50:
58:
289:
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subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and
Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine
338:α-endorphin and γ-endorphin are primarily found in the anterior and intermediate pituitary. While β-endorphin is studied for its opioid activity, α-endorphin and γ-endorphin both lack affinity for opiate receptors and thus do not affect the body in the same way that β-endorphin does. Some studies have characterized α-endorphin activity as similar to that of psychostimulants and γ-endorphin activity to that of neuroleptics separately.
42:
181:, who independently discovered opioid receptors, later termed these peptides as endorphins. This term was essentially assigned to any peptide that demonstrated morphine-like activity. In 1976, Choh Hao Li and David Chung recorded the sequences of α-, β-, and γ-endorphin isolated from camel pituitary glands for their opioid activity. Li determined that β-endorphin produced strong analgesic effects.
335:. The endorphins are all synthesized from the precursor protein, proopiomelanocortin, and all contain a Met-enkephalin motif at their N-terminus: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. α-endorphin and γ-endorphin result from proteolytic cleavage of β-endorphin between the Thr(16)-Leu(17) residues and Leu(17)-Phe(18) respectively. α-endorphin has the shortest sequence, and β-endorphin has the longest sequence.
421:(β-LPH). β-LPH, a pituitary hormone with little opiate activity, is then continually fragmented into different peptides, including α-endorphin, β-endorphin, and γ-endorphin. Peptide convertase 2 (PC2) is responsible for cleaving β-LPH into β-endorphin and γ-lipotropin. Formation of α-endorphin and γ-endorphin results from proteolytic cleavage of β-endorphin.
581:
Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor
161:
and other opioids, which led
Kosterlitz and Hughes to their discovery of the endogenous opioid ligands. Research during this time was focused on the search for a painkiller that did not have the addictive character or overdose risk of
204:. Opioid peptides are classified based on their precursor propeptide: all endorphins are synthesized from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC), encoded by proenkephalin A, and dynorphins encoded by pre-dynorphin.
876:
Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR (December 1975). "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity".
2120:
Binder W, Mousa SA, Sitte N, Kaiser M, Stein C, Schäfer M (July 2004). "Sympathetic activation triggers endogenous opioid release and analgesia within peripheral inflamed tissue".
1975:
Loh YP, Kim T, Rodriguez YM, Cawley NX (2004). "Secretory granule biogenesis and neuropeptide sorting to the regulated secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells".
1650:"Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of alpha-endorphin and gamma-endorphin, two peptides of hypothalamic-hypophysial origin with morphinomimetic activity"
276:), the god of dreams in the Greek mythology. Thus, endorphin is a contraction of 'endo(genous) (mo)rphin' (morphin being the old spelling of morphine).
3795:
3790:
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153:, identified as Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin. This came after the discovery of a receptor that was proposed to produce the pain-relieving
4540:
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460:. Endorphins inhibit transmission of pain signals by binding μ-receptors of peripheral nerves, which block their release of neurotransmitter
3745:
532:
500:
4363:
2868:
2840:
2737:
1786:
Burbach JP (January 1984). "Action of proteolytic enzymes on lipotropins and endorphins: biosynthesis, biotransformation and fate".
1574:
Burbach JP (January 1984). "Action of proteolytic enzymes on lipotropins and endorphins: biosynthesis, biotransformation and fate".
4338:
413:(CPE). CPE facilitates POMC transport into immature budding vesicles. In mammals, pro-peptide convertase 1 (PC1) cleaves POMC into
189:
in 1977 confirmed this, finding β-endorphin to be more potent than morphine. They also confirmed that its effects were reversed by
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79:
produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing. They are produced and stored in the
4343:
4368:
4358:
2938:
1171:
944:
372:
Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu
200:
Studies have subsequently distinguished between enkephalins, endorphins, and endogenously produced morphine, which is not a
2620:
519:. Regular intense exercise may cause the brain to downregulate the production of endorphins in periods of rest to maintain
3872:
1062:"Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor"
4464:
2581:
2553:
1036:
2384:
2020:"Biosynthesis of beta-endorphin from beta-lipotropin and a larger molecular weight precursor in rat pars intermedia"
4459:
4353:
4304:
3041:
1454:
Kream RM, Stefano GB (October 2006). "De novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based model".
4385:
4222:
3735:
2615:
2163:
1936:"Subcellular pathways of beta-endorphin synthesis, processing, and release from immunocytes in inflammatory pain"
1833:"Subcellular pathways of beta-endorphin synthesis, processing, and release from immunocytes in inflammatory pain"
1119:
Goldstein A, Lowery PJ (September 1975). "Effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in rats".
4431:
3147:
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503:". However, several studies have supported the hypothesis that the runner's high is due to the release of
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2701:
2681:
1874:"Posttranslational modifications of proopiomelanocortin in vertebrates and their biological significance"
448:
Endorphins are released from the pituitary gland, typically in response to pain, and can act in both the
33:
2470:"Clarifying exercise addiction: differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction"
2308:
Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, et al. (November 2008).
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Endorphins play a major role in the body's inhibitory response to pain. Research has demonstrated that
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Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously.
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453:
17:
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735:"Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training"
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1189:"Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands"
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320:
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rather than that of endorphins. Endorphins may contribute to the positive effect of exercise on
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3820:
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has been shown to increase endorphins production within inflammatory tissues, resulting in an
4137:
2782:
2745:
2018:
Crine P, Gianoulakis C, Seidah NG, Gossard F, Pezalla PD, Lis M, Chrétien M (October 1978).
850:
733:
Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW (June 1984).
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Dunbar RI, Baron R, Frangou A, Pearce E, van
Leeuwen EJ, Stow J, et al. (March 2012).
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2031:
1661:
1408:
1300:
1200:
1073:
885:
636:
499:. The release of β-endorphin has been postulated to contribute to the phenomenon known as "
464:. The mechanism in the CNS is similar but works by blocking a different neurotransmitter:
253:
117:
in the brain were first discovered in 1973 by investigators at the
University of Aberdeen,
684:"Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism"
8:
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1204:
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889:
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Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ (July 1997). "Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update".
640:
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1992:
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95:
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2004:
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523:, causing a person to exercise more intensely in order to receive the same feeling.
57:
49:
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2077:
Goldstein A (September 1976). "Opioid peptides endorphins in pituitary and brain".
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1524:"Opioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphins"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1654:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1293:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1193:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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by electro-acupuncture is believed to be the cause of its analgesic effects.
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2326:
2309:
2044:
1674:
1421:
649:
468:(GABA). In turn, inhibition of GABA increases the production and release of
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3989:
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3676:
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2220:"Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors- Systematic Review Article"
2204:
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1996:
1961:
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1440:
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64:
helps most among the edible substances to produce endorphins in human body.
61:
3349:
2486:
1817:
1693:
1631:
1605:
1522:
Li Y, Lefever MR, Muthu D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R (February 2012).
1232:
1140:
1105:
905:
803:
768:
456:(PNS). In the PNS, β-endorphin is the primary endorphin released from the
4321:
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3628:
3564:
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1952:
1935:
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520:
461:
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3185:
2835:
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2716:
1539:
1332:
601:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15 March 2017
537:
481:
401:. All three types of endorphins are fragments of the precursor protein
384:
Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-OH
231:
126:
87:
84:
3830:
1808:
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3586:
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897:
433:
154:
4258:
4009:
4004:
3959:
3939:
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3709:
3704:
3648:
3253:
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3134:
3092:
3070:
2993:
2985:
2966:
2948:
2877:
2755:
2648:
2610:
485:
469:
360:
Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-OH
249:
190:
163:
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Physical activity and exercise release the most endorphins.
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1807:
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1673:
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1624:Endorphins and schizophrenia
1588:10.1016/0163-7258(84)90008-1
1133:10.1016/0024-3205(75)90445-2
475:
392:
272:
207:
7:
1481:Stein C (14 January 2016).
937:10.1007/978-1-60761-993-2_5
526:
34:Endorphins (disambiguation)
10:
4592:
4333:The Dark Side of Chocolate
3210:Insulin-like growth factor
2349:Kolata G (27 March 2008).
1878:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1528:Future Medicinal Chemistry
261:
236:
218:
109:
31:
27:Hormones and neuropeptides
4475:
4409:
4386:Production in Ivory Coast
4287:
4241:
4098:
4023:
3927:
3890:
3771:Gastrin-releasing peptide
3718:
3695:
3664:
3608:
3599:
3542:
3519:
3491:
3468:
3415:
3406:
3391:
3313:
3280:
3262:
3234:
3199:
3171:
3133:
3110:
3101:
3061:
3054:
3022:
2984:
2947:
2904:
2876:
2867:
2849:
2803:
2736:
2662:
2639:
2591:
2569:
1716:. StatPearls Publishing.
1487:Annual Review of Medicine
751:10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950
454:peripheral nervous system
245:
227:
134:
4364:Manufacturers (vertical)
2526:Medical Subject Headings
2436:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
1891:10.3389/fendo.2013.00143
279:
4223:Chocolate-covered foods
2423:Frontiers in Psychiatry
2045:10.1073/pnas.75.10.4719
1675:10.1073/pnas.73.11.3942
1456:Medical Science Monitor
1422:10.1073/pnas.0405430101
739:British Medical Journal
650:10.1073/pnas.0405430101
466:gamma-aminobutyric acid
4401:World Cocoa Foundation
3821:Pancreatic polypeptide
3037:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
3014:Pancreatic polypeptide
2277:10.1098/rspb.2011.1373
2183:Hawaii Medical Journal
2099:10.1126/science.959823
1314:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2895
1214:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1145
1087:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2515
983:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706435
977:(Suppl 1): S153–S162.
450:central nervous system
141:
106:, and relieve stress.
65:
54:
46:
4391:Production in Nigeria
4349:Harkin–Engel Protocol
4138:Chocolate chip cookie
2487:10.3390/ijerph8104069
2327:10.1093/cercor/bhn013
1989:10.1385/jmn:22:1-2:63
1246:Smyth DG (May 2016).
436:; the stimulation of
60:
52:
44:
4551:Psychological stress
4339:Environmental impact
4198:Cioccolato di Modica
3766:Galanin-like peptide
1953:10.1210/en.2003-1287
1850:10.1210/en.2003-1287
929:The Opiate Receptors
701:10.3390/ijms22010338
32:For other uses, see
4456:Military chocolate
4417:Chocolate addiction
4374:Production in Ghana
4163:Chocolate ice cream
3980:Tetramethylpyrazine
3323:Natriuretic peptide
2641:Posterior pituitary
2626:Somatostatin (GHIH)
2271:(1731): 1161–1167.
2091:1976Sci...193.1081G
2085:(4258): 1081–1086.
2036:1978PNAS...75.4719C
1666:1976PNAS...73.3942L
1462:(10): RA207–RA219.
1413:2004PNAS..10114091P
1407:(39): 14091–14096.
1305:1976PNAS...73.2895L
1265:10.1530/JME-16-0033
1205:1976PNAS...73.1145L
1078:1976PNAS...73.2515S
890:1975Natur.258..577H
745:(6435): 1950–1952.
641:2004PNAS..10114091P
635:(39): 14091–14096.
444:Mechanism of action
415:adrenocorticotropin
407:trans-Golgi network
403:proopiomelanocortin
73:endogenous morphine
4427:Chocolate fountain
4153:Chocolate crackles
2664:Anterior pituitary
2389:The New York Times
2355:The New York Times
1540:10.4155/fmc.11.195
1483:"Opioid Receptors"
517:exercise addiction
438:sympathetic nerves
411:carboxypeptidase E
299:. You can help by
230:meaning "within" (
187:Derek George Smyth
169:Rabi Simantov and
102:and inhibit pain,
66:
55:
47:
4513:
4512:
4437:Chocolate museums
4432:Legal definitions
4379:Ghana Cocoa Board
4295:Organic chocolate
4249:Aerated chocolate
4193:Chocolate truffle
4178:Chocolate pudding
4168:Chocolate liqueur
4128:Chocolate brownie
4123:Chocolate biscuit
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3595:
3594:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3230:
3229:
3050:
3049:
2980:
2979:
2732:
2731:
2480:(10): 4069–4081.
2320:(11): 2523–2531.
2230:(11): 1468–1477.
2030:(10): 4719–4723.
1660:(11): 3942–3946.
1173:978-0-12-385095-9
946:978-1-60761-993-2
884:(5536): 577–580.
390:
389:
321:endogenous opioid
317:
316:
270:
195:opioid antagonist
171:Solomon H. Snyder
125:. They isolated "
96:physical exercise
71:(contracted from
16:(Redirected from
4583:
4546:Stress (biology)
4503:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4300:Fair trade cocoa
4183:Chocolate spread
4027:
3902:Chocolate liquor
3894:
3884:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3606:
3605:
3413:
3412:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3108:
3107:
3103:Digestive system
3059:
3058:
2874:
2873:
2813:Thyroid hormones
2589:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1946:(3): 1331–1341.
1931:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1843:(3): 1331–1341.
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1757:(5): 1132–1140.
1751:Gastroenterology
1742:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1299:(8): 2895–2898.
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1199:(4): 1145–1148.
1184:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1072:(7): 2515–2519.
1057:
1051:
1050:
1022:
1005:
1004:
994:
962:
951:
950:
924:
918:
917:
898:10.1038/258577a0
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
830:Cleveland Clinic
822:
816:
815:
779:
773:
772:
762:
730:
724:
723:
713:
703:
679:
673:
672:
662:
652:
620:
614:
613:
608:
606:
591:
585:
584:
562:
553:
505:endocannabinoids
497:aerobic exercise
434:analgesic effect
341:
340:
312:
309:
291:
284:
275:
265:
263:
247:
239:
238:
229:
221:
220:
216:is derived from
183:Wilhelm Feldberg
144:
137:
136:
21:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4526:Opioid peptides
4516:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4487:
4471:
4447:Cocoa smuggling
4422:Chocolate bloom
4405:
4283:
4237:
4188:Chocolate syrup
4158:Chocolate gravy
4148:Chocolate coins
4094:
4025:
4019:
3923:
3918:Theobroma cacao
3892:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3849:
3840:
3796:Neuropeptide VF
3791:Neuropeptide SF
3786:Neuropeptide FF
3781:Neuropeptide AF
3714:
3691:
3660:
3601:
3591:
3538:
3515:
3487:
3464:
3433:
3408:Opioid peptides
3402:
3387:
3378:
3348:
3339:
3309:
3276:
3258:
3226:
3195:
3167:
3129:
3097:
3046:
3018:
2976:
2943:
2900:
2863:
2845:
2829:
2821:
2799:
2783:Adrenal medulla
2776:Androstenedione
2728:
2658:
2635:
2583:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2518:
2513:
2466:
2462:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2347:
2343:
2314:Cerebral Cortex
2306:
2302:
2257:
2253:
2216:
2212:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2118:
2114:
2075:
2071:
2016:
2012:
1973:
1969:
1932:
1925:
1870:
1866:
1829:
1825:
1784:
1780:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1708:
1701:
1646:
1639:
1620:
1613:
1572:
1565:
1520:
1516:
1479:
1475:
1452:
1448:
1393:
1389:
1344:
1340:
1285:
1281:
1244:
1240:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1152:
1148:
1117:
1113:
1058:
1054:
1039:
1023:
1008:
963:
954:
947:
925:
921:
874:
870:
860:
858:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
824:
823:
819:
784:Sports Medicine
780:
776:
731:
727:
680:
676:
621:
617:
604:
602:
593:
592:
588:
565:Folia Biologica
560:
554:
550:
546:
529:
478:
458:pituitary gland
446:
427:
419:beta-lipotropin
405:(POMC). At the
399:pituitary gland
395:
313:
307:
304:
297:needs expansion
282:
210:
123:Hans Kosterlitz
115:Opioid peptides
112:
92:adrenal medulla
81:pituitary gland
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4576:Happy hormones
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4492:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4228:Mint chocolate
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:Chocolate milk
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Chocolate chip
4140:
4135:
4133:Chocolate cake
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Phenethylamine
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Neuropeptide Y
3803:
3801:Neuropeptide S
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3534:Leu-enkephalin
3531:
3529:Met-enkephalin
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3460:β-Neoendorphin
3457:
3455:α-Neoendorphin
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3236:Adipose tissue
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Enteroglucagon
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:Beta thymosins
3078:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2793:Norepinephrine
2790:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2746:Adrenal cortex
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:External links
2514:
2512:
2511:
2460:
2409:
2375:
2341:
2300:
2251:
2210:
2169:
2155:
2112:
2069:
2010:
1983:(1–2): 63–71.
1967:
1923:
1864:
1823:
1794:(3): 321–354.
1778:
1734:
1699:
1637:
1611:
1582:(3): 321–354.
1563:
1534:(2): 205–226.
1514:
1493:(1): 433–451.
1473:
1446:
1387:
1358:(3): 445–453.
1338:
1279:
1258:(4): T13–T25.
1238:
1179:
1172:
1146:
1127:(6): 927–931.
1111:
1052:
1037:
1006:
952:
945:
919:
868:
842:
817:
774:
725:
674:
615:
586:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
535:
528:
525:
490:pain threshold
477:
474:
452:(CNS) and the
445:
442:
426:
423:
394:
391:
388:
387:
385:
382:
376:
375:
373:
370:
364:
363:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
345:
315:
314:
294:
292:
281:
278:
209:
206:
111:
108:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4588:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Neuropeptides
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4505:
4504:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4465:United States
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Big Chocolate
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Dutch process
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Broma process
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Hot chocolate
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:Chocolate bar
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Raw chocolate
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Phenylalanine
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:neuropeptides
3598:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:Endomorphin-2
3481:
3479:
3478:Endomorphin-1
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Big dynorphin
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:neuropeptides
3382:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3305:Prostaglandin
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:Hypothalamic–
2579:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:(1): 92–100.
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:Endocrinology
1937:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:Endocrinology
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Life Sciences
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:9781605353807
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
959:
957:
948:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
856:
852:
846:
831:
827:
821:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
770:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
721:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
612:
600:
596:
590:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
552:
548:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:runner's high
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:Noradrenaline
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
311:
308:December 2018
302:
298:
295:This section
293:
290:
286:
285:
277:
274:
268:
259:
258:Ancient Greek
255:
251:
243:
233:
225:
215:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Eric J. Simon
176:
172:
167:
165:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
143:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
107:
105:
104:muscle cramps
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
63:
59:
51:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4499:
4485:
4442:Chocolatiers
4410:Other topics
4331:
4317:Chocolaterie
4015:Valeric acid
3990:Theophylline
3944:
3916:
3912:Cocoa solids
3907:Cocoa butter
3811:Neurophysins
3639:Neurokinin B
3634:Neurokinin A
3492:
3470:Endomorphins
3396:
3088:Thymopoietin
3024:Pineal gland
3009:Somatostatin
2972:Progesterone
2919:Progesterone
2886:Testosterone
2869:Gonadal axis
2841:Thyroid axis
2738:Adrenal axis
2711:
2593:Hypothalamus
2477:
2473:
2463:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2388:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2354:
2344:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2189:(3): 70–71.
2186:
2182:
2172:
2158:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1943:
1939:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1754:
1750:
1725:. Retrieved
1712:
1657:
1653:
1623:
1579:
1575:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1155:
1149:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1028:Neuroscience
1027:
974:
970:
928:
922:
881:
877:
871:
859:. Retrieved
854:
845:
833:. Retrieved
829:
820:
787:
783:
777:
742:
738:
728:
691:
687:
677:
632:
628:
618:
610:
603:. Retrieved
598:
595:"μ receptor"
589:
580:
571:(2): 49–56.
568:
564:
551:
494:
479:
447:
428:
396:
337:
318:
305:
301:adding to it
296:
213:
211:
199:
168:
139:
129:" (from the
113:
72:
68:
67:
62:Cocoa powder
38:
29:
4460:Switzerland
4322:Chocolatier
4274:Sugar crust
4106:Caffè mocha
3985:Theobromine
3955:Flavan-3-ol
3816:Neurotensin
3726:Angiotensin
3665:Neuromedins
3654:Physalaemin
3629:Substance P
3623:Tachykinins
3618:Bradykinins
3565:Hemorphin-4
3550:Adrenorphin
3521:Enkephalins
3511:γ-Endorphin
3506:β-Endorphin
3501:α-Endorphin
3440:Dynorphin B
3430:Dynorphin A
3425:Dynorphin A
3272:Osteocalcin
3249:Adiponectin
3076:Thymosin α1
2851:Parathyroid
2751:Aldosterone
2654:Vasopressin
1727:20 February
790:(1): 8–16.
605:28 December
521:homeostasis
462:substance P
417:(ACTH) and
380:γ-endorphin
368:β-endorphin
356:α-endorphin
333:γ-endorphin
329:β-endorphin
325:α-endorphin
157:effects of
127:enkephalins
119:John Hughes
88:painkillers
4556:Motivation
4531:Analgesics
4520:Categories
4050:Couverture
4000:Tryptophan
3995:Tryptamine
3975:Salsolinol
3950:Enkephalin
3945:Endorphins
3935:Anandamide
3928:Components
3893:Cocoa bean
3645:amphibian
3582:Spinorphin
3572:Nociceptin
3555:Amidorphin
3493:Endorphins
3450:Leumorphin
3417:Dynorphins
3300:Calcitriol
3186:Peptide YY
2836:Calcitonin
2788:Adrenaline
2717:Lipotropin
2712:Endorphins
2522:Endorphins
1809:1874/25178
1713:StatPearls
1597:1874/25178
861:15 October
694:(1): 338.
544:References
538:Enkephalin
513:depression
482:meditation
425:Regulation
350:Reference
323:peptides:
232:endogenous
85:endogenous
69:Endorphins
4279:Tempering
4242:Processes
4218:beverages
3883:Chocolate
3756:FMRFamide
3741:Carnosine
3625:: mammal
3587:Valorphin
3577:Opiorphin
3560:Hemorphin
3071:Thymosins
3032:Melatonin
2914:Estradiol
2761:Cortisone
2687:Prolactin
2584:pituitary
2571:Endocrine
2397:0362-4331
2363:0362-4331
1047:990257568
476:Functions
393:Synthesis
347:Sequence
267:romanized
246:endogenes
237:ἐνδογενής
214:endorphin
212:The word
208:Etymology
155:analgesic
135:εγκέφαλος
18:Endorphin
4488:Category
4288:Industry
4259:Conching
4099:Products
4070:Modeling
4060:Gianduja
4045:Compound
4010:Tyrosine
4005:Tyramine
3960:Lecithin
3940:Caffeine
3731:Bombesin
3649:Kassinin
3399:hormones
3392:Hormones
3381:Peptides
3264:Skeleton
3254:Resistin
3153:Secretin
3135:Duodenum
3093:Thymulin
2994:Glucagon
2986:Pancreas
2967:Estrogen
2949:Placenta
2756:Cortisol
2649:Oxytocin
2611:Dopamine
2563:Hormones
2506:22073029
2455:23630504
2402:16 March
2336:18296435
2295:21920973
2246:26060713
2205:20397507
2150:33125103
2142:15245482
2005:30140731
1997:14742911
1962:14630714
1918:18975702
1910:24146662
1859:14630714
1722:29262177
1558:22300099
1509:26332001
1468:17006413
1441:15383669
1274:26903509
1001:16402099
835:25 March
812:72824962
720:33396962
669:15383669
577:22578954
527:See also
486:Laughter
470:dopamine
273:Morpheús
254:Morpheus
250:morphine
191:naloxone
164:morphine
159:morphine
142:cerebrum
77:peptides
4571:Anxiety
4502:Outline
4452:History
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