1420:
2744:
2733:
1434:
1109:
2755:
36:
1312:
EAI enables users to have a localized address in a native language script or character set, as well as an ASCII form for communicating with legacy systems or for script-independent use. Applications that recognize internationalized domain names and mail addresses must have facilities to convert these
1210:
Formal and informal standards: RFC 3696 provides specific advice for validating
Internet identifiers, including email addresses. Some websites instead attempt to evaluate the validity of email addresses through arbitrary standards, such as by rejecting addresses containing valid characters, such as
1237:
Sender reputation: An email sender's reputation may be used to attempt to verify whether the sender is trustworthy or a potential spammer. Factors that may be incorporated into an assessment of sender reputation include the quality of past contact with or content provided by, and engagement levels
1206:
Verification links: Email address validation is often accomplished for account creation on websites by sending an email to the user-provided email address with a special temporary hyperlink. On receipt, the user opens the link, immediately activating the account. Email addresses are also useful as
538:
A local-part is either a Dot-string or a Quoted-string; it cannot be a combination. Quoted strings and characters, however, are not commonly used. RFC 5321 also warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where the Local-part requires (or uses) the Quoted-string
477:
If quoted, it may contain Space, Horizontal Tab (HT), any ASCII graphic except
Backslash and Quote and a quoted-pair consisting of a Backslash followed by HT, Space or any ASCII graphic; it may also be split between lines anywhere that HT or Space appears. In contrast to unquoted local-parts, the
314:
The local-part of an email address has no significance for intermediate mail relay systems other than the final mailbox host. Email senders and intermediate relay systems must not assume it to be case-insensitive, since the final mailbox host may or may not treat it as such. A single mailbox may
1304:
The basic EAI concepts involve exchanging mail in UTF-8. Though the original proposal included a downgrading mechanism for legacy systems, this has now been dropped. The local servers are responsible for the local-part of the address, whereas the domain would be restricted by the rules of
606:
Some mail services support a tag included in the local-part, such that the address is an alias to a prefix of the local-part. Typically the characters following a plus and less often the characters following a minus, so fred+bah@domain and fred+foo@domain might end up in the same inbox as
219:
An email address consists of two parts, a local-part (sometimes a user name, but not always) and a domain; if the domain is a domain name rather than an IP address then the SMTP client uses the domain name to look up the mail exchange IP address. The general format of an email address is
583:"the local-part MUST be interpreted and assigned semantics only by the host specified in the domain of the address". This means that no assumptions can be made about the meaning of the local-part of another mail server. It is entirely up to the configuration of the mail server.
334:
The addresses found in the header fields of an email message are not directly used by mail exchanges to deliver the message. An email message also contains a message envelope that contains the information for mail routing. While envelope and header addresses may be equal,
556:
specify different mailboxes; however, many organizations treat uppercase and lowercase letters as equivalent. Indeed, RFC 5321 warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where ... the Local-part is case-sensitive".
371:
may have a maximum of 255 octets. The formal definitions are in RFC 5322 (sections 3.2.3 and 3.4.1) and RFC 5321—with a more readable form given in the informational RFC 3696 (written by J. Klensin, the author of RFC 5321) and the associated errata.
1288:
The IETF's EAI Working group published RFC 6530 "Overview and
Framework for Internationalized Email", which enabled non-ASCII characters to be used in both the local-parts and domain of an email address. RFC 6530 provides for email based on the
840:
specifies that certain domains, for example those intended for documentation and testing, should not be resolvable and that as a result mail addressed to mailboxes in them and their subdomains should be non-deliverable. Of note for e-mail are
1219:, or enforcing arbitrary length limitations. Email address internationalization provides for a much larger range of characters than many current validation algorithms allow, such as all Unicode characters above U+0080, encoded as
402:
notation, in which the address was given in the form of a sequence of computers through which the message should be relayed. This was widely used for several years, but was superseded by the
Internet standards promulgated by the
171:
enclosed in brackets. Although the standard requires the local-part to be case-sensitive, it also urges that receiving hosts deliver messages in a case-independent manner, e.g., that the mail system in the domain
501:
are allowed with restrictions (they are only allowed inside a quoted string, as described in the paragraph below, and in that quoted string, any backslash or double-quote must be preceded once by a backslash);
2118:
902:
93:
box to which messages are delivered. While early messaging systems used a variety of formats for addressing, today, email addresses follow a set of specific rules originally standardized by the
1337:
now supplies a free email account on domain राजस्थान.भारत for every citizen of the state. A leading media house
Rajasthan Patrika launched their IDN domain पत्रिका.भारत with contactable email.
560:
Despite the wide range of special characters which are technically valid, organisations, mail services, mail servers and mail clients in practice often do not accept all of them. For example,
375:
An email address also may have an associated "display-name" (Display Name) for the recipient, which precedes the address specification, now surrounded by angled brackets, for example:
382:. Email spammers and phishers will often use "Display Name spoofing" to trick their victims, by using a false Display Name, or by using a different email address as the Display Name.
233:. The SMTP client transmits the message to the mail exchange, which may forward it to another mail exchange until it eventually arrives at the host of the recipient's mail system.
315:
receive mail for multiple email addresses, if configured by the administrator. Conversely, a single email address may be the alias to a distribution list to many mailboxes.
1333:
for use by
Gujrati, Marathi, Bangali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi and Urdu speakers. Indian company XgenPlus.com claims to be the world's first EAI mailbox provider, and the
546:
is treated specially—it is case-insensitive, and should be forwarded to the domain email administrator. Technically all other local-parts are case-sensitive, therefore
1161:
Email addresses are often requested as input to website as validation of user existence. Other validation methods are available, such as cell phone number validation,
2034:
2324:
2110:
1589:
888:
1316:
Significant demand for such addresses is expected in China, Japan, Russia, and other markets that have large user bases in a non-Latin-based writing system.
2456:
331:
addresses, the latter being mailboxes that receive messages regardless of the local-part, are common patterns for achieving a variety of delivery goals.
2536:
908:
1862:
54:
2498:
351:, and many other Internet-based scams. This has led to several initiatives which aim to make such forgeries of fraudulent emails easier to spot.
961:
1309:, though still transmitted in UTF-8. The mail server is also responsible for any mapping mechanism between the IMA form and any ASCII alias.
2736:
1575:"...you can add or remove the dots from a mail address without changing the actual destination address; and they'll all go to your inbox..."
590:
may distinguish mailboxes differing only in capitalization of characters of the local-part, although this is not very common. For example,
528:
1226:
Algorithmic tools: Large websites, bulk mailers and spammers require efficient tools to validate email addresses. Such tools depend upon
2147:
808:) allow for presentation of non-ASCII domains. In mail systems compliant with RFC 6531 and RFC 6532 an email address may be encoded as
644:
Addresses of this form, using various separators between the base name and the tag, are supported by several email services, including
1945:
979:
882:
609:
2089:
280:
188:. Mail systems often limit the users' choice of name to a subset of the technically permitted characters; with the introduction of
827:
821:
516:
511:
378:
150:
1241:
Browser-based verification: HTML5 forms implemented in many browsers allow email address validation to be handled by the browser.
2268:
1022:
913:
470:
535:, though even mail systems that support SMTPUTF8 and 8BITMIME may restrict which characters to use when assigning local-parts.
2377:
1079:
1071:
921:
614:
586:
Interpretation of the local-part is dependent on the conventions and policies implemented in the mail server. For example,
2349:
876:
230:
1183:
exists. Thus many mail servers use other techniques and check the mailbox existence against relevant systems such as the
2042:
1376:
1063:
989:
938:
553:
548:
942:
2198:
983:
532:
2721:
Update to
Internet Message Format to Allow Group Syntax in the "From:" and "Sender:" Header Fields (Updates RFC 5322)
1261:
conducts a technical and standards working group devoted to internationalization issues of email addresses, entitled
1246:
1148:
468:, provided that it is not the first or last character and provided also that it does not appear consecutively (e.g.,
203:
by many websites and services that provide a user profile or account. For example, if a user wants to login to their
72:
273:
2747:
1781:
1741:
1627:
1191:
to check if the mailbox exists. Callback verification is an imperfect solution, as it may be disabled to avoid a
404:
94:
17:
1055:
1047:
895:
2759:
1386:
1130:
1126:
236:
The transmission of electronic mail from the author's computer and between mail hosts in the
Internet uses the
1082:(even if escaped (preceded by a backslash), spaces, quotes, and backslashes must still be contained by quotes)
1879:
1306:
801:
237:
189:
2457:"2011-01-25 - Approval of Delegation of the seven top-level domains representing India in various languages"
1562:
However, exploiting the case sensitivity of mailbox local-parts impedes interoperability and is discouraged.
296:
736:
427:
1859:
1822:. However, the phrase is hidden, thus one has to either check the availability of an invalid ID, e.g.,
1467:
1074:(spaces, quotes, and backslashes may only exist when within quoted strings and preceded by a backslash)
386:
211:
in the form of an email address as the username ID, even though the service in this case is not email.
260:. The mailboxes may be accessed and managed by applications on personal computers, mobile devices or
1702:
2621:
Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes RFC 821, Updates RFC 1123, Obsoleted by RFC 5321) (Errata)
2286:
1207:
means of delivering messages from a website, e.g., user messages, user actions, to the email inbox.
1192:
723:
part of an email address has to conform to strict guidelines: it must match the requirements for a
708:
2390:
1775:
303:) contains the name of the recipient's mailserver. In absence of an MX record, an address record (
2601:
Requirements for
Internet Hosts, Application and Support (Updated by RFC 2821, RFC 5321) (Errata)
1334:
1119:
992:(local-part ending with non-alphanumeric character from the list of allowed printable characters)
576:). Common advice is to avoid using some special characters to avoid the risk of rejected emails.
320:
2537:"देश में पहला, प्रदेश के हर नागरिक के लिए मुफ्त ई-वॉल्ट और ई-मेल की सुविधा शुरू - वसुन्धरा राजे"
1617:
1176:), although technical specification detailed in RFC 822 and subsequent RFCs are more extensive.
998:(IP addresses are allowed instead of domains when in square brackets, but strongly discouraged)
677:
2250:
1202:
Several validation techniques may be utilized to validate a user email address. For example,
1188:
523:
In addition to the above ASCII characters, international characters above U+007F, encoded as
2225:
2139:
1658:
1573:
1534:
1493:
1918:
1678:
1641:
1554:
1513:
1462:
1447:
561:
415:
The local-part of the email address may be unquoted or may be enclosed in quotation marks.
269:
2474:
8:
1994:
1472:
1398:
1392:
1227:
689:
288:
199:
Due to the ubiquity of email in today's world, email addresses are often used as regular
2522:
2298:
2081:
2581:
Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages (Obsoleted by RFC 2822) (Errata)
1184:
1058:(none of the special characters in this local-part are allowed outside quotation marks)
693:
292:
50:
1066:(quoted strings must be dot separated or be the only element making up the local-part)
1439:
1325:
1231:
676:(plus and Subdomain Addressing), postale.io (plus), Pobox (plus), MeMail (plus), and
364:
208:
1419:
1323:
top-level domain, the government of India in 2011 got approval for ".bharat", (from
2714:
2704:
2701:
Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes RFC 4952, 5504, 5825)
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
1908:
1785:
1745:
1668:
1631:
1544:
1503:
1353:
1341:
1266:
931:
833:
618:
587:
253:
241:
98:
2063:
1297:. RFC 6531 provides a mechanism for SMTP servers to negotiate transmission of the
2691:
A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation (Updates RFC 4291) (Errata)
1866:
1811:
1425:
1330:
731:
labels, each label being limited to a length of 63 characters and consisting of:
328:
284:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
1921:
1898:
1735:
1681:
1662:
1644:
1621:
1557:
1538:
1516:
1497:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
837:
622:
257:
249:
245:
106:
102:
2775:
2578:
2568:
1970:
1380:
1368:
645:
336:
2434:
1840:
1265:(EAI, also known as IMA, Internationalized Mail Address). This group produced
1086:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234+x@example.com
815:
Comments are allowed in the domain as well as in the local-part; for example,
2769:
2743:
2732:
2661:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes RFC 2821, Updates RFC 1123) (Errata)
504:
Comments are allowed with parentheses at either end of the local-part; e.g.,
493:
The maximum total length of the local-part of an email address is 64 octets.
2378:
Verification & Validation Techniques for Email Address Quality Assurance
1168:
An email address is generally recognized as having two parts joined with an
2631:
Internet Message Format (Obsoletes RFC 822, Obsoleted by RFC 5322) (Errata)
2202:
1771:
1731:
1613:
1452:
1245:
Some companies offer services to validate an email address, often using an
641:. This can be useful for tagging emails for sorting, and for spam control.
2671:
Internet Message Format (Obsoletes RFC 2822, Updated by RFC 6854) (Errata)
2159:
Pobox supports the use of "+anystring" (plus extensions) with any address.
968:"very.(),:;<>\".VERY.\"very@\\ \"very\".unusual"@strange.example.com
2015:
1179:
Syntactically correct, verified email addresses do not guarantee that an
1162:
720:
669:
665:
657:
368:
316:
308:
164:
2641:
Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names (Errata)
2325:"How Domino formats the sender's Internet address in outbound messages"
1404:
1372:
1133: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
797:
782:
700:
allow configuring an arbitrary separator from the legal character set.
344:
168:
1913:
1790:
1750:
1673:
1636:
1549:
1508:
1457:
1180:
653:
398:
300:
204:
200:
1108:
2651:
IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture (Updated by RFC 5952) (Errata)
1298:
1249:, but there is no guarantee that it will provide accurate results.
805:
724:
673:
348:
304:
299:(RR) for the recipient's domain. A mail exchanger resource record (
1433:
564:
only allows creation of email addresses using alphanumerics, dot (
1294:
1169:
971:
703:
The text of the tag may be used to apply filtering, or to create
261:
2408:
1195:, or callbacks may be reported as spam and lead to listing on a
27:
Identifier of the destination where email messages are delivered
2754:
2711:
SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes RFC 5336)
2611:
Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and Functions (Errata)
2571:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoleted by RFCs 2821 and 5321)
661:
1521:
The local-part of a mailbox MUST BE treated as case sensitive.
607:
fred+@domain or even as fred@domain. For example, the address
1348:
based servers without an extension, but are permitted by the
1290:
1220:
1196:
1026:
809:
781:(letters, digits, hyphen). In addition, the domain may be an
685:
649:
591:
524:
419:
390:
193:
90:
1364:. Servers compliant with this will be able to handle these:
934:, although ICANN highly discourages dotless email addresses)
109:. The term email address in this article refers to just the
1904:
1258:
766:, provided that top-level domain names are not all-numeric;
697:
681:
394:
265:
2171:
598:
address for the purposes of determining account identity.
1320:
804:(which are encoded to comply with the requirements for a
728:
1285:, and continues to work on additional EAI-related RFCs.
1092:
i.like.underscores@but_they_are_not_allowed_in_this_part
2591:
Domain names, Implementation and specification (Errata)
891:(case is always ignored after the @ and usually before)
2357:
Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group
1014:
773:, provided that it is not the first or last character.
2475:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In"
1590:"How a simple email address makes things complicated"
184:; some mail systems even treat them as equivalent to
2269:"Exim Configuration Parameters, "local_part_suffix""
2035:"Outlook.com supports simpler "+" email aliases too"
1415:
1340:
The example addresses below would not be handled by
387:
email addresses for other networks than the Internet
389:included other notations, such as that required by
45:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2199:"Dot-Qmail, Control the delivery of mail messages"
1841:"Characters in the local part of an email address"
1535:"General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model"
1494:"General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model"
2767:
2350:"M3AAWG Sender Best Common Practices, Version 3"
924:(slashes are a printable character, and allowed)
1946:"Send emails from a different address or alias"
1293:encoding, which permits the full repertoire of
1050:(only one @ is allowed outside quotation marks)
2413:Email Address Internationalization (Active WG)
1098:
812:, both a local-part as well as a domain name.
1826:, or resort to alternative displaying, e.g.,
1238:of, the sender's IP address or email address.
2297:
970:(include non-letters character AND multiple
964:(bangified host route used for uucp mailers)
113:in Section 3.4 of RFC 5322. The RFC defines
1900:Sieve Email Filtering: Subaddress Extension
207:video gaming profile, they would use their
2435:"Email Address Internationalization (eai)"
2299:"New gTLD Dotless Domain Names Prohibited"
2193:
2191:
2082:"Plus addressing and subdomain addressing"
1971:"An Overview of the Andrew Message System"
1532:
1491:
1094:(underscore is not allowed in domain part)
1033:
2380:by Jan Hornych 2011, University of Oxford
1912:
1896:
1789:
1749:
1726:
1724:
1672:
1635:
1548:
1507:
1149:Learn how and when to remove this message
1088:(local-part is longer than 64 characters)
796:, although this is rarely seen except in
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
57:, without removing the technical details.
1940:
1938:
1587:
1010:(begin with underscore different syntax)
869:
594:ignores all dots in the local-part of a
192:, efforts are progressing to permit non-
2415:. IETF. March 17, 2006 – March 18, 2013
2188:
1770:
1730:
1612:
1252:
785:literal, surrounded by square brackets
363:, where the local-part may be up to 64
14:
2768:
2499:"Now, get your email address in Hindi"
2032:
1764:
1721:
1935:
612:denotes the same delivery address as
527:, are permitted by RFC 6531 when the
418:If unquoted, it may use any of these
55:make it understandable to non-experts
2287:"Instant disposable Gmail addresses"
2111:"postale.io's FAQ on sub-addressing"
2016:"Disposable addresses in Yahoo Mail"
1830:or source view, in order to read it.
1131:adding citations to reliable sources
1102:
974:, the first one being double quoted)
311:) directly specifies the mail host.
214:
97:(IETF) in the 1980s, and updated by
29:
2140:"Can I use with my Pobox account?"
1860:Are Email Addresses Case Sensitive?
1015:Valid email addresses with SMTPUTF8
324:
24:
2558:
2251:"Postfix Configuration Parameters"
1543:. p. 15. sec. 2.4.
1502:. p. 15. sec. 2.4.
1263:Email Address Internationalization
943:List of Internet top-level domains
359:The format of an email address is
25:
2787:
2725:
1247:application programming interface
601:
2753:
2742:
2731:
2223:
1432:
1418:
1319:For example, in addition to the
1165:validation, and fax validation.
1107:
274:Internet Message Access Protocol
34:
2529:
2523:"Universal Acceptance in India"
2515:
2491:
2467:
2449:
2427:
2401:
2383:
2371:
2342:
2317:
2291:
2279:
2261:
2243:
2217:
2164:
2150:from the original on 2020-10-03
2132:
2121:from the original on 2020-10-06
2103:
2092:from the original on 2020-10-06
2074:
2056:
2026:
2008:
1995:"Subaddressing/Plus Addressing"
1987:
1963:
1890:
1880:"Receiving someone else's mail"
1872:
1853:
1833:
1804:
1118:needs additional citations for
1029:are only allowed with SMTPUTF8)
916:inbox depending on mail server)
817:john.smith@(comment)example.com
506:john.smith(comment)@example.com
405:Internet Engineering Task Force
196:characters in email addresses.
154:
95:Internet Engineering Task Force
1695:
1651:
1606:
1581:
1567:
1526:
1485:
1387:Traditional Chinese characters
1307:internationalized domain names
1004:(IPv6 uses a different syntax)
802:Internationalized domain names
190:internationalized domain names
13:
1:
2033:Rivera, Rafael (2013-09-17).
1623:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1588:Morrison, Sara (2021-09-06).
1540:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1499:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1478:
625:refers to this convention as
579:According to RFC 5321 2.3.11
497:Space and special characters
410:
238:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2226:"4.1.5. extension addresses"
7:
1533:J. Klensin (October 2008).
1492:J. Klensin (October 2008).
1411:
1099:Validation and verification
930:(local domain name with no
864:
281:transmitting email messages
159:
10:
2792:
2681:Internet Mail Architecture
1812:"Sign up for Windows Live"
1618:"Size Limits and Minimums"
1468:Non-Internet email address
1383:: δοκιμή@παράδειγμα.δοκιμή
951:(space between the quotes)
777:This rule is known as the
727:, a list of dot-separated
709:disposable email addresses
629:, but it is also known as
148:An email address, such as
2391:"4.10 Forms — HTML5"
1401:: медведь@с-балалайкой.рф
982:(% escaped mail route to
714:
377:John Smith <
354:
252:, and extensions such as
117:more broadly as either a
1193:directory harvest attack
1187:for the domain or using
735:Uppercase and lowercase
460:!#$ %&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~
426:uppercase and lowercase
321:electronic mailing lists
268:protocol and either the
2064:"Addresses and Aliases"
1784:. sec. 4.5.3.1.1.
1664:Internet Message Format
1659:"Address Specification"
1335:Government of Rajasthan
1054:a"b(c)d,e:f;g<h>i
1034:Invalid email addresses
955:"john..doe"@example.org
898:(one-letter local-part)
660:Plus (hyphen), Apple's
648:(plus), Runbox (plus),
514:are both equivalent to
488:"John..Doe"@example.com
484:"John.Doe."@example.com
480:".John.Doe"@example.com
341:spoofed email addresses
339:addresses (also called
2737:Validate Email Address
2543:(in Hindi). 2017-08-18
1897:Murchison, K. (2008).
1869:by Heinz Tschabitscher
157:, the symbol @, and a
129:value can be either a
1703:"Spotting a Spoofing"
1630:. sec. 4.5.3.1.
1407:: संपर्क@डाटामेल.भारत
1405:Devanagari characters
1189:callback verification
870:Valid email addresses
458:printable characters
141:, or the more common
2762:at Wikimedia Commons
2329:IBM Knowledge Center
2285:Gina Trapani (2005)
1463:Email authentication
1448:Anti-spam techniques
1329:), written in seven
1253:Internationalization
1228:heuristic algorithms
1127:improve this article
581:Mailbox and Address,
562:Windows Live Hotmail
343:) are often seen in
289:mail transfer agents
270:Post Office Protocol
153:, is made up from a
2525:. 15 February 2017.
1709:. November 19, 2020
1473:International email
1399:Cyrillic characters
1393:Japanese characters
957:(quoted double dot)
690:Courier Mail Server
295:(DNS) to look up a
240:(SMTP), defined in
133:, which contains a
2503:The Economic Times
2461:features.icann.org
2409:"Eai Status Pages"
2205:on 26 January 2012
2144:helpspot.pobox.com
1865:2016-06-03 at the
1232:statistical models
1185:Domain Name System
1078:this\ still\"not\\
911:(may be routed to
825:are equivalent to
293:domain name system
2758:Media related to
1734:(February 2004).
1667:. sec. 3.4.
1440:technology portal
1331:different scripts
1313:representations.
1159:
1158:
1151:
635:tagged addressing
385:Earlier forms of
361:local-part@domain
264:sites, using the
215:Message transport
209:Microsoft account
180:as equivalent to
163:, which may be a
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2097:
2086:www.fastmail.com
2078:
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2053:
2051:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
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2012:
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1991:
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1791:10.17487/RFC5321
1774:(October 2008).
1768:
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1728:
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1674:10.17487/RFC5322
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1637:10.17487/RFC5321
1616:(October 2008).
1610:
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1509:10.17487/RFC5321
1489:
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1423:
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1326:Bhārat Gaṇarājya
1154:
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1140:
1134:
1111:
1103:
1093:
1087:
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1073:
1065:
1057:
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1042:(no @ character)
1041:
1024:
1009:
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985:via example.org)
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588:case sensitivity
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473:is not allowed).
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285:mail user agents
228:, e.g. jsmith@,
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2559:Further reading
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2359:. February 2015
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2230:Life with qmail
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1867:Wayback Machine
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1426:internet portal
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639:mail extensions
631:plus addressing
604:
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568:), underscore (
565:
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543:
542:The local-part
515:
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297:Resource Record
291:(MTAs) use the
217:
79:
68:
62:
59:
51:help improve it
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Email addresses
15:
12:
11:
5:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2748:Best Practices
2740:
2727:
2726:External links
2724:
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2187:
2176:www.memail.com
2163:
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2102:
2073:
2055:
2039:Within Windows
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2007:
1986:
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646:Andrew Project
603:
602:Sub-addressing
600:
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521:
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2760:Email address
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2542:
2541:वसुन्धरा राजे
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2303:www.icann.org
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2065:
2059:
2045:on 2014-02-20
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1352:extension of
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1128:
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1116:This section
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1080:
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1056:
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928:admin@example
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627:subaddressing
624:
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491:
490:are allowed.
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367:long and the
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317:Email aliases
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272:(POP) or the
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87:email address
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66:
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46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2750:at Wikibooks
2739:at Wikibooks
2545:. Retrieved
2540:
2531:
2517:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2441:November 30,
2439:. Retrieved
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2412:
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2394:
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2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2356:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
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2307:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2281:
2272:
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2254:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2224:Sill, Dave.
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2179:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2158:
2152:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2028:
2019:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1965:
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1949:
1925:. Retrieved
1899:
1892:
1883:
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1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:. Retrieved
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1776:
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1755:. Retrieved
1736:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:cyber.nj.gov
1706:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1663:
1653:
1622:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1578:, Google.com
1574:
1569:
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1539:
1528:
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1498:
1487:
1453:Email client
1349:
1339:
1324:
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1256:
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1145:
1136:
1125:Please help
1120:verification
1117:
1070:this is"not\
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2479:registry.in
2255:postfix.org
1955:13 December
1927:February 9,
1772:Klensin, J.
1732:Klensin, J.
1614:Klensin, J.
1395:: 二ノ宮@黒川.日本
1163:postal mail
1002:postmaster@
996:postmaster@
859:example.org
855:example.net
851:example.com
721:domain name
670:Proton Mail
666:Outlook.com
658:Yahoo! Mail
287:(MUAs) and
174:example.com
165:domain name
2547:2017-08-20
2508:2016-10-17
2484:2016-10-17
2235:27 January
2209:27 January
2181:2020-10-06
2154:2020-10-03
2125:2020-10-06
2115:postale.io
2096:2020-10-06
2049:2023-12-04
2020:Yahoo Help
1950:Gmail Help
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1817:2008-07-26
1797:2019-08-01
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