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of a pound of lint a day. In a few weeks
Whitney produced a model. The cotton gin was a wooden drum stuck with hooks that pulled the cotton fibers through a mesh. The cotton seeds would not fit through the mesh and fell outside. Whitney occasionally told a story wherein he was pondering an improved method of seeding the cotton when he was inspired by observing a cat attempting to pull a chicken through a fence, and able to only pull through some of the feathers.
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arms for the government. Because the cotton gin had not brought
Whitney the rewards he believed it promised, he accepted the offer. Although the contract was for one year, Whitney did not deliver the arms until 1809, using multiple excuses for the delay. Recently, historians have found that during 1801–1806, Whitney took the money and headed into South Carolina in order to profit from the cotton gin.
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In May 1798, Congress voted for legislation that would use 800,000 dollars in order to pay for small arms and cannons in case war with France erupted. It offered a 5,000 dollar incentive with an additional 5,000 dollars once that money was exhausted for the person that was able to accurately produce
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circa 1818. Subsequent work by other historians (Woodbury; Smith; Muir; Battison ) suggests that
Whitney was among a group of contemporaries all developing milling machines at about the same time (1814 to 1818), and that the others were more important to the innovation than Whitney was. (The machine
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on
January 8, 1825, in New Haven, Connecticut, just a month after his 59th birthday. He left a widow and his four children behind. One of his offspring, Eli Whitney III (known as Eli Whitney Jr.), was instrumental in building New Haven, Connecticut's waterworks. During the course of his illness, he
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Whitney believed that his cotton gin would reduce the demand for enslaved labor and would help hasten the end of southern slavery. Paradoxically, the cotton gin, a labor-saving device, helped preserve and prolong slavery in the United States for another 70 years. Before the 1790s, slave labor was
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While staying at
Mulberry Grove, Whitney constructed several ingenious household devices which led Mrs Greene to introduce him to some businessmen who were discussing the desirability of a machine to separate the short staple upland cotton from its seeds, work that was then done by hand at the rate
437:, none of which were especially profitable anymore. Neither was cotton, due to the difficulty of seed removal. But with the invention of the gin, growing cotton with slave labor became highly profitable – the chief source of wealth in the American South, and the basis of frontier settlement from
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and prolonged the institution. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost much of his profits in legal battles over patent infringement for the cotton gin. Thereafter, he turned his attention to securing contracts with the government in the manufacture of muskets for the
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inevitable. Whitney and Miller could not build enough gins to meet demand, so gins from other makers found ready sale. Ultimately, patent infringement lawsuits consumed the profits (one patent, later annulled, was granted in 1796 to Hogden Holmes for a gin which substituted circular saws for the
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issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract in
January 1798 to deliver 10,000 to 15,000 muskets in 1800. He had not mentioned interchangeable parts at that time. Ten months later, the Treasury Secretary,
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Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of the value of social and political connections. In building his arms business, he took full advantage of the access that his status as a Yale alumnus gave him to other well-placed graduates, such as Oliver
Wolcott Jr.,
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Whitney applied for the patent for his cotton gin on
October 28, 1793, and received the patent (later numbered as X72) on March 14, 1794, but it was not validated until 1807. Whitney and his partner, Miller, did not intend to sell the gins. Rather, like the proprietors of
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After validation of the patent, the legislature of South
Carolina voted $ 50,000 for the rights for that state, while North Carolina levied a license tax for five years, from which about $ 30,000 was realized. There is a claim that Tennessee paid about $ 10,000.
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spikes) and their cotton gin company went out of business in 1797. One oft-overlooked point is that there were drawbacks to
Whitney's first design. There are claims that the use of wires rather than pegs was proposed by Mrs. Greene, but these are disputed.
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While the cotton gin did not earn Whitney the fortune he had hoped for, it did give him fame. It has been argued by some historians that Whitney's cotton gin was an important if unintended cause of the American Civil War. After Whitney's invention, the
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The younger Eli was famous during his lifetime and after his death by the name "Eli Whitney", though he was technically Eli Whitney Jr. His son, born in 1820, also named Eli, was known during his lifetime and afterward by the name "Eli Whitney Jr."
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The motives behind Whitney's acceptance of a contract to manufacture muskets in 1798 were mostly monetary. By the late 1790s, Whitney was on the verge of bankruptcy and the cotton gin litigation had left him deeply in
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Instead of reaching his destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. In the closing years of the 18th century, Georgia was a magnet for New Englanders seeking their fortunes (its Revolutionary-era governor had been
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through both archaeological remains of boats now in Museo Archeologico Baglio Anselmi and contemporary written accounts. In modern times the idea developed over decades among many people. An early leader was
397:, they expected to charge farmers for cleaning their cotton – two-fifths of the value, paid in cotton. Resentment at this scheme, the mechanical simplicity of the device and the primitive state of
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When the government complained that Whitney's price per musket compared unfavorably with those produced in government armories, he was able to calculate an actual price per musket by including
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and reinvigorated slavery. Conversely, in the North the adoption of interchangeable parts revolutionized the manufacturing industry, contributing greatly to the U.S. victory in the
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concludes that it was "staged" and "duped government authorities" into believing that he had been successful. The charade gained him time and resources toward achieving that goal.
646:, sent him a "foreign pamphlet on arms manufacturing techniques," possibly one of Honoré Blanc's reports, after which Whitney first began to talk about interchangeability.
303:. Her plantation manager and husband-to-be was Phineas Miller, another Connecticut migrant and Yale graduate (class of 1785), who would become Whitney's business partner.
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Whitney is most famous for two innovations which came to have significant impacts on the United States in the mid-19th century: the cotton gin (1793) and his advocacy of
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that excited Roe may not have been built until 1825, after Whitney's death.) Therefore, no one person can properly be described as the inventor of the milling machine.
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had ignited new conflicts between Great Britain, France, and the United States. The new American government, realizing the need to prepare for war, began to rearm. The
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Smith, Merritt Roe. 1973. "John H. Hall, Simeon North, and the Milling Machine: The Nature of Innovation among Antebellum Arms Makers." Technology & Culture 14.
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Whitney's mother, Elizabeth Fay, died in 1777, when he was 11. At age 14 he operated a profitable nail manufacturing operation in his father's workshop during the
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McL. Green, Constance – Edited by Oscar Handlin. (1956). Eli Whitney & The Birth of American Technology. Library of American Biography series.
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The cotton gin is a mechanical device that removes the seeds from cotton, a process that had previously been extremely labor-intensive. The word
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609:, to work further on the idea, and on shoulder weapons as well as artillery. In the 19th century these efforts produced the "armory system," or
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Eli Whitney has often been incorrectly credited with inventing the idea of interchangeable parts, which he championed for years as a maker of
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The cotton gin transformed Southern agriculture and the national economy. Southern cotton found ready markets in Europe and in the burgeoning
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Because his stepmother opposed his wish to attend college, Whitney worked as a farm laborer and school teacher to save money. He prepared for
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A single cotton gin could generate up to 55 pounds (25 kg) of cleaned cotton daily. This contributed to the economic development of the
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in 1792. Whitney expected to study law but, finding himself short of funds, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor.
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Lakwete, Angela. (2004). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Dexter, Franklin B. (1911). "Eli Whitney." Yale Biographies and Annals, 1792–1805. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company.
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Hall, Karyl Lee Kibler, & Cooper, Carolyn. (1984). Windows on the Works: Industry on the Eli Whitney Site, 1798–1979.
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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of
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291:, a migrant from Connecticut). When he initially sailed for South Carolina, among his shipmates were the widow (
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Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts." Technology & Culture 1.
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Although Whitney's demonstration of 1801 appeared to show the feasibility of creating interchangeable parts,
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189:(December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825) was an American inventor, widely known for inventing the
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Letter from Eli Whitney to his Father regarding his invention of the cotton gin, September 11, 1793
341:"First cotton gin" from Harpers Weekly. 1869 illustration depicting event of some 70 years earlier.
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Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Eli Whitney Jr. regarding his cotton gin patent, November 16, 1793
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of artillery pieces, although not true interchangeability of parts. He inspired others, including
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Cotton Gin Patent. It shows sawtooth gin blades, which were not part of Whitney's original patent.
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Battison, Edwin. (1960). "Eli Whitney and the Milling Machine." Smithsonian Journal of History I.
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in the Southern United States to become more sustainable at a critical point in its development.
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newly formed United States Army. He continued making arms and inventing until his death in 1825.
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cotton gin factory had burned to the ground, and litigation sapped his remaining resources. The
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Photograph of house in which the Cotton Gin was invented, Wilkes County, Georgia, ca. 1910
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Cooper, Carolyn, & Lindsay, Merrill K. (1980). Eli Whitney and the Whitney Armory.
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of Westborough, Massachusetts, to run a public school, with sample of his penmanship
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reportedly invented and constructed several devices to mechanically ease his pain.
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Eli Whitney papers (MS 554). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
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Machine tool historian Joseph W. Roe credited Whitney with inventing the first
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of Rhode Island. Mrs. Greene invited Whitney to visit her Georgia plantation,
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First contract of Eli Whitney as a firearms manufacturer, 1798. Signed by
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Attempts at interchangeability of parts can be traced back as far as the
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1222:"Eli Whitney Students Program – A Program for Non-Traditional Students"
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483: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Obituary for Eli Whitney, in Niles Weekly Register, January 25, 1825
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838:. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. August 16, 1996
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1098:"Eli Whitney Patents the Machine He Thought Would Help End Slavery"
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His 1817 marriage to Henrietta Edwards, granddaughter of the famed
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industry was rejuvenated, eventually culminating in the Civil War.
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315:. In the South, the cotton gin revolutionized the way cotton was
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1104:. Office of the State Historian. March 14, 2020. Archived from
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1043:. Americanhistory.about.com. January 26, 2012. Archived from
267:, Connecticut, he entered in the fall of 1789 and graduated
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1363:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (
1355:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
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1329:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 75–103.
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1458:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 611.
1388:Eli Whitney Biography on at Whitney Research Group
1197:"The Family | The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop"
1128:
1086:. 1895–1896. U.S. Department of the Treasury: 290.
921:, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed October 4, 2009
1346:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
433:primarily employed in growing rice, tobacco, and
2134:Deaths from prostate cancer in the United States
2090:
931:New Georgia Encyclopedia: Eli Whitney in Georgia
895:"Inventor of the Week: Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin"
1214:
748:, a New Haven developer and political leader.
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2179:People of the American Industrial Revolution
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1135:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p.
789:, Yale University's admissions program for
295:) and family of the Revolutionary hero Gen.
1485:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
212:
2149:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
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1538:
1068:, a website for The Eli Whitney Museum in
727:South side of Eli Whitney monument in the
613:. Certain other New Englanders, including
193:in 1793, one of the key inventions of the
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994:"Eli Whitney's Patent for the Cotton Gin"
543:Learn how and when to remove this message
1131:At Home: A Short History of Private Life
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808:Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
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1084:Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance
996:. US National Archives. August 15, 2016
982:– via Google News Archive Search.
2174:People from Westborough, Massachusetts
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836:"Elms and Magnolias: The 18th century"
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2169:Engineers from New Haven, Connecticut
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1260:Whitneyville, CT: Eli Whitney Museum.
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770:, further tied him to Connecticut's
591:Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval
481:adding citations to reliable sources
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1066:The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop
862:Massachusetts Vital Records to 1850
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1343:English and American Tool Builders
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1041:"Top Five Causes of the Civil War"
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2129:Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
1393:Entry in New Georgia Encyclopedia
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259:) and under the tutelage of Rev.
2119:Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
1561:Hall of Fame for Great Americans
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611:American system of manufacturing
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2109:18th-century American inventors
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468:needs additional citations for
357:A cotton gin on display at the
197:that shaped the economy of the
1470:New International Encyclopedia
1282:Johns Hopkins University Press
1269:Hamden, CT: Eli Whitney Museum
1165:Baida, Peter (May–June 1987).
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897:. June 9, 2012. Archived from
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1:
912:Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa
818:
653:Whitney's gun factory in 1827
597:who created a fair amount of
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68:Province of Massachusetts Bay
16:American inventor (1765–1825)
2154:Inventors from Massachusetts
2139:Engineers from Massachusetts
1167:"Eli Whitney's Other Talent"
787:Eli Whitney Students Program
293:Catherine Littlefield Greene
206:slavery in the United States
21:Eli Whitney (disambiguation)
7:
2114:American business theorists
796:
278:Petition by Whitney to the
221:Coat of Arms of Eli Whitney
10:
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1843:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1425:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1326:Leading American Inventors
940:. Accessed March 19, 2008.
715:Eli Whitney on US Postage
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131:Eli Whitney, Elizabeth Fay
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1783:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
1778:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
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742:Secretary of the Treasury
593:, an 18th-century French
571:Secretary of the Treasury
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2159:Leicester Academy alumni
1968:William Tecumseh Sherman
1658:George Washington Carver
1020:History Reference Center
917:January 3, 2012, at the
791:non-traditional students
213:Early life and education
2048:John Greenleaf Whittier
1663:William Ellery Channing
1500:The American Cyclopædia
1455:Encyclopædia Britannica
1280:, Baltimore, Maryland:
1016:"Patent for Cotton Gin"
2199:Yale University alumni
2033:James McNeill Whistler
1963:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
1878:Matthew Fontaine Maury
1440:Encyclopedia Americana
1398:April 5, 2013, at the
1383:The Eli Whitney Museum
936:April 5, 2013, at the
766:, the state's leading
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672:such as insurance and
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383:African slavery system
379:Southern United States
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2164:Machine tool builders
1983:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1953:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1683:James Fenimore Cooper
1643:William Cullen Bryant
1618:Alexander Graham Bell
1414:Texts on Wikisource:
1323:Iles, George (1912).
744:(class of 1778), and
729:Grove Street Cemetery
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707:Later life and legacy
692:Further information:
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557:Interchangeable parts
449:Interchangeable parts
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313:interchangeable parts
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195:Industrial Revolution
157:Interchangeable parts
2013:Booker T. Washington
1923:Alice Freeman Palmer
1903:William T. G. Morton
1848:James Russell Lowell
1127:Byson, Bill (2011).
858:"Westborough Deaths"
615:Captain John H. Hall
477:improve this article
225:Whitney was born in
19:For other uses, see
2194:Yale College alumni
2028:George Westinghouse
1998:Henry David Thoreau
1908:John Lothrop Motley
1883:Albert A. Michelson
1763:Nathaniel Hawthorne
1713:Ralph Waldo Emerson
1698:James Buchanan Eads
1338:Roe, Joseph Wickham
1274:Hounshell, David A.
972:Gettysburg Compiler
968:"Cat Gave Him Idea"
694:Milling (machining)
682:economic efficiency
96:, Connecticut, U.S.
1958:Theodore Roosevelt
1898:Samuel F. B. Morse
1758:Alexander Hamilton
1703:Thomas Alva Edison
1613:Henry Ward Beecher
1598:John James Audubon
1047:on August 22, 2011
813:Eli Whitney Museum
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721:
684:in manufacturing.
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644:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
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567:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
416:plantation slavery
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359:Eli Whitney Museum
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147:Engineering career
2144:Firearm designers
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2018:George Washington
1973:John Philip Sousa
1808:Thomas J. Jackson
1798:Washington Irving
1743:William C. Gorgas
1728:Benjamin Franklin
1693:Charlotte Cushman
1578:John Quincy Adams
1369:978-0-917914-73-7
1291:978-0-8018-2975-8
1228:. New Haven, CT:
1171:American Heritage
868:on April 15, 2010
663:Merritt Roe Smith
635:French Revolution
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253:Leicester Academy
242:Revolutionary War
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1858:Edward MacDowell
1813:Thomas Jefferson
1748:Ulysses S. Grant
1708:Jonathan Edwards
1678:Grover Cleveland
1593:Susan B. Anthony
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1102:Today In History
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756:Jonathan Edwards
607:Louis de Tousard
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2058:Frances Willard
1993:Sylvanus Thayer
1943:Edgar Allan Poe
1928:Francis Parkman
1838:Abraham Lincoln
1818:John Paul Jones
1738:Josiah W. Gibbs
1653:Andrew Carnegie
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1603:George Bancroft
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492:"Eli Whitney"
489:
488:Find sources:
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471:
466:This section
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423:textile mills
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2053:Emma Willard
2042:
2038:Walt Whitman
2008:Lillian Wald
1978:Joseph Story
1938:William Penn
1918:Thomas Paine
1893:James Monroe
1788:Mark Hopkins
1768:Joseph Henry
1688:Peter Cooper
1668:Rufus Choate
1623:Daniel Boone
1608:Clara Barton
1498:
1495:Whitney, Eli
1483:
1480:Whitney, Eli
1468:
1465:Whitney, Eli
1453:
1450:Whitney, Eli
1438:
1435:Whitney, Eli
1423:
1420:Whitney, Eli
1342:
1325:
1277:
1235:November 21,
1233:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1174:
1170:
1130:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:the original
1101:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
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998:. Retrieved
988:
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971:
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899:the original
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
861:
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840:. Retrieved
784:
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772:ruling elite
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619:Simeon North
603:Honoré Blanc
583:
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475:Please help
470:verification
467:
431:
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403:infringement
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106:Yale College
25:
2104:1825 deaths
2099:1765 births
2043:Eli Whitney
1948:Walter Reed
1868:Horace Mann
1628:Edwin Booth
1583:Jane Addams
1206:January 24,
1112:January 18,
1025:October 20,
978:October 30,
670:fixed costs
595:artillerist
443:King Cotton
441:to Texas. "
427:New England
227:Westborough
64:Westborough
32:Eli Whitney
2124:Cotton gin
2093:Categories
2003:Mark Twain
1823:James Kent
1793:Elias Howe
1673:Henry Clay
1573:John Adams
1308:1104810110
819:References
768:Federalist
753:evangelist
586:Punic Wars
503:newspapers
399:patent law
391:gristmills
333:Cotton gin
327:Cotton gin
289:Lyman Hall
191:cotton gin
161:cotton gin
112:Occupation
86:1825-01-09
57:1765-12-08
1853:Mary Lyon
1563:inductees
1051:March 14,
1000:April 13,
872:April 17,
842:March 19,
733:New Haven
674:machinery
631:New Haven
321:Civil War
317:harvested
280:selectmen
171:Signature
136:Relatives
128:Parent(s)
102:Education
94:New Haven
1753:Asa Gray
1396:Archived
1361:27-24075
1352:16011753
1340:(1916),
1300:83016269
1276:(1984),
1226:yale.edu
934:Archived
915:Archived
797:See also
395:sawmills
153:Projects
120:Children
115:Engineer
1503:. 1879.
1488:. 1889.
1473:. 1905.
1443:. 1920.
1428:. 1921.
1181:May 30,
579:muskets
517:scholar
439:Georgia
401:, made
371:engine.
84: (
55: (
1367:
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1288:
1143:
1070:Hamden
680:, and
629:. His
519:
512:
505:
498:
490:
435:indigo
307:Career
265:Durham
524:JSTOR
510:books
255:(now
1365:ISBN
1357:LCCN
1348:LCCN
1304:OCLC
1296:LCCN
1286:ISBN
1237:2011
1208:2023
1183:2013
1141:ISBN
1114:2022
1053:2012
1027:2016
1002:2021
980:2018
874:2010
844:2008
785:The
719:, 1c
627:debt
617:and
605:and
496:news
393:and
249:Yale
79:Died
50:Born
1497:".
1482:".
1467:".
1452:".
1437:".
1422:".
1177:(4)
1137:412
479:by
425:of
367:gin
263:of
251:at
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540:(
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531:(
521:·
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507:·
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361:.
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59:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
