1298:
822:
4511:
4504:
352:
147:
3306:
4490:
3324:
4518:
3318:
4675:
4497:
3313:
1328:
852:
4483:
125:
615:
1204:
970:
697:
911:
1358:
940:
882:
792:
1382:
1241:
734:
1020:
998:
435:
Being shallow-water fishes, the elpistostegalians evolved many of the basic adaptions that later allowed the tetrapods to become terrestrial animals. The most important ones were the shift of main propulsion apparatus from the tail fin to the pectoral and pelvic fins, and a shift to reliance on lungs
419:
A rise in global oxygen content allowed for the evolution of large, predatory fish that were able to exploit the shallow tidal areas and swamplands as top predators. Several groups evolved to fill these niches, the most successful were the elpistiostegalians. In such environments, they would have
1661:
Lebedev, O. A.; Clément, G. (2018). "New tetrapodomorph vertebrates from the Yam-Tesovo locality (Amata
Regional Stage, Middle–Upper Devonian) of Leningrad Region, northwestern Russia".
453:(around 380–375 million years old). Thus, the oldest bone remains of elpistostegalians appear in the late Middle Devonian or in the early Late Devonian. However,
1603:
2623:
3215:
283:
2133:
436:
rather than gills as the main means of obtaining oxygen. Both of these appear to be a direct result of moving to an inland freshwater mode of living.
2970:
2748:
486:
3036:
2963:
2949:
2633:
4752:
3184:
3022:
2653:
2563:
2513:
252:
3573:
3235:
2882:
2797:
2755:
303:
3143:
2956:
2805:
2769:
2683:
2198:
Chang, M.-M.; Yu, X. (1997). "Reexamination of the relationship of Middle
Devonian osteolepids–fossil characters and their interpretations".
2643:
2483:
1889:
4798:
2911:
2583:
2858:
2713:
2286:
2074:
2314:
4647:
1965:
556:, later become a synonym for Panderichthyida. In most analyses, the group as traditionally imagined is actually an
457:
from the early Middle
Devonian of Poland suggests that tetrapod-limbed animals may have existed as early as in the
1831:"Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish"
4503:
4510:
4637:
2279:
2174:
146:
1547:
Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (2010).
4793:
2104:
420:
been challenged by periodic oxygen deficiency. In comparable modern aquatic environments like shallow
4733:
4489:
3312:
526:, followed by a host of smaller bones anchoring the fin rays; the pelvic fin skeleton similarly has
4678:
4517:
2272:
2020:"The Greatest Step In Vertebrate History: A Paleobiological Review of the Fish-Tetrapod Transition"
1688:
Stewart, Thomas A.; Lemberg, Justin B.; Daly, Ailis; Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil H. (2022).
4496:
3317:
2213:
Cloutier, R.; Clement, A. M.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Noël, R.; Béchard, I.; Roy, V.; Long, J. A. (2020). "
4482:
4452:
4770:
4695:
4632:
4416:
3323:
2384:
1297:
821:
1966:"Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes"
1920:
4765:
4757:
2473:
2226:
2150:
2019:
1842:
1783:
1703:
1560:
1494:
3305:
8:
4652:
3832:
2070:"Postcranial stem tetrapod remains from the Devonian of Scat Craig, Morayshire, Scotland"
511:
The anal and posterior dorsal fin supported by a basal plate and three unjointed radials.
454:
357:
2230:
2154:
1846:
1787:
1707:
1564:
1498:
4574:
4048:
3700:
3136:
2896:
2250:
2166:
2088:
2069:
2050:
1990:
1950:
1912:
1865:
1830:
1806:
1771:
1747:
1734:
1689:
1584:
1526:
1161:
663:
557:
328:
141:
4580:
4159:
3819:
3550:
3013:
2982:
2836:
2254:
2242:
2042:
1890:"Morphological Adaptations of Cyprinodontoids for Inhabiting Oxygen Deficient Waters"
1870:
1811:
1751:
1739:
1721:
1643:
1626:
1576:
1518:
1510:
609:
596:
561:
217:
4586:
3843:
2234:
2170:
2158:
2141:
2083:
2054:
2034:
1982:
1946:
1904:
1860:
1850:
1801:
1791:
1729:
1711:
1694:
1670:
1638:
1588:
1568:
1530:
1502:
2264:
4596:
4564:
4288:
4180:
4017:
3792:
3767:
3740:
3566:
3157:
3150:
2998:
2904:
2889:
2873:
2446:
2433:
2396:
2295:
1796:
639:
548:
505:
400:
378:
204:
29:
4642:
4616:
4611:
4569:
4559:
4434:
4405:
4329:
4297:
4274:
4253:
4232:
4196:
4173:
4152:
4125:
4084:
4010:
4003:
3881:
3801:
3121:
3071:
2850:
2593:
2533:
1716:
905:
470:
2238:
1674:
1663:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1478:
4787:
4718:
4399:
4375:
4368:
4311:
4304:
4246:
4218:
3987:
3976:
3963:
3949:
3935:
3852:
3808:
3670:
3630:
3455:
3394:
3205:
3078:
3029:
2820:
2369:
2344:
1725:
1514:
1197:
964:
690:
578:
523:
494:
441:
404:
373:
273:
191:
133:
75:
1855:
4606:
4601:
4550:
4545:
4422:
4339:
4267:
4225:
3996:
3942:
3781:
3690:
3620:
3559:
3435:
3414:
3404:
3384:
3341:
3256:
3129:
2941:
2926:
2727:
2697:
2603:
2523:
2335:
2246:
2046:
1874:
1815:
1743:
1580:
1522:
1477:
Boisvert, Catherine A.; Mark-Kurik, Elga; Ahlberg, Per E. (December 2008).
1351:
1322:
1267:
1253:
875:
846:
786:
772:
750:
552:
498:
474:
319:
514:
The pectoral fin skeleton is composed of bones homologous to the tetrapod
4744:
4727:
4239:
4063:
3919:
3905:
3859:
3650:
3610:
3106:
3064:
3057:
3050:
2919:
2843:
2829:
2783:
2776:
2741:
2706:
2553:
2493:
2353:
934:
482:
50:
1572:
1506:
4361:
4210:
4203:
4143:
4095:
3720:
3640:
3526:
3496:
3465:
3445:
3425:
3225:
3114:
3099:
3043:
2790:
2613:
2543:
2463:
1994:
1916:
1375:
1327:
1291:
992:
851:
815:
490:
408:
293:
95:
60:
1690:"A new elpistostegalian from the Late Devonian of the Canadian Arctic"
4591:
4354:
4346:
4260:
4036:
3928:
3890:
3774:
3754:
3730:
3710:
3516:
3485:
3475:
3347:
3262:
3245:
3195:
3092:
2933:
2673:
2503:
1546:
1235:
1165:
1014:
728:
586:
569:
421:
387:
313:
263:
158:
100:
44:
4689:
1986:
1908:
1549:"Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland"
614:
124:
4712:
4390:
4188:
4111:
4104:
4076:
3898:
3591:
3506:
3365:
2762:
2720:
2663:
2326:
2038:
1772:"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America"
1203:
1169:
969:
696:
458:
450:
446:
425:
382:
178:
113:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
37:
33:
2162:
1548:
1357:
939:
910:
881:
791:
4458:
4166:
4118:
3680:
3660:
3085:
2573:
1604:"A possible 'elpistostegalid' fish from the Devonian of Gondwana"
1381:
515:
429:
105:
80:
3536:
2734:
2320:
1973:
1937:
Long, J.A. (1990). "Heterochrony and the origin of tetrapods".
1240:
733:
535:
168:
1829:
Dahl TW, Hammarlund EU, Anbar AD, et al. (October 2010).
1176:
as the sister taxon of all unequivocally digited vertebrates.
1019:
997:
573:
565:
531:
527:
381:
taxa. The earliest elpistostegalians, combining fishlike and
368:
432:
also rely on the more stable, atmospheric source of oxygen.
1687:
519:
1624:
1476:
2131:
564:, though Chang and Yu (1997) treated them as the sister
395:. Although historically Elpistostegalia (referred to as
3340:
2212:
2017:
1625:
Ahlberg, P. E.; Luksevics, E.; Mark-Kurik, E. (2000).
4322:
4285:
4140:
4060:
4032:
3960:
3916:
3878:
3751:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3616:
3606:
3547:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3481:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3421:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3180:
3010:
2994:
2870:
2817:
2694:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
489:
foramen. The cranial kinesis is also visible in the
347:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
248:
2294:
1828:
1172:. The analysis carried out in this study recovered
2197:
2013:
2011:
1627:"A near-tetrapod from the Baltic Middle Devonian"
4785:
2008:
1472:
1470:
2444:
2134:"Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods"
1957:
1660:
2280:
2067:
2368:
1608:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria
1467:
1601:
1542:
1540:
2287:
2273:
2127:
2125:
1963:
1936:
477:for Elpistostegalia (and thus Tetrapoda):
123:
2087:
2075:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1864:
1854:
1805:
1795:
1733:
1715:
1656:
1654:
1642:
2217:and the origin of the vertebrate hand".
1537:
2122:
547:The name, originally coined around the
473:has identified the following traits as
4786:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1651:
572:. Elpistostegalia was re-defined as a
449:(around 385 million years old) or the
4694:
4693:
4533:
3339:
2431:
2313:
2268:
2102:
2027:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1888:Lewis, William M. Jr. (1 June 1970).
1887:
560:, the last "fishes" of the tetrapod
2432:
2132:Ahlberg, P.E; Johanson, Z. (1998).
1822:
1758:
13:
4534:
2089:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02526.x
1951:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1990.tb01357.x
14:
4810:
4799:Middle Devonian first appearances
2018:Gordon, M.S.; Long, J.A. (2004).
1602:Long, J. A.; Holland, T. (2008).
1156:revealed that the paired fins of
485:is hinged, the hinge forming the
4674:
4673:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
3322:
3316:
3311:
3304:
1964:Armbruster, Jonathan W. (1998).
1644:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2000.00138.x
1380:
1356:
1326:
1296:
1239:
1202:
1018:
996:
968:
938:
909:
880:
850:
820:
790:
732:
695:
613:
461:, around 395 million years ago.
411:redefined to include tetrapods.
350:
145:
48:
2206:
2191:
2096:
2061:
1930:
414:
1881:
1681:
1618:
1595:
1:
4638:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
1460:
469:Paleontologist and professor
1835:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1797:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683
542:
424:lakes and swampland, modern
7:
1152:The 2020 study by Cloutier
10:
4815:
2105:"Getting a Leg Up on Land"
1717:10.1038/s41586-022-04990-w
385:-like characters, such as
4702:
4669:
4625:
4544:
4540:
4529:
4479:
4433:
4398:
4385:
4321:
4284:
4139:
4094:
4071:
4059:
4031:
3986:
3971:
3959:
3915:
3877:
3842:
3827:
3818:
3791:
3762:
3750:
3602:
3587:
3546:
3376:
3364:
3360:
3335:
3301:
3255:
3176:
3167:
3009:
2990:
2981:
2869:
2816:
2693:
2455:
2440:
2427:
2395:
2377:
2364:
2309:
2239:10.1038/s41586-020-2100-8
2200:American Museum Novitates
1675:10.1017/S1755691018000907
1483:and the origin of digits"
1372:
1348:
1341:
1319:
1312:
1288:
1281:
1264:
1257:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1194:
1187:
1012:
990:
983:
961:
954:
932:
925:
903:
896:
872:
865:
843:
836:
812:
805:
783:
776:
747:
725:
718:
711:
687:
680:
660:
653:
636:
629:
607:
600:
464:
455:a series of trace fossils
334:
327:
245:
240:
142:Scientific classification
140:
131:
122:
23:
1168:(digit bones) of modern
235:Camp & Allison, 1961
16:Clade of tetrapodomorphs
1856:10.1073/pnas.1011287107
391:, are sometimes called
4633:Evolution of tetrapods
2068:Ahlberg, P.E. (1998).
4766:Paleobiology Database
2103:Clack, J. A. (2005).
1479:"The pectoral fin of
377:and all more derived
399:) was considered an
4653:Zachelmie trackways
3833:Pseudophlegethontia
2231:2020Natur.579..549C
2155:1998Natur.395..792A
2109:Scientific American
1847:2010PNAS..10717911D
1788:2012PLoSO...733683S
1770:Swartz, B. (2012).
1708:2022Natur.608..563S
1573:10.1038/nature08623
1565:2010Natur.463...43N
1507:10.1038/nature07339
1499:2008Natur.456..636B
589:from Swartz, 2012.
428:and some genera of
358:Paleontology portal
4575:Megalichthyiformes
3137:Platycephalichthys
664:Platycephalichthys
558:evolutionary grade
405:lobe-finned fishes
4794:Elpistostegalians
4781:
4780:
4696:Taxon identifiers
4687:
4686:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4581:Tristichopteridae
4525:
4524:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4135:
4134:
4027:
4026:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3820:Phlegethontioidea
3583:
3582:
3551:Elginerpetontidae
3331:
3330:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3216:Parapanderichthys
3014:Tristichopteridae
2983:Eotetrapodiformes
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2225:(7800): 549–554.
1702:(7923): 563–568.
1493:(7222): 636–638.
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1031:
762:
761:
610:Tristichopteridae
597:Eotetrapodiformes
445:are dated to the
346:
345:
340:
284:Parapanderichthys
236:
218:Eotetrapodiformes
117:
4806:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4760:
4748:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4691:
4690:
4677:
4676:
4587:Labyrinthodontia
4542:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4442:
4438:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4327:
4324:
4287:
4142:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4034:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3918:
3880:
3844:Phlegethontiidae
3825:
3824:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3549:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3270:
3261:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3012:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2872:
2819:
2696:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2296:Tetrapodomorpha
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2173:. Archived from
2138:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2024:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1919:. Archived from
1894:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1719:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1474:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1360:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1315:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1260:
1259:
1243:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1160:contained bones
1023:
1022:
1001:
1000:
986:
985:
972:
957:
956:
943:
942:
928:
927:
914:
913:
899:
898:
885:
884:
868:
867:
854:
839:
838:
825:
824:
808:
807:
794:
779:
778:
736:
721:
720:
714:
713:
700:
699:
683:
682:
656:
655:
632:
631:
618:
617:
603:
602:
593:
592:
360:
355:
354:
353:
338:
337:Panderichthyida
311:
301:
291:
281:
271:
261:
250:
234:
150:
149:
127:
111:
110:
47:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4769:
4764:
4756:
4751:
4743:
4741:
4734:Elpistostegalia
4732:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4704:Elpistostegalia
4698:
4688:
4683:
4657:
4621:
4597:Ichthyostegalia
4565:Osteolepiformes
4549:
4536:
4521:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4465:
4440:
4436:
4435:Reptiliomorpha
4429:
4402:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4325:
4317:
4289:Gephyrostegidae
4280:
4181:Carbonoherpeton
4131:
4090:
4055:
4023:
4018:Palaeomolgophis
3982:
3955:
3911:
3865:
3838:
3814:
3793:Oestocephalidae
3787:
3768:Andersonerpeton
3746:
3741:Tantallognathus
3594:
3588:
3579:
3567:Obruchevichthys
3542:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3327:
3303:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3251:
3169:Elpistostegalia
3163:
3158:Tristichopterus
3005:
2999:Palaeospondylus
2977:
2971:Sterropterygion
2905:Ectosteorhachis
2890:Cladarosymblema
2874:Megalichthyidae
2865:
2812:
2749:Propycnoctenion
2689:
2449:
2447:Tetrapodomorpha
2436:
2434:Tetrapodomorpha
2411:
2397:Tetrapodomorpha
2391:
2360:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2263:
2262:
2211:
2207:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2149:(6704): 792–4.
2136:
2130:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2097:
2082:(1–2): 99–141.
2066:
2062:
2022:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1987:10.2307/1447796
1968:
1962:
1958:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1909:10.2307/1441653
1892:
1886:
1882:
1841:(42): 17911–5.
1827:
1823:
1768:
1759:
1686:
1682:
1659:
1652:
1623:
1619:
1600:
1596:
1559:(7277): 43–48.
1545:
1538:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1379:
1355:
1295:
1201:
1184:Elpistostegalia
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1017:
995:
937:
908:
879:
819:
763:
694:
677:Elpistostegalia
612:
582:and tetrapods.
545:
506:shoulder girdle
504:A rather small
487:profundus nerve
467:
417:
403:of prehistoric
397:Panderichthyida
365:Elpistostegalia
356:
351:
349:
339:Vorobyeva, 1989
233:
231:Elpistostegalia
205:Tetrapodomorpha
144:
118:
116:record, 395 Ma)
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
30:Middle Devonian
28:
25:
24:Elpistostegalia
17:
12:
11:
5:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4762:
4749:
4739:
4724:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4617:Anthracosauria
4614:
4612:Phyllospondyli
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4570:Osteolepididae
4567:
4562:
4560:Stem tetrapoda
4556:
4554:
4538:
4537:
4535:Related topics
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4453:Reptiliomorpha
4446:
4444:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4406:Batrachomorpha
4393:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4333:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4298:Bruktererpeton
4293:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4275:Spondylerpeton
4271:
4264:
4257:
4254:Proterogyrinus
4250:
4243:
4236:
4233:Palaeoherpeton
4229:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4200:
4197:Diplovertebron
4193:
4184:
4177:
4174:Calligenethlon
4170:
4163:
4156:
4153:Anthracosaurus
4148:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4126:Megalocephalus
4122:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4085:Spathicephalus
4081:
4072:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4011:Dolichopareias
4007:
4004:Adelospondylus
4000:
3992:
3990:
3988:Adelogyrinidae
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3884:
3882:Whatcheeriidae
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3802:Coloraderpeton
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3603:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3500:
3490:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3377:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3122:Marsdenichthys
3118:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3072:Eusthenopteron
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3037:Callistipterus
3033:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2964:Sengoerichthys
2960:
2953:
2950:Palatinichthys
2946:
2938:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2851:Marsdenichthys
2847:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2634:Platyethmoidia
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2594:Megadonichthys
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2534:Harajicadectes
2527:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2205:
2190:
2121:
2095:
2060:
2039:10.1086/425183
2033:(5): 700–719.
2007:
1981:(3): 663–675.
1956:
1945:(2): 157–166.
1929:
1926:on 2011-08-13.
1903:(2): 319–326.
1880:
1821:
1757:
1680:
1669:(1–2): 61–73.
1650:
1637:(3): 533–548.
1617:
1594:
1536:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
989:
984:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
960:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
931:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
906:Whatcheeriidae
902:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
811:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
782:
777:
775:
769:
768:
765:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
686:
681:
679:
673:
672:
669:
668:
659:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
635:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
606:
601:
599:
591:
544:
541:
540:
539:
512:
509:
502:
495:parietal bones
493:, between the
471:Per E. Ahlberg
466:
463:
416:
413:
379:tetrapodomorph
362:
361:
344:
343:
342:
341:
332:
331:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
243:
242:
238:
237:
228:
221:
220:
215:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
119:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4811:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4680:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:Temnospondyli
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:Temnospondyli
4397:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4376:Termonerpeton
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:Silvanerpeton
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:anthracosaurs
4320:
4314:
4313:
4312:Gephyrostegus
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:Eusauropleura
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:Pholiderpeton
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:Leptophractus
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3977:Acherontiscus
3974:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Adelospondyli
3958:
3952:
3951:
3950:Pholidogaster
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:Deltaherpeton
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3876:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:Phlegethontia
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3809:Oestocephalus
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:Ichthyerpeton
3665:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:Crassigyrinus
3625:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:Metaxygnathus
3450:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:Brittagnathus
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:Panderichthys
3200:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:Howittichthys
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:Heddleichthys
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:Cabonnichthys
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:Bruehnopteron
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:Canowindridae
2815:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:Thaumatolepis
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:Lamprotolepis
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:Greiserolepis
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2385:Gnathostomata
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Gnathostomata
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Sarcopterygii
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:Pan-Tetrapoda
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2202:(3189): 1–20.
2201:
2194:
2180:on 2014-11-24
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:10.1038/27421
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:(3): e33683.
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Palaeontology
1628:
1621:
1614:(1): 184–193.
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:Panderichthys
1473:
1471:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:Panderichthys
1192:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
994:
988:
987:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
971:
967:
966:
965:Crassigyrinus
959:
958:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
941:
936:
930:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
907:
901:
900:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
883:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
853:
849:
848:
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
823:
818:
817:
810:
809:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
793:
789:
788:
781:
780:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
758:
757:
754:
753:
752:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
735:
731:
730:
723:
722:
716:
715:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
698:
693:
692:
691:Panderichthys
685:
684:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
665:
658:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
641:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
611:
605:
604:
598:
595:
594:
590:
588:
583:
581:
580:
579:Panderichthys
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
550:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
478:
476:
475:synapomorphic
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
442:Panderichthys
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
412:
410:
409:cladistically
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
375:
374:Panderichthys
370:
366:
359:
348:
336:
335:
333:
330:
326:
321:
318:
316:
315:
308:
306:
305:
298:
296:
295:
288:
286:
285:
278:
276:
275:
274:Panderichthys
268:
266:
265:
258:
255:
254:
253:Howittichthys
247:
246:
244:
239:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:Sarcopterygii
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:Panderichthys
130:
126:
121:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
39:
35:
31:
22:
19:
4703:
4626:Other topics
4607:Holospondyli
4602:Lepospondyli
4551:Polyphyletic
4546:Paraphyletic
4486:
4423:Lissamphibia
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4340:Caerorhachis
4338:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4273:
4268:Seroherpeton
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4226:Neopteroplax
4224:
4217:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4083:
4075:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3997:Adelogyrinus
3995:
3975:
3948:
3943:Greererpeton
3941:
3934:
3927:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3858:
3851:
3831:
3807:
3800:
3782:Ophiderpeton
3780:
3773:
3766:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3699:
3691:Mesanerpeton
3689:
3679:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3621:Aytonerpeton
3619:
3609:
3574:Webererpeton
3572:
3565:
3560:Elginerpeton
3558:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3436:Ichthyostega
3434:
3424:
3415:Elpistostege
3413:
3405:Densignathus
3403:
3393:
3385:Acanthostega
3383:
3351:
3342:Stegocephali
3310:
3266:
3257:Stegocephali
3244:
3236:Rubrognathus
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3183:
3168:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3130:Notorhizodon
3128:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
2997:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2942:Megistolepis
2940:
2932:
2927:Megalichthys
2925:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2883:Askerichthys
2881:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2804:
2798:Thysanolepis
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2756:Pycnoctenion
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2728:Gooloogongia
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:Rhizodontida
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2604:Muranjilepis
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2524:Gyroptychius
2522:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2349:
2340:
2336:Osteichthyes
2331:
2222:
2218:
2215:Elpistostege
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2146:
2140:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:
2098:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2030:
2026:
1998:. Retrieved
1978:
1972:
1959:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1921:the original
1900:
1896:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1666:
1662:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1556:
1552:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1374:
1373:
1352:Ichthyostega
1350:
1349:
1323:Acanthostega
1321:
1320:
1290:
1289:
1268:Elpistostege
1266:
1265:
1254:Stegocephali
1234:
1233:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1174:Elpistostege
1173:
1158:Elpistostege
1157:
1153:
1151:
1013:
991:
963:
962:
933:
904:
876:Ichthyostega
874:
873:
847:Acanthostega
845:
844:
814:
813:
787:Elginerpeton
785:
784:
773:Stegocephali
751:Elpistostege
749:
748:
727:
726:
689:
688:
676:
662:
661:
638:
637:
608:
584:
577:
553:Elpistostege
551:
546:
499:postparietal
468:
440:
438:
434:
418:
415:Paleobiology
396:
392:
386:
372:
364:
363:
320:Stegocephali
312:
304:Rubrognathus
302:
292:
282:
272:
262:
251:
230:
224:
211:
198:
185:
132:
18:
4728:Wikispecies
4643:Romer's gap
4439:Pan-Amniota
4387:Crown group
4240:Papposaurus
4064:Baphetoidea
3920:Colosteidae
3906:Whatcheeria
3860:Sillerpeton
3651:Doragnathus
3611:Antlerpeton
3144:Spodichthys
3107:Litoptychus
3065:Eusthenodon
3058:Edenopteron
3051:Devonosteus
2957:Rhizodopsis
2920:Mahalalepis
2897:Cryptolepis
2844:Koharalepis
2830:Beelarongia
2806:Vorobjevaia
2784:Screbinodus
2777:Sauripterus
2770:Rossichthys
2742:Letognathus
2707:Archichthys
2684:Viluichthys
2554:Litoptychus
2494:Glyptopomus
2474:Chrysolepis
2354:Rhipidistia
935:Colosteidae
585:Below is a
576:containing
508:is present.
483:endocranium
439:Fossils of
371:containing
43:385–0
4788:Categories
4362:Eoherpeton
4211:Eoherpeton
4204:Eobaphetes
4144:Embolomeri
4096:Baphetidae
3721:Perittodus
3641:Diploradus
3527:Ventastega
3497:Tulerpeton
3466:Parmastega
3446:Jakubsonia
3426:Hynerpeton
3352:sensu lato
3278:see below↓
3267:sensu lato
3226:Qikiqtania
3115:Mandageria
3100:Langlieria
3044:Canningius
2837:Canowindra
2791:Strepsodus
2644:Shirolepis
2614:Osteolepis
2544:Kenichthys
2484:Geptolepis
2464:Bogdanovia
2406:see below↓
2184:2011-03-12
1461:References
1376:Tulerpeton
1292:Ventastega
1162:homologous
993:Baphetidae
816:Ventastega
491:skull roof
294:Qikiqtania
241:Subgroups
112:(Possible
4592:Rachitomi
4457:includes
4421:includes
4391:Tetrapoda
4355:Eldeceeon
4347:Casineria
4261:Pteroplax
4049:Nectridea
4037:Nectridea
3929:Colosteus
3891:Ossinodus
3775:Lethiscus
3755:Aistopoda
3731:Sigournea
3711:Ossirarus
3517:Umzantsia
3486:Tiktaalik
3476:Sinostega
3348:Tetrapoda
3263:Tetrapoda
3246:Tiktaalik
3196:Livoniana
3093:Jarvikina
2934:Megapomus
2674:Tungsenia
2624:Peregrina
2504:Gogonasus
2319:Kingdom:
2255:213171029
1752:250730904
1726:0028-0836
1515:1476-4687
1236:Tiktaalik
1170:tetrapods
1166:phalanges
1015:Tetrapoda
729:Tiktaalik
587:cladogram
570:Tetrapoda
562:stem line
543:Phylogeny
422:eutrophic
407:, it was
393:fishapods
388:Tiktaalik
314:Tiktaalik
264:Livoniana
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
4742:BioLib:
4713:Wikidata
4679:Category
4648:Timeline
4189:Cricotus
4160:Archeria
4112:Kyrinion
4105:Baphetes
4077:Eucritta
3899:Pederpes
3701:Occidens
3592:Devonian
3507:Tutusius
3366:Devonian
2912:Lohsania
2763:Rhizodus
2721:Barameda
2664:Thursius
2584:Medoevia
2327:Chordata
2325:Phylum:
2321:Animalia
2247:32214248
2114:28 March
2047:15547790
1875:20884852
1816:22448265
1776:PLOS ONE
1744:35859171
1581:20054388
1523:18806778
497:and the
459:Eifelian
451:Frasnian
447:Givetian
426:lungfish
383:tetrapod
329:Synonyms
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
114:Eifelian
34:Givetian
4719:Q150821
4459:Amniota
4167:Aversor
4119:Loxomma
3681:Koilops
3661:Gaiasia
3151:Tinirau
3086:Hyneria
2859:Owensia
2714:Aztecia
2574:Latvius
2227:Bibcode
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