7807:Normative science 7664:Uniformitarianism 7419:Scientific method 7313:Explanatory power 7178: 7177: 7107:Civil engineering 7053:Licensed engineer 7048:Engineer's degree 7000: 6999: 6832:Building services 6815:Health technology 6676:Chemical reaction 6625:Signal processing 6302:Works related to 6244:978-0-8018-4588-8 6223:978-1-56308-699-1 6200:978-0-679-73416-1 6165:978-0-471-14026-9 6146:978-0-8493-1586-2 6124:978-0-19-957869-6 5653:978-1-4438-0813-2 5586:978-1-136-38982-5 5548:978-84-614-7423-3 5517:978-0-8194-4872-9 5394:978-0-8018-3974-0 5118:Home page for EMI 5074:on August 6, 2010 5047:on August 6, 2010 4717:978-0-85229-761-2 4654:978-1-881987-11-6 4614:978-0-19-858159-8 4589:978-0-19-504605-2 4545:978-0-8018-2975-8 4458:978-0-901462-88-6 4433:978-0-8369-2167-0 4408:978-0-226-72634-2 4380:978-0-87332-101-3 4205:978-90-04-25179-3 4151:978-0-8018-7394-2 4074:978-981-4304-13-9 3825:978-0-203-48276-6 3786:978-0-521-86746-7 3718:978-0-313-32501-4 3650:978-0-435-94805-4 3623:978-94-017-1416-7 3582:978-1-134-56388-3 3478:978-0-19-511374-7 3453:978-1-57506-042-2 3409:978-1-4042-0560-4 3378:978-0-486-26485-1 3349:978-90-481-9091-1 3302:978-1-57506-042-2 3262:(Subscription or 3020:Green engineering 2907:List of engineers 2830:political science 2826:social structures 2806:political science 2759:change management 2740:Leonardo da Vinci 2712:of Engineering). 2706:industrial design 2682:Leonardo da Vinci 2515:empirical methods 2188:software such as 2156:numerical methods 2086:destructive tests 2061:, suggested that 1944: 1943: 1936: 1874:European Engineer 1850: 1849: 1842: 1748:civil engineering 1710:computer hardware 1494:naval engineering 1363:electromechanical 1293:Civil engineering 1287:Civil engineering 1178:Sir George Cayley 945:coffee percolator 929:Otto von Guericke 759:, a programmable 632:epicyclic gearing 540:Pyramid of Djoser 517:Egyptian pyramids 446:, along with the 428:ancient Near East 337:civil engineering 144: 143: 16:(Redirected from 12061: 12013: 12012: 12001: 12000: 11989: 11988: 11885:Enforced breakup 11880:Decentralization 11808:Physical capital 11635: 11634: 11624: 11623: 11422: 11421: 11409: 11408: 11285:Customer service 11201:Residential care 11149:Public relations 10957:Financial advice 10934:Asset management 10729:Department store 10692: 10691: 10679: 10678: 10659:Site preparation 10507:Telecom networks 10475:Waste management 10451:Gas distribution 10135:Synthetic fibers 9862:Industrial gases 9601:Computer systems 9535:Medical supplies 9162: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9142: 9141: 8572:Animal husbandry 8543:Medicinal plants 8429: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8409: 8408: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8173:Computer science 8080: 8073: 8066: 8057: 8056: 8044: 8043: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8005:Bas van Fraassen 7960:Hans Reichenbach 7940:Bertrand Russell 7857: 7856: 7683:Philosophy of... 7466:Unity of science 7259:Commensurability 7205: 7198: 7191: 7182: 7181: 7168: 7158: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7138: 7137: 7008: 6595:Electromechanics 6381: 6380: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6310: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6263: 6248: 6227: 6215: 6204: 6192: 6178: 6169: 6150: 6128: 6099: 6087: 6081: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6010:. Archived from 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5978: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5924: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5837: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5796: 5790: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5599: 5578: 5572: 5556: 5550: 5529: 5523: 5505: 5499: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5264:. Archived from 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5209:"Code of Ethics" 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5185:. Archived from 5181:George Edwards. 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5162:on June 19, 2014 5158:. Archived from 5154:George Edwards. 5151: 5145: 5144: 5143:on May 30, 2014. 5139:. Archived from 5133: 5127: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5100:. Archived from 5099: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4892:. Archived from 4887: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4852: 4846: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4755:. Archived from 4743: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4647:. Ox Bow Press. 4640: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4347: 4337: 4324: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4288: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4135: 4129: 4116: 4110: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4004: 3998: 3972: 3966: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3901: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3228:. Archived from 3217: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3122: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3057: 2968:Related subjects 2862: 2857: 2856: 2742:is a well-known 2617:. The fields of 2436: 2288:Three Gorges Dam 2105:factor of safety 2008:steam locomotive 2006:A drawing for a 1960:rotor and stator 1939: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1896: 1888: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1794: 1786: 1776:natural resource 1449:kinematic chains 1273:microfabrication 1108:in 1816 and the 1094:Alessandro Volta 1007:Bessemer process 990:puddling process 810: 807: 800:A water-powered 494: 491: 484: 481: 422:The six classic 331: 328: 324: 265:Citadel of Lille 219: 136: 129: 122: 63: 62: 21: 12069: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12021: 11968: 11937:Nationalization 11824: 11794:Primary inputs 11715: 11707: 11640: 11639:Classification 11629: 11610: 11577: 11527: 11511:Social networks 11428: 11416: 11395: 11379:Business travel 11281:Administrative 11270: 11254:Amusement parks 11218: 11210: 11184:Dentist offices 11167: 11037: 11004:Pension funding 10977:Risk management 10962:Holding company 10928: 10868: 10780: 10772: 10744:Specialty store 10739:Online shopping 10686: 10665: 10538: 10425: 10335: 9992: 9950:Pharmaceuticals 9894:Aroma compounds 9830:Petroleum jelly 9760: 9749:Home appliances 9744:Electric motors 9692:spotting scopes 9653:Instrumentation 9566: 9560: 9542:Office supplies 9149: 9128: 9112:Dimension stone 9046:Other minerals 8991:Mining of ores 8939: 8764: 8650: 8597:Other livestock 8483:Permanent crops 8416: 8403: 8397: 8367: 8362: 8261:Hebrew toponyms 8256:Arabic toponyms 8094: 8084: 8054: 8049: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8014: 7995:Paul Feyerabend 7955:Michael Polanyi 7891: 7877:Galileo Galilei 7846: 7832:Science studies 7748: 7678: 7669:Verificationism 7574:Instrumentalism 7559:Foundationalism 7534:Conventionalism 7492: 7328:Feminist method 7214: 7209: 7179: 7174: 7126: 7073: 7057: 7033:Master's degree 7009: 6996: 6910:Instrumentation 6773: 6715: 6681:Electrochemical 6634: 6620:Radio frequency 6559: 6486: 6450:Municipal/Urban 6374: 6372: 6366: 6343: 6338: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6224: 6201: 6183:Petroski, Henry 6166: 6147: 6125: 6108: 6106:Further reading 6103: 6102: 6097:Wayback Machine 6088: 6084: 6079:Wayback Machine 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6047: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5970:Wayback Machine 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5917: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5879:Wayback Machine 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5835:Wayback Machine 5825: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5788:Wayback Machine 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5597:Wayback Machine 5579: 5575: 5569:Wayback Machine 5557: 5553: 5540:Wayback Machine 5530: 5526: 5506: 5502: 5496:Wayback Machine 5485:Puttaswamaiah. 5484: 5480: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5420:Wayback Machine 5406: 5402: 5395: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5260:Rosakis, Ares. 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5152: 5148: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5125:Wayback Machine 5116: 5112: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4984:Science Buddies 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4853: 4849: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4675:Wayback Machine 4666: 4662: 4655: 4641: 4637: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4573: 4569: 4546: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4488: 4484: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4373:. M.E. Sharpe. 4367: 4363: 4356: 4338: 4327: 4314: 4310: 4268:Organised Sound 4259: 4255: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4213: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4152: 4136: 4132: 4119:Ahmad Y. Hassan 4117: 4113: 4095:Wayback Machine 4086: 4082: 4075: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4005: 4001: 3973: 3969: 3962:Wayback Machine 3953: 3949: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3892:Wayback Machine 3882: 3878: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616:. p. 282. 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3575:. p. 159. 3560: 3556: 3549: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3436: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3410: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342:. p. 416. 3332: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3241: 3237: 3218: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3113:Wayback Machine 3103: 3099: 3085: 3083: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 2965: 2931: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2802: 2752: 2725:Robert Maillart 2675: 2667:systems biology 2634:neural networks 2564: 2500:applied physics 2480:Walter Vincenti 2437: 2432: 2423: 2418: 2393:codes of ethics 2385: 2379: 2284:nuclear weapons 2248: 2120: 2040:tacit knowledge 2000: 1998:Problem solving 1962:as well as the 1940: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1909: 1897: 1886: 1846: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1811: 1795: 1784: 1740: 1734: 1722:software design 1702: 1696: 1676: 1670: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1490: 1484: 1475: 1469: 1413: 1407: 1395:control systems 1391:instrumentation 1359:electromagnetic 1329: 1323: 1295: 1289: 1257: 1251: 1232: 1225: 1209:Wright brothers 1198:Yale University 1098:Michael Faraday 1056:milling machine 957:Thomas Newcomen 914:Portland cement 887:and an eminent 860:The science of 841: 833:De re metallica 828:De re metallica 808: 757:music sequencer 738:cotton industry 679: 673:was developed. 616:analog computer 505:Twelfth Dynasty 492: 482: 424:simple machines 395:and Colosseum, 389:Roman aqueducts 387:in Greece, the 349: 329: 254: 248: 226: 198:applied science 151:natural science 140: 111: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12067: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12007: 11995: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11919: 11918: 11917: 11915:Temporary work 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11838:Centralization 11834: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11792: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11760: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11722: 11720: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11654: 11645: 11643: 11631: 11630: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11604:Basic research 11596: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11548: 11543: 11537: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11525: 11524: 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10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10938: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10840:Passenger rail 10837: 10832: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10808:Moving company 10805: 10800: 10795: 10784: 10782: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10714:Consumer goods 10711: 10709:Car dealership 10700: 10698: 10688: 10687: 10684:Service sector 10675: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10548: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10407: 10402: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10345: 10343: 10341:Heavy industry 10337: 10336: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10280:Metal refining 10277: 10276: 10275: 10273:Synthetic gems 10270: 10265: 10256: 10250:Other mineral 10248: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10140:Thermoplastics 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10020: 10015: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9966:contraceptives 9962: 9960:Blood products 9957: 9947: 9945:Fine chemicals 9942: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9825:Petrochemicals 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9770: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9726: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9685: 9675: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9608: 9603: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9589:Semiconductors 9586: 9584:Circuit boards 9581: 9570: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9532: 9529: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9451:Prefabrication 9448: 9443: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9408: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9384:Cassette tapes 9378: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9234: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9220:Vegetable oils 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9194: 9193:Dairy products 9191: 9186: 9181: 9170: 9168: 9166:Light industry 9159: 9151: 9150: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8748:Wild mushrooms 8745: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8725: 8723:Natural rubber 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8660: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8508:Tropical fruit 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8441:Arable farming 8437: 8435: 8426: 8418: 8417: 8414:Natural sector 8405: 8404: 8396: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8313:Nanotechnology 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8283:Machine vision 8280: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8086:Glossaries of 8083: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8036: 8024: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7980:W. V. O. Quine 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7915:Rudolf Steiner 7912: 7907: 7905:Henri Poincaré 7902: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7863: 7861: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775:Exact sciences 7772: 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7753:Related topics 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7712:Social science 7709: 7708: 7707: 7705:Space and time 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7604: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7414:Scientific law 7411: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7323:Falsifiability 7320: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7252:Mill's Methods 7244: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7142: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7062:Related topics 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6982:Sustainability 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6846: 6844:Geoengineering 6841: 6840: 6839: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6825:Rehabilitation 6822: 6820:Pharmaceutical 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Bioinformatics 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6764:Semiconductors 6761: 6756: 6754:Nanotechnology 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6651: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6470:Transportation 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6282:at Wikiversity 6271: 6255: 6254:External links 6252: 6250: 6249: 6243: 6228: 6222: 6205: 6199: 6179: 6177:. W.W. Norton. 6170: 6164: 6151: 6145: 6135:, ed. (2005). 6129: 6123: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6082: 6064: 6046:978-0691024219 6045: 6025: 5999: 5973: 5954: 5925: 5908: 5882: 5864: 5838: 5816: 5791: 5772: 5729: 5703: 5673: 5659: 5652: 5632: 5600: 5573: 5551: 5524: 5500: 5478: 5443: 5431: 5400: 5393: 5375: 5345: 5312: 5279: 5252: 5226: 5200: 5173: 5146: 5128: 5110: 5085: 5058: 5031: 5001: 4971: 4941: 4910: 4874: 4847: 4831: 4800: 4770: 4738: 4716: 4696: 4684: 4660: 4653: 4635: 4620: 4613: 4595: 4588: 4567: 4544: 4519: 4482: 4464: 4457: 4439: 4432: 4414: 4407: 4386: 4379: 4361: 4355:978-0802016379 4354: 4325: 4308: 4253: 4226: 4204: 4184: 4169: 4150: 4130: 4111: 4099:Ahmad Y Hassan 4080: 4073: 4055: 4048: 4024: 4017: 3999: 3975:Ahmad Y Hassan 3967: 3947: 3928: 3896: 3876: 3863:(5): 399–416. 3843: 3824: 3804: 3785: 3765: 3724: 3717: 3699: 3677: 3668: 3649: 3629: 3622: 3600: 3581: 3563:Kemp, Barry J. 3554: 3547: 3523: 3504: 3484: 3477: 3459: 3452: 3427: 3408: 3402:. p. 27. 3384: 3377: 3355: 3348: 3323: 3320:. p. 285. 3308: 3301: 3279: 3269: 3235: 3199: 3173: 3147: 3117: 3097: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2868:Main article: 2864: 2863: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2801: 2798: 2751: 2748: 2674: 2671: 2611:brain implants 2563: 2560: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2381:Main article: 2378: 2377:Code of ethics 2375: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2247: 2246:Social context 2244: 2182:digital mockup 2140:heat equations 2119: 2116: 2051:design choices 1999: 1996: 1992:specifications 1988:serviceability 1942: 1941: 1900: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1848: 1847: 1798: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1736:Main article: 1733: 1730: 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1672:Main article: 1669: 1666: 1632:Main article: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1486:Main article: 1483: 1480: 1471:Main article: 1468: 1467:Bioengineering 1465: 1433:transportation 1429:weapon systems 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1375:optical fibers 1336:Electric motor 1325:Main article: 1322: 1319: 1299:infrastructure 1291:Main article: 1288: 1285: 1253:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1224: 1221: 1122:Heinrich Hertz 1110:electric motor 1044:boring machine 1040:John Wilkinson 1025:Gulf of Mexico 1000:, patented by 992:, patented by 986:horse railways 978:blast furnaces 974:blast furnaces 949:Samuel Morland 901:hydraulic lime 840: 837: 742:spinning jenny 730:spinning wheel 705:machine was a 685:machines, the 678: 675: 608:Ancient Greece 602:blast furnaces 572:developed the 564:Persian Empire 554:machines, the 493: 2000 BC 485:, and then in 483: 3000 BC 448:wheel and axle 436:inclined plane 348: 345: 250:Main article: 247: 244: 225: 222: 163:infrastructure 142: 141: 139: 138: 131: 124: 116: 113: 112: 110: 109: 104: 99: 98: 97: 92: 84: 79: 73: 70: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12066: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12018: 12017: 12008: 12006: 12005: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11984: 11983: 11979: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11952:Privatization 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11726:Externalities 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11714: 11710: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11687:Market-based 11686: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11636: 11632: 11625: 11621: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11458:Audio-visual 11457: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11432: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11410: 11406: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11217: 11216:Entertainment 11213: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11170: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10972:Payment cards 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10907:Food delivery 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10887:Drink service 10885: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781:& Storage 10779: 10775: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10724:Grocery store 10722: 10720: 10719:General store 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10405:Rail vehicles 10403: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10378:wind turbines 10375: 10372: 10370: 10369:Machine tools 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10259:Carbon fibers 10257: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9976:Illegal drugs 9974: 9972: 9971:Generic drugs 9969: 9967: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889:Agrochemicals 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9872:Pure elements 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9840:Synthetic oil 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9702:Lens grinding 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9624:Mobile phones 9622: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9612:storage media 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567:& optical 9563: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9394:Optical discs 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237:Bottled water 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158:Manufacturing 9156: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918:Sea cucumbers 8916: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8582:Dairy farming 8580: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8488:Apples et al. 8486: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8382: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8067: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7965:Rudolf Carnap 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7900:Auguste Comte 7898: 7897: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7872:Francis Bacon 7870: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7800:Pseudoscience 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Structuralism 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7621:Received view 7619: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:Contextualism 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7151: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7007: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Manufacturing 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Biomechanical 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413:Environmental 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393:Architectural 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6306:at Wikisource 6305: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6270:at Wiktionary 6269: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6133:Dorf, Richard 6130: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6068: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6029: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5857:September 27, 5852: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5696:September 10, 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5342: 5341:been ... 5329: 5325: 5324: 5316: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5024:September 15, 5019: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4994:September 15, 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4964:September 15, 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4934:September 15, 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4863:(2): 223–48. 4862: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4844:0-8493-2121-2 4841: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4680:nuclear power 4676: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4049:0-442-26134-9 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4035:Wind Machines 4028: 4020: 4018:90-04-14649-0 4014: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3995:0-521-42239-6 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3836:September 23, 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3797:September 23, 3792: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3550: 3548:0-8225-2996-3 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3505:0-8225-2994-7 3501: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3449: 3446:. p. 4. 3445: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3273: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3222:"engineering" 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126:"About IAENG" 3121: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2686:human anatomy 2683: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2275:engineering. 2274: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2101:arms industry 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1935: 1927: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1901:This section 1899: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1844: 1841: 1833: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1799:This section 1797: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1779: 1778:exploration. 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1684:oil platforms 1681: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:architectural 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:environmental 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1457:manufacturing 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:design while 1167: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:James Maxwell 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042:invented his 1041: 1037: 1036:machine tools 1033: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 968: 964: 960: 958: 954: 953:Thomas Savery 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 903:' (a form of 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 877: 874: 872: 871:mechanic arts 867: 863: 855: 851: 845: 836: 834: 830: 829: 823: 821: 817: 803: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751:The earliest 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:Islamic world 731: 727: 722: 720: 719:Ottoman Egypt 716: 712: 711:steam turbine 708: 704: 703:steam-powered 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:water-powered 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:ancient Egypt 498: 488: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464:balance scale 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 369:ancient Egypt 366: 358: 353: 344: 342: 338: 333: 323: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 242: 237: 235: 231: 221: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 137: 132: 130: 125: 123: 118: 117: 115: 114: 108: 105: 103: 100: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 72: 71: 68: 65: 64: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12015: 12003: 11991: 11910:Spinning-off 11895:Homesteading 11848:Conglomerate 11830:Organization 11783:Raw material 11778:Intermediate 11657: 11656: 11479:Broadcasting 11384:Cruise lines 11354:Maid service 11344:Dry cleaning 11315:Maintenance 11081: 11078:Architecture 11043:Professional 10862:Self storage 10766:Distribution 10544:Construction 10389:Other heavy 10314:Formed metal 10268:Mineral wool 10190:Safety glass 10161:Fused quartz 10156:Borosilicate 9820:Paraffin wax 9775:oil refining 9754:Transformers 9520:Other goods 9506:Stonemasonry 9486:Glassblowing 9471:Blow molding 9430:Locksmithing 9406:Boilermaking 8955:Fossil fuels 8753:Fungiculture 8708:Gutta-percha 8698:Frankincense 8693:Tree tapping 8664:Silviculture 8644:Fur trapping 8555:Horticulture 8503:Stone fruits 8197:Engineering 8148:Cell biology 8118:Architecture 8091: 8010:Larry Laudan 7990:Imre Lakatos 7945:Otto Neurath 7920:Karl Pearson 7910:Pierre Duhem 7882:Isaac Newton 7812:Protoscience 7770:Epistemology 7644:Anti-realism 7642: / 7623: / 7614: / 7600: / 7598:Reductionism 7596: / 7569:Inductionism 7549:Evolutionism 7354: 7241:a posteriori 7240: 7236: 7086:Engineering 6932:Mechatronics 6785:Agricultural 6435:Geotechnical 6403:Construction 6340: 6294:at Wikiquote 6266: 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Retrieved 6035: 6028: 6016:. Retrieved 6012:the original 6002: 5990:. Retrieved 5976: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5919: 5899:. Retrieved 5885: 5867: 5855:. Retrieved 5841: 5807:. Retrieved 5794: 5775: 5763:. Retrieved 5749:(5): 30–33. 5746: 5742: 5732: 5720:. Retrieved 5706: 5694:. Retrieved 5686:www.nspe.org 5685: 5676: 5667: 5662: 5642: 5635: 5625:December 23, 5623:. Retrieved 5603: 5576: 5560: 5554: 5527: 5508: 5503: 5487: 5481: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5434: 5408: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5368:September 7, 5366:. Retrieved 5357: 5348: 5339: 5332:. Retrieved 5322: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5296:the original 5282: 5270:. Retrieved 5266:the original 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5229: 5217:. Retrieved 5203: 5191:. Retrieved 5187:the original 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5160:the original 5149: 5141:the original 5131: 5113: 5102:the original 5088: 5078:December 30, 5076:. Retrieved 5072:the original 5061: 5051:December 30, 5049:. Retrieved 5045:the original 5034: 5022:. Retrieved 5014:www.asce.org 5013: 5004: 4992:. 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