125:... did entertain divers loose Persons, Men and Women suspected to have committed bawrdy...the said Elizabeth having lately taken a House ... for which she paid £100 for a Fine and a Rent of £40 per annum, whereunto many Persons well-habited have resorted by Day as by Nyght ... continued Drinking, Ranting, Dancing, Revelling, Swearing ... demeaning themselves as well on the Lord's Day and Fast Days. Witnesses told of seeing men and women going into rooms, 'the Woman having stript to her Bodice and Petticoat going into a room where they have shut the Casement and locked the Door ... some Company drunk about a dozen bottles of wine and further that divers Women suspected of Lightness have ... did surreptitiously slip in at a back gate whereby much infamy is brought upon the Place.
235:, the King's lover, notorious for her own wild promiscuity. Some historians, such as Linnane, infer an active role of the addressers Page and Cresswell in the writing of the document. Others such as Mowry and Turner suggest it is an organ of political ventriloquism on behalf of anonymous, radical dissenters. In an act of brazen public satire, the two brothel owners request that the aristocrat act on the behalf of her "sisters" and repay the madams for the rebuilding of their brothels, funded by the national tax coffers. They address Castlemaine as a prostitute herself and list the sites of the brothels where her fellows struggle. It is addressed as:
304:
211:
171:
286:, who gave large banquets for his political affiliates at Cresswell's house in Camberwell. These were said often to turn into orgies. On one occasion, Cresswell provisioned such a party with 300 prostitutes; the story of the night was promptly turned into a local ballad. Cresswell bankrolled Player's career during this period, which gave her leverage in the political and financial underworld but also made her fierce enemies. Player's support for the anti-Catholic rebel
22:
409:, the adaptation featured a caricature of Cresswell as a philosopher teaching her lifetime's worth of sexual tricks and wiles to Dorethea, the fallen daughter of a ruined royalist. In this satirical parody, the madam advises her young student: "You must cloath your discourse with a meek, grave, and pious aspect, to make your sophistry pass for sincere and real". She recommends researching the nature of the client:
142:, Mother Cresswell was regarded as one of the great figures of the London scene, with a talent for self-promotion. She declared she had "Beauties of all Complexions, from the cole-black clyng-fast to the golden lock'd insatiate, from the sleepy ey'd Slug to the lewd Fricatrix". She had a network of agents across the country who found her pretty young girls. Among her brothels, she owned one in
332:
is expected that I should mention her and say nothing but what was well of her. All I shall say of her, therefore, is this – she was born well, lived well, and died well; for she was born with the name of
Cresswell, lived at Clerkenwell, and died in Bridewell." This story appears in many sources, but is probably apocryphal.
195:
and government. Her increasing immunity from prosecution furthered her stature as a hate figure, particularly with the many thousands of London apprentices who could not afford her bawds, and bound by the terms of their contracts, were forbidden to marry. The houses of
Cresswell and Page were a target for the 1668
331:
Several accounts claim that in her will she left £10 for a sermon to be read that said nothing ill of her. After a long search, a young clergyman prepared to perform the funeral rites was found. Following a lengthy sermon on social morality, he is said to have intoned: "By the will of the deceased it
294:
proved to be his ruin. Cresswell attempted to distance herself from any political affiliation, but was ultimately attacked by
Protestants for providing the royal court with whores and by Catholics for financing Player. In 1681, she was brought to trial and convicted for "over thirty years of bawdry";
261:
satires, poems and ballads on the subject through the following year. The historian James Turner identifies this event as an example of a new carnivalisation of sexuality in
Restoration England, where genuine political attack, satire, street commentary and bawdy theatre came together. Two years after
239:
The Poor Whores' Petition to the most splendid, illustrious, serene and eminent Lady of
Pleasure the Countess of Castlemayne &c: The humble petition of the undone company of poore distressed whores, bawds, pimps, and panders .... Signed by us, Madam Cresswell and Damaris Page, in the behalf
194:
patronised
Cresswell's establishments, as he did those of Madam Damaris Page; he declared Cresswell's to be "a Sound organisation". She became as well known as the politicians of her time, largely shielded from legal proceedings by her extensive London network of clients across the court, the guilds
340:
Cresswell was in a rare position for many reasons. Although she was of common birth, a woman and unmarried, she rose to a position of high status, running a large business enterprise. By mid-life she was an independently wealthy woman, connected across
England to rich and powerful men in government
113:. That month she was brought to trial in Hicks Hall, where constable John Marshall gave evidence that "Elizabeth Cresswell living in Bartholomew Close was found with divers Gentlemen and Women in her House at divers times". Marshall notes that some of the women were "sent to Bridewell", a notorious
327:
and she died there. Differing sources place the year of her death at some point around 1698. In her will she requested "a Decent
Buryall in the Parish Church of Nockholt in the County of Kent accordynge to the Manner of the Church of England". Cresswell was not buried at Knockholt and was possibly
413:
will find it much to her advantage, to enquire particularly into the state and quality of all her
Suitors affairs, to hinder any disappointment or surprize: for if she has well informed her self of their busy hours, and when the necessities of their vocation, or the impulse of pleasure, do oblige
244:
Given her great experience in whoring, Lady
Castlemaine would, they argued, be able to sympathise deeply with prostitutes across the city. "Should your Eminency but once fall into these Rough hands", they wrote, "you may expect no more Favour than they have shewn unto us poor Inferiour Whores".
129:
The amassed neighbours told of further infamies, such as when whores "in the habit of a Gentlewoman began to propose a Health to the Privy Member of a Gentleman ... and afterwards drank a Toast to her own Private Parts". They complained that, such was the proliferation of bawds in the area
88:
Cresswell occupied a rare position in seventeenth-century England, as a person of common birth who rose to a position of high status as an independently wealthy, unmarried woman running a substantial business enterprise. She figures in a wide assortment of contemporary literature and songs, in
56:
and had since fallen on hard times. Her bawdy houses were favoured by King Charles and his court as well as powerful figures in government and city guilds. This position gave her a measure of immunity from prosecution and added to her profile as a caricature of iniquity and corruption.
203:, the rioting lasted for five days, as young apprentices burnt and smashed the royally supported brothels. To some, the brothels symbolised Charles's continental style court: licentious and awash with unaffordable debauchery. The apprentices attacked her "cathouse" in
154:
stands today. She also ran an office in Millbank to organise whores for local noblemen and owned both a mansion in Clerkenwell and a "House of Assignation" where women old and young could discreetly meet their lovers. She took on a cohort of
85:, Cresswell financed his political campaigns. In her final years she was attacked by both Protestants and Catholics: by Protestants for providing the royal court with whores, and by Catholics for financing Player's political rebellion.
240:
of our sisters and fellow sufferers (in this day of our calamity) in Dog and Bitch Yard, Lukenor’s Lane, Saffron Hill, Moorfields, Chiswell Street, Rosemary Lane, Nightingale Lane, Ratcliffe Highway, Well Close, East Smithfield etc.
249:
noted that Castlemaine was "horribly vexed" by the petition. The letter itself was so finely tuned to the political dynamics of the day that though the printer was arrested, the court censor writes that "I can fasten nothing on
74:, the King's courtesan. The letter requests help for the "sister" prostitutes who have had their livelihoods destroyed, asking that the brothels be rebuilt with money from the national tax coffers. Supporter of the prominent
344:
Cresswell's success was fed by a talent and zest for self-promotion; she openly advertised her bawdy businesses, which helped to build her own profile. She was regularly referenced in party pamphlets,
418:"In the sentiment of my Rhetorick", she lectures "there is no music ought to sound more charmingly in a Whores Ears as the sweet melody created by the clashing of Gold in her own purse."
130:
around the house that the daughters of local families were assumed to be prostitutes by the men visiting the brothel. For her iniquities, Cresswell was "sett to Hard Labour" in prison.
146:
by Whetstone Park where she sold "strong waters and fresh-faced wenches to all who had guineas to buy them with." Her headquarters were in a brothel on Back Alley off Moor Lane, near
44:, she built a widespread network of brothels across London, supplied with girls and women from across England. Her employees included the wives of soldiers pressed into service for
362:. Richard Head and Francis Kirkman, authors who frequented bawdy houses, wrote up and circulated graphic accounts of their encounters with "the old matron" and "her girls" in
89:
ballads, poems, broadsides, novels and party pamphlets, often portrayed as a caricature of vice, a satirical figure of street commentary, sexual theatre and political bawdry.
121:, by October 1658, when a mass of angry locals gathered at Westminster Court to give evidence against her and the prostitutes she ran from her "house". They stated that she:
40:, was one of the most successful prostitutes and brothel keepers of the English seventeenth century. Starting with houses in Bartholomew Close, in the City of London and
295:
during the proceedings many of her own prostitutes testified against her. Her brothel at Moorfields was taken from her, but her businesses continued as usual.
631:
117:. She subsequently attempted to bribe the police to avoid publicity for the court case. She was living two miles to the northeast of Bartholomew Close in
414:
their attendance; it will be easy to appoint times of meeting, as may give general satisfaction, and enable her to observe her particular engagements.
1094:
Unfit for Modest Ears: A Study of Pornographic, Obscene, and Bawdy Works Written or Published in England in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century
275:
101:
in Kent, England. Her middle-class Protestant family were influential, with strong connections to the powerful Percival family, favoured by King
64:, apprentices smashed up brothels across London, including those belonging to Cresswell. She is listed as one of the addressers of the satirical
105:. By July 1658 Cresswell is recorded as a bawd "without rival in her wickedness", running a brothel in Bartholomew Close, a small street off
1155:
1145:
262:
the riots, a mob gathered once more and again swore they would raze Cresswell's cathouse to the ground, though protection from the local
1140:
232:
71:
159:
gentlewomen from formerly high circles of society who had opposed the parliamentarian uprising, their standing destroyed by the
1055:
1029:
1010:
982:
963:
944:
925:
906:
887:
1135:
371:
1072:
Brown, Tom (1760). "From Madam Cresswell of pious memory to her sister in iniquity Moll Quarles of known integrity".
320:
1130:
812:
341:
and the court. Her network of services were in high demand, counter to the religious and social morals of the day.
389:
as the figure providing Sir Thomas Player with unending quantities of young flesh and in the anonymous pamphlet
994:
World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historic Events That Influenced Them
279:
75:
802:
462:
states that there is no evidence that Player was Cresswell's lover, although he did frequent her brothels.
118:
41:
196:
82:
61:
1003:
Libertines and Radicals in Early Modern London: Sexuality, Politics and Literary Culture, 1630–1685
797:
207:, assaulting the women, tearing up the bedding, looting the property and destroying the building.
227:
175:
143:
66:
303:
164:
106:
1150:
1107:
848:
283:
191:
79:
45:
1125:
398:
274:
Cresswell never married. She was widely considered to be the lover of City Chamberlain Sir
210:
102:
8:
1108:
Marcellus Laroon's line engraving of Elizabeth Cresswell at the National Portrait Gallery
1082:
975:
The Bawdy Politic in Stuart England, 1660–1714: Political Pornography and Prostitution
801:
167:
in the city, and so were known as the "Countesses of the Exchange" or "side-pillows".
1051:
1044:
1025:
1006:
978:
959:
940:
921:
918:
Private Vices, Public Virtues: bawdry in London from Elizabethan times to the Regency
902:
883:
345:
258:
160:
53:
636:
434:
324:
316:
291:
215:
151:
114:
655:
1074:
The works of Mr. Thomas Brown, serious and comical, in prose and verse, Volume 2
311:
Creswell's health deteriorated towards the end of her life, probably because of
170:
807:
307:
Bridewell prison in the late 17th century, rebuilt after the Great Fire in 1666
200:
110:
640:
1119:
1039:
625:
358:
97:
Elizabeth Cresswell was born in about 1625, probably in the small village of
446:
442:
382:
353:
312:
246:
139:
937:
Enthusiast in Wit: a Portrait of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, 1647–1680
438:
352:, and may have been one of the inspirations for the eponymous heroine of
287:
147:
853:(1683) by Ferrante Pallavicino, published in 1863 by Harvard University.
225:
Following the riot, Page and Cresswell are listed as the addressers of
219:
204:
21:
98:
1046:
At Zero Point: Discourse, Culture, and Satire in Restoration England
702:
Imagining Sex: Pornography and Bodies in Seventeenth-Century England
406:
156:
49:
956:
London: The Wicked City: A Thousand Years of Prostitution and Vice
315:. She appears ill and careworn in the portrait of her engraved by
349:
183:
263:
827:
825:
823:
714:
712:
710:
405:(1642). Set out like a traditional text book on the ancient
555:
820:
707:
391:
A Letter from the Lady Cresswell to Madam C. the midwife
729:
727:
669:
667:
665:
574:
572:
570:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
366:(1665). She is mentioned often in Nathanael Thompson's
290:
and the avowedly Protestant claimant to the throne the
163:. This network of women worked the alleys close to the
856:
755:
724:
662:
589:
587:
543:
531:
503:
278:, nicknamed Sir Thomas Cresswell. He was a prominent
704:(2007) Sarah Toulalan, Oxford University Press p282
567:
480:
449:. The word "Bridewell" also came to mean any prison.
1043:
624:
584:
1117:
1076:. Vol. Letters from the dead to the living.
816:. Vol. 13. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
934:
561:
635:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
1080:
179:, written to Lady Castlemaine in March 1668
992:Turgeon, Carolyn (2001). "Moll Flanders".
599:
1091:
1038:
844:
842:
840:
831:
796:
335:
302:
269:
209:
169:
32:(c. 1625 – c. 1698), also known as
20:
1019:
991:
953:
915:
896:
877:
862:
781:
777:
773:
761:
749:
745:
733:
673:
632:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
593:
578:
549:
537:
525:
521:
509:
497:
460:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
397:(1683) was an anonymous translation of
1118:
1000:
792:
790:
718:
689:
622:
437:was a prison built on the bank of the
48:and gentlewomen who had supported the
1071:
972:
837:
685:
328:interred in the Bridewell graveyard.
16:English prostitute and brothel keeper
1156:17th-century English businesspeople
787:
13:
1146:17th-century English businesswomen
1065:
254:that a jury will take notice of."
138:By 1660, like her fellow Londoner
92:
14:
1167:
1141:English brothel owners and madams
1101:
323:. Cresswell was incarcerated in
218:, mistress of King Charles II by
1050:. University Press of Kentucky.
813:Dictionary of National Biography
257:The Petition caused a flurry of
1081:Head, Richard; Kirkman (1665).
1001:Turner, James Grantham (2001).
767:
739:
695:
679:
626:"Cresswell, Madam (d. c. 1698)"
452:
441:in the City of London, between
199:that swept London. Starting on
1005:. Cambridge University Press.
935:De Sola Pinto, Vivian (1962).
515:
428:
319:, which now hangs in London's
184:The Bawdy House Riots and the
38:Madam Cresswell of Clerkenwell
1:
469:
368:Collection of 180 Loyal Songs
298:
1020:Hinnant, Charles H. (2007).
656:UK public library membership
421:
7:
1096:. Rowman & Littlefield.
282:, an anti-Catholic, and an
10:
1172:
1136:English female prostitutes
973:Mowry, Melissa M. (2004).
939:. University of Nebraska.
901:. University of Michigan.
899:London, the Synfulle Citie
381:Cresswell is satirised in
133:
403:La Retorica della puttane
321:National Portrait Gallery
252:The Poor Whore's Petition
62:Bawdy House Riots of 1668
1092:Thompson, Roger (1979).
954:Linnane, Fergus (2007).
803:"Cresswell, Madam"
119:St Leonard's, Shoreditch
42:St Leonard's, Shoreditch
1131:People from Clerkenwell
916:Burford, E. J. (1995).
897:Burford, E. J. (1990).
878:Ackroyd, Peter (2001).
977:. Ashgate Publishing.
416:
376:Poems on State Affairs
308:
266:prevented the attack.
242:
222:
180:
165:Gresham Royal Exchange
127:
26:
880:London: The Biography
850:The Whore's Rhetorick
641:10.1093/ref:odnb/6672
623:Callow, John (2004).
411:
395:The Whore's Rhetorick
370:(1685 and 1694), the
336:In contemporary media
306:
270:Political affiliation
237:
213:
173:
123:
78:, anti-Catholic, and
24:
562:De Sola Pinto (1962)
399:Ferrante Pallavicino
228:The Whores' Petition
176:The Whores' Petition
144:Lincoln's Inn Fields
1024:. Broadview Press.
721:, pp. 190–192.
30:Elizabeth Cresswell
25:Elizabeth Cresswell
996:. Gale Publishing.
692:, pp. 190–192
688:, pp. 60–64,
309:
223:
181:
27:
1084:The English Rogue
1057:978-0-8131-2039-3
1031:978-1-55111-737-9
1012:978-0-521-78279-1
984:978-0-7546-4157-5
965:978-1-86105-990-1
946:978-0-7100-1955-4
927:978-0-7090-5822-9
908:978-0-7090-4026-2
889:978-0-09-942258-7
834:, pp. 36–40.
654:(Subscription or
372:Rochester satires
364:The English Rogue
346:street literature
197:Bawdy House Riots
54:English Civil War
52:cause during the
1163:
1097:
1088:
1077:
1061:
1049:
1035:
1016:
997:
988:
969:
950:
931:
912:
893:
882:. Random House.
866:
860:
854:
846:
835:
829:
818:
817:
805:
794:
785:
784:, pp. 73–74
771:
765:
759:
753:
743:
737:
731:
722:
716:
705:
699:
693:
683:
677:
671:
660:
659:
651:
649:
647:
628:
620:
597:
591:
582:
576:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
463:
456:
450:
432:
393:(London, 1680).
387:Venice Preserv'd
325:Bridewell Prison
317:Marcellus Laroon
292:Duke of Monmouth
233:Lady Castlemaine
216:Lady Castlemaine
186:Whores' Petition
152:Moorgate station
72:Lady Castlemaine
67:Whores' Petition
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1068:
1066:Further reading
1058:
1032:
1022:The London Jilt
1013:
985:
966:
947:
928:
909:
890:
869:
861:
857:
847:
838:
832:Zimbardo (1998)
830:
821:
808:Stephen, Leslie
798:Ebsworth, J. W.
795:
788:
780:, p. 205,
776:, p. 373,
772:
768:
760:
756:
744:
740:
732:
725:
717:
708:
700:
696:
684:
680:
672:
663:
653:
645:
643:
621:
600:
592:
585:
577:
568:
560:
556:
548:
544:
536:
532:
520:
516:
508:
504:
496:
481:
472:
467:
466:
457:
453:
433:
429:
424:
407:art of rhetoric
338:
301:
272:
192:King Charles II
189:
136:
95:
93:Life and career
34:Mother Creswell
17:
12:
11:
5:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:External links
1100:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1040:Zimbardo, Rose
1036:
1030:
1017:
1011:
998:
989:
983:
970:
964:
951:
945:
932:
926:
913:
907:
894:
888:
868:
867:
865:, p. 183.
863:Hinnant (2007)
855:
836:
819:
786:
766:
764:, p. 205.
762:Burford (1990)
754:
748:, p. 78,
738:
734:Linnane (2007)
723:
706:
694:
678:
674:Linnane (2007)
661:
598:
594:Turgeon (2001)
583:
579:Linnane (2007)
566:
554:
552:, p. 373.
550:Ackroyd (2001)
542:
540:, p. 197.
538:Burford (1990)
530:
524:, p. 74,
514:
512:, p. 194.
510:Burford (1990)
502:
498:Linnane (2007)
478:
471:
468:
465:
464:
451:
426:
425:
423:
420:
337:
334:
300:
297:
271:
268:
201:Shrove Tuesday
188:
182:
135:
132:
111:City of London
107:Little Britain
94:
91:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
986:
980:
976:
971:
967:
961:
957:
952:
948:
942:
938:
933:
929:
923:
919:
914:
910:
904:
900:
895:
891:
885:
881:
876:
875:
874:
873:
864:
859:
852:
851:
845:
843:
841:
833:
828:
826:
824:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
793:
791:
783:
779:
775:
770:
763:
758:
752:, p. 205
751:
747:
742:
736:, p. 77.
735:
730:
728:
720:
719:Turner (2001)
715:
713:
711:
703:
698:
691:
687:
682:
676:, p. 76.
675:
670:
668:
666:
657:
642:
638:
634:
633:
627:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
595:
590:
588:
581:, p. 75.
580:
575:
573:
571:
564:, p. 33.
563:
558:
551:
546:
539:
534:
527:
523:
518:
511:
506:
500:, p. 74.
499:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
479:
477:
476:
461:
455:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
427:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
378:(1697–1707).
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
359:Moll Flanders
355:
351:
347:
342:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:anti-Carolean
281:
277:
276:Thomas Player
267:
265:
260:
255:
253:
248:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:
221:
217:
212:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
187:
178:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
115:London prison
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
86:
84:
83:Thomas Player
81:
80:anti-Carolean
77:
73:
69:
68:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
1151:1690s deaths
1113:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1045:
1021:
1002:
993:
974:
955:
936:
917:
898:
879:
872:Bibliography
871:
870:
858:
849:
811:
782:Linnane 2007
778:Burford 1990
774:Ackroyd 2001
769:
757:
750:Burford 1990
746:Linnane 2007
741:
701:
697:
681:
646:24 September
644:. Retrieved
630:
557:
545:
533:
528:, p. 79
526:Burford 1995
522:Linnane 2007
517:
505:
474:
473:
459:
454:
447:River Thames
443:Fleet Street
430:
417:
412:
402:
394:
390:
386:
383:Thomas Otway
380:
375:
367:
363:
357:
354:Daniel Defoe
343:
339:
330:
313:tuberculosis
310:
273:
256:
251:
247:Samuel Pepys
243:
238:
226:
224:
214:Portrait of
190:
185:
174:
140:Damaris Page
137:
128:
124:
96:
87:
65:
59:
37:
33:
29:
28:
18:
1126:1625 births
920:. R. Hale.
690:Turner 2001
439:Fleet River
288:Titus Oates
148:Cripplegate
60:During the
1120:Categories
958:. Robson.
686:Mowry 2004
658:required.)
470:References
356:'s satire
299:Last years
231:, sent to
220:Peter Lely
205:Moorfields
70:, sent to
46:Charles II
435:Bridewell
422:Footnotes
259:broadside
161:civil war
103:Charles I
99:Knockholt
1042:(1998).
800:(1888).
445:and the
245:Diarist
157:Cavalier
150:, where
50:Cavalier
810:(ed.).
350:ballads
264:beadles
134:Success
109:in the
1054:
1028:
1009:
981:
962:
943:
924:
905:
886:
652:
806:. In
475:Notes
1052:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1007:ISBN
979:ISBN
960:ISBN
941:ISBN
922:ISBN
903:ISBN
884:ISBN
648:2012
458:The
374:and
348:and
280:Whig
76:Whig
36:and
637:doi
401:'s
385:'s
1122::
839:^
822:^
789:^
726:^
709:^
664:^
629:.
601:^
586:^
569:^
482:^
1110:.
1087:.
1060:.
1034:.
1015:.
987:.
968:.
949:.
930:.
911:.
892:.
650:.
639::
596:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)