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whereby the perpetrator of knocking over a sales display (the "bad act") was deemed more likable by others if he/she appeared embarrassed than if he/she appeared unconcerned â regardless of restitution behavior (rebuilding the display). The capacity to experience embarrassment can also be seen as functional for the group or culture. It has been demonstrated that those who are not prone to embarrassment are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior â for example, adolescent boys who displayed more embarrassment were found less likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behaviors. Similarly, embarrassment exhibited by boys more likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behavior was less than one-third of that exhibited by non-aggressive boys. Thus proneness to embarrassment (i.e., a concern for how one is evaluated by others) can act as a brake on behavior that would be dysfunctional for a group or culture.
961:, especially after statements expressing confidence in a stated course of action, or willful disregard for evidence. Embarrassment increases greatly in instances involving official duties or workplace facilities, large amounts of money or materials, or loss of human life. Examples of causes include a government's failed public policy, exposure of corrupt practices or unethical behavior, a celebrity whose personal habits receive public scrutiny or face legal action, or officials caught in serious personally embarrassing situations. Even small errors or miscalculations can lead to significantly greater official embarrassment if it is discovered that there was willful disregard for evidence or directives involved (e.g., see
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honorable loss in the profession and thus not necessarily lead to professional embarrassment. Similarly, a scientist might be personally disappointed and embarrassed if one of their hypotheses was proven wrong, but would not normally suffer professional embarrassment as a result. By contrast, exposure of falsified data supporting a scientific claim would likely lead to professional embarrassment in the scientific community. Professional or official embarrassment is often accompanied by public expressions of
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Vicarious embarrassment is an embarrassed feeling from observing the embarrassing actions of another person. People who rate themselves as more empathic are more likely to experience vicarious embarrassment. The effect is present whether or not the observed party is aware of the embarrassing nature
889:). Personal embarrassment can also stem from the actions of others who place the embarrassed person in a socially awkward situationâsuch as a parent showing one's baby pictures to friends, having someone make a derogatory comment about one's appearance or behavior, discovering one is the victim of
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Not all official failures result in official embarrassment, even if the circumstances lead to some slight personal embarrassment for the people involved. For example, losing a close political election might cause some personal embarrassment for the candidate but generally would be considered an
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The idea that embarrassment serves an apology or appeasement function originated with
Goffman who argued the embarrassed individual "demonstrates that he/she is at least disturbed by the fact and may prove worthy at another time". Semin and Manstead demonstrated social functions of embarrassment
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state that embarrassing another person in public is akin to murder (literally "spilling blood"). Rabbi Naáž„man bar Yitzáž„ak responds by noting how the analogy of "spilling blood" is apt since, when a person is embarrassed, their face becomes less flushed and more pale (after the initial flush).
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Based on these types, Cupach and Metts classify two basic embarrassment situations: the actor responsible and the observer responsible. Actor responsible situations are embarrassing when a person executes an act that is either inappropriate to a point of proficiency matching social norms and
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depending on the perceived seriousness of the situation, especially if the individual thinks another person is intentionally causing the embarrassment. There is a range of responses, with the most minor being a perception of the embarrassing act as inconsequential or even
1060:â can also have the effect of provoking embarrassment, as when an individual in a movie theatre with his or her parents, other family, co-workers, or mixed-company peers is made uncomfortable by an unexpected occurrence of nudity in the film that the group is watching.
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state that is associated with mild to severe levels of discomfort, and which is usually experienced when someone commits (or thinks of) a socially unacceptable or frowned-upon act that is witnessed by or revealed to others. Frequently grouped with
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the consequences. Sometimes the embarrassed entity issues press statements, removes or distances themselves from sub-level employees, attempts to carry on as if nothing happened, suffers income loss, emigrates, or vanishes from public view.
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Awkward acts â refer to social situations, for example, inappropriate conversations, clumsiness or ungraceful actions (such as an emotional outbreak like speaking out unintentionally) that can trigger embarrassment
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Appropriate image â refers to more of a personal reflection of embarrassment, like body image, clothing apparel, and personal possessions (for example owning an older mobile phone compared to the latest
1181:, "tuft". (Celtic people actually settled much of Spain and Portugal beginning in the 8th century BC) However, it certainly is not directly derived from it, as the substitution of
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Another typology, by Cupach and Metts, discusses the dimensions of intended-unintended and appropriate-inappropriate behavior, and four basic types of embarrassing circumstances:
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of their actions, although awareness generally increases the strength of the felt vicarious embarrassment, as does an accidental (as opposed to intentional) action.
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932:, especially in etiquette situations. Such a response is more common in certain cultures, which may lead to misunderstanding. There may also be feelings of
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881:. Some causes of embarrassment stem from personal actions, such as being caught in a lie or in making a mistake. In many cultures, being seen
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Sören Krach, Jan
Christopher Cohrs, Nicole Cruz de EcheverrĂa Loebell, Tilo Kircher, Jens Sommer, Andreas Jansen, and Frieder Michel Paulus,
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Withers, Lesley; Sherblom, John. "Embarrassment: The
Communication of an Awkward Actor Anticipating a Negative Evaluation".
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and rejection â is another cause of embarrassment, as well as being made the center of attention positively or negatively
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Becomes initialized through being tripped or bumped, which is then associated with someone acting inappropriately
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Board of
Commissioner, District of Columbia. (1902). "Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia".
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Embarrassment can be personal, caused by unwanted attention to private matters or personal flaws or mishaps or
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One typology of embarrassment is described by
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Tangney, JP; Miller
Flicker Barlow (1996). "Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?".
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or inappropriately dressed is a particularly stressful form of embarrassment (see
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1548:. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2000. Archived from
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Personal embarrassment is usually accompanied by some combination of
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Your Flaws Are My Pain: Linking
Empathy To Vicarious Embarrassment
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1496:. Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. 2002
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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
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Validation and correlates of the vicarious embarrassment scale
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A woman covering her eyes as an expression of embarrassment
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Ahmet Uysal, GĂŒlçin Akbas, Elif Helvacı, and Irem Metin,
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originated before the Romans began their conquest of the
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Diccionario crĂtico etimolĂłgico castellano e hispĂĄnico,
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1231:(1529â1606), long after the word had entered Spanish.
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in 1580. The French word was derived from the
Spanish
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Recognition, praise, criticism, correction, or teasing
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in his diary. The word derives from the French word
1208:, "obstacle" or "obstruction". That word came from
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1212:, "to block" or "bar", which is a combination of
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3361:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
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1079:Failure to perform a duty or moral obligation.
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1477:Joan Corominas and José Pacual, "embarazar",
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893:, being rejected by another person (see also
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1593:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1127:, whose first recorded usage was in 1460 in
897:), being made the focus of attention (e.g.,
2932:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
1996:
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71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1028:a part of the body is accidentally exposed
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1520:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Archived from
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248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1481:(Gredos, 1980) Vol. II, p. 555-556.
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1376:. U.S. Government Printing Office: 201.
903:witnessing someone else's embarrassment
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3893:
3545:International Stand Up to Bullying Day
1627:Bibliography of Embarrassment Research
1392:Personality and Individual Differences
1193:languages was not a known occurrence.
1107:The first known written occurrence of
3386:Society Against Violence in Education
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1647:
1454:. The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989
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861:Usually, some perception of loss of
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106:adding citations to reliable sources
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3150:Bullying and emotional intelligence
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941:, to intense apprehension or fear.
24:
1632:Embarrassment Research Information
1135:. The Spanish word comes from the
25:
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3820:Machiavellianism in the workplace
1620:
854:, embarrassment is considered a "
52:This article has multiple issues.
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1142:, which is a combination of the
1068:Faux pas (socially awkward acts)
901:celebrants, newlyweds), or even
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3773:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
1564:
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1200:word may come from the Italian
1026:violations â for example where
977:of involvement, or attempts to
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
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32:Embarrassment (disambiguation)
13:
1:
3815:List of LGBT-related suicides
3716:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
3030:Parental bullying of children
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3860:Social dominance orientation
3845:Psychopathy in the workplace
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2884:Social emotional development
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3825:Narcissism in the workplace
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1605:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256
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210:the claims made and adding
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1268:Criterion of embarrassment
1111:in English was in 1664 by
1001:Types in social psychology
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953:Embarrassment can also be
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3540:International Day of Pink
3535:Anti-bullying legislation
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1420:, PLoS ONE, 13 April 2011
1131:(Songbook of StĂșñiga) by
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3865:Suicide among LGBT youth
2817:in virtual communication
1173:could be related to the
1010:An embarrassing proposal
963:Space Shuttle Challenger
3901:Harassment and bullying
3160:Character assassination
1243:. Rabbis quoted in the
1161:, "a noose" or "rope".
992:Vicarious embarrassment
986:Vicarious embarrassment
3550:Think Before You Speak
3444:James O'Higgins Norman
3376:It Gets Better Project
3087:Information technology
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1997:
1405:Your flaws are my pain
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320:Emotional intelligence
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3835:Personality disorders
3810:Just-world hypothesis
3050:Relational aggression
1273:Face (social concept)
1129:Cancionero de StĂșñiga
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263:
3575:William Arthur Gibbs
3459:Christina Salmivalli
3409:Anna Costanza Baldry
3356:Bystander Revolution
3341:Act Against Bullying
3320:Workplace incivility
3245:Moving the goalposts
3072:Workplace harassment
3000:Displaced aggression
2854:Group affective tone
1394:60 (2014), pp. 48â53
523:Emotional Detachment
102:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3911:Psychological abuse
3830:Personal boundaries
3805:Emotional blackmail
3485:Louise Burfitt-Dons
3424:David P. Farrington
3270:Psychological abuse
2995:Disability bullying
2985:Abusive supervision
2907:constructed emotion
2577:functional accounts
1576:. pp. 58bâ59a.
1432:Human Communication
1298:Inferiority complex
1121:Michel de Montaigne
3840:Playing the victim
3768:Matti Juhani Saari
3760:Jokela High School
3755:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
3599:Nicola Ann Raphael
3530:Anti-Bullying Week
3305:Social undermining
3077:Workplace bullying
3035:Peer victimization
2807:in decision-making
2048:(sense of purpose)
1637:2020-11-06 at the
1524:on August 30, 2006
1229:Bernardo Davanzati
1220:, "bar" (from the
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195:possibly contains
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3593:Dawn-Marie Wesley
3525:Anti-Bullying Day
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3235:Kiss up kick down
3020:Military bullying
2937:
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2524:Appeal to emotion
2302:Social connection
1552:on April 11, 2001
1313:Personal distress
1245:Babylonian Talmud
1169:in 218 BC. Thus,
1167:Iberian Peninsula
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758:Social connection
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3617:Sladjana Vidovic
3505:Lizzie VelĂĄsquez
3464:Kenneth Westhues
3419:Dorothy Espelage
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3260:Personal attacks
3195:False accusation
3097:Legal profession
3060:Higher education
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3366:Ditch the Label
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3055:School bullying
3040:Prison bullying
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2864:Jealousy in art
2607:in conversation
2529:Amygdala hijack
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1348:"Embarrassment"
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3798:Related topics
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1621:External links
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3781:Elliot Rodger
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3747:Virginia Tech
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3605:Ryan Halligan
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3371:GRIN Campaign
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1438:(2): 237â254.
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1403:EurekAlert!,
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1263:Cringe comedy
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840:
836:
835:Embarrassment
825:
820:
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813:
811:
806:
805:
803:
802:
794:
791:
789:
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784:
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736:
734:
733:Schadenfreude
731:
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579:
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571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Gratification
561:
559:
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554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
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518:Embarrassment
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Determination
481:
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469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:Belongingness
431:
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365:
356:
355:
349:
346:
342:
341:Dysregulation
339:
337:
336:Interpersonal
334:
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318:
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193:This article
191:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
158:November 2012
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: â
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3850:Scapegoating
3641:Jamie Hubley
3587:Hamed Nastoh
3500:Liam Hackett
3480:Andrea Adams
3454:Debra Pepler
3325:Verbal abuse
3255:Name calling
3225:Intimidation
3189:
3185:Discrediting
3145:Blacklisting
3117:Toxic leader
2929:
2869:Meta-emotion
2782:Emotionality
2755:responsivity
2703:and bullying
2698:intelligence
2508:Affectivity
2492:neuroscience
2462:in education
2045:
2006:Homesickness
1982:
1908:Enthrallment
1893:Emotion work
1880:
1756:Anticipation
1596:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1556:February 15,
1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1544:
1538:
1528:February 15,
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1516:
1510:
1500:February 15,
1498:. Retrieved
1492:
1486:
1478:
1458:February 15,
1456:. Retrieved
1450:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1332:
1293:Idiosyncrasy
1238:
1224:
1222:Vulgar Latin
1217:
1216:, "in" with
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:(from Latin
1146:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1113:Samuel Pepys
1108:
1106:
1082:
1063:
1018:
1009:
995:
967:
958:
955:professional
954:
952:
943:
907:
876:
860:
838:
834:
833:
517:
408:Anticipation
244:
226:
217:
194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
18:Embarrassing
3880:Victimology
3855:Self-esteem
3709:(incidents)
3659:Amanda Todd
3653:Audrie Pott
3611:Megan Meier
3414:Wendy Craig
3351:Bullying UK
3215:Humiliation
3200:Gaslighting
2797:and culture
2602:recognition
2587:homeostatic
2487:forecasting
2436:Weltschmerz
2409:Misanthropy
2186:grandiosity
2068:Inspiration
2058:Infatuation
2026:Humiliation
1948:Frustration
1821:Contentment
1573:Bava Metzia
1288:Humiliation
1202:imbarazzare
1117:embarrasser
1058:Environment
918:nervousness
895:humiliation
839:awkwardness
613:Humiliation
558:Frustration
458:Contentment
3895:Categories
3786:Isla Vista
3729:Jeff Weise
3689:Conrad Roy
3665:Jadin Bell
3449:Dan Olweus
3439:Gary Namie
3240:Mind games
3220:Incivility
3210:Harassment
3175:Defamation
2874:Pathognomy
2775:well-being
2691:and gender
2686:expression
2681:exhaustion
2666:detachment
2651:competence
2632:Emotional
2614:regulation
2597:perception
2592:in animals
2542:and memory
2478:Affective
2386:Worldviews
2248:melancholy
2233:Resentment
2103:Loneliness
2078:Irritation
2063:Insecurity
2053:Indulgence
1928:Excitement
1913:Enthusiasm
1846:Depression
1806:Confidence
1801:Compassion
1776:Attraction
1701:Admiration
1696:Acceptance
1357:21 January
1329:References
1235:In Judaism
1137:Portuguese
922:stammering
718:Resentment
643:Loneliness
533:Enthusiasm
473:Depression
443:Confidence
373:Admiration
368:Acceptance
315:In animals
204:improve it
128:newspapers
57:improve it
3721:Columbine
3490:Tim Field
3473:Activists
3402:Academics
3346:Ban Bossy
3285:Screaming
3230:Isolation
2902:appraisal
2842:sociology
2793:Emotions
2765:symbiosis
2750:reasoning
2720:isolation
2661:contagion
2646:blackmail
2572:expressed
2567:evolution
2557:and sleep
2547:and music
2482:computing
2429:Reclusion
2424:Pessimism
2399:Defeatism
2329:Suffering
2275:Sehnsucht
2218:Rejection
2169:self-pity
2144:Nostalgia
2113:limerence
2083:Isolation
2021:Hostility
1978:Happiness
1958:Gratitude
1903:Emptiness
1886:vicarious
1836:Curiosity
1811:Confusion
1751:Annoyance
1731:Amusement
1721:Agitation
1716:Affection
1711:Aesthetic
1706:Adoration
1545:embarrass
1493:embarrass
1451:embarrass
1210:imbarrare
1206:imbarazzo
1140:embaraçar
1125:embarazar
1109:embarrass
1103:Etymology
1072:Accidents
1045:Criticism
1035:knowledge
926:fidgeting
843:emotional
778:Suspicion
768:Suffering
738:Self-pity
703:Rejection
658:Nostalgia
638:Limerence
608:Hostility
588:Happiness
568:Gratitude
513:Elevation
468:Curiosity
448:Confusion
403:Annoyance
383:Amusement
378:Affection
220:June 2016
208:verifying
63:talk page
3906:Emotions
3734:Red Lake
3561:suicides
3559:Notable
3381:Kidscape
3315:Taunting
3310:Swatting
3275:Rudeness
3165:Coercion
3140:Betrayal
3133:Elements
3112:Teaching
3102:Medicine
3082:Academia
2971:Bullying
2760:security
2740:literacy
2725:lability
2715:intimacy
2656:conflict
2636:aperture
2533:Emotion
2517:negative
2512:positive
2502:spectrum
2467:measures
2419:Optimism
2414:Nihilism
2404:Fatalism
2394:Cynicism
2339:Sympathy
2334:Surprise
2176:Pleasure
2098:Kindness
2088:Jealousy
2073:Interest
2040:Hysteria
1923:Euphoria
1866:Distrust
1816:Contempt
1796:Calmness
1688:Emotions
1675:Emotions
1635:Archived
1258:Blushing
1252:See also
1076:Mistakes
1033:Lack of
979:minimize
959:official
939:humorous
914:sweating
910:blushing
899:birthday
773:Surprise
683:Pleasure
633:Kindness
623:Jealousy
618:Interest
543:Euphoria
498:Distrust
453:Contempt
360:Emotions
281:Emotions
273:a series
271:Part of
3518:Actions
3395:Experts
3280:Sarcasm
3250:Nagging
3107:Nursing
3025:Mobbing
2930:Italics
2893:Theory
2849:Feeling
2802:history
2787:bounded
2745:prosody
2552:and sex
2537:and art
2497:science
2453:Affect
2447:Related
2322:chronic
2297:Shyness
2257:Saudade
2243:Sadness
2238:Revenge
2228:Remorse
2159:Passion
2149:Outrage
2139:Neglect
1999:Hiraeth
1898:Empathy
1876:Ecstasy
1861:Disgust
1831:Cruelty
1826:Courage
1791:Boredom
1771:Arousal
1761:Anxiety
1746:Anguish
1613:8667166
1585:Sources
1517:Iberian
1303:Modesty
1241:Judaism
1204:, from
1198:Spanish
1024:Privacy
887:modesty
879:shyness
867:dignity
753:Shyness
728:Saudade
723:Sadness
713:Remorse
673:Passion
663:Outrage
528:Empathy
508:Ecstasy
493:Disgust
463:Courage
438:Boredom
423:Arousal
413:Anxiety
398:Anguish
348:Valence
202:Please
142:scholar
3788:, 2014
3775:, 2008
3762:, 2007
3749:, 2007
3736:, 2005
3723:, 1999
3697:(2016)
3691:(2014)
3685:(2014)
3679:(2013)
3673:(2013)
3667:(2013)
3661:(2012)
3655:(2012)
3649:(2012)
3643:(2011)
3637:(2011)
3631:(2010)
3625:(2010)
3619:(2008)
3613:(2006)
3607:(2003)
3601:(2001)
3595:(2000)
3589:(2000)
3583:(1997)
3577:(1877)
3205:Gossip
3015:Hazing
3005:Doxing
2897:affect
2879:Pathos
2832:social
2676:eating
2349:Wonder
2317:Stress
2307:Sorrow
2223:Relief
2213:Regret
2201:vanity
2196:insult
2191:hubris
2046:Ikigai
2016:Horror
1992:Hatred
1851:Desire
1841:Defeat
1766:Apathy
1611:
1175:Celtic
1171:baraça
1163:Baraça
1159:baraça
1155:baraço
1144:prefix
1054:model)
975:denial
924:, and
891:gossip
873:Causes
841:is an
788:Wonder
763:Sorrow
708:Relief
698:Regret
603:Horror
593:Hatred
478:Desire
418:Apathy
305:Affect
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
3916:Shame
3290:Shame
2978:Types
2822:moral
2730:labor
2582:group
2361:Worry
2344:Trust
2312:Spite
2292:Shock
2287:Shame
2181:Pride
2154:Panic
2033:Hygge
1973:Guilt
1968:Grief
1963:Greed
1933:Faith
1871:Doubt
1741:Angst
1736:Anger
1726:Agony
1334:Notes
1323:Shame
1278:Guilt
1225:barra
1218:barra
1177:word
1039:skill
971:anger
934:anger
863:honor
852:guilt
848:shame
793:Worry
783:Trust
748:Shock
743:Shame
688:Pride
668:Panic
583:Guilt
578:Grief
573:Greed
548:Faith
503:Doubt
393:Angst
388:Anger
149:JSTOR
135:books
3566:List
3045:Rank
2641:bias
2626:work
2208:Rage
2164:Pity
2125:Lust
2108:Love
2011:Hope
1943:Flow
1938:Fear
1918:Envy
1679:list
1609:PMID
1558:2006
1530:2006
1502:2006
1460:2006
1359:2022
1196:The
1185:for
1179:barr
1037:and
883:nude
850:and
693:Rage
678:Pity
653:Lust
648:Love
598:Hope
553:Fear
538:Envy
325:Mood
121:news
2093:Joy
1781:Awe
1601:doi
1214:in-
1189:in
1157:or
1151:im-
1147:em-
1012:by
965:).
957:or
865:or
837:or
628:Joy
428:Awe
206:by
104:by
3897::
1607:.
1597:70
1595:.
1468:^
1436:11
1434:.
1390:,
1350:.
1187:rr
973:,
920:,
916:,
912:,
905:.
275:on
66:.
3568:)
3564:(
2963:e
2956:t
2949:v
1681:)
1677:(
1667:e
1660:t
1653:v
1615:.
1603::
1560:.
1532:.
1504:.
1462:.
1361:.
1183:r
823:e
816:t
809:v
251:)
245:(
233:)
227:(
222:)
218:(
200:.
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
146:·
139:·
132:·
125:·
98:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
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