219:, began a recall effort against Shaw. M&M and Southern Californians used the recall election to push through their ordinance. The new law explicitly outlawed picketing entirely unless a majority of a firm's employees were on strike, made it illegal for anyone except a striking employee to picket a firm, limited pickets to one person per entrance or pickets at least 25 feet apart, prohibited coercion and intimidation by unions, forbade unions to talk to workers at home, and even outlawed unions' use of abusive or foul language. A compromise referendum pushed by the AFL prohibited public disorder and intimidation, but not picketing. The voters approved the M&M referendum, turned out Mayor Shaw, and elected Judge Bowron (who had flatly condemned the M&M referendum as blatantly unconstitutional).
144:. Darrow was increasingly skeptical of the chance for an acquittal. Darrow attempted to arrange a plea bargain. The state of California was on the verge of accepting the plea bargain when Darrow was arrested for attempting to bribe a member of the jury. The state rejected the plea. James McNamara was sentenced to life, and died in
96:
Twenty-one workers were killed in the fire which followed. Otis declared the bombing the "Crime of the
Century" and used his newspaper's large circulation to whip up public sentiment against unions. A second bombing at an iron works in the city on Christmas Day worsened the hysteria in the city. The
43:
Employer's Group was founded in 1893 in Los
Angeles as the Merchants Association. Its goal was to promote local products, and manufacturing companies, railroads, shipping companies, department stores, breweries and food markets were some of its charter members. One of its most prominent members was
22:
was founded as the
Merchants and Manufacturers Association (M&M) in 1896 in California. It has become a worldwide organization advocating for employers and giving guidance about employment laws and regulations, professional development, consulting projects, and compensation and workplace trends
183:
later that year its leaders admitted that its sole goal was the preservation of the open shop. In less than three years, it had collected more than $ 523,000 from 12 major Los
Angeles companies to fight the city's unions. Southern Californians spent $ 48,000 to create two other front-groups:
199:
M&M and
Southern Californians decided the best way to stamp out unions was to remove the unions' most powerful weapons: the strike and picket line. M&M quickly established its own front group, the Employers' Advisory Service, to help employers set
34:
consulting firm. In 1993, the
Merchants and Manufacturers Association merged with the Federated Group of San Francisco to create the Employers Group. The organization's current president and chief executive officer is Mark Wilbur.
106:
53:
The association launched a number of civic projects early in its history. In 1897, it created the annual Fiesta de las Flores to promote locally produced goods and services. The festival eventually merged with the
81:
joined the body in 1896, the association underwent a transformation. It adopted a new name (the
Merchants and Manufacturers Association, or M&M), and began vehemently promoting the
204:. Both Southern Californians and M&M spent more than $ 123,000 in 1937 to promote a voter referendum which would outlaw the strike and picket line. Their opportunity came when a
215:. Voters were outraged when a private detective employed by the reform group was nearly killed by a car bomb planted by Shaw's organization. Another Republican, Superior Court Judge
188:(which claimed 109,000 members but had had only 250; it had copied names out of the telephone book and put them on its "official" membership list) and Women of the Pacific (led by a
70:
M&M's focus over its first three decades was primarily on industrial relations. The
Merchant's Association had acted primarily as a promoter of local industry. But when
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152:. Darrow was tried for attempted bribery. The first trial ended in a mistrial, the second in a jury deadlock. The state dropped the charges against Darrow.
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589:
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Bombs and
Bribery: The Story of the McNamara and Darrow Trials Following the Dynamiting in 1910 of the Los Angeles Times Building.
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of cancer in 1941. His brother John McNamara served seven years, and died a few months after his brother of a heart attack in
167:
In 1937, M&M was joined in the labor relations field by a new organization, Southern
Californians, Inc. Sponsored by the
159:. In time, that organization changed its name to the Federated Employers of the Bay Area and merged with M&M in 1993.
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Pichardo, "The Power Elite and Elite-Driven Countermovements: The Associated Farmers of California During the 1930s,"
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524:
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179:. Southern Californians was founded ostensibly to promote the welfare of Los Angeles, but in testimony before the
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129:
113:. McManigal confessed to bombing the iron works and implicated the union's national secretary-treasurer
291:
475:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910-1915.
176:
156:
292:"Mark Wilbur Named President and CEO at Employers Group," from Business Wire at AllBusiness website
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in all workplaces in the city. In the latter half of the 20th century, the organization became a
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In 1921, the Industrial Relations Committee of San Francisco formed to promote the open shop in
180:
267:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910-1915,
223:
185:
137:
59:
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Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era.
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Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era,
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in Los Angeles collapsed, and Los Angeles remained largely union-free until the 1930s.
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M&M contributed $ 50,000 ($ 1.1 million in 2007 dollars) to a city effort to hire
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422:, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, M&MA public relations representative
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Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past.
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Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past,
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86:
510:
The Merchants and Manufacturers Association – Celebrating 90 Years of Service.
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The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer,
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The Merchants and Manufacturers Association – Celebrating 90 Years of Service,
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212:
201:
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L.A Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement.
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L.A Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement,
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America's New Year Celebration: The Rose Parade & Rose Bowl Game.
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America's New Year Celebration: The Rose Parade & Rose Bowl Game,
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On October 1, 1910, a bomb exploded at a printing plant owned by the
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27:
449:
Reprint ed. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1974.
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Los Angeles, Calif.: Merchants and Manufacturers Association, 1986.
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564:
107:
International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers
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Paperback ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.
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Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004.
140:. The brothers were defended in court by famed attorney
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When founded, the organization's goal was to secure the
435:
Santa Barbara, Calif.: Albion Publishing Group, 1999.
499:
Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
222:M&M's activities were later exposed before the
595:Business organizations based in the United States
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477:New York: International Publishers, 1980. Cloth
101:to track down the perpetrators. In April 1911,
600:History of labor relations in the United States
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447:History of the Labor Movement in California.
247:History of the Labor Movement in California,
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109:, was apprehended by private detectives in
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208:group began digging up dirt on Republican
519:New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006.
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547:Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop, 1969.
136:and others rallied to the defense of
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105:, a staff representative with the
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590:Organizations established in 1896
585:1896 establishments in California
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175:, a retired vice chairman of the
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580:Companies based in Los Angeles
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16:Employer advocacy organization
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130:American Federation of Labor
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39:Formation and early history
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177:Southern Pacific Railroad
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146:San Quentin State Prison
531:Bread Upon the Waters.
391:Bread Upon the Waters,
181:United States Congress
224:La Follette Committee
186:The Neutral Thousands
171:the group was led by
138:The McNamara Brothers
66:The open shop battle
60:Pasadena, California
554:September 26, 1938.
459:Deverell, William.
406:September 26, 1938.
373:Sociological Forum,
74:, publisher of the
56:Tournament of Roses
226:in 1937 and 1938.
169:Los Angeles Times,
99:private detectives
72:Harrison Gray Otis
550:"Sun and Shade."
473:Foner, Philip S.
402:"Sun and Shade,"
119:James B. McNamara
77:Los Angeles Times
47:Los Angeles Times
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495:Kazin, Michael.
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565:Employers Group
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543:Robinson, W.W.
529:Pesotta, Rose.
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420:Lloyd G. Davies
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217:Fletcher Bowron
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142:Clarence Darrow
103:Ortie McManigal
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32:human resources
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605:Company unions
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559:External links
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515:Milkman, Ruth
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150:Butte, Montana
87:labor movement
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375:March 1995.
134:Eugene Debs
574:Categories
427:References
317:Deverell,
173:Paul Shoup
58:Parade in
389:Pesotta,
278:Milkman,
125:bombing.
83:open shop
28:open shop
23:surveys.
414:See also
111:Illinois
355:Cowan,
342:Kazin,
265:Foner,
245:Cross,
194:Seattle
132:(AFL),
121:in the
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94:Times.
552:Time.
404:Time,
393:1987.
359:1994.
333:1999.
321:2004.
305:1986.
282:2006.
269:1980.
249:1974.
230:Notes
210:Mayor
192:from
163:1930s
123:Times
535:ISBN
521:ISBN
501:ISBN
487:ISBN
479:ISBN
465:ISBN
451:ISBN
437:ISBN
128:The
44:the
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