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549:, who pioneered the antiseptic (using chemical means to kill bacteria) method, but Kocher was in correspondence with him. Kocher had recognized the importance of aseptic techniques early on, introducing them to his peers at a time when this was considered revolutionary. In a hospital report from 1868, he attributed the lower mortality directly to the "antiseptic Lister's wound bandaging method" and he could later as director of the clinic order strict adherence to the antiseptic method. Bonjour (1981) describes how his assistants were worried about wound infection for fear of having to explain their failure to Kocher himself. Kocher made it a matter of principle to investigate the cause of every wound infection and remove every potential source of infection, he also banned visitors from his surgeries for this reason.
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515:. He noticed that the old building did not suffice the modern standards and was too small – half of the patients seeking medical attention had to be turned away. In spring 1878, he visited several institutions around Europe to evaluate novel innovations for hospitals and implement them if possible in Bern. He wrote down his observations in a lengthy report for the Bernese government, giving instructions even for architectonic details. In a speech on 15 November 1878, he informed the general public about the pressing needs of a new hospital building. Finally, he used his call to
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Through application of modern surgical methods, such as antiseptic wound treatment and minimizing blood loss, and the famous slow and precise style of Kocher, he managed to reduce the mortality of this operation from an already low 18% (compared to contemporary standards) to less than 0.5% by 1912. By then, Kocher had performed over 5000 thyroid excisions. The success of Kocher's methods, especially when compared to operations performed by
690:) and expressed his concerns about complete removal of the thyroid to Kocher. Kocher then tried to contact 77 of his 102 former patients and found signs of a physical and mental decay in those cases where he had removed the thyroid gland completely. Ironically, it was his precise surgery that allowed Kocher to remove the thyroid gland almost completely and led to the severe side effects of
449:. According to Asher, the field of surgery has transformed radically during the time of Theodore Kocher and later generations will build on the foundations created by Kocher – if a future historian wanted to describe the state of surgery at the beginning of the 20th century, he only need mention Kocher's
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when possible, was considered a risky procedure when Kocher started his work. Some estimates put the mortality of thyroidectomy as high as 75% in 1872. Indeed, the operation was believed to be one of the most dangerous operations and in France it was prohibited by the
Academy of Medicine at the time.
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Kocher was also a famous and loved teacher. During nearly 100 semesters he taught his knowledge to about 10 000 students of the
University of Bern. He was able to inspire students and taught them to think clearly and logically. Specifically, Kocher also taught a generation of Jewish-Russian students
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Kocher first attained international recognition with his method to reset a dislocated shoulder published in 1870. The new procedure was much less painful and safer than the traditionally used procedure and could be performed by a single physician. Kocher developed the procedure through his knowledge
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were different stages of same disease and that cretinism would have occurred independently of the removal of the thyroid in the cases which Kocher described. In the long run however, these observations contributed to a more complete understanding of thyroid function and were one of the early hints
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before Kocher to follow LĂĽcke. However, the students and assistants as well as many doctors preferred Kocher and started a petition to the
Bernese government to choose Kocher. Also the press was in favor of Kocher and several famous foreign surgeons, such as Langenbeck from Berlin and Billroth from
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Kocher came to the conclusion that a complete removal of the thyroid (as it was common to perform at the time because the function of the thyroid was not yet clear) was not advisable, a finding that he made public on 4 April 1883 in a lecture to the German
Society of Surgery and also published in
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I have pondered the question for many years and conclude that the explanation probably lies in the operative methods of the two illustrious surgeons. Kocher, neat and precise, operating in a relatively bloodless manner, scrupulously removed the entire thyroid gland doing little damage outside its
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had the third largest university clinic in the German speaking world and it was a great honor for Kocher when he received a call as a professor to Prague in spring 1880. Many colleagues, especially international ones, urged Kocher to accept while
Bernese doctors and colleagues begged him to stay.
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surgery which decreased or removed the dangers of anesthesia. As a third factor, Hintzsche mentions the minimal blood loss which Kocher achieved. Even the smallest source of blood during surgery was precisely controlled and inhibited by Kocher, initially because he thought that decomposing blood
397:, and she had three sons together with Kocher. The Kochers first lived at the Marktgasse in Bern and moved in 1875 to a bigger house in the Villette. The house became a place for friends, colleagues and guests to gather and many patients from Kocher's clinic were invited to dine at the Villette.
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was director of the hospital and influenced Kocher significantly. Kocher then proceeded to start a journey through Europe to meet several of the most famous surgeons of the time. It is not clear how Kocher financed his trip but according to
Bonjour (1981) he received money from an unknown female
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building the next year, increased his credit for surgical equipment and books to 1000 franks and increased the number of beds for Kocher in the new
Inselspital. Thus, Kocher decided to stay and many Bernese and Swiss students and professionals thanked him for it. He cited the affection of his
706:). Reverdin had already made his findings public on 13 September 1882 and published further articles on this topic in 1883; yet still Kocher never acknowledged Reverdin's priority in this discovery. At the time, the reactions to Kocher's lecture were mixed, some people asserted that
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and spinal and cranial trauma. He found that in some cases, the epilepsy patients had a brain tumor which could be surgically removed. He hypothesized that epilepsy was caused by an increase in ICP and believed that drainage of cerebrospinal fluid could cure epilepsy.
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Three main factors contributed to Kocher's success as a surgeon, according to
Bonjour (1981). The first factor was his consequent implementation of antiseptic wound treatment which prevented infection and later death of the patients. The second factor, according to
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capsule. Billroth, operating more rapidly and, as I recall, with less regard for the tissues and less concern for hemorrhage, might easily have removed the parathyroids or at least have interfered with their blood supply, and have left fragments of the thyroid.
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to pressure the government: He would only stay in Bern if he was either granted 75 beds in the new building or would get money to increase his facilities in the old building. Finally, in the winter of 1884/1885 the new building was finished and the
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came to Bern in 1896 in order to perform experimental research on epilepsy. Kocher was especially interested in the ICP during experimentally induced epilepsy and after Ito returned to Japan, he performed over 100 surgeries in epilepsy patients.
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Kocher was involved in the education of his three sons and played tennis with them and went horseback riding with them. The eldest son Albert (1872–1941) would follow him to the surgical clinic in Bern and become
Assistant Professor of Surgery.
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The call for an ordinary professorship at the
University of Bern at the age of 30 was the first big career step for Theodor Kocher. In the 45 years he served as professor at the university, he oversaw the re-building of the famous Bernese
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On the evening of 23 July 1917, he was called into the Inselspital for an emergency. Kocher executed the surgery but afterwards felt unwell and went to bed, working on scientific notes. He then fell unconscious and died on 27 July 1917.
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Kocher's father was Jakob Alexander Kocher (1814–1893), the sixth of seven children to Samuel Kocher (1771–1842), a carpenter, and Barbara Sutter (1772–1849). Jakob Alexander Kocher was a railway engineer and he moved in 1845 to
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In 1904 or 1905 he built a private clinic called "Ulmenhof" which had space for 25 patients. Here Kocher catered to the wealthier patients, which in many cases were international. He also treated the wife of
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While the dissertation was published in 1866 and the HLS refers to 1866 as date of promotion and 1865 as date of completing his studies, all other sources point to 1865 as the date where Kocher obtained his
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Several alternative spellings to Marie Witschi-Courant exist, for example Maria Witschi (ref hls), Witchi (ref choong2009), Witchi-Cournant (ref tan2008), Maria Witschi but in letters "Marie" (ref:
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Kocher used this call, to demand certain improvements for the university clinic from the Bernese government. They accepted all his demands, the government promised him to begin building the new
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of the university in 1878 and 1903. He was president of the Bernese and the Swiss physicians association and co-founded the Swiss society for surgery in 1913 and became its first president.
824:(Bonn), Gottlieb and Max Feurer (St. Gallen), Anton Fonio (Langnau), Walter Gröbly (Arbon), Carl Kaufmann (Zürich), Albert Kocher (Bern), Joseph Kopp (Luzern), Ernst Kummer (Geneva),
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404:. This was an uncommon trait that not many colleagues and co-workers shared and until his death, Kocher attributed all his successes and failures to God. He thought that the rise of
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on 16 September 1841. Together with the family, he moved to Burgdorf in 1845 where he started school. Later his family moved back to Bern where he went to middle and high school (
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433:, published 249 scholarly articles and books, trained numerous medical doctors and treated thousands of patients. He made major contributions to the fields of applied surgery,
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at the age of 34 years and he moved with his family to the capital, the city of Bern. In 1858 he left the states service and managed several engineering projects around Bern.
362:. Kocher was hoping to get his position, but at the time it was customary to appoint German professors to positions at Swiss universities. Accordingly, the faculty suggested
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During his life, Kocher published 249 articles and books and supervised more than 130 doctoral candidates. The following is an incomplete list of his most important works:
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He was the first Swiss citizen and first surgeon to ever receive a Nobel Prize in Medicine. He was considered a pioneer and leader in the field of surgery in his time.
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The Bernese Burgerbibliothek give 1850–1925 as her living years and also Bonjour 1981 writes (pg 86) that she was nineteen in 1869 but does not give a date of death
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828:(Amsterdam), Edmond Lardy (Geneva) Jakob Lauper (Interlaken), Albert Lüthi (Thun), Hermann Matti (Bern), Charles Pettavel (Neuenburg), Paul Pfähler (Olten),
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Gautschi, OP.; Hildebrandt, G.; Kocher, ET. (June 2009). "Emil Theodor Kocher (25/8/1841-27/7/1917)--A Swiss (neuro-)surgeon and Nobel Prize winner".
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The prize for outstanding young researchers in any field at the University of Berne is named Theodor Kocher Prize. It is awarded yearly since 1915.
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836:(Lausanne), Karl Schuler (Rorschach), Fritz Steinmann (Bern), Albert Vogel (Luzern), Hans Wildbolz (Bern) as well as the American neurosurgeon
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615:, Kocher dedicated 141 pages of 1060 pages to surgery of the nervous system. It included methods of exploration and decompression of the brain.
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213:) where he was the first of his class. During high school, Theodor was interested in many subjects and was specifically drawn to art and
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students as one of his main reasons for staying. The university students organized a torchlight procession on 8 June 1880 in his honor.
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by Kocher) caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. The phenomena was reported to Kocher first in 1874 by the general practitioner
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Choong (2009) claims that Kocher became assistant in Bern already in 1866 but according to Bonjour, Kocher was then still in Berlin
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2193:. Berner HeimatbĂĽcher (in German). Vol. 40/41 (2nd (2., stark erweiterte Auflage 1981) ed.). Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt.
1290:. Berner HeimatbĂĽcher (in German). Vol. 40/41 (2nd (2., stark erweiterte Auflage 1981) ed.). Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt.
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were teaching, two professors that impressed him most. He was a studious and dedicated student but still became a member of the
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Theodor Kocher's mother was Maria Kocher (née Wermuth) living from 1820 to 1900. She was a very religious woman and part of the
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In 1869, he married Marie Witschi-Courant (1841–1921) or (1850–1925). She was the daughter of Johannes Witschi, who was a
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863:(1898–1991) who was married to Dora Kocher wrote a 136-page monograph on Kocher's life that was extended again in 1981.
198:; together with Jakob Alexander, she raised a family of five sons and one daughter (Theodor Kocher was the second son).
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844:(1865–1929) and S. Berezowsky which also spread his techniques in their respective home-countries (Japan and Russia).
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Kocher's name is living on with the Theodor Kocher Institute, the Kochergasse and the Kocher Park in Bern. In the
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During his life, Kocher published 249 articles and books and supervised more than 130 doctoral candidates. He was
719:. These findings finally enabled thyroid hormone replacement therapies for a variety of thyroid related diseases.
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1688:"Towards endocrinology: Theodor Kocher's 1883 account of the unexpected effects of total ablation of the thyroid"
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1551:"The 100 years Anniversary of the Nobel Prize Award winner Emil Theodor Kocher, a brilliant far-sighted surgeon"
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653:, Halstead WS. The operative story of goitre. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1919;19:71–257. – Quoted in Morris et al.
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Hildebrandt, G.; Surbeck, W.; Stienen, MN. (June 2012). "Emil Theodor Kocher: the first Swiss neurosurgeon".
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1690:. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation www.jameslindlibrary.org. Archived from
325:, who also invited Kocher to go to the opera with his family. In July 1867, he traveled on to Paris to meet
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503:) He showed that small caliber bullets were less harmful and recommended to use bullets with slower speed.
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765:(Text-Book of Operative Surgery ), was published through six editions and translated into many languages.
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spent several months in the lab of Kocher in 1900, performing cerebral surgery and first encountering the
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of anatomy. In the same period, Kocher also studied the phenomena of bullet wounds and how they can cause
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Die Erfindung der Organtransplantation: Erfolg und Scheitern des chirurgischen Organersatzes (1880–1930)
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142:(25 August 1841 – 27 July 1917) was a Swiss physician and medical researcher who received the 1909
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Hintzsche, E. (1970). "August Fetscherin (1849–1882), unjustly forgotten general practitioner".
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Morris, J. B.; Schirmer, W. J. (1990). "The "right stuff": Five Nobel Prize-winning surgeons".
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375:) chose Kocher as the successor of LĂĽcke as Ordinary Professor of Surgery and Director of the
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and on 12 October 1867, he wrote a petition to the ministry of education to award him the
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As soon as Kocher became professor, he wanted to modernize the practices at the Bernese
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Kocher published works on a number of subjects other than the thyroid gland, including
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and visiting an old friend from high school, Hans Blum. In Berlin, he studied under
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who could not study in Russia. This association with Russia has also led the
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2173:"Kocher, Theodor – Biographical entry – Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online"
2113:"Kocher, Theodor – Biographical entry – Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online"
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Theodor Kocher was born on 25 August 1841 in Bern and baptized in the local
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Choong, C.; Kaye, AH. (December 2009). "Emil theodor kocher (1841–1917)".
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Surgery of the Biliary Tract: Old Problems New Methods, Current Practice
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Among his many local and international students were Carl Arend (Bern),
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Like his mother, Kocher was a deeply religious man and also part of the
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2138:"Milestones in European Thyroidology (MET) Theodor Kocher ( 1841–1917)"
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Chairman of the first international surgery conference in Brussels 1905
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who was also performing thyroidectomies at that time, was described by
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Milestones in European Thyroidology (MET). Theodor Kocher (1841–1917)
1478:"Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917): thyroid surgeon and Nobel laureate"
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Concerning Pathological Manifestations in Low-Grade Thyroid Diseases
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Kocher and others later discovered that the complete removal of the
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Kocher also contributed significantly to the field of neurology and
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Schweizer Monatshefte: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur
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SchĂĽltke, Elisabeth (May 2009). "Theodor Kocher's craniometer".
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to name a volcano after him (in the area of Ujun-Choldongi in
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The improvement of the bullets from the standpoint of humanity.
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on 16 March 1872, despite a different proposal by the faculty.
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in 1927. In the Kocher Park there is another bust, created by
572:(ICP). Furthermore, he investigated the surgical treatment of
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He published multiple works on aseptic treatment and surgery.
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Historisch-topographisches Lexikon der Stadt Bern-Kochergasse
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for his work in the physiology, pathology and surgery of the
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820:(St. Moritz), Andrea Crotti (Ohio), Gustave Dardel (Bern),
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Thyroid surgery, which was mostly performed as treatment of
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Die Verbesserung der Geschosse vom Standpunkt der Humanitaet
187:). He was named chief engineer for street and water in the
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Kocher, Theodor; Stiles, Harold Jalland (7 January 1895).
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Ueber die Sprengwirkung der modernen Kriegsgewehrgeschosse
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and applied for an assistant position with Langenbeck and
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Behandlung der croupösen Pneumonie mit Veratrum-Präparaten
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445:. For his work he received, among other honors, the 1909
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Honorary member of the German society for surgery (1902)
1811:"BerĂĽhmte Berner und Bernerinnen - Emil Theodor Kocher"
944:(Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 25 July 1900)
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In spring 1865, Kocher followed his teacher Biermer to
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President of the Bernese and Swiss physician societies
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Over the explosive effect of modern war rifle bullets.
2035:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 36.
1101:"Kocher, Theodor im Historischen Lexikon der Schweis"
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An asteroid (2087) Kocher also commemorates his name.
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would constitute an infection risk for the patient.
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several honorary memberships and honorary doctorates
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Vorlesungen ĂĽber chirurgische Infektionskrankheiten
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682:(1848–1908). Reverdin met Kocher on 7 September in
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354:) which was granted to him. He became assistant to
2239:Theodor Kocher Institute of the University of Bern
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1758:(5). United States: 1001–1004, discussion 1004–5.
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1658:. Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag. pp. 35–91.
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918:Kocher's incision II – is used in thyroid surgery
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2165:including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1909
555:
317:. Furthermore, he was interested in the work of
1975:"MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY – FROM CRAFTS TO HIGH-TECH"
1503:
1417:
340:Once returned to Bern, Kocher prepared for his
160:
3855:
2140:. European Thyroid Association. Archived from
2088:"Emil Theodor Kocher • Medical Eponym Library"
1647:
1645:
1643:
1592:
1523:. European Thyroid Association. Archived from
1311:Bonjour, Edgar (1950–1951). "Theodor Kocher".
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
179:), because of his job as regional engineer of
16:Swiss physician and Nobel laureate (1841–1917)
3924:Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant
3841:
2298:
1741:
1613:
1588:
1586:
1544:
1542:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
358:who left Bern in 1872 to become professor in
281:philanthropist who also supported his friend
261:) under professor Biermer with the predicate
1784:
1679:
1548:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1310:
872:The Kocher lunar crater named in his memory.
746:) and surgical techniques (for example, the
704:About Thyroidectomies and their consequences
507:Relocation of Inselspital and call to Prague
2135:
1640:
1518:
1115:
545:It is unclear whether Kocher directly knew
465:where he used special masks and later used
3848:
3834:
2305:
2291:
2160:
1706:
1583:
1539:
1475:
1354:
1304:
1186:
950:President of the Swiss society for surgery
31:
4065:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1715:"Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen"
1622:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
1619:
1566:
1549:Chiesa, F.; Kocher, ET. (December 2009).
1331:
742:A number of instruments (for example the
596:which describes the relationship between
255:The treatment of croupous pneumonia with
2081:
2079:
2077:
2028:
1950:"Medical Definition of KOCHER'S FORCEPS"
1747:
1476:Tan, SY.; Shigaki, D. (September 2008).
851:, there is a bust of Kocher, created by
840:. Other notable students of his include
791:
715:of a connection between the thyroid and
686:at the international hygienic congress (
217:but finally decided to become a doctor.
2186:
2085:
1651:
1469:
1283:
984:(Lectures on surgical infections; 1895)
784:and operated on her in Bern (in 1913).
700:Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen
4052:
754:) are named after him, as well as the
608:was an effective method to lower ICP.
3829:
2318:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2286:
2230:Works by or about Emil Theodor Kocher
2209:"Original Documents in the burgerbib"
2074:
1928:
1910:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1850:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
935:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
866:
447:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
144:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
127:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1404:"Kocher Biography on nobelprize.org"
1098:
4075:Swiss people of the Moravian Church
1914:
1908:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1867:, 1976, retrieved 6. September 2010
1803:
796:Bust of Theodor Kocher (created by
13:
2129:
2092:Life in the Fast Lane Medical Blog
2061:American Psychological Association
1764:10.1227/01.NEU.0000344003.72056.7F
1712:
1685:
1103:. Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz
1079:
978:(Antiseptic wound treatment; 1881)
540:
289:. In October 1865, he traveled to
14:
4101:
2223:
1876:
1441:(6): 1105–1115, discussion 1115.
285:and was probably a member of the
2029:Niederle, B. (6 December 2012).
1791:. London: Adam and Charles Black
976:Die antiseptische Wundbehandlung
907:Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome
756:Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
723:Further contributions to science
619:Contributions to Thyroid surgery
388:
2105:
2049:
2022:
1992:
1967:
1942:
1896:
1870:
1778:
1040:
1027:
1018:
859:. In 1950, the Swiss historian
688:internationaler Hygienekongress
604:. Kocher later also found that
477:
2259:New International Encyclopedia
2086:Cadogan, Mike (1 March 2020).
2057:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
1788:Text-book of operative surgery
1719:Archiv fĂĽr Klinische Chirurgie
1008:
451:Text-Book of Operative Surgery
253:(literal English translation:
243:Schweizerischer Zofingerverein
1:
4060:19th-century Swiss physicians
1799:– via Internet Archive.
1052:
995:Textbook of Operative Surgery
735:, the theory of strangulated
556:Contributions to Neurosurgery
2269:"Kocher, Emil Theodor"
2253:"Kocher, Emil Theodor"
989:Chiruigische Operationslehre
912:Kocher's incision – used in
807:Russian Geographical Society
763:Chirurgische Operationslehre
678:together with his assistant
613:Chirurgische Operationslehre
461:, was his monitoring of the
165:
161:Early life and personal life
154:below 1% in his operations.
80:Developer of Thyroid surgery
7:
3410:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
2136:Gemsenjäger, Ernst (2011).
1519:Gemsenjäger, Ernst (2011).
10:
4106:
1555:Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
1369:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.08.002
882:
263:summa cum laude unamimiter
220:
3977:
3958:
3933:
3908:
3884:
3865:
3483:
3148:
2809:
2607:Charles Scott Sherrington
2583:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2545:
2324:
1837:"Whonamedit – Hayazo Ito"
1725:: 254–337. Archived from
1447:10.1007/s00701-012-1341-1
1143:10.1080/02688690902777658
928:
787:
606:decompressive craniectomy
495:) and an 1875 manuscript
423:
133:
122:
111:
101:
91:
84:
76:
64:
42:
30:
23:
3597:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2187:Bonjour, Edgar (1981) .
1652:Schlich, Thomas (1998).
1284:Bonjour, Edgar (1981) .
1099:Koelbing, Huldrych M.F.
1002:
966:
611:In his surgery textbook
1954:www.Merriam-Webster.com
761:One of his main works,
651:William Stewart Halsted
638:William Stewart Halsted
379:Surgical Clinic at the
299:Bernhard von Langenbeck
3983:Nobel Prize recipients
3960:Physiology or Medicine
2378:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2275:Encyclopedia Americana
2004:Operative Neurosurgery
1936:"Theodor Kocher Prize"
992:(1894; Eng. trans. as
801:
676:Jacques-Louis Reverdin
656:
4070:Swiss Nobel laureates
2879:Dickinson W. Richards
2563:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1938:. University of Bern.
1863:25 April 2009 at the
1435:Acta Neurochir (Wien)
795:
698:1883 under the title
674:and later in 1882 by
642:
602:intracranial pressure
588:The American surgeon
580:The Japanese surgeon
570:intracranial pressure
173:Burgdorf, Switzerland
4080:Scientists from Bern
3943:Karl Ferdinand Braun
3302:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2663:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1979:www.swiss-medtech.ch
1325:10.5169/seals-159844
717:congenital cretinism
668:cachexia strumipriva
323:Thomas Spencer Wells
309:and then worked for
3968:Emil Theodor Kocher
3694:William C. Campbell
3605:Elizabeth Blackburn
3442:Robert F. Furchgott
3434:Stanley B. Prusiner
3426:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3326:George H. Hitchings
3290:Joseph L. Goldstein
3250:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3079:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2157:Emil Theodor Kocher
1817:on 29 November 2010
568:, neurosurgery and
307:Jonathan Hutchinson
239:Hermann Askan Demme
215:classical philology
140:Emil Theodor Kocher
37:Emil Theodor Kocher
25:Emil Theodor Kocher
3754:William Kaelin Jr.
3750:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3493:Leland H. Hartwell
3382:Richard J. Roberts
3262:Barbara McClintock
3206:Godfrey Hounsfield
3107:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3039:Marshall Nirenberg
3007:Charles B. Huggins
2796:Tadeusz Reichstein
2784:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
2579:Christiaan Eijkman
2159:on Nobelprize.org
867:Named in his honor
802:
782:Nadezhda Krupskaya
293:, passing through
231:University of Bern
211:Literaturgymnasium
106:University of Bern
4047:
4046:
3949:Guglielmo Marconi
3918:Auguste Beernaert
3823:
3822:
3788:Ardem Patapoutian
3637:Ralph M. Steinman
3633:Jules A. Hoffmann
3621:Robert G. Edwards
3589:Harald zur Hausen
3513:H. Robert Horvitz
3414:Eric F. Wieschaus
3350:E. Donnall Thomas
3334:J. Michael Bishop
3322:Gertrude B. Elion
3194:Hamilton O. Smith
3119:Christian de Duve
2855:Frederick Robbins
2732:Alexander Fleming
2671:Corneille Heymans
2517:Frederick Banting
2422:Allvar Gullstrand
2144:on 9 January 2014
2042:978-94-009-8213-0
1856:Berchtold Weber:
1713:Kocher, Theodor.
1686:Ulrich, Tröhler.
1527:on 9 January 2014
1363:(12): 1552–1554.
830:Fritz de Quervain
672:August Fetscherin
437:and, especially,
319:Isaac Baker Brown
137:
136:
4097:
3985:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3801:
3790:
3775:
3769:Michael Houghton
3756:
3746:Gregg L. Semenza
3740:
3734:James P. Allison
3728:
3726:Michael W. Young
3712:
3710:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3704:
3688:
3672:
3670:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
3656:
3644:
3623:
3615:
3609:Carol W. Greider
3599:
3583:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3503:
3476:
3460:
3452:
3436:
3428:
3422:Peter C. Doherty
3416:
3400:
3394:Alfred G. Gilman
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3338:Harold E. Varmus
3328:
3312:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3264:
3256:
3240:
3224:
3214:Baruj Benacerraf
3208:
3196:
3180:
3164:
3141:
3125:
3109:
3093:
3081:
3073:
3057:
3041:
3031:Robert W. Holley
3025:
3009:
2997:
2981:
2969:
2953:
2937:
2935:Georg von Békésy
2929:
2917:
2905:
2903:Joshua Lederberg
2889:
2881:
2875:Werner Forssmann
2865:
2857:
2841:
2829:
2821:
2802:
2786:
2774:
2766:
2764:Bernardo Houssay
2750:
2742:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2645:
2637:
2621:
2613:
2601:
2593:
2591:Karl Landsteiner
2585:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2555:Johannes Fibiger
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:Willem Einthoven
2523:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2394:Élie Metchnikoff
2388:
2386:Alphonse Laveran
2380:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2234:Internet Archive
2219:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:. Archived from
2000:"Kocher's Point"
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1879:"Bonjour, Edgar"
1874:
1868:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1352:
1329:
1328:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1281:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1096:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1012:
998:, 2 vols., 1911)
901:Kocher manoeuvre
889:Kocher's forceps
748:Kocher manoeuvre
680:Auguste Reverdin
654:
634:Theodor Billroth
627:with a complete
524:could be moved.
467:local anesthesia
331:Auguste Verneuil
274:Theodor Billroth
247:Swiss fraternity
185:Bezirksingenieur
71:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
3981:
3973:
3954:
3929:
3904:
3880:
3875:Wilhelm Ostwald
3861:
3854:
3824:
3819:
3804:
3793:
3778:
3773:Charles M. Rice
3765:Harvey J. Alter
3759:
3743:
3731:
3722:Michael Rosbash
3718:Jeffrey C. Hall
3715:
3707:
3691:
3682:May-Britt Moser
3675:
3659:
3654:Shinya Yamanaka
3647:
3626:
3618:
3613:Jack W. Szostak
3602:
3586:
3581:Oliver Smithies
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3529:Peter Mansfield
3522:
3517:John E. Sulston
3506:
3490:
3479:
3463:
3455:
3439:
3431:
3419:
3406:Edward B. Lewis
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3315:
3310:Susumu Tonegawa
3307:
3295:
3283:
3267:
3259:
3243:
3227:
3211:
3199:
3183:
3170:Roger Guillemin
3167:
3162:Daniel Gajdusek
3158:Baruch Blumberg
3155:
3144:
3135:Renato Dulbecco
3131:David Baltimore
3128:
3112:
3099:Karl von Frisch
3096:
3084:
3076:
3060:
3044:
3028:
3019:Haldan Hartline
3012:
3000:
2984:
2972:
2956:
2951:Maurice Wilkins
2940:
2932:
2920:
2915:Arthur Kornberg
2908:
2892:
2884:
2868:
2860:
2844:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2805:
2789:
2777:
2769:
2753:
2745:
2729:
2720:Joseph Erlanger
2717:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2648:
2640:
2624:
2616:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2576:
2571:Charles Nicolle
2568:
2560:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2414:Albrecht Kossel
2411:
2403:
2391:
2383:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2320:
2311:
2266:
2250:
2226:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2147:
2145:
2132:
2130:Further reading
2127:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2010:on 19 June 2022
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:"(2087) Kocher"
1920:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1865:Wayback Machine
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1694:on 18 July 2013
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1650:
1641:
1628:(17): 721–727.
1618:
1614:
1591:
1584:
1547:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1504:
1485:Singapore Med J
1480:
1474:
1470:
1431:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1357:J Clin Neurosci
1353:
1332:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1127:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1005:
969:
931:
914:cholecystectomy
885:
869:
790:
752:kocher incision
725:
655:
649:
621:
558:
543:
541:Aseptic surgery
509:
480:
459:Erich Hintzsche
426:
410:First World War
402:Moravian Church
391:
327:Auguste NĂ©laton
287:Moravian Church
229:in 1858 at the
223:
196:Moravian Church
168:
163:
152:thyroidectomies
112:Sub-specialties
69:
60:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3899:Selma Lagerlöf
3895:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:Katalin KarikĂł
3802:
3791:
3776:
3757:
3741:
3729:
3713:
3705:
3689:
3673:
3666:Randy Schekman
3657:
3645:
3624:
3616:
3600:
3593:Luc Montagnier
3584:
3573:Mario Capecchi
3568:
3556:
3549:Barry Marshall
3544:
3532:
3525:Paul Lauterbur
3520:
3509:Sydney Brenner
3504:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3470:Paul Greengard
3466:Arvid Carlsson
3461:
3453:
3437:
3429:
3417:
3401:
3398:Martin Rodbell
3389:
3377:
3374:Edwin G. Krebs
3370:Edmond Fischer
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3318:James W. Black
3313:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3278:CĂ©sar Milstein
3274:Georges Köhler
3265:
3257:
3246:Sune Bergström
3241:
3238:Torsten Wiesel
3234:David H. Hubel
3225:
3209:
3197:
3190:Daniel Nathans
3181:
3174:Andrew Schally
3165:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3126:
3110:
3094:
3087:Gerald Edelman
3082:
3074:
3071:Julius Axelrod
3058:
3055:Salvador Luria
3051:Alfred Hershey
3042:
3026:
3010:
2998:
2987:François Jacob
2982:
2970:
2954:
2938:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2890:
2882:
2871:André Cournand
2866:
2858:
2842:
2830:
2827:Selman Waksman
2822:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2792:Edward Kendall
2787:
2775:
2767:
2751:
2748:Hermann Muller
2743:
2727:
2724:Herbert Gasser
2715:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2679:Gerhard Domagk
2674:
2666:
2658:
2646:
2638:
2635:William Murphy
2627:George Whipple
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2614:
2602:
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2574:
2566:
2558:
2549:
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2524:
2512:
2505:Archibald Hill
2500:
2493:
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2470:
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2441:
2438:Charles Richet
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2241:
2236:
2225:
2224:External links
2222:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2200:978-3258030296
2199:
2190:Theodor Kocher
2184:
2169:
2154:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2104:
2073:
2048:
2041:
2021:
1991:
1966:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1895:
1883:HLS-DHS-DSS.CH
1877:Kreis, Georg.
1869:
1849:
1828:
1802:
1777:
1740:
1729:on 19 May 2011
1705:
1678:
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1612:
1582:
1538:
1502:
1491:(9): 662–663.
1468:
1416:
1390:
1330:
1303:
1297:978-3258030296
1296:
1287:Theodor Kocher
1185:
1164:
1137:(3): 234–236.
1131:Br J Neurosurg
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898:
895:Kocher's point
892:
884:
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880:
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876:
873:
868:
865:
838:Harvey Cushing
818:Oscar Bernhard
789:
786:
724:
721:
662:could lead to
647:
620:
617:
598:blood pressure
594:Cushing reflex
590:Harvey Cushing
557:
554:
542:
539:
508:
505:
485:bone fractures
479:
476:
425:
422:
390:
387:
311:Henry Thompson
303:Rudolf Virchow
279:Suisse romande
222:
219:
189:canton of Bern
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135:
134:
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86:Medical career
82:
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77:Known for
74:
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72:(aged 75)
66:
62:
61:
55:
53:25 August 1841
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40:
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3828:
3815:
3814:Drew Weissman
3811:
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3792:
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3770:
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3739:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3723:
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3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3698:Satoshi ĹŚmura
3695:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:James Rothman
3658:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3629:Bruce Beutler
3625:
3622:
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3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3541:Linda B. Buck
3538:
3533:
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3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
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3482:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3458:GĂĽnter Blobel
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:Louis Ignarro
3443:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3386:Phillip Sharp
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:Joseph Murray
3342:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:Stanley Cohen
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:Michael Brown
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
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3242:
3239:
3235:
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3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:Allan Cormack
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3178:Rosalyn Yalow
3175:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3123:George Palade
3120:
3116:
3115:Albert Claude
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:Konrad Lorenz
3100:
3095:
3092:
3091:Rodney Porter
3088:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:Ulf von Euler
3064:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:Ragnar Granit
3011:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2995:Jacques Monod
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:Andrew Huxley
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:Francis Crick
2939:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2927:Peter Medawar
2924:
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2895:George Beadle
2891:
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2864:
2863:Hugo Theorell
2859:
2856:
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2851:Thomas Weller
2848:
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2840:
2839:Fritz Lipmann
2836:
2831:
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2740:Howard Florey
2737:
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2509:Otto Meyerhof
2506:
2501:
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2471:
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2446:Róbert Bárány
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2430:Alexis Carrel
2426:
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2415:
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2374:Camillo Golgi
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1315:(in German).
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961:
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949:
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923:
922:Kocher's sign
920:
917:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
886:
877:
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864:
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861:Edgar Bonjour
858:
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845:
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839:
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831:
827:
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779:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
733:osteomyelitis
730:
720:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
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639:
635:
630:
629:thyroidectomy
626:
616:
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607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
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547:Joseph Lister
538:
535:
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527:At the time,
525:
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502:
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486:
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448:
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443:endocrinology
440:
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403:
398:
396:
389:Personal life
386:
384:
383:
378:
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373:Regierungsrat
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:venia docendi
343:
338:
336:
335:Louis Pasteur
332:
328:
324:
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315:John Erichsen
312:
308:
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300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:preparations.
258:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Anton Biermer
232:
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75:
67:
63:
59:, Switzerland
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4013:
3967:
3799:Svante Pääbo
3784:David Julius
3738:Tasuku Honjo
3686:Edvard Moser
3678:John O'Keefe
3641:posthumously
3640:
3577:Martin Evans
3553:Robin Warren
3537:Richard Axel
3484:2001–present
3362:Bert Sakmann
3230:Roger Sperry
3222:George Snell
3218:Jean Dausset
3186:Werner Arber
3139:Howard Temin
3063:Bernard Katz
3047:Max DelbrĂĽck
3003:Francis Rous
2979:Feodor Lynen
2975:Konrad Bloch
2963:Alan Hodgkin
2947:James Watson
2923:Frank Burnet
2911:Severo Ochoa
2899:Edward Tatum
2887:Daniel Bovet
2800:Philip Hench
2712:Edward Doisy
2643:Hans Spemann
2631:George Minot
2611:Edgar Adrian
2599:Otto Warburg
2521:John Macleod
2490:August Krogh
2482:Jules Bordet
2405:
2398:Paul Ehrlich
2350:Niels Finsen
2334:Emil Behring
2273:
2257:
2212:. Retrieved
2189:
2176:. Retrieved
2166:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2116:. Retrieved
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2031:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
2003:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1787:
1780:
1755:
1751:Neurosurgery
1749:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1722:
1718:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1654:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1601:(1): 71–80.
1598:
1594:
1558:
1554:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1488:
1484:
1471:
1438:
1434:
1407:. Retrieved
1360:
1356:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1286:
1176:. Retrieved
1167:
1134:
1130:
1105:. Retrieved
1069:. Retrieved
1060:
1042:
1029:
1020:
1010:
994:
988:
981:
975:
970:
846:
815:
803:
774:
767:
762:
760:
741:
726:
703:
699:
696:
687:
667:
657:
643:
640:as follows:
622:
612:
610:
587:
579:
562:neurosurgery
559:
551:
544:
526:
510:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
478:Early career
455:
450:
441:surgery and
435:neurosurgery
427:
418:
414:
399:
392:
380:
372:
351:
345:
342:habilitation
339:
267:
262:
254:
250:
224:
210:
206:
203:Bern Minster
200:
193:
184:
169:
156:
139:
138:
102:Institutions
85:
70:(1917-07-27)
68:27 July 1917
18:
4090:1917 deaths
4085:1841 births
3858:Nobel Prize
3650:John Gurdon
3565:Craig Mello
3561:Andrew Fire
3474:Eric Kandel
3450:Ferid Murad
3358:Erwin Neher
3270:Niels Jerne
3035:Har Khorana
3023:George Wald
2991:André Lwoff
2959:John Eccles
2847:John Enders
2819:Max Theiler
2780:Walter Hess
2772:Paul MĂĽller
2736:Ernst Chain
2406:Emil Kocher
2366:Robert Koch
2358:Ivan Pavlov
2342:Ronald Ross
2178:29 December
2118:29 December
849:Inselspital
744:craniometer
534:Inselspital
522:Inselspital
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431:Inselspital
406:materialism
382:Inselspital
364:Franz König
356:Georg LĂĽcke
352:to instruct
283:Marc Dufour
4054:Categories
3886:Literature
3501:Paul Nurse
2835:Hans Krebs
2760:Gerty Cori
2708:Henrik Dam
2655:Otto Loewi
2651:Henry Dale
2214:6 December
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1561:(6): 289.
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1053:References
1036:Descriptor
857:Max Fueter
853:Karl Hänny
842:Hayazo Ito
834:CĂ©sar Roux
822:Carl Garré
798:Karl Hänny
729:hemostasis
702:(English:
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566:concussion
499:(English:
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463:anesthesia
377:University
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207:Realschule
92:Profession
49:1841-08-25
3945:(Germany)
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3867:Chemistry
3860:laureates
3702:Tu Youyou
3254:John Vane
3149:1976–2000
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2756:Carl Cori
2546:1926–1950
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2314:Laureates
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2066:22 August
2014:22 August
1959:7 January
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1795:7 January
1015:doctorate
826:Otto Lanz
811:Manchuria
712:cretinism
692:cretinism
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166:Childhood
3926:(France)
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1904:"Kocher"
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