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suggesting that the use of the theory should have congruence. Just as Rogers suggests that a person should have congruence between, their experience, awareness, and communication, Porter suggests that a psychometric test should communicate to the user in such a way that it heightens the awareness of the life-experience of the test-taker and becomes useful to the test-taker regarding making behavioral choices. Consistent with Porter's other significant works, the emphasis was placed on practical application in relationships, not on diagnostic or predictive capabilities. The
Strength Deployment Inventory, Porter's psychometric test based on relationship awareness theory, provides the test-taker with a description of motivation and related behavior set in the context of relationships under two conditions: when things are going well and when faced with conflict. The theory claims that one of the primary causes of conflict is the overdoing or perceived overdoing of strengths in relationships; because people experience these overdone strengths as potential threats to self-worth. He suggested that personal filters influence perception; that people tend to use their own motivational values as a standard when evaluating the behavior of others and that the more different two people's motivational values are from each other, the more likely they would each be to perceive the behaviors of the others as overdone.
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predictable, but in the face of continuing conflict or opposition we undergo changes in motivations that link into different bodies of beliefs and concepts that are, in turn, expressed in yet different behavior traits.” Porter's description of the conflict sequence suggests that people experience changes in their motivation predictably and sequentially in up to three stages. The first stage characterized by a concern for one's self, the problem and the other person; the second by a concern for one's self and the problem and the third by a concern only for the self. The theory further states that the universal productive motive of behavior in conflict is to preserve personal integrity and self-worth.
244:, which highlighted the “importance of the counselor’s attitudes” in therapy and gave counselors guidance about structuring and conducting therapeutic sessions. Rogers, in his foreword to Porter's book, wrote, “I was among the doubters when the author conceived this book. I felt that problems considered on paper could do little to help counselors to recognize and deal with their basic attitudes…He has succeeded where to me failure seemed almost certain…It is hoped that it will have wide influence in stimulating constructive thinking about significant issues and problems in the growing field of psychotherapy.” Porter referenced the “in development” manuscript of Rogers’ landmark 1951 book
199:). He completed his masters work in 1938 at the University of Oregon, which documented that learning occurs in rats in mazes, even without the presence of rewards - and that the learning could be accessed later in the presence of rewards. In 1941, he completed his doctoral work at the Ohio State University where he was a student and assistant professor of psychology under Carl Rogers. His dissertation was the first of many studies to empirically document the effectiveness of the non-directive approach in counseling.
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oral cancer. During that time he expanded the company internationally and wrote numerous training programs, manuals and articles. He created and attempted to market several other commercial products including a stop smoking program and a residential real-estate purchasing decision system, none of which achieved commercial success. Sara
Maloney Porter continued to manage the business until her retirement in 1995. Personal Strengths Publishing is currently headquartered in
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211:. Following WWII, he returned to academia and his association with Carl Rogers by joining the faculty of the University of Chicago's Counseling Center. In the mid-1950s to mid-1960s, he was employed as the assistant director of human factors directorate, System Development Corporation (an affiliation of the
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Porter accepted Fromm's premise that strengths taken to excess become weaknesses. While Fromm's work focused on describing the four non-productive orientations and advocating a fifth “productive orientation”, Porter combined Fromm's ideas with the first premise (striving for self-worth) and concluded
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Porter drew from Tolman's concept that “Behavior traits arise from purposive striving for gratification, mediated by concepts or hypotheses about how to obtain those gratifications.” When combined with his research into Fromm's non-productive orientations and his frame of reference from
University
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frame of reference and modified it based on the principle that the primary drive is for self-worth, or self-actualization. Hence, relationship awareness theory highlights seven distinct motivational value systems (which can be traced through Freud and Fromm) and describes them in terms of positive
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Porter, with his wife Sara
Maloney Porter, DSW, established Personal Strengths Assessment Service in 1971 to promote his relationship awareness theory and related training programs. He renamed it Personal Strengths Publishing and acted as president of the organization until his death in 1987 from
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Porter stated that “The more clearly the concepts in a personality theory approximate how one experiences oneself, the more effectively they serve as devices for self-discovery.” This premise is consistent with
Rogerian or person-centered approaches; it further connects with Rogerian thought by
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This premise is Porter's work and perhaps his most significant contribution to the field of psychology. Based on his observations with clients and ongoing research into the results of his own psychometrics, he stated, “When we are free to pursue our gratifications, we are more or less uniformly
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Relationship awareness theory blended unique forms of psychological thought. The theory recognizes the behaviorist ideas of Edward Tolman, the empiricism of Kurt Lewin, Rogerian client-centered therapy and personality theories of Neo-Freudians Erich Fromm and Karen Horney. The theory itself is
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of
Chicago peers Rogers and Maslow, Porter concluded that the primary motive all people share is a desire to feel worthwhile about themselves – and that each person is motivated to achieve feelings of self-worth in different ways. Those different ways were first expressed by
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as psychic energy being stuck or fixed at various stages of the infant's relationship with the mother. They were then modified by Fromm and expressed as non-productive orientations of adults in society. Porter took Fromm's
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was one of the first published works to view organizational systems as complete organisms. In these works, the purposive nature of human behavior was studied in the context of organizational systems and
215:) and senior system scientist, Technomics, Inc. In the late 1960s, he maintained independent practice, several university connections and was an author for Atkins-Katcher Associates. In 1971, he founded
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Porter's earliest known psychometric evaluations were performed with Rogers, and they measured the degree of directiveness or non-directiveness of a counselor using client-centered techniques. The
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strivings for self-worth by adults in relationships. Porter was the first known psychometrician to use colors (red, green and blue) as shortcuts to communicate the results of a personality test.
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In the late 1930s Porter was employed as the merit system supervisor for the Oregon State Public
Welfare Commission and during World War II served as a classification officer in the
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Porter, E.H. (1973, 1996) Relationship
Awareness Theory, Manual of Administration and Interpretation, Ninth Edition. Carlsbad, CA: Personal Strengths Publishing, Inc.
147:(1914 – December 13, 1987) was an American psychologist. While at the University of Chicago Porter was a peer of other notable American psychologists, including
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Porter's work with Rogers and others including Tom Gordon and Arthur
Shedlin at the University of Chicago's Counseling Center resulted in Rogers'
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that what Fromm described as non-productive behavior was in fact ineffective behavior being driven by positive motivation.
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Porter, E.H. (1971, 1996) Strength
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yielded two noteworthy publications, an essay entitled "The Parable of the Spindle," and his 1964 book
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measured and validated Erich Fromm's four non-productive orientations. In 1967 he restructured the
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model. The group designed training programs for counselors employed at the United States
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Porter, E.H. (1950) An Introduction to Therapeutic Counseling. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
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The development and measurement of a measure of counseling interview procedure.
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Porter, E.H. (1962) Parable of the Spindle. Harvard Business Review, 40, 58-66
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Relationship Awareness Theory. Manual of Administration and Interpretation.
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Relationship Awareness Theory. Manual of Administration and Interpretation.
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577:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 64, 444, 452, 462, 478, 537, 543.
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Positive Regard. Carl Rogers and Other Notables He Influenced.
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Pacific Palisades, CA: Personal Strengths Assessment Service.
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Man for Himself. An inquiry into the psychology of ethics.
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Expectations Edition of the Strength Deployment Inventory
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Feedback Edition of the Strength Deployment Inventory
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195:) and Robert W. Leeper (who was heavily influence by
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LIFO. Life Orientations and Strength Excess Profile,
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551:Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, Inc.
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502:Porter, E.H. (1938) Masters Dissertation at
410:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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562:An Introduction to Therapeutic Counseling.
518:Porter, E.H. 1941: Ph.D. Dissertation at
354:Personal weaknesses are overdone strengths
430:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:An Introduction to Therapeutic Counseling
727:New York: Henry Holt &Company, LLC.
662:Los Angeles, Atkins-Katcher Associates.
649:. Chicago, Science Research Associates.
447:and has offices in 12 other countries.
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129:University of California, Los Angeles
753:Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 61-62.
636:. New York: Delacorte Press. p. 207.
538:. New York: Delacorte Press. p. 206.
408:adding citations to reliable sources
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307:Interpersonal Requirements Inventory
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1770:20th-century American psychologists
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277:Psychometric testing and evaluation
133:University of California, San Diego
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223:Significant work and contributions
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623:. New York: Harper & Row.
587:Porter, Elias H. (May 1962).
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484:Person-centered psychotherapy
317:Relationship awareness theory
299:Strength Deployment Inventory
293:. In 1971, Porter abandoned
217:Personal Strengths Publishing
1780:University of Oregon faculty
1328:Human factors and ergonomics
589:"The Parable of the Spindle"
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228:Rogerian theory and practice
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1775:University of Oregon alumni
647:The Person-Relatedness Test
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632:Kirschenbaum, H. (1979)
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857:Behavioral neuroscience
634:On Becoming Carl Rogers
594:Harvard Business Review
575:Client-Centered Therapy
573:Rogers, Carl R. (1951)
547:Suhd, Melvin M. (1995)
536:On Becoming Carl Rogers
287:Person Relatedness Test
283:Person-Relatedness Test
246:Client-Centered Therapy
173:client-centered therapy
89:client-centered therapy
1343:Psychology of religion
1283:Behavioral engineering
1220:Human subject research
876:Cognitive neuroscience
842:Affective neuroscience
238:Veteran Administration
1719:Wiktionary definition
1255:Self-report inventory
1250:Quantitative research
751:On Becoming a Person.
684:Tolman, E. C. (1932)
520:Ohio State University
169:University of Chicago
165:Ohio State University
125:University of Chicago
78:Ohio State University
1245:Qualitative research
1200:Behavior epigenetics
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645:Porter, E.H. (1953)
621:Manpower Development
619:Porter, E.H. (1964)
560:Porter, E.H. (1950)
504:University of Oregon
445:Carlsbad, California
404:improve this section
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266:Manpower Development
262:Manpower Development
121:University of Oregon
74:University of Oregon
1724:Wiktionary category
1288:Behavioral genetics
1260:Statistical surveys
1117:Occupational health
852:Behavioral genetics
1696:Schools of thought
1599:Richard E. Nisbett
1479:Donald T. Campbell
1157:Sport and exercise
671:Barney, A. (1998)
297:and published the
209:United States Navy
177:psychometric tests
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1661:Counseling topics
1624:Ronald C. Kessler
1614:Shelley E. Taylor
1539:Lawrence Kohlberg
1514:Stanley Schachter
1313:Consumer behavior
1195:Archival research
963:Psycholinguistics
847:Affective science
723:Fromm, E. (1947)
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203:Career highlights
167:and later at the
145:Elias Hull Porter
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101:Scientific career
55:Pacific Palisades
47:December 13, 1987
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1634:Richard Davidson
1629:Joseph E. LeDoux
1504:George A. Miller
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1589:Bruce McEwen
1584:Amos Tversky
1554:Jerome Kagan
1544:Noam Chomsky
1484:Hans Eysenck
1454:Harry Harlow
1434:Erik Erikson
1333:Intelligence
1230:Neuroimaging
973:Quantitative
938:Mathematical
933:Intelligence
923:Experimental
918:Evolutionary
908:Differential
817:Psychologist
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20:Elias Porter
1790:1987 deaths
1785:1914 births
1666:Disciplines
1639:Susan Fiske
1529:Roger Brown
1429:Carl Rogers
1414:Jean Piaget
1379:Ivan Pavlov
1235:Observation
1215:Experiments
1162:Suicidology
1057:Educational
1012:Anomalistic
983:Theoretical
958:Personality
888:Comparative
871:Cognitivism
862:Behaviorism
161:Will Schutz
149:Carl Rogers
1764:Categories
1729:Wikisource
1574:Paul Ekman
1409:Kurt Lewin
1303:Competence
1225:Interviews
1205:Case study
1082:Humanistic
1062:Ergonomics
1047:Counseling
1022:Assessment
1004:psychology
953:Perception
913:Ecological
829:psychology
807:Philosophy
791:Psychology
490:References
197:Kurt Lewin
111:Psychology
59:California
1749:Wikibooks
1739:Wikiquote
1609:Ed Diener
1394:Carl Jung
1298:Cognition
1127:Political
1037:Community
867:Cognitive
391:does not
1744:Wikinews
1701:Timeline
1323:Feelings
1318:Emotions
1278:Behavior
1269:Concepts
1147:Religion
1132:Positive
1122:Pastoral
1107:Military
1072:Forensic
1067:Feminist
1052:Critical
1042:Consumer
1032:Coaching
1027:Clinical
1002:Applied
898:Cultural
837:Abnormal
473:See also
338:Freudian
305:and the
95:training
1676:Outline
1172:Traffic
1167:Systems
1102:Medical
928:Gestalt
802:History
605:29 June
601:: 58–66
412:removed
397:sources
1706:Topics
1152:School
1077:Health
978:Social
881:Social
827:Basic
812:Portal
107:Fields
33:Oregon
1653:Lists
1112:Music
1097:Media
1092:Legal
943:Moral
1338:Mind
607:2018
395:any
393:cite
295:LIFO
291:LIFO
159:and
63:U.S.
44:Died
37:U.S.
29:1914
26:Born
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