6262:
3367:
60:
2547:
3584:(1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.
2019:
5408:. It states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same.
2345:
221:
5315:. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above.
9846:
8747:
8284:
3380:
1791:
6276:
8308:
4264:. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight.
6248:
3666:
4680:
3724:
horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.
8320:
2051:
8296:
5365:, and that no energy is lost in transfer. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.
4196:
drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives most weather phenomena, save a few exceptions, like those generated by volcanic events for example. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, suddenly give up some of their thermal energy to power a few days of violent air movement.
4216:
understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars (which created these atoms).
4550:(electrons and positrons) are destroyed and changed to non-matter (the photons). However, the total mass and total energy do not change during this interaction. The photons each have no rest mass but nonetheless have radiant energy which exhibits the same inertia as did the two original particles. This is a reversible process â the inverse process is called
3735:, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oxygen. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism when organic molecules are ingested and
4215:
of the thermal energy, which may later be transformed into active kinetic energy during landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present
5955:
is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is the energy needed to create the system. It is related to the potential energy, e.g., molecular structure, crystal structure, and other geometric aspects, as well as the motion of the particles, in form of kinetic energy. Thermodynamics
5439:
to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle â it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval (though this is practically significant only for very short time intervals). The uncertainty principle should
4746:
from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical
5422:
Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception) are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to the volumetric density of energy in any given space. There is
4252:
phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of
5174:
Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in
4564:
Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of a system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system ("mass manifestations"), and is also responsible for the potential ability of the system to perform
5318:
In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the
5286:
Conversely, the mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure on a weighing scale, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of large transformations between rest energy (of matter) and other
4195:
which accounts for its temperature and climate stability. Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example when) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to
4114:
states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings"). Simpler organisms can
5245:
is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous
3600:
is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular, or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is usually accompanied by a decrease, and sometimes an increase, of the total energy of the
2560:
In 1843, James
Prescott Joule independently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. The most famous of them used the "Joule apparatus": a descending weight, attached to a string, caused rotation of a paddle immersed in water, practically insulated from heat transfer. It
3723:
For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 Ă· 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official
5319:
energy must partly stay as thermal energy and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomization in a crystal).
4296:
equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic)
4779:) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces.
2413:
was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the motions of the constituent parts of matter, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property,
5434:
of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is
5842:
can gain or lose energy in association with matter transfer (this process is illustrated by injection of an air-fuel mixture into a car engine, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Denoting this energy by
3601:
substances involved. Some energy may be transferred between the surroundings and the reactants in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction have sometimes more but usually less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be
4751:
to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that itself (since it still contains the same total energy even in different forms) but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as
5451:, whenever present. For example, a compressed spring will be slightly more massive than before it was compressed. Likewise, whenever energy is transferred between systems by any mechanism, an associated mass is transferred with it.
5322:
As the universe evolves with time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or as other kinds of increases in disorder). This has led to the hypothesis of the inevitable thermodynamic
2100:
While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example, the sum of translational and
5972:) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to
3548:. For example, consider a ball being hit by a bat. In the center-of-mass reference frame, the bat does no work on the ball. But, in the reference frame of the person swinging the bat, considerable work is done on the ball.
3746:
All living creatures rely on an external source of energy to be able to grow and reproduce â radiant energy from the Sun in the case of green plants and chemical energy (in some form) in the case of animals. The daily
4109:
manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The
3500:
4119:
that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in
4051:
3559:. The classical equations of motion can be written in terms of the Hamiltonian, even for highly complex or abstract systems. These classical equations have direct analogs in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics.
4810:, a process in which energy is released that was originally stored in these heavy elements, before they were incorporated into the Solar System and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear
6035:
2721:
5505:
4542:
annihilation, in which the rest energy of these two individual particles (equivalent to their rest mass) is converted to the radiant energy of the photons produced in the process. In this system the
6205:
it is entirely kinetic, and at two points it is entirely potential. Over a whole cycle, or over many cycles, average energy is equally split between kinetic and potential. This is an example of the
6082:-work. The general formulation of the first law (i.e., conservation of energy) is valid even in situations in which the system is not homogeneous. For these cases the change in internal energy of a
3913:
1510:
4075:
The rest of the chemical energy of the carbohydrate or fat are converted into heat: the ATP is used as a sort of "energy currency", and some of the chemical energy it contains is used for other
6224:
that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between "new" and "old" degrees. This mathematical result is part of the
2339:
6130:
5924:
5164:
5003:
4771:. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by
4786:, being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include
3680:, energy is an attribute of all biological systems, from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological
5111:
4309:. In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by
5624:
Energy is strictly conserved and is also locally conserved wherever it can be defined. In thermodynamics, for closed systems, the process of energy transfer is described by the
5218:
may be converted to other forms of energy (still exhibiting mass), but neither energy nor mass can be destroyed; rather, both remain constant during any process. However, since
5868:
5447:
Each of the basic forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential energy (like all other types of energy) appear as system
4475:
2745:
5277:
6422:), it can often be harnessed to do useful work in subsequent interactions. However, the maximum energy that can be "recycled" from such recovery processes is limited by the
5668:
2392:
in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure.
8876:
5808:
3578:
the potential energy. Usually, the
Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).
1345:
1290:
1235:
6960:
6670:
4747:
work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. The Sun transforms
3570:. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of
1042:
995:
910:
863:
775:
728:
6405:
are another example of highly ordered systems that exist in nature: in this case too, the order is associated with the transfer of a large amount of heat (known as the
5058:
2526:, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of
6179:
6156:
946:
814:
4340:
1180:
5423:
also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of the universe cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa.
5243:
4922:, energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following:
4916:
4889:
4528:
4561:
serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic
Newtonian approximation.
4384:
6232:. For non-equilibrium systems, the laws governing the systems' behavior are still debatable. One of the guiding principles for these systems is the principle of
679:
5764:
5744:
5724:
5704:
4360:
3523:
1018:
971:
886:
839:
751:
704:
2588:
done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy is also expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as
5402:, governing all natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law â it is exact so far as we know. The law is called the
3917:
2550:
Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat. A descending weight attached to a string causes a paddle immersed in water to rotate.
7291:
5976:
forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a
5368:
While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in
6059:
is positive when heat is added to the system), and the last term on the right hand side is identified as work done on the system, where pressure is
1820:
6687:
6889:
6922:
4422:: energy which every massive body must possess even when being at rest. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the mass of the body:
1521:
2432:
5956:
is chiefly concerned with changes in internal energy and not its absolute value, which is impossible to determine with thermodynamics alone.
3411:
2624:
1409:
4418:â Einstein discovered an unexpected by-product of these calculations to be an energy term which does not vanish at zero speed. He called it
3797:
2248:
potential energy due to the deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force as it returns to its original shape
6763:
6439:, but it is very common to simplify the interaction by ignoring the mechanism of collision and just calculate the beginning and end result.
6385:
These examples are solely for illustration, as it is not the energy available for work which limits the performance of the athlete but the
4782:
Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy, that has been available since the
3454:
8783:
6867:
6569:
3000:
643:
4776:
3119:
6738:
4301:
of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an
3712:(H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human
5331:, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), continues to decrease.
1844:
1499:
5327:. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a
5986:
3092:
7397:
6209:: the total energy of a system with many degrees of freedom is equally split among all available degrees of freedom, on average.
4930:
3635:
by the
Boltzmann's population factor e; that is, the probability of a molecule to have energy greater than or equal to
1532:
7265:
8817:
8017:
6330:
5601:
the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called
2677:
2616:
5468:
8061:
7736:
7329:
7310:
7003:
6861:
6796:
6655:
6630:
2223:
1102:
5195:
and energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by
4764:
1813:
1400:
1069:
636:
514:
5766:, can sometimes be ignored, especially for fast processes involving gases, which are poor conductors of heat, or when the
2409:, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total
9890:
8203:
6828:
6599:
6220:
of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available
5388:
without such limitations. The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.
5308:
3074:
452:
6074:
This equation is highly specific, ignoring all chemical, electrical, nuclear, and gravitational forces, effects such as
4427:
1584:
1558:
1079:
533:
166:
9699:
7246:
7184:
6954:
6449:
6092:
6067:(the negative sign results since compression of the system requires work to be done on it and so the volume change, d
5878:
3404:
485:
5295:. Often, however, the complete conversion of matter (such as atoms) to non-matter (such as photons) is forbidden by
9323:
8358:
8144:
7060:
Martyushev, L.M.; Seleznev, V.D. (2006). "Maximum entropy production principle in physics, chemistry and biology".
5511:
4136:, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.
1637:
1108:
507:
6261:
6212:
This principle is vitally important to understanding the behavior of a quantity closely related to energy, called
5116:
3366:
8776:
5414:
5208:
4285:
4083:, some chemical energy is converted into heat). Only a tiny fraction of the original chemical energy is used for
3751:(6â8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as food molecules, mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which
2740:
2272:
kinetic and potential energy in a material due to a sound propagated wave (a particular type of mechanical wave)
1806:
4554:â in which the rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons.
8154:
4842:
4716:
2995:
2735:
1737:
269:
2093:
reflects the potential of an object to have motion, generally being based upon the object's position within a
1632:
8840:
7365:
5380:. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the
2577:
2460:
2369:
1909:
1712:
1485:
462:
7288:
5063:
4260:
of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the
4225:
2615:, which is a joule per second. Thus, one joule is one watt-second, and 3600 joules equal one watt-hour. The
9875:
9392:
9227:
8324:
7684:
7218:
6423:
6335:
6233:
6225:
5373:
4768:
4696:
4585:
4111:
4102:
3397:
3384:
3145:
3068:
2990:
2833:
1097:
300:
290:
9716:
8449:
8443:
8243:
7502:
7390:
5965:
5625:
5350:
5176:
4641:
4386:
the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or
3647:. The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be provided in the form of thermal energy.
3064:
2865:
305:
295:
6713:
2843:
30:
This article is about the scalar physical quantity. For an overview of and topical guide to energy, see
9849:
9733:
9677:
8769:
6736:
Global
Mapping of Terrestrial Primary Productivity and Light-Use Efficiency with a Process-Based Model.
6217:
5846:
5839:
5605:. Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of
5324:
4918:) and then back to potential energy constantly. This is referred to as conservation of energy. In this
3284:
3173:
3099:
2959:
2892:
2490:
These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by
William Thomson (
1589:
1553:
331:
265:
190:
42:
17:
6683:
6236:. It states that nonequilibrium systems behave in such a way as to maximize their entropy production.
4164:
are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while
4094:
gain in gravitational potential energy of a 150 kg weight lifted through 2 metres: 3 kJ
1627:
9870:
9264:
8149:
8007:
7669:
7614:
7594:
7589:
7202:
6893:
5969:
5537:. The exchange of virtual particles with real particles is responsible for the creation of all known
5249:
3038:
2286:
2031:
1948:
1382:
1130:
576:
389:
379:
6914:
5636:
2436:, which represented the first formulation of a conserved measurable quantity that was distinct from
2109:, whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the
9249:
8078:
7422:
6320:
5578:
5542:
5444:â rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.
4748:
4558:
4192:
3689:
3609:
if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the less common case of
3314:
3158:
2452:
2444:
2348:
5782:
59:
9424:
9313:
8635:
8300:
8238:
8223:
7619:
7599:
6281:
6206:
6041:
where the first term on the right is the heat transferred into the system, expressed in terms of
4411:
3552:
3264:
3028:
2423:
1794:
1622:
1419:
1300:
1245:
1190:
1122:
1061:
597:
586:
252:
35:
6759:
6473:
5113:(half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of energy can be found by adding
4293:
4145:
4115:
achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy
4079:
when ATP reacts with OH groups and eventually splits into ADP and phosphate (at each stage of a
3438:
In classical mechanics, energy is a conceptually and mathematically useful property, as it is a
3304:
1024:
977:
892:
845:
757:
710:
9827:
9670:
9542:
7751:
7647:
7574:
7564:
7445:
7383:
6650:(2 ed.). Milton, Queensland, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. p. 286.
6325:
5606:
5431:
5404:
5346:
5340:
5024:
4791:
4058:
3556:
3309:
3126:
2531:
2527:
2468:
2427:
2360:
2202:
1928:
1893:
1837:
1727:
1444:
528:
282:
257:
183:
7193:
issue, covers virtually every major concern and concept since debated regarding materials and
6944:
6561:
6228:. The second law of thermodynamics is simple only for systems which are near or in a physical
6161:
6138:
5204:
4565:
work or heating ("energy manifestations"), subject to the limitations of other physical laws.
1647:
928:
793:
9624:
9619:
9414:
9355:
7691:
7482:
6360:
5598:
5358:
4692:
4625:
4609:
4316:
4054:
3574:, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy
3567:
3319:
3294:
2980:
2798:
2086:
1897:
1877:
1662:
1239:
552:
398:
247:
4857:
or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the
1150:
9818:
9790:
9755:
9682:
9482:
9419:
9237:
9058:
8351:
8139:
8112:
8090:
7997:
7930:
7679:
7609:
7554:
7108:
7069:
7032:
6735:
6503:
6365:
6295:
5459:
5427:
5312:
5221:
4894:
4867:
4506:
4310:
3717:
3581:
3563:
3339:
3299:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3185:
2975:
2968:
2724:
2644:
2597:
2523:
2503:
2484:
2168:
1956:
1742:
1667:
1657:
457:
319:
130:
6849:
4369:
3716:, using as a standard an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a
3334:
8:
9813:
9721:
9709:
9599:
9552:
9360:
9283:
9009:
8800:
8562:
8497:
8218:
8161:
8083:
8056:
7741:
7604:
7579:
7237:
7189:
7175:
7097:"Self-Assembled Wiggling Nano-Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production"
6350:
6190:
5566:
5558:
5522:
are not dynamically conjugate variables, neither in classical nor in quantum mechanics).
5441:
5436:
4573:
4415:
3610:
3571:
3114:
3055:
3033:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2668:
2535:
2383:
1687:
1449:
471:
437:
432:
345:
146:
7112:
7073:
7036:
6890:"E. Noether's Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws"
5746:
represents the heat flow into or out of the system. As a simplification, the heat term,
3442:. Several formulations of mechanics have been developed using energy as a core concept.
2546:
2388:'activity, operation', which possibly appears for the first time in the work of
1682:
661:
9823:
9808:
9738:
9694:
9584:
9170:
9075:
8830:
8198:
8176:
8166:
8002:
7129:
7096:
6811:
Berkeley
Physics Course Volume 1. Charles Kittel, Walter D Knight and Malvin A Ruderman
6536:
6528:
6345:
5767:
5749:
5729:
5709:
5689:
5614:
5594:
5538:
4819:
4815:
4732:
4704:
4658:
equal amount of energy in transit due to a displacement in the direction of an applied
4577:
4345:
3644:
3602:
3508:
3439:
3244:
2985:
2860:
2828:
2788:
1991:
1990:
provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from
1776:
1439:
1434:
1387:
1003:
956:
871:
824:
736:
689:
619:
603:
490:
442:
427:
417:
226:
220:
177:
5384:. Mechanical and other forms of energy can be transformed in the other direction into
3619:
are usually not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the
2498:. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by
9885:
9795:
9259:
9165:
9138:
8985:
8935:
8871:
8825:
8307:
8100:
7925:
7786:
7746:
7716:
7701:
7674:
7584:
7487:
7427:
7417:
7325:
7306:
7254:
7242:
7180:
7134:
6999:
6950:
6857:
6792:
6651:
6626:
6540:
6520:
6229:
5771:
5530:
5455:
5192:
4569:
4281:
4200:
4149:
4080:
3620:
3616:
3254:
3211:
3168:
3163:
3104:
2880:
2870:
2763:
2396:
2335:
2188:
2148:
2134:
2106:
2102:
2018:
2007:
1940:
1861:
1858:
1771:
1732:
1722:
1294:
1092:
920:
422:
412:
354:
69:
31:
5968:
asserts that the total energy of a system and its surroundings (but not necessarily
5200:
9745:
9704:
9687:
9574:
9472:
9004:
8908:
8792:
8550:
8439:
8409:
8259:
8233:
8228:
8208:
8193:
8034:
8024:
7804:
7731:
7467:
7124:
7116:
7077:
7040:
6516:
6512:
6436:
6315:
6300:
6198:
5554:
5526:
5381:
5296:
5292:
4850:
4177:
4116:
3788:
3709:
3349:
3329:
3274:
3269:
3215:
3190:
3045:
2903:
2848:
2823:
2562:
2464:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2062:
2003:
1983:
1924:
1889:
1692:
1677:
1617:
1612:
1429:
1424:
1074:
542:
407:
73:
7081:
6591:
5287:
forms of energy (e.g., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in
4790:, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the
2121:
Some forms of energy (that an object or system can have as a measurable property)
2081:, or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the
9880:
9762:
9728:
9614:
9594:
9504:
9153:
9119:
9053:
8850:
8835:
8750:
8625:
8580:
8474:
8469:
8459:
8344:
8288:
8269:
8183:
7950:
7865:
7721:
7711:
7696:
7654:
7559:
7509:
7460:
7369:
7295:
7194:
6832:
6742:
6623:
The
Science of Energy â a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain
6390:
6386:
6355:
6310:
5952:
5550:
5546:
5391:
5288:
5280:
5188:
4919:
4787:
4743:
4728:
4712:
4708:
4684:
4616:
4399:
4363:
4275:
4245:
4204:
4129:
3597:
3545:
3541:
3429:
3344:
3289:
3239:
3234:
3153:
2581:
2566:
2555:
2499:
2475:. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the
2472:
2253:
2178:
2158:
2094:
1987:
1952:
1936:
1873:
1642:
1490:
1144:
785:
608:
369:
336:
3643:. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the
2519:
9803:
9750:
9660:
9579:
9564:
9559:
9511:
9399:
9195:
9143:
9126:
8960:
8264:
8213:
8188:
7992:
7957:
7890:
7880:
7796:
7776:
7771:
7756:
7726:
7706:
7664:
7642:
7624:
7524:
7514:
7450:
7158:
6406:
6267:
6194:
5618:
5610:
5385:
5345:
The fact that energy can be neither created nor destroyed is called the law of
4846:
4838:
4827:
4823:
4760:
4753:
4720:
4653:
4581:
4498:
4257:
4212:
4133:
4084:
3784:
3732:
3705:
3681:
3445:
3433:
3371:
3279:
3180:
2897:
2585:
2515:
2507:
2495:
2476:
2456:
2415:
2400:
2307:
2277:
2243:
2229:
2215:
2208:
2194:
2078:
2058:
2054:
2043:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1697:
1467:
567:
447:
384:
374:
242:
212:
85:
6823:
9864:
9767:
9604:
9494:
9451:
9232:
9109:
8995:
8945:
8809:
8434:
8312:
8171:
8131:
8095:
8051:
7977:
7940:
7858:
7781:
7549:
7544:
7497:
7477:
6524:
6340:
6305:
6253:
5590:
5562:
5354:
4807:
4597:
4551:
4298:
4289:
3792:
3670:
3656:
3526:
3259:
3086:
2601:
2282:
2110:
1869:
1766:
1084:
653:
614:
326:
126:
5589:
Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are
4203:
of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives
3593:
9569:
9527:
9303:
9254:
9190:
9046:
8950:
8658:
8644:
8068:
8012:
7962:
7945:
7766:
7539:
7472:
7138:
7045:
7020:
6221:
5196:
4811:
4302:
4185:
4105:
in their use of the energy they receive (chemical or radiant energy); most
3693:
3324:
3249:
2938:
2818:
2636:
2632:
2344:
2267:
2039:
2035:
1999:
1717:
1702:
1652:
1135:
154:
138:
65:
6646:
Lofts, G; O'Keeffe D; et al. (2004). "11 â Mechanical
Interactions".
5593:
to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by
4249:
2323:
motion of particles, a kind of disordered equivalent of mechanical energy
9665:
9609:
9431:
9409:
9404:
9271:
9148:
9114:
9102:
8990:
8913:
8617:
8492:
8073:
8039:
7913:
7903:
7846:
7829:
7814:
7761:
7659:
6562:"Nuclear Energy | Definition, Formula & Examples | nuclear-power.com"
6042:
5369:
5328:
4736:
4645:
4419:
4165:
3748:
3660:
2640:
2605:
2491:
2320:
2297:
2259:
2258:
kinetic and potential energy in an elastic material due to a propagating
2140:
1995:
1960:
1905:
1672:
480:
6532:
6498:
4248:
are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All
4091:
gain in kinetic energy of a sprinter during a 100 m race: 4 kJ
3677:
2487:
discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.
2471:
was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any
2057:
is energy of microscopic constituents of matter, which may include both
9772:
9589:
9547:
9489:
9458:
9097:
9029:
8967:
8940:
8903:
8709:
8590:
8107:
8029:
7967:
7935:
7875:
7569:
7198:
6419:
6290:
5426:
This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by
5377:
4700:
4547:
4208:
4181:
4161:
4125:
4076:
3736:
3713:
3109:
2783:
2628:
2340:
timeline of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes
2114:
1761:
1707:
7120:
6673:
MIT OpenCourseWare website 18.013A Chapter 16.3 Accessed
February 2007
6418:
Although heat is "wasted" energy for a specific energy transfer (see:
4759:
There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into
9655:
9537:
9345:
9340:
9318:
9207:
9200:
9019:
9014:
8921:
8898:
8668:
8630:
8585:
8575:
8515:
8336:
8117:
8044:
7918:
7898:
7870:
7809:
7169:
6202:
6075:
4795:
4619:
of energy ("energy in transit") from one object or system to another
4593:
4488:
4237:
3685:
3606:
3495:{\displaystyle W=\int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }
3425:
3131:
2643:(based on the temperature change of water in a heating process), and
2389:
2027:
2023:
1979:
1964:
1850:
359:
8761:
6787:
Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973).
6275:
5169:
4588:). In other words, energy is invariant with respect to rotations of
2303:
9782:
9350:
9276:
9217:
9212:
9160:
9070:
9041:
9034:
9024:
8955:
8929:
8925:
8917:
8719:
8663:
8595:
8530:
8416:
8404:
8376:
7853:
7834:
7819:
7519:
7303:
Energy in nature and society: general energetics of complex systems
7210:
6435:
The mechanism for most macroscopic physical collisions is actually
5973:
5534:
4858:
4854:
4834:
4783:
4679:
4539:
4535:
4261:
4153:
4046:{\displaystyle {\ce {C57H110O6 + (81 1/2) O2 -> 57CO2 + 55H2O}}}
3050:
2933:
2908:
2570:
2480:
2437:
2405:
2376:
2211:
2034:
is converted into the same amount of energy in other forms, mostly
1475:
1392:
1184:
592:
364:
7361:
4814:
or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a
4687:
transforms the energy of pressurized steam into electrical energy.
3665:
2580:(SI), the unit of energy is the joule, named after Joule. It is a
9650:
9446:
9441:
9387:
9293:
9222:
9065:
8866:
8714:
8702:
8640:
8570:
8545:
8505:
8484:
8454:
7987:
7529:
7346:
6402:
6247:
6213:
6049:
4803:
4799:
4772:
4724:
4306:
4211:. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential
4173:
4157:
4121:
4106:
3768:
3752:
3701:
3023:
2876:
2793:
2593:
2511:
2430:
in the marginalia of her French language translation of Newton's
1975:
581:
134:
109:
6835:
including careful definitions of energy, free energy, et cetera.
5577:"Energy transfer" redirects here. For the pipeline company, see
5357:'s energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out as
5302:
2608:, which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units.
2050:
9499:
9464:
9288:
9244:
9092:
8697:
8690:
8399:
8368:
7534:
6452:. Here, the signs in this equation follow the IUPAC convention.
5549:
are also responsible for the electrostatic interaction between
5215:
4670:
4543:
4387:
4241:
3740:
3082:
2928:
2351:, the first person to use the term "energy" in the modern sense
2236:
2105:
kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as
2070:
1901:
5561:
radiative decay of excited atomic and nuclear states, for the
5430:, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of
5376:
states that the system doing work always loses some energy as
5060:(mass times acceleration due to gravity times the height) and
3783:) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidized to
2510:. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of
9532:
9372:
9298:
9085:
8727:
8685:
8678:
8673:
8510:
8464:
8426:
8384:
7348:
The Journal of Energy History / Revue d'histoire de l'Ă©nergie
6709:
6030:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=T\mathrm {d} S-P\mathrm {d} V\,}
5827:
5307:
Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds:
4798:
to "store" energy in the creation of heavy isotopes (such as
4659:
4589:
4407:
3697:
3530:
2918:
2913:
2855:
2290:
2232:
1913:
1904:
and energy may also be converted to one another. The unit of
1885:
114:
89:
77:
7283:
Santos, Gildo M. "Energy in Brazil: a historical overview,"
4763:
in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by
2422:
only by a factor of two. Writing in the early 18th century,
2143:
translational and rotational kinetic and potential energies
9477:
9333:
9328:
9308:
9182:
9133:
8977:
8605:
8540:
8535:
8525:
8520:
8389:
7908:
7841:
7824:
7492:
5602:
5448:
5362:
4635:
4403:
4233:
4229:
4169:
2923:
2886:
2612:
2447:
was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of
2374:
2314:
1971:
1927:
stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a
1881:
557:
81:
5462:. On any time scales, the uncertainty in the energy is by
2173:
potential energy due to or stored in gravitational fields
9436:
9080:
7375:
7320:
Walding, Richard; Rapkins, Greg; Rossiter, Glenn (1999).
5726: represents the work done on or by the system, and
5529:, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of
5514:(but not really mathematically equivalent thereto, since
4036:
4016:
3996:
3958:
3945:
3932:
3898:
3878:
3858:
3838:
3825:
3812:
2716:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
2620:
2611:
The SI unit of energy rate (energy per unit time) is the
2589:
142:
5980:
in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as
5500:{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
3727:
Sunlight's radiant energy is also captured by plants as
5826:
This simplified equation is the one used to define the
3908:{\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O}}}
5066:
4699:. Items that transform between these forms are called
3972:
6747:
Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land.
6164:
6141:
6095:
5989:
5881:
5849:
5785:
5752:
5732:
5712:
5692:
5639:
5471:
5252:
5224:
5214:
Part of the rest energy (equivalent to rest mass) of
5119:
5027:
4933:
4897:
4870:
4742:
Examples of energy transformation include generating
4509:
4430:
4372:
4348:
4319:
4128:: of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is
4101:
It would appear that living organisms are remarkably
3920:
3800:
3551:
The total energy of a system is sometimes called the
3511:
3457:
2680:
2163:
potential energy due to or stored in magnetic fields
2153:
potential energy due to or stored in electric fields
1303:
1248:
1193:
1153:
1027:
1006:
980:
959:
931:
895:
874:
848:
827:
796:
760:
739:
713:
692:
664:
6982:
Chemical Thermodynamics â Basic Concepts and Methods
6243:
4853:. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no
4124:. As an example, to take just the first step in the
3627:
of a chemical reaction (at a given temperature
2647:
are used in specific areas of science and commerce.
6786:
6645:
1974:constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's
7241:Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1971,
7179:Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970,
7059:
6993:
6173:
6150:
6124:
6029:
5918:
5862:
5802:
5758:
5738:
5718:
5698:
5662:
5499:
5271:
5237:
5158:
5105:
5052:
5021:The equation can then be simplified further since
4997:
4910:
4883:
4864:Energy is also transferred from potential energy (
4849:is at its maximum and is equal to the decrease in
4522:
4469:
4378:
4354:
4334:
4180:are all a result of energy transformations in our
4045:
3907:
3517:
3494:
2715:
2565:lost by the weight in descending was equal to the
1339:
1284:
1229:
1174:
1036:
1012:
989:
965:
940:
904:
880:
857:
833:
808:
769:
745:
722:
698:
673:
7324:. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
6707:Bicycle calculator â speed, weight, wattage etc.
5170:Conservation of energy and mass in transformation
4592:, but not invariant with respect to rotations of
3448:, a function of energy, is force times distance.
9862:
7021:"Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes"
6071:, is negative when work is done on the system).
5609:via photons, physical collisions which transfer
5279:joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in
4097:Daily food intake of a normal adult: 6â8 MJ
41:"Energetic" redirects here. For other uses, see
6125:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=\delta Q+\delta W}
5919:{\displaystyle \Delta E=W+Q+E_{\text{matter}}.}
4410:to some finite speed) relativistically â using
2514:by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of
6892:. UCLA Physics & Astronomy. Archived from
6819:
6817:
5959:
2530:is the direct mathematical consequence of the
8777:
8352:
7391:
6943:Jaffe, Robert L.; Taylor, Washington (2018).
5303:Reversible and non-reversible transformations
3562:Another energy-related concept is called the
3405:
1814:
6055:(in which entropy increases and its change d
5159:{\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{\text{total}}}
2459:" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853,
2440:, and which would later be called "energy".
2285:stored in the fields of waves propagated by
7362:Differences between Heat and Thermal energy
7217:. Fullerton, California: Light and Matter.
6949:. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
6942:
6814:
5191:(1905) quantifies the relationship between
4998:{\displaystyle E_{pi}+E_{ki}=E_{pF}+E_{kF}}
4845:is at its maximum. At its lowest point the
3631:) is related to the activation energy
2097:or what is stored within the field itself.
8784:
8770:
8359:
8345:
7398:
7384:
6184:
6078:of any form of energy other than heat and
5838:Beyond the constraints of closed systems,
4673:that is moving from one system to another
4288:(Hamiltonian) as a time derivative of the
4053:and some of the energy is used to convert
3412:
3398:
1821:
1807:
219:
58:
7128:
7094:
7044:
6854:The Feynman Lectures on Physics; Volume 1
6496:
6086:system is expressed in a general form by
6026:
5334:
4775:(equal energy spread among all available
4644:in transit spontaneously towards a lower-
4025:
4005:
3971:
3887:
3867:
3847:
3688:of a biological organism. Energy used in
2584:that is equal to the energy expended (or
2479:, or merely a physical quantity, such as
6734:Ito, Akihito; Oikawa, Takehisa (2004). "
6216:. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a
4678:
4580:energy is also a scalar (although not a
3664:
3613:reactions the situation is the reverse.
2545:
2343:
2049:
2017:
7018:
6847:
6843:
6841:
6639:
6389:output (in case of a sprinter) and the
6158:is the heat supplied to the system and
5106:{\textstyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
4253:lighter elements, primarily hydrogen).
2183:potential energy due to chemical bonds
1900:in form, but not created or destroyed;
14:
9863:
8366:
8018:Integrated gasification combined cycle
6782:
6780:
6331:List of low-energy building techniques
2655:
2073:can be subdivided and classified into
8791:
8765:
8340:
8062:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
7737:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
7379:
6974:
6887:
6620:
6602:from the original on October 11, 2007
5706:is the amount of energy transferred,
5569:and some other observable phenomena.
4723:of moving water (and the blades of a
3094:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1876:, recognizable in the performance of
8295:
6838:
6193:(a mass on a spring) is alternately
5872:
5776:
5630:
4924:
4703:. Examples of transducers include a
4284:, energy is defined in terms of the
4269:
2197:an electron to its atom or molecule
1865:
8319:
8204:World energy supply and consumption
6777:
6625:. The University of Chicago Press.
6201:. At two points in the oscillation
6181:is the work applied to the system.
5597:over a distance is measured as the
5398:There is a fact, or if you wish, a
4695:between different forms at various
4572:, energy is a scalar quantity, the
4103:inefficient (in the physical sense)
3075:Mechanics of planar particle motion
2683:
2541:
2089:of the object's components â while
24:
7271:from the original on 26 April 2011
7149:
6987:
6589:
6450:sign conventions for this equation
6097:
6019:
6005:
5991:
5947:
5882:
5786:
5770:of the transfer is high. For such
5640:
5572:
5478:
5472:
4669:equal amount of energy carried by
4305:) which results in the concept of
3483:
1982:processes are driven primarily by
1028:
981:
896:
849:
761:
714:
534:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
9902:
7355:
6499:"SCIENCE 101: Q: What Is Energy?"
5942:
5863:{\displaystyle E_{\text{matter}}}
5617:, and the conductive transfer of
5584:
4861:would continue swinging forever.
4833:Yet another example is that of a
4603:
4470:{\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2},}
4398:When calculating kinetic energy (
4139:
3544:article. Work and thus energy is
2650:
2631:. Other energy units such as the
9845:
9844:
8746:
8745:
8318:
8306:
8294:
8283:
8282:
6274:
6260:
6246:
5512:Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
5510:which is similar in form to the
3692:is stored in substances such as
3488:
3475:
3379:
3378:
3365:
2698:
1790:
1789:
1109:Table of thermodynamic equations
7253:Ross, John S. (23 April 2002).
7221:from the original on 2011-05-19
7187:. This book, originally a 1970
7088:
7053:
7012:
6963:from the original on 2022-07-30
6936:
6925:from the original on 2011-07-17
6907:
6881:
6870:from the original on 2022-07-30
6850:"Ch. 4: Conservation of Energy"
6805:
6791:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
6766:from the original on 2008-08-27
6752:
6745:" in Shiyomi, M. et al. (Eds.)
6728:
6716:from the original on 2009-05-13
6690:from the original on 2010-06-04
6572:from the original on 2022-07-06
6442:
6429:
6412:
6396:
6379:
5833:
5415:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
5272:{\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}}
5209:Massâenergy equivalence#History
1585:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
6984:, 7th ed., Wiley (2008), p. 39
6701:
6676:
6664:
6614:
6583:
6554:
6517:10.1080/19434812.2021.12291716
6490:
6466:
5663:{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q}
5458:energy is expressed using the
4843:gravitational potential energy
4717:gravitational potential energy
4191:Sunlight is the main input to
3999:
3982:
3965:
3861:
2561:showed that the gravitational
1319:
1307:
1264:
1252:
1209:
1197:
1169:
1157:
13:
1:
7285:The Journal of Energy History
7264:. Michigan State University.
7255:"Work, Power, Kinetic Energy"
7095:Belkin, A.; et., al. (2015).
7082:10.1016/j.physrep.2005.12.001
6888:Byers, Nina (December 1996).
6459:
4393:
3001:Koopmanâvon Neumann mechanics
2578:International System of Units
1910:International System of Units
1486:Mechanical equivalent of heat
8810:Pollution / quality
7305:. Cambridge, US: MIT Press.
6424:second law of thermodynamics
6393:(in case of a weightlifter).
6336:Orders of magnitude (energy)
6226:second law of thermodynamics
5803:{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W}
5394:said during a 1961 lecture:
5374:second law of thermodynamics
4837:. At its highest points the
4769:second law of thermodynamics
4584:but a time component of the
4219:
4207:and may lift mountains, via
4112:second law of thermodynamics
3639:at a given temperature
3587:
3069:Non-inertial reference frame
2569:gained by the water through
2375:
1963:associated with an object's
1919:Forms of energy include the
1098:Onsager reciprocal relations
7:
7340:
6994:Kittel and Kroemer (1980).
6596:Online Etymology Dictionary
6239:
6189:The energy of a mechanical
5966:first law of thermodynamics
5960:First law of thermodynamics
5932:
5816:
5676:
5351:first law of thermodynamics
5011:
4557:In general relativity, the
4168:phenomena like wind, rain,
2996:Appell's equation of motion
2866:Inertial frame of reference
1984:radiant energy from the sun
1590:Entropy as energy dispersal
1401:"Perpetual motion" machines
1340:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1285:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1230:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
10:
9907:
9891:Scalar physical quantities
7405:
7322:New Century Senior Physics
7209:Crowell, Benjamin (2011).
6998:. New York: W.H. Freeman.
6825:The Laws of Thermodynamics
6234:maximum entropy production
5576:
5541:(more accurately known as
5338:
5325:heat death of the universe
5211:for further information).
4607:
4273:
3654:
3650:
3423:
2553:
2395:In the late 17th century,
2364:
2333:
2329:
1935:stored in a solid object,
1896:states that energy can be
1843:
1037:{\displaystyle \partial T}
990:{\displaystyle \partial V}
905:{\displaystyle \partial p}
858:{\displaystyle \partial V}
770:{\displaystyle \partial T}
723:{\displaystyle \partial S}
43:Energetic (disambiguation)
40:
29:
9840:
9781:
9646:
9639:
9520:
9381:Types / location
9380:
9371:
9181:
8976:
8889:
8859:
8808:
8799:
8741:
8654:
8613:
8604:
8561:
8483:
8425:
8375:
8278:
8252:
8128:
8008:Fossil fuel power station
7976:
7889:
7795:
7670:Electric potential energy
7635:
7615:Thermodynamic temperature
7595:Thermodynamic free energy
7590:Thermodynamic equilibrium
7436:
7413:
7203:environmental degradation
7163:. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
6848:Feynman, Richard (1964).
5970:thermodynamic free energy
5053:{\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh}
4822:energy is transformed to
3729:chemical potential energy
3505:This says that the work (
2625:imperial and US customary
2399:proposed the idea of the
2313:
2296:
2287:electromagnetic radiation
2276:
2266:
2252:
2242:
2222:
2201:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2032:electric potential energy
1949:electromagnetic radiation
1857: 'activity') is the
1511:An Inquiry Concerning the
189:
176:
165:
152:
120:
108:
96:
57:
52:
8079:Concentrated solar power
6980:I. Klotz, R. Rosenberg,
6684:"Retrieved on May-29-09"
6497:Bobrowsky, Matt (2021).
6372:
6321:Index of energy articles
6174:{\displaystyle \delta W}
6151:{\displaystyle \delta Q}
5579:Energy Transfer Partners
5543:fundamental interactions
4749:nuclear potential energy
4586:energyâmomentum 4-vector
3159:Rotating reference frame
2991:HamiltonâJacobi equation
2538:to energy, namely time.
2453:Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis
2426:proposed the concept of
2218:(and nuclear reactions)
2117:, among other examples.
2013:
1923:of a moving object, the
1524:Heterogeneous Substances
941:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
809:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
7620:Volume (thermodynamics)
7600:Thermodynamic potential
7503:Massâenergy equivalence
7157:Alekseev, G.N. (1986).
6760:"Earth's Energy Budget"
6621:Smith, Crosbie (1998).
6282:Renewable energy portal
6207:equipartition principle
6185:Equipartition of energy
5207:(1904) and others (see
5177:massâenergy equivalence
4412:Lorentz transformations
4335:{\displaystyle E=h\nu }
4226:cosmology and astronomy
3100:Newton's laws of motion
2960:Newton's laws of motion
2451:, in its modern sense.
36:Energy (disambiguation)
7575:Quantum thermodynamics
7565:Laws of thermodynamics
7446:Conservation of energy
7046:10.1103/PhysRev.37.405
6856:. US: Addison Wesley.
6762:. Okfirst.ocs.ou.edu.
6409:) to the surroundings.
6326:Index of wave articles
6175:
6152:
6126:
6031:
5920:
5864:
5804:
5760:
5740:
5720:
5700:
5664:
5607:electromagnetic energy
5501:
5432:translational symmetry
5420:
5405:conservation of energy
5347:conservation of energy
5341:Conservation of energy
5335:Conservation of energy
5313:irreversible processes
5273:
5239:
5160:
5107:
5054:
4999:
4912:
4885:
4830:in a very short time.
4792:gravitational collapse
4688:
4534:For example, consider
4524:
4471:
4380:
4356:
4336:
4047:
3909:
3708:. In human terms, the
3673:
3557:William Rowan Hamilton
3540:; for details see the
3519:
3496:
3127:Simple harmonic motion
3040:Euler's laws of motion
2834:D'Alembert's principle
2717:
2551:
2532:translational symmetry
2528:conservation of energy
2469:conservation of energy
2428:conservation of energy
2404:
2352:
2319:kinetic energy of the
2228:potential energy that
2207:potential energy that
2193:potential energy that
2085:of an object â or the
2069:The total energy of a
2066:
2047:
1894:conservation of energy
1341:
1286:
1231:
1176:
1175:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
1038:
1014:
991:
967:
942:
906:
882:
859:
835:
810:
771:
747:
724:
700:
675:
654:Specific heat capacity
258:Quantum thermodynamics
34:. For other uses, see
7692:Interatomic potential
7483:Energy transformation
7301:Smil, Vaclav (2008).
6946:The Physics of Energy
6474:"Earth's energy flow"
6361:Waste-to-energy plant
6176:
6153:
6127:
6032:
5921:
5865:
5805:
5761:
5741:
5721:
5701:
5665:
5502:
5440:not be confused with
5396:
5353:, this states that a
5349:. In the form of the
5283:and nuclear weapons.
5274:
5240:
5238:{\displaystyle c^{2}}
5161:
5108:
5055:
5000:
4913:
4911:{\displaystyle E_{k}}
4891:) to kinetic energy (
4886:
4884:{\displaystyle E_{p}}
4739:(from heat to work).
4682:
4666:Transfer of material
4610:Energy transformation
4525:
4523:{\displaystyle E_{0}}
4472:
4381:
4357:
4337:
4199:In a slower process,
4193:Earth's energy budget
4048:
3910:
3671:energy and human life
3668:
3568:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
3520:
3497:
2981:Hamiltonian mechanics
2799:Statistical mechanics
2718:
2598:British thermal units
2549:
2433:Principia Mathematica
2347:
2053:
2021:
1522:On the Equilibrium of
1342:
1287:
1240:Helmholtz free energy
1232:
1177:
1039:
1015:
992:
968:
943:
907:
883:
860:
836:
811:
772:
748:
725:
701:
676:
9756:remnant natural area
9393:storage and recovery
9059:habitat conservation
8877:Deforestation (REDD)
8626:Evolutionary history
8140:Efficient energy use
8113:Airborne wind energy
8091:Solar thermal energy
7998:Electricity delivery
7610:Thermodynamic system
7555:Irreversible process
7019:Onsager, L. (1931).
6504:Science and Children
6366:Zero-energy building
6296:Efficient energy use
6162:
6139:
6093:
5987:
5879:
5847:
5783:
5750:
5730:
5710:
5690:
5637:
5469:
5460:Hamiltonian operator
5309:reversible processes
5250:
5246:amounts of energy (~
5222:
5117:
5064:
5025:
4931:
4895:
4868:
4727:) and ultimately to
4559:stressâenergy tensor
4507:
4428:
4379:{\displaystyle \nu }
4370:
4346:
4317:
4294:Schrödinger equation
3918:
3798:
3718:basal metabolic rate
3696:(including sugars),
3509:
3455:
3204:Angular acceleration
3196:Rotational frequency
2976:Lagrangian mechanics
2969:Analytical mechanics
2725:Second law of motion
2678:
2504:Josiah Willard Gibbs
2485:James Prescott Joule
1957:thermodynamic system
1535:Motive Power of Fire
1301:
1246:
1191:
1151:
1103:Bridgman's equations
1080:Fundamental relation
1025:
1004:
978:
957:
929:
893:
872:
846:
825:
794:
758:
737:
711:
690:
662:
9876:Main topic articles
9710:Earth Overshoot Day
9284:Marine conservation
9265:non-timber products
8563:Natural environment
8162:Energy conservation
8084:Photovoltaic system
8057:Nuclear power plant
7742:Quantum fluctuation
7605:Thermodynamic state
7580:Thermal equilibrium
7238:Scientific American
7190:Scientific American
7176:Scientific American
7113:2015NatSR...5E8323B
7074:2006PhR...426....1M
7037:1931PhRv...37..405O
6921:. Ptolemy Project.
6648:Jacaranda Physics 1
6191:harmonic oscillator
5772:adiabatic processes
5595:conservative forces
5567:Van der Waals force
5442:energy conservation
5437:canonical conjugate
5205:Friedrich Hasenöhrl
4620:
4574:canonical conjugate
4530:is the rest energy.
4416:Newtonian mechanics
4172:, snow, lightning,
4038:
4018:
3998:
3960:
3947:
3934:
3900:
3880:
3860:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3572:classical mechanics
3056:Harmonic oscillator
3034:Equations of motion
2669:Classical mechanics
2663:Part of a series on
2656:Classical mechanics
2619:energy unit is the
2122:
1955:contained within a
1880:and in the form of
1513:Source ... Friction
1445:Loschmidt's paradox
637:Material properties
515:Conjugate variables
9695:Ecosystem services
8818:Ambient standards
8199:Sustainable energy
8177:Energy development
8167:Energy consumption
8003:Energy engineering
7368:2016-08-27 at the
7294:2019-02-09 at the
7160:Energy and Entropy
6831:2006-12-15 at the
6741:2006-10-02 at the
6448:There are several
6346:Sustainable energy
6171:
6148:
6122:
6027:
5916:
5860:
5800:
5768:thermal efficiency
5756:
5736:
5716:
5696:
5660:
5615:tidal interactions
5553:(which results in
5539:fundamental forces
5497:
5269:
5235:
5156:
5103:
5050:
4995:
4908:
4881:
4820:chemical potential
4816:chemical explosion
4777:degrees of freedom
4733:electric generator
4689:
4614:
4578:special relativity
4520:
4467:
4376:
4352:
4332:
4043:
4026:
4006:
3986:
3981:
3948:
3935:
3922:
3905:
3888:
3868:
3848:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3674:
3669:Basic overview of
3645:Arrhenius equation
3617:Chemical reactions
3592:In the context of
3525:) is equal to the
3515:
3492:
3440:conserved quantity
3372:Physics portal
2986:Routhian mechanics
2861:Frame of reference
2713:
2552:
2494:) as the field of
2424:Ămilie du ChĂątelet
2353:
2120:
2067:
2048:
1941:chemical reactions
1908:for energy in the
1890:conserved quantity
1777:Order and disorder
1533:Reflections on the
1440:Heat death paradox
1337:
1282:
1227:
1172:
1034:
1010:
987:
963:
938:
902:
878:
855:
831:
806:
767:
743:
720:
696:
674:{\displaystyle c=}
671:
644:Property databases
620:Reduced properties
604:Chemical potential
568:Functions of state
491:Thermal efficiency
227:Carnot heat engine
156:SI base units
9858:
9857:
9836:
9835:
9635:
9634:
9314:genetic resources
9250:genetic resources
8885:
8884:
8793:Natural resources
8759:
8758:
8737:
8736:
8410:chemical elements
8334:
8333:
8101:Solar power tower
7747:Quantum potential
7585:Thermal reservoir
7488:Energy transition
7331:978-0-19-551084-3
7312:978-0-262-19565-2
7121:10.1038/srep08323
7005:978-0-7167-1088-2
6915:"Time Invariance"
6863:978-0-201-02115-8
6798:978-0-7167-0344-0
6710:"Bike Calculator"
6657:978-0-7016-3777-4
6632:978-0-226-76420-7
6590:Harper, Douglas.
6230:equilibrium state
5940:
5939:
5910:
5857:
5824:
5823:
5759:{\displaystyle Q}
5739:{\displaystyle Q}
5719:{\displaystyle W}
5699:{\displaystyle E}
5684:
5683:
5531:virtual particles
5495:
5456:quantum mechanics
5428:Noether's theorem
5297:conservation laws
5193:relativistic mass
5153:
5088:
5019:
5018:
4677:
4676:
4624:Type of transfer
4570:classical physics
4355:{\displaystyle h}
4311:Planck's relation
4282:quantum mechanics
4270:Quantum mechanics
4228:the phenomena of
4201:radioactive decay
4184:brought about by
4150:continental drift
4117:ecological niches
4081:metabolic pathway
4041:
4029:
4009:
3989:
3980:
3951:
3938:
3925:
3903:
3891:
3871:
3851:
3831:
3818:
3805:
3621:activation energy
3582:Noether's theorem
3518:{\displaystyle W}
3422:
3421:
3169:Centrifugal force
3164:Centripetal force
3120:Euler's equations
3105:Relative velocity
2881:Moment of inertia
2711:
2685:
2639:or thermodynamic
2573:with the paddle.
2524:Noether's theorem
2463:coined the term "
2397:Gottfried Leibniz
2387:
2373:
2359:derives from the
2336:History of energy
2327:
2326:
2302:potential energy
2107:mechanical energy
2008:geothermal energy
1831:
1830:
1772:Self-organization
1597:
1596:
1295:Gibbs free energy
1093:Maxwell relations
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1013:{\displaystyle V}
966:{\displaystyle 1}
921:Thermal expansion
915:
914:
881:{\displaystyle V}
834:{\displaystyle 1}
780:
779:
746:{\displaystyle N}
699:{\displaystyle T}
627:
626:
543:Process functions
529:Property diagrams
508:System properties
498:
497:
463:Endoreversibility
355:Equation of state
207:
206:
70:electrical energy
32:Outline of energy
27:Physical quantity
16:(Redirected from
9898:
9871:Energy (physics)
9848:
9847:
9799:
9746:Natural heritage
9705:overexploitation
9644:
9643:
9378:
9377:
9324:herbal medicines
9304:FAO Plant Treaty
8844:
8821:
8806:
8805:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8763:
8762:
8749:
8748:
8621:
8611:
8610:
8551:tropical cyclone
8501:
8361:
8354:
8347:
8338:
8337:
8322:
8321:
8310:
8298:
8297:
8286:
8285:
8260:Carbon footprint
8194:Renewable energy
8035:Hydroelectricity
8025:Geothermal power
7468:Energy condition
7400:
7393:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7350:(JEHRHE), 2018â
7335:
7316:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7270:
7259:
7233:Energy and Power
7229:
7227:
7226:
7215:Light and Matter
7195:energy resources
7164:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6991:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6845:
6836:
6821:
6812:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6784:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6756:
6750:
6749:pp. 343â58.
6732:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6478:Energy Education
6470:
6453:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6427:
6416:
6410:
6400:
6394:
6383:
6316:Energy recycling
6301:Energy democracy
6284:
6279:
6278:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6199:potential energy
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6100:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6008:
5994:
5934:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5873:
5870:, one may write
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5818:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5790:
5777:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5678:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5644:
5631:
5551:electric charges
5527:particle physics
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5418:
5382:available energy
5293:particle physics
5281:nuclear reactors
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5142:
5141:
5129:
5128:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5037:
5036:
5013:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4978:
4977:
4962:
4961:
4946:
4945:
4925:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4851:potential energy
4841:is zero and the
4765:Carnot's theorem
4640:equal amount of
4621:
4613:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4402:to accelerate a
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4246:gamma-ray bursts
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4027:
4017:
4014:
4007:
3997:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3973:
3959:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3889:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3849:
3839:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3803:
3739:is triggered by
3710:human equivalent
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3275:Johann Bernoulli
3270:Daniel Bernoulli
3191:Tangential speed
3095:
3071:
3046:Fictitious force
3041:
2893:Mechanical power
2883:
2824:Angular momentum
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2660:
2659:
2563:potential energy
2542:Units of measure
2534:of the quantity
2465:potential energy
2382:
2380:
2368:
2366:
2283:potential energy
2123:
2119:
2091:potential energy
2087:composite motion
2075:potential energy
2063:potential energy
2004:renewable energy
1992:energy resources
1972:living organisms
1939:associated with
1925:potential energy
1854:
1847:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1500:Key publications
1481:
1480:("living force")
1430:Brownian ratchet
1425:Entropy and life
1420:Entropy and time
1371:
1370:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1075:Clausius theorem
1070:Carnot's theorem
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
996:
994:
993:
988:
972:
970:
969:
964:
951:
950:
947:
945:
944:
939:
911:
909:
908:
903:
887:
885:
884:
879:
864:
862:
861:
856:
840:
838:
837:
832:
819:
818:
815:
813:
812:
807:
776:
774:
773:
768:
752:
750:
749:
744:
729:
727:
726:
721:
705:
703:
702:
697:
684:
683:
680:
678:
677:
672:
650:
649:
523:
522:
342:
341:
223:
209:
208:
157:
62:
50:
49:
21:
9906:
9905:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9854:
9832:
9797:
9777:
9763:Systems ecology
9729:Natural capital
9631:
9516:
9505:reclaimed water
9367:
9329:UPOV Convention
9177:
8972:
8881:
8855:
8851:Ozone depletion
8842:
8819:
8795:
8790:
8760:
8755:
8733:
8650:
8619:
8600:
8557:
8499:
8479:
8470:Gaia hypothesis
8460:Plate tectonics
8421:
8371:
8365:
8335:
8330:
8274:
8270:Waste-to-energy
8248:
8184:Energy security
8130:
8124:
7980:
7972:
7951:Natural uranium
7885:
7866:Mechanical wave
7797:Energy carriers
7791:
7631:
7560:Isolated system
7438:
7432:
7409:
7404:
7370:Wayback Machine
7358:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7319:
7313:
7300:
7296:Wayback Machine
7274:
7272:
7268:
7262:Project PHYSNET
7257:
7252:
7224:
7222:
7208:
7156:
7152:
7150:Further reading
7147:
7146:
7093:
7089:
7062:Physics Reports
7058:
7054:
7017:
7013:
7006:
6996:Thermal Physics
6992:
6988:
6979:
6975:
6966:
6964:
6957:
6941:
6937:
6928:
6926:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6899:
6897:
6886:
6882:
6873:
6871:
6864:
6846:
6839:
6833:Wayback Machine
6822:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6785:
6778:
6769:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6743:Wayback Machine
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6693:
6691:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6671:The Hamiltonian
6669:
6665:
6658:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6619:
6615:
6605:
6603:
6588:
6584:
6575:
6573:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6495:
6491:
6482:
6480:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6447:
6443:
6437:electromagnetic
6434:
6430:
6417:
6413:
6401:
6397:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6356:Waste-to-energy
6351:Transfer energy
6311:Energy recovery
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6242:
6187:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6018:
6004:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5962:
5953:Internal energy
5950:
5948:Internal energy
5945:
5907:
5903:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5830:, for example.
5789:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5573:Energy transfer
5547:Virtual photons
5487:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5419:
5412:
5392:Richard Feynman
5343:
5337:
5305:
5289:nuclear physics
5263:
5259:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5189:Albert Einstein
5172:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5097:
5093:
5080:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
4986:
4982:
4970:
4966:
4954:
4950:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4920:isolated system
4902:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4788:nucleosynthesis
4744:electric energy
4729:electric energy
4715:), a dam (from
4713:electric energy
4709:chemical energy
4685:turbo generator
4612:
4606:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4486:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4396:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:Planck constant
4347:
4344:
4343:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4286:energy operator
4278:
4276:Energy operator
4272:
4222:
4205:plate tectonics
4154:mountain ranges
4142:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4035:
4030:
4015:
4010:
3995:
3990:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3897:
3892:
3877:
3872:
3857:
3852:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3747:1500â2000
3663:
3655:Main articles:
3653:
3590:
3546:frame dependent
3542:mechanical work
3510:
3507:
3506:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3436:
3430:Mechanical work
3424:Main articles:
3418:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3200:
3154:Circular motion
3148:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3093:
3063:
3060:
3039:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2963:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2902:
2898:Mechanical work
2891:
2875:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2758:
2750:
2727:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2658:
2653:
2567:internal energy
2558:
2556:Units of energy
2544:
2522:. According to
2500:Rudolf Clausius
2473:isolated system
2461:William Rankine
2418:, differs from
2342:
2334:Main articles:
2332:
2254:Mechanical wave
2126:Type of energy
2016:
1988:energy industry
1953:internal energy
1937:chemical energy
1874:physical system
1827:
1782:
1781:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1577:
1563:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1435:Maxwell's demon
1397:
1368:
1367:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1145:Internal energy
1140:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1089:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1005:
1002:
1001:
979:
976:
975:
958:
955:
954:
930:
927:
926:
894:
891:
890:
873:
870:
869:
847:
844:
843:
826:
823:
822:
795:
792:
791:
786:Compressibility
759:
756:
755:
738:
735:
734:
712:
709:
708:
691:
688:
687:
663:
660:
659:
639:
629:
628:
609:Particle number
562:
521:
510:
500:
499:
458:Irreversibility
370:State of matter
337:Isolated system
322:
312:
311:
310:
285:
275:
274:
270:Non-equilibrium
262:
237:
229:
155:
123:
99:
92:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9904:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9852:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9830:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9798:(perpetuation)
9793:
9787:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9751:Nature reserve
9748:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9736:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9697:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9685:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9647:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9475:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9434:
9429:
9428:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9384:
9382:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9228:climate change
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9196:Bioprospecting
9193:
9187:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9168:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9078:
9073:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9012:
9007:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8895:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8841:Clean Air Act
8833:
8828:
8823:
8814:
8812:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8789:
8788:
8781:
8774:
8766:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8683:
8682:
8681:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8614:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8567:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8548:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8437:
8431:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8364:
8363:
8356:
8349:
8341:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8316:
8304:
8292:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8265:Jevons paradox
8262:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8189:Energy storage
8186:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8136:
8134:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8071:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7993:Electric power
7990:
7984:
7982:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7901:
7895:
7893:
7891:Primary energy
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7801:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7525:Entropic force
7522:
7515:Thermodynamics
7512:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7403:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7357:
7356:External links
7354:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7330:
7317:
7311:
7298:
7281:
7250:
7230:
7206:
7165:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7087:
7052:
7011:
7004:
6986:
6973:
6955:
6935:
6906:
6880:
6862:
6837:
6813:
6804:
6797:
6776:
6751:
6727:
6700:
6675:
6663:
6656:
6638:
6631:
6613:
6582:
6553:
6489:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6441:
6428:
6411:
6407:lattice energy
6395:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6271:
6268:Physics portal
6257:
6241:
6238:
6186:
6183:
6170:
6167:
6147:
6144:
6133:
6132:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6039:
6038:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5961:
5958:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Thermodynamics
5941:
5938:
5937:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5853:
5835:
5832:
5822:
5821:
5812:
5810:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5755:
5735:
5715:
5695:
5682:
5681:
5672:
5670:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5619:thermal energy
5611:kinetic energy
5586:
5585:Closed systems
5583:
5574:
5571:
5533:, which carry
5508:
5507:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5410:
5386:thermal energy
5339:Main article:
5336:
5333:
5304:
5301:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5232:
5228:
5201:Henri Poincaré
5187:ÂČ, derived by
5179:. The formula
5171:
5168:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5017:
5016:
5007:
5005:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4905:
4901:
4878:
4874:
4847:kinetic energy
4839:kinetic energy
4828:thermal energy
4754:radiant energy
4721:kinetic energy
4691:Energy may be
4675:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4642:thermal energy
4638:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4615:Some forms of
4608:Main article:
4605:
4604:Transformation
4602:
4582:Lorentz scalar
4532:
4531:
4517:
4513:
4502:
4499:speed of light
4492:
4484:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4395:
4392:
4375:
4351:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4274:Main article:
4271:
4268:
4258:nuclear fusion
4221:
4218:
4213:energy storage
4166:meteorological
4141:
4140:Earth sciences
4138:
4134:photosynthesis
4099:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4033:
4024:
4021:
4013:
4004:
4001:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3942:
3929:
3895:
3886:
3883:
3875:
3866:
3863:
3855:
3846:
3843:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3785:carbon dioxide
3780:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3733:photosynthesis
3652:
3649:
3589:
3586:
3514:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3434:Thermodynamics
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3375:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Coriolis force
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Scientific use
2649:
2602:kilowatt-hours
2554:Main article:
2543:
2540:
2516:radiant energy
2508:Walther Nernst
2496:thermodynamics
2467:". The law of
2457:kinetic energy
2416:kinetic energy
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:atomic nucleus
2205:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2079:kinetic energy
2055:Thermal energy
2044:thermal energy
2015:
2012:
1945:radiant energy
1933:elastic energy
1921:kinetic energy
1888:. Energy is a
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1554:Thermodynamics
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1468:Caloric theory
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1237:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1030:
1020:
1009:
998:
997:
986:
983:
973:
962:
948:
937:
934:
924:
917:
916:
913:
912:
901:
898:
888:
877:
866:
865:
854:
851:
841:
830:
816:
805:
802:
799:
789:
782:
781:
778:
777:
766:
763:
753:
742:
731:
730:
719:
716:
706:
695:
681:
670:
667:
657:
648:
647:
646:
640:
635:
634:
631:
630:
625:
624:
623:
622:
617:
612:
601:
590:
571:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
555:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
512:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
475:
474:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:Free expansion
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
402:
401:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
385:Control volume
382:
377:
375:Phase (matter)
372:
367:
362:
357:
349:
348:
340:
339:
334:
329:
323:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:The classical
224:
216:
215:
213:Thermodynamics
205:
204:
193:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
170:
163:
162:
159:
150:
149:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
98:Common symbols
97:
94:
93:
63:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9903:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9851:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9829:
9828:Non-renewable
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9768:Urban ecology
9766:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9676:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9645:
9642:
9638:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9600:Privatization
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9513:
9510:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9495:Surface water
9493:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9159:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
8997:
8996:peak farmland
8994:
8993:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8787:
8782:
8780:
8775:
8773:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8752:
8744:
8743:
8740:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8620:(abiogenesis)
8616:
8615:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8560:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8435:Earth science
8433:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8424:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8362:
8357:
8355:
8350:
8348:
8343:
8342:
8339:
8327:
8326:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8244:United States
8242:
8240:
8239:South America
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8172:Energy policy
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8127:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8096:Solar furnace
8094:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8052:Nuclear power
8050:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7978:Energy system
7975:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:Gravitational
7929:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7860:
7859:Hydrogen fuel
7857:
7856:
7855:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7680:Gravitational
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7550:Heat transfer
7548:
7546:
7545:Heat capacity
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7498:Negative mass
7496:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7478:Energy system
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7435:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7333:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7304:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7251:
7248:
7247:0-7167-0938-4
7244:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7231:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7185:0-7167-0945-7
7182:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7031:(4): 405â26.
7030:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7007:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6977:
6962:
6958:
6956:9781107016651
6952:
6948:
6947:
6939:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6896:on 2011-05-14
6895:
6891:
6884:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6844:
6842:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6790:
6783:
6781:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6672:
6667:
6659:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6634:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6571:
6567:
6566:Nuclear Power
6563:
6557:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6465:
6451:
6445:
6438:
6432:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6341:Power station
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:Energy crisis
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6263:
6258:
6255:
6254:Energy portal
6249:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6222:energy states
6219:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6182:
6168:
6165:
6145:
6142:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6023:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5954:
5936:
5929:
5927:
5913:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5851:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5753:
5733:
5713:
5693:
5680:
5673:
5671:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:Casimir force
5560:
5556:
5555:Coulomb's law
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5355:closed system
5352:
5348:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5183: =
5182:
5178:
5167:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5015:
5008:
5006:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4903:
4899:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:fission bombs
4809:
4808:nuclear decay
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4552:pair creation
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4373:
4365:
4349:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4299:wave function
4295:
4291:
4290:wave function
4287:
4283:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4031:
4022:
4019:
4011:
4002:
3991:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3940:
3927:
3893:
3884:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3853:
3844:
3841:
3833:
3820:
3807:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3720:of 80 watts.
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:carbohydrates
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3657:Bioenergetics
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:along a path
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:line integral
3512:
3479:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2707:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2361:Ancient Greek
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:Chromodynamic
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:Gravitational
2166:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:nuclear force
2108:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:In a typical
2020:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:Ancient Greek
1835:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Self-assembly
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:van der Waals
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:von Helmholtz
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1085:Ideal gas law
1083:
1081:
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615:Vapor quality
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476:
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454:
453:Reversibility
451:
449:
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358:
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347:
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330:
328:
327:Closed system
325:
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316:
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299:
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9826: /
9700:Exploitation
9585:Conservation
9528:Desalination
9463:
9356:conservation
9191:Biodiversity
9139:conservation
8986:Agricultural
8914:Fossil fuels
8890:
8726:
8659:Biodiversity
8645:astrobiology
8394:
8367:Elements of
8323:
8311:
8299:
8287:
8069:Oil refinery
8013:Cogeneration
7946:Nuclear fuel
7752:Quintessence
7540:Free entropy
7473:Energy level
7455:
7437:Fundamental
7406:
7347:
7321:
7302:
7284:
7273:. Retrieved
7261:
7236:
7232:
7223:. Retrieved
7214:
7201:trends, and
7188:
7174:
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7159:
7104:
7100:
7090:
7065:
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7028:
7024:
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6989:
6981:
6976:
6965:. Retrieved
6945:
6938:
6927:. Retrieved
6918:
6909:
6898:. Retrieved
6894:the original
6883:
6872:. Retrieved
6853:
6824:
6807:
6788:
6768:. Retrieved
6754:
6746:
6730:
6718:. Retrieved
6703:
6692:. Retrieved
6678:
6666:
6647:
6641:
6622:
6616:
6604:. Retrieved
6595:
6585:
6574:. Retrieved
6565:
6556:
6544:. Retrieved
6511:(1): 61â65.
6508:
6502:
6492:
6481:. Retrieved
6477:
6468:
6444:
6431:
6414:
6398:
6381:
6218:distribution
6211:
6188:
6134:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6040:
5977:
5963:
5951:
5930:
5840:open systems
5837:
5834:Open systems
5825:
5814:
5685:
5674:
5623:
5588:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5453:
5446:
5425:
5421:
5413:
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5399:
5397:
5390:
5370:heat engines
5367:
5344:
5321:
5317:
5306:
5285:
5213:
5197:J.J. Thomson
5184:
5180:
5173:
5020:
5009:
4863:
4832:
4781:
4758:
4741:
4697:efficiencies
4690:
4630:Description
4576:to time. In
4567:
4563:
4556:
4533:
4494:
4491:of the body,
4481:
4424:
4404:massive body
4397:
4303:energy level
4279:
4266:
4255:
4223:
4198:
4190:
4186:solar energy
4143:
4100:
4074:
3793:mitochondria
3745:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3675:
3640:
3636:
3632:
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3580:
3575:
3561:
3550:
3537:
3533:
3504:
3444:
3437:
3214: /
3210: /
3208:displacement
3206: /
3067: /
3029:Displacement
2967:
2958:
2952:Formulations
2939:Virtual work
2879: /
2838:
2819:Acceleration
2812:Fundamentals
2637:food calorie
2633:electronvolt
2627:unit is the
2610:
2606:kilocalories
2582:derived unit
2575:
2559:
2520:JoĆŸef Stefan
2489:
2448:
2445:Thomas Young
2442:
2431:
2419:
2410:
2394:
2356:
2354:
2349:Thomas Young
2306:an object's
2289:, including
2214:to form the
2129:Description
2099:
2068:
2040:sound energy
2036:light energy
2026:strike, 500
2000:nuclear fuel
1996:fossil fuels
1969:
1918:
1912:(SI) is the
1892:âthe law of
1859:quantitative
1851:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1628:Carathéodory
1559:Heat engines
1531:
1520:
1509:
1491:Motive power
1476:
1136:Free entropy
1107:
607:
606: /
596:
595: /
587:introduction
580:
579: /
518:
481:Heat engines
268: /
201:
198:
195:
110:SI unit
102:
88:and a faint
66:plasma globe
47:
9819:Nationalism
9791:Common-pool
9432:Hydrosphere
9425:remediation
9410:Groundwater
9005:Degradation
8710:Prokaryotes
8498:Atmosphere
8493:Meteorology
8325:WikiProject
8145:Agriculture
8074:Solar power
8040:Tidal power
7914:Natural gas
7904:Fossil fuel
7847:Latent heat
7815:Electricity
7068:(1): 1â45.
6789:Gravitation
6686:. Uic.edu.
6546:February 5,
6063:and volume
6043:temperature
5559:spontaneous
5329:heat engine
4737:heat engine
4731:through an
4701:transducers
4693:transformed
4646:temperature
4420:rest energy
4414:instead of
4162:earthquakes
3690:respiration
3661:Food energy
3611:endothermic
3553:Hamiltonian
3350:von Neumann
3017:Core topics
2492:Lord Kelvin
2455:described "
2321:microscopic
2260:oscillation
2141:macroscopic
2139:the sum of
1961:rest energy
1947:carried by
1906:measurement
1866:transferred
1450:Synergetics
1131:Free energy
577:Temperature
438:Quasistatic
433:Isenthalpic
390:Instruments
380:Equilibrium
332:Open system
266:Equilibrium
248:Statistical
122:Other units
9865:Categories
9814:Extraction
9773:Wilderness
9734:accounting
9717:Management
9683:ecological
9671:tragedy of
9590:Peak water
9575:Efficiency
9548:Sanitation
9490:Stormwater
9483:harvesting
9459:Irrigation
9361:management
9319:gene banks
9260:management
9238:management
9154:resilience
9120:phosphorus
9076:industrial
9054:Management
9030:soundscape
8936:Geothermal
8591:Wilderness
8444:geological
8108:Wind power
8030:Hydropower
7981:components
7936:Hydropower
7926:Geothermal
7876:Sound wave
7787:Zero-point
7717:Mechanical
7702:Ionization
7675:Electrical
7570:Negentropy
7451:Energetics
7372:) â BioCab
7225:2017-04-12
7199:population
6967:2022-05-22
6929:2010-12-12
6900:2010-12-12
6874:2022-05-04
6770:2010-12-12
6720:2009-05-29
6694:2010-12-12
6576:2022-07-06
6483:2024-08-28
6460:References
6420:waste heat
6291:Combustion
5565:, for the
5378:waste heat
4796:supernovae
4548:antimatter
4501:in vacuum,
4406:from zero
4394:Relativity
4209:orogenesis
4182:atmosphere
4178:hurricanes
4126:food chain
4077:metabolism
3737:catabolism
3714:metabolism
3704:stored by
3603:exothermic
3564:Lagrangian
3285:d'Alembert
3265:Maupertuis
3228:Scientists
3110:Rigid body
2784:Kinematics
2629:foot pound
2483:. In 1845
2268:Sound wave
2262:of matter
2189:Ionization
2135:Mechanical
2115:weak force
2103:rotational
2028:megajoules
1980:ecosystems
1836:(from
1762:Nucleation
1606:Scientists
1410:Philosophy
1123:Potentials
486:Heat pumps
443:Polytropic
428:Isentropic
418:Isothermal
161:J = kgâ
mâ
s
147:foot-pound
72:to create
18:Energizers
9824:Renewable
9809:Depletion
9796:Conflict
9678:Economics
9656:enclosure
9615:Resources
9595:Pollution
9512:Watershed
9415:pollution
9346:Seed bank
9341:Rangeland
9223:Fisheries
9208:Biosphere
9201:biopiracy
9144:fertility
9020:cityscape
9015:Landscape
8922:peak coal
8909:Resources
8860:Emissions
8669:Eukaryota
8636:Hierarchy
8631:Biosphere
8596:Wildfires
8586:Radiation
8576:Ecosystem
8516:Moonlight
8450:Structure
8405:particles
8219:Australia
8155:Transport
8150:Computing
8118:Wind farm
8045:Wave farm
7919:Petroleum
7899:Bioenergy
7871:Radiation
7810:Capacitor
7732:Potential
7170:Biosphere
7025:Phys. Rev
6541:266084433
6525:0036-8148
6166:δ
6143:δ
6117:δ
6108:δ
6076:advection
6013:−
5883:Δ
5787:Δ
5641:Δ
5626:first law
5490:ℏ
5485:≥
5479:Δ
5473:Δ
5257:×
4735:), and a
4594:spacetime
4489:rest mass
4374:ν
4330:ν
4238:supernova
4220:Cosmology
4174:tornadoes
4158:volcanoes
4068:â ATP + H
4064:ADP + HPO
4000:⟶
3862:⟶
3686:organelle
3607:exergonic
3594:chemistry
3588:Chemistry
3480:⋅
3466:∫
3426:Mechanics
3330:Liouville
3212:frequency
3132:Vibration
2849:potential
2774:Continuum
2769:Celestial
2746:Textbooks
2536:conjugate
2443:In 1807,
2390:Aristotle
2370:romanized
2355:The word
2308:rest mass
2024:lightning
1965:rest mass
1898:converted
1743:Waterston
1693:von Mayer
1648:de Donder
1638:Clapeyron
1618:Boltzmann
1613:Bernoulli
1574:Education
1545:Timelines
1329:−
1274:−
1062:Equations
1029:∂
982:∂
933:α
897:∂
850:∂
804:−
798:β
762:∂
715:∂
423:Adiabatic
413:Isochoric
399:Processes
360:Ideal gas
243:Classical
191:Dimension
178:Conserved
167:Extensive
9886:Universe
9850:Category
9783:Resource
9722:adaptive
9620:improved
9580:Conflict
9565:Security
9560:Scarcity
9553:improved
9543:Leaching
9420:recharge
9400:Drinking
9351:Wildlife
9218:Bushmeat
9213:Bushfood
9166:planning
9071:gemstone
9066:Minerals
9047:property
9035:viewshed
9025:seascape
8956:sunlight
8930:peak oil
8926:peak gas
8751:Category
8720:bacteria
8703:protista
8664:Organism
8531:Sunlight
8377:Universe
8289:Category
7854:Hydrogen
7820:Enthalpy
7722:Negative
7712:Magnetic
7697:Internal
7655:Chemical
7520:Enthalpy
7439:concepts
7366:Archived
7341:Journals
7292:Archived
7287:(2018),
7275:10 April
7266:Archived
7219:Archived
7211:"ch. 11"
7139:25662746
7107:: 8323.
7101:Sci. Rep
6961:Archived
6923:Archived
6868:Archived
6829:Archived
6764:Archived
6739:Archived
6714:Archived
6688:Archived
6600:Archived
6592:"Energy"
6570:Archived
6533:27133353
6403:Crystals
6240:See also
5974:pressure
5535:momentum
5411:â
5203:(1900),
5199:(1881),
4859:pendulum
4855:friction
4835:pendulum
4784:Big Bang
4767:and the
4617:transfer
4540:positron
4536:electron
4262:Big Bang
4107:machines
3749:Calories
3743:action.
3702:proteins
3566:, after
3555:, after
3385:Category
3310:Hamilton
3295:Lagrange
3290:Clairaut
3255:Horrocks
3216:velocity
3186:Pendulum
3174:reactive
3146:Rotation
3115:dynamics
3065:Inertial
3051:Friction
2934:Velocity
2909:Momentum
2789:Kinetics
2779:Dynamics
2757:Branches
2741:Timeline
2623:and the
2594:calories
2571:friction
2481:momentum
2449:vis viva
2438:momentum
2420:vis viva
2411:vis viva
2406:vis viva
2377:energeia
2365:áŒÎœÎÏγΔÎčα
2235:to form
2212:nucleons
2179:Chemical
2159:Magnetic
2149:Electric
2083:movement
1994:such as
1872:or to a
1864:that is
1862:property
1852:enérgeia
1845:áŒÎœÎÏγΔÎčα
1795:Category
1733:Thompson
1643:Clausius
1623:Bridgman
1477:Vis viva
1459:Theories
1393:Gas laws
1185:Enthalpy
593:Pressure
408:Isobaric
365:Real gas
253:Chemical
236:Branches
86:movement
68:, using
9651:Commons
9640:Related
9605:Quality
9521:Aspects
9447:glacial
9388:Aquifer
9294:Pasture
9245:Forests
9171:reserve
8946:Nuclear
8916: (
8872:Trading
8867:Airshed
8728:Viruses
8715:archaea
8691:animals
8643: (
8641:Biology
8618:Origin
8571:Ecology
8546:tornado
8506:Climate
8500:(Earth)
8485:Weather
8455:Geology
8442: (
8440:History
8301:Commons
8129:Use and
7988:Biomass
7958:Radiant
7805:Battery
7777:Thermal
7772:Surface
7757:Radiant
7727:Phantom
7707:Kinetic
7685:Binding
7665:Elastic
7648:Nuclear
7643:Binding
7530:Entropy
7428:Outline
7418:History
7130:4321171
7109:Bibcode
7070:Bibcode
7033:Bibcode
6919:EECS20N
6214:entropy
6195:kinetic
6050:entropy
5557:), for
4824:kinetic
4806:), and
4804:thorium
4800:uranium
4773:entropy
4725:turbine
4705:battery
4648:object
4626:process
4497:is the
4487:is the
4388:photons
4362:is the
4342:(where
4250:stellar
4242:quasars
4146:geology
4122:ecology
3791:in the
3769:stearin
3753:glucose
3678:biology
3651:Biology
3529:of the
3345:Koopman
3305:Poisson
3300:Laplace
3245:Huygens
3240:Galileo
3085: (
3024:Damping
2877:Inertia
2871:Impulse
2844:kinetic
2794:Statics
2764:Applied
2736:History
2576:In the
2512:entropy
2477:caloric
2386:
2372::
2330:History
2315:Thermal
2278:Radiant
2244:Elastic
2237:hadrons
2203:Nuclear
2113:or the
2059:kinetic
1976:climate
1931:), the
1718:Smeaton
1713:Rankine
1703:Onsager
1688:Maxwell
1683:Massieu
1388:Entropy
1383:General
1374:History
1364:Culture
1361:History
585: (
582:Entropy
519:italics
320:Systems
135:calorie
9881:Nature
9661:global
9625:policy
9570:Supply
9533:Floods
9500:Sewage
9473:Marine
9465:huerta
9299:Plants
9289:Meadow
9149:health
9127:rights
9115:copper
9093:mining
8991:arable
8891:Energy
8831:Indoor
8679:plants
8511:Clouds
8475:Future
8465:Oceans
8417:Change
8400:Matter
8395:Energy
8369:nature
8313:Portal
8234:Mexico
8229:Europe
8224:Canada
8209:Africa
8132:supply
7941:Marine
7830:Fossil
7782:Vacuum
7535:Exergy
7456:Energy
7407:Energy
7328:
7309:
7289:online
7245:
7183:
7137:
7127:
7002:
6953:
6860:
6795:
6654:
6629:
6606:May 1,
6539:
6531:
6523:
6135:where
6084:closed
5909:matter
5856:matter
5686:where
5591:closed
5216:matter
4707:(from
4671:matter
4598:boosts
4544:matter
4477:where
4307:quanta
4292:. The
4160:, and
3767:) and
3741:enzyme
3700:, and
3698:lipids
3623:. The
3598:energy
3432:, and
3383:
3335:Appell
3320:Cauchy
3315:Jacobi
3260:Halley
3250:Newton
3235:Kepler
3087:linear
3083:Motion
2929:Torque
2904:Moment
2839:Energy
2829:Couple
2506:, and
2357:energy
2304:due to
2233:quarks
2071:system
2006:, and
1986:. The
1959:, and
1951:, the
1943:, the
1902:matter
1834:Energy
1708:Planck
1698:Nernst
1673:Kelvin
1633:Carnot
923:
788:
656:
598:Volume
513:Note:
472:Cycles
301:Second
291:Zeroth
74:plasma
53:Energy
9804:Curse
9610:Right
9452:polar
9442:bergs
9405:Fresh
9373:Water
9086:metal
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8961:shade
8951:Solar
8941:Hydro
8826:Index
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8536:Tides
8427:Earth
8385:Space
8253:Misc.
7963:Solar
7767:Sound
7636:Types
7510:Power
7461:Units
7423:Index
7269:(PDF)
7258:(PDF)
6537:S2CID
6529:JSTOR
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2195:binds
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9183:Life
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9110:peak
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8978:Land
8968:Wind
8843:(US)
8820:(US)
8606:Life
8541:Wind
8526:Snow
8521:Rain
8390:Time
8214:Asia
7968:Wind
7909:Coal
7881:Work
7842:Heat
7825:Fuel
7762:Rest
7660:Dark
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