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559:: In this type of projection, the object is imagined to be in the first quadrant. Because the observer normally looks from the right side of the quadrant to obtain the front view, the objects will come in between the observer and the plane of projection. Therefore, in this case, the object is imagined to be transparent, and the projectors are imagined to be extended from various points of the object to meet the projection plane. When these meeting points are joined in order on the plane they form an image, thus in the first angle projection, any view is so placed that it represents the side of the object away from it. First angle projection is often used throughout parts of Europe so that it is often called European projection.
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that all of them are contained within the same plane (namely, the plane of the medium on which all of the images will be presented together, such as a piece of paper, or a computer monitor, etc.). However, even if the faces of the box are unfolded in one standardized way, there is ambiguity as to which projection is being displayed by a particular face; the cube has two faces that are perpendicular to a ray of sight, and the points of interest may be projected onto either one of them, a choice which has resulted in two predominant standards of projection:
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1363:. Using the rotation technique above, note that no orthographic view is available looking perpendicularly at any of the inclined surfaces. Suppose a technician desired such a view to, say, look through a hole to be drilled perpendicularly to the surface. Such a view might be desired for calculating clearances or for dimensioning purposes. To obtain this view without multiple rotations requires the principles of Descriptive Geometry. The steps below describe the use of these principles in third angle projection.
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1273:. This meant that some British companies completely adopted third angle projection. BS 308 (Part 1) Engineering Drawing Practice, gave the option of using both projections, but generally, every illustration (other than the ones explaining the difference between first and third-angle) was done in first-angle. After the withdrawal of BS 308 in 1999, BS 8888 offered the same choice since it referred directly to ISO 5456-2, Technical drawings – Projection methods – Part 2: Orthographic representations.
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565:: In this type of projection, the object is imagined to be in the third quadrant. Again, as the observer is normally supposed to look from the right side of the quadrant to obtain the front view, in this method, the projection plane comes in between the observer and the object. Therefore, the plane of projection is assumed to be transparent. The intersection of this plan with the projectors from all the points of the object would form an image on the transparent plane.
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The 3D interpretation is a solid truncated cone, with the small end pointing toward the viewer. The front view is, therefore, two concentric circles. The fact that the inner circle is drawn with a solid line instead of dashed identifies this view as the front view, not the rear view. The side view is
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are also mathematically valid, but their use would result in one view "true" and the other view "flipped" by 180° through its vertical centerline, which is too confusing for technical drawings. (In cases where such a view is useful, e.g. a ceiling viewed from above, a reflected view is used, which is
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These six planes of projection intersect each other, forming a box around the object, the most uniform construction of which is a cube; traditionally, these six views are presented together by first projecting the 3D object onto the 2D faces of a cube, and then "unfolding" the faces of the cube such
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onto the plane closest to it. (Mnemonic: a "shark in a tank", esp. that is sunken into the floor.) Using the 6-sided viewing box, each view of the object is projected opposite to the direction (sense) of sight, onto the (transparent) exterior walls of the box; that is, each view of the object is
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through the object onto the plane furthest from it. (Mnemonic: an "actor on a stage".) Extending to the 6-sided box, each view of the object is projected in the direction (sense) of sight of the object, onto the (opaque) interior walls of the box; that is, each view of the object is drawn on the
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and may produce an image of a specified, imaginary object as viewed from any direction of space. Orthographic projection is distinguished by parallel projectors emanating from all points of the imaged object and which intersect of projection at right angles. Above, a technique is described that
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In the building industry elevations are non-perspective views of the structure. These are drawn to scale so that measurements can be taken for any aspect necessary. Drawing sets include front, rear, and both side elevations. The elevations specify the composition of the different facades of the
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is a variant of a regular elevation view in which several adjacent non-parallel sides may be shown together as if they have been unfolded. For example, the north and west views may be shown side-by-side, sharing an edge, even though this does not represent a proper orthographic projection.
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the paper and, from the "face" (front) view, it is rolled to the right to show the left side or rolled up to show its bottom. It is standard throughout Europe and Asia (excluding Japan). First-angle projection was widely used in the UK, but during World War II, British drawings sent to be
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Third-angle is as if the object were a box to be unfolded. If we unfold the box so that the front view is in the center of the two arms, then the top view is above it, the bottom view is below it, the left view is to the left, and the right view is to the right. It is standard in the USA
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are also commonly used for this purpose. A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to the compass direction it faces; the direction from which a person views it. E.g. the North
Elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces true north on the compass.
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is a view of a 3-dimensional object seen from vertically above (or sometimes below). It may be drawn in the position of a horizontal plane passing through, above, or below the object. The outline of a shape in this view is sometimes called its
860:. These views are typically used when an object has a surface in an oblique plane. By projecting into a plane parallel with the oblique surface, the true size and shape of the surface are shown. Auxiliary views are often drawn using
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BS 308 (Part 1) Engineering
Drawing Practice BS 8888 Technical product documentation and specification ISO 5456-2 Technical drawings – Projection methods – Part 2: Orthographic Representations (includes the truncated cone symbol)
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449:) towards the object is chosen, which determines on the object various points of interest (for instance, the points that are visible when looking at the object along the ray of sight); those points of interest are mapped by an
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is the view of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a vertical plane beside an object. In other words, an elevation is a side view as viewed from the front, back, left or right (and referred to as a
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of the object's coordinate system; that is, parallel to each axis, the object may be viewed in one of 2 opposite directions, making for a total of 6 orthographic projections (or "views") of the object:
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1339:, the front view is pulled forward to the front wall, and the right side view is pulled to the right wall, so the third-angle symbol shows the trapezoid with its shortest side towards the circles.
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Descriptive geometry customarily relies on obtaining various views by imagining an object to be stationary and changing the direction of projection (viewing) in order to obtain the desired view.
1332:, the front view is pushed back to the rear wall, and the right side view is pushed to the left wall, so the first-angle symbol shows the trapezoid with its shortest side away from the circles.
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1454:: Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object perpendicularly from the inclined surface, and perforce, perpendicular to the fourth (Auxiliary) plane of projection.
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An elevation is a common method of depicting the external configuration and detailing of a 3-dimensional object in two dimensions. Building façades are shown as elevations in
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When the plane or axis of the object depicted is not parallel to the projection plane, and where multiple sides of an object are visible in the same image, it is called an
1116:. A simpler way to visualize this is to place the object on top of an upside-down bowl. Sliding the object down the right edge of the bowl reveals the right side view.
340:), with each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the object. The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two schemes:
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walls. A simpler way to visualize this is to place the object in the bottom of a bowl. Sliding the object up the right edge of the bowl reveals the right side view.
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The plan view from above a building is called its roof plan. A section seen in a horizontal plane through the walls and showing the floor beneath is called a
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Third-angle projection is most commonly used in
America, Japan (in JIS B 0001：2010); and is preferred in Australia, as laid down in AS 1100.101—1992 6.3.3.
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In the UK, BS8888 9.7.2.1 allows for three different conventions for arranging views: Labelled Views, Third Angle
Projection, and First Angle Projection.
1448:: The fourth plane of projection is added parallel to the chosen inclined surface, and perforce, perpendicular to the first (Frontal) plane of projection.
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Here is the construction of third angle projections of the same object as above. Note that the individual views are the same, just arranged differently.
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Both first-angle and third-angle projections result in the same 6 views; the difference between them is the arrangement of these views around the box.
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A great deal of confusion has ensued in drafting rooms and engineering departments when drawings are transferred from one convention to another. On
1472:: The final appearance of an orthographic multiview projection and which includes an "Auxiliary view" showing the true shape of an inclined surface.
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building, including ridge heights, the positioning of the final fall of the land, exterior finishes, roof pitches, and other architectural details.
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An example of a multiview orthographic drawing from a US Patent (1913), showing two views of the same object. Third angle projection is used.
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Monge's original formulation uses two planes only and obtains the top and front views only. The addition of a third plane to show a
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A section is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a 3-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is often used in
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opposite side of the box. A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by "unfolding" the box, to view all of the
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is a mild anachronism, as a modern orthographic projection with three views corresponds more precisely to an octant of 3D space.
1384:: The object is imagined behind a vertical plane of projection. The angled corner of the plane of projection is addressed later.
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586:. Sometimes they are shown as if the object has been cut across or sectioned to expose the interior: these views are called
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The same image, with views of the object projected in the direction of sight onto walls using first-angle projection.
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Elevations are the most common orthographic projection for conveying the appearance of a building from the exterior.
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of an object, each viewed in a direction parallel to one of the main coordinate axes. These primary views are called
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These quadrant labels are the same as used in 2D planar geometry, as seen from infinitely far to the "left", taking
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Comparison of first and third-angle projections showing that related parts in the views are closer in third-angle
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1408:: Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object perpendicular to the second plane of projection.
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1426:: Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object perpendicular to the third plane of projection.
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Image showing orthographic views located relative to each other in accordance with first-angle projection.
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1390:: Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object, perpendicular to the plane of projection.
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497:(because they show the arrangement of features on a horizontal plane, such as a floor in a building).
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Ingrid
Carlbom, Joseph Paciorek (1978), "Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations",
955:("backdrop"). These two planes intersect to partition 3D space into 4 quadrants, which he labeled:
469:) that is perpendicular to the ray of sight, thereby creating a 2D representation of the 3D object.
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onto planes that form a six-sided box around the object. Although six different sides can be drawn,
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1039:(equivalently, the position of the intersection line between the two planes is shifted), obtaining
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1466:: The various planes of projection are unfolded to be planar with the Frontal plane of projection.
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obtains varying views by projecting images after the object is rotated to the desired position.
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Symbols used to define whether a projection is either first angle (left) or third angle (right)
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756:. The style of crosshatching often indicates the type of material the section passes through.
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1269:, had to be drawn in third-angle projection before they could be produced, e.g., as the
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Visualised as rolling on the upper and lower surfaces of the drawing plane, respectively
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in either first-angle or third-angle projection, as shown by the diagram on the right.
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745:, is a view of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object.
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Projection views of a simple house from the book "Radford's mechanical drawing" (1912)
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three views of a drawing give enough information to make a three-dimensional object.
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B 0001:2010 specifies it as the default projection system), Canada, and
Australia (
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Educational website describing the principles of first and third angle projection
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Educational website describing the principles of first and third angle projection
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134:
1402:: A second, horizontal plane of projection is added, perpendicular to the first.
1312:, the projection is denoted by an international symbol representing a truncated
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drawn on the same side of the box. The box is then unfolded to view all of its
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1420:: The third plane of projection is added, perpendicular to the previous two.
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1186:, the object is conceptually located in quadrant III, i.e. it is positioned
516:(because they show the heights of features of an object such as a building).
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projection. In each, the appearances of views may be thought of as being
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1378:: Pictorial of the imaginary object that the technician wishes to image.
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947:. Monge defined a reference system of two viewing planes, horizontal
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Orthographic multiview projection is derived from the principles of
2047:
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Y14.3-2003 specifies it as the default projection system), Japan (
1063:(either left or right) is a modern extension. The terminology of
2520:
2032:
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is a technique of illustration by which a standardized series of
1711:
Introduction to
Graphics Communications for Engineers (4th Ed.).
1636:
1152:
Similar image showing the box unfolding from around the object.
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The 3D object of interest is then placed into either quadrant
30:"Planform" redirects here. For wing planform of aircraft, see
2027:
764:
336:
object. Up to six pictures of an object are produced (called
1724:"Geometric Models - Jullien Models for Descriptive Geometry"
1109:
1903:
472:
Customarily, two rays of sight are chosen for each of the
2052:
1260:
First-angle projection is as if the object were sitting
1869:
Basic
Projection Method first angle vs the third angle
1773:
Madsen, David A.; Madsen, David P. (1 February 2016).
702:
Interior elevations are used to show details such as
926:
332:
pictures are constructed to represent the form of a
1557:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1289:specifies it as the preferred projection system).
1087:, the object is conceptually located in quadrant
799:A 2-D cross-sectional view of a compression seal.
2767:
1826:"Full text of "AS 1100.101 1992 Technical Dwgs""
1056:a mirror image of the true orthographic view.)
939:Modern orthographic projection is derived from
1343:
935:Gaspard Monge's four quadrants and two planes.
1889:
294:
1772:
1896:
1882:
1481:First-angle is used in most of the world.
763:, computers construct cross-sections from
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287:
1652:
1617:Learn how and when to remove this message
1247:
1169:
1070:
914:Learn how and when to remove this message
1429:
1365:
1299:
1265:manufactured in the USA, such as of the
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1173:
1074:
930:
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607:
542:
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358:
1864:Images tagged "Elevation" on Flickr.com
1688:Architectural Graphics - Second Edition
14:
2768:
1047:projections, respectively. Quadrants
713:
1877:
1682:
1690:, New York: Van Norstrand Reinhold,
1555:adding citations to reliable sources
1526:
871:
838:Section view in architectural design
519:Along an orthogonal axis (often the
1566:"Multiview orthographic projection"
1190:the viewing planes, the planes are
1095:the viewing planes, the planes are
500:Along a horizontal axis (often the
24:
1476:
843:
25:
2787:
1843:
927:Quadrants in descriptive geometry
549:Multiview orthographic projection
481:Along a vertical axis (often the
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1220:
1211:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
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52:
1542:needs additional citations for
1128:An image of an object in a box.
574:Multiview projections show the
535:, following the same reasoning.
531:views, which are also known as
430:To render each such picture, a
414:Comparison of several types of
367:These three views are known as
1818:
1793:
1776:Engineering Drawing and Design
1766:
1740:
1716:
1703:
1676:
1630:
1460:: An image is created thereby.
1442:: An image is created thereby.
1434:Figures ten through seventeen.
1414:: An image is created thereby.
1396:: An image is created thereby.
885:This article needs editing to
13:
1:
1920:Biological data visualization
1522:
867:
826:Cross-section of a jet engine
643:
7:
1490:
1344:Multiviews without rotation
405:
233:Projection (linear algebra)
10:
2792:
1960:Mathematical visualization
730:
726:
597:
512:views, which are known as
493:views, which are known as
29:
2638:
2508:
2372:
2326:
2250:
2149:
2118:
2111:
2018:
1955:Information visualization
1940:Educational visualization
1912:
1789:– via Google Books.
1370:Figures one through nine.
1295:
1108:walls. This produces two
761:computed axial tomography
706:and trim configurations.
27:Technique of illustration
2131:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1980:Scientific visualization
1907:of technical information
1805:Musashino Art University
1801:"Third Angle Projection"
1748:"Third Angle Projection"
1502:Cross section (geometry)
951:("ground") and vertical
887:comply with Knowledge's
733:Cross section (geometry)
658:Jacques-Germain Soufflot
652:Principal façade of the
1728:Smithsonian Institution
1093:floats above and before
593:
551:and some 3D projections
451:orthographic projection
100:Curvilinear perspective
76:Orthographic projection
2551:Christopher R. Johnson
2103:Technical illustration
1990:Software visualization
1854:University of Limerick
1435:
1371:
1337:third-angle projection
1330:first-angle projection
1305:
1257:
1248:Additional information
1184:third-angle projection
1179:
1170:Third-angle projection
1085:first-angle projection
1080:
1071:First-angle projection
936:
685:architectural drawings
661:
617:
563:Third-angle projection
557:First-angle projection
552:
427:
364:
95:Perspective projection
32:planform (aeronautics)
2776:Graphical projections
2445:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
2258:Edward Walter Maunder
2182:Charles Joseph Minard
2000:User interface design
1975:Product visualization
1663:10.1145/356744.356750
1640:ACM Computing Surveys
1497:Architectural drawing
1433:
1369:
1303:
1271:Packard V-1650 Merlin
1255:
1177:
1078:
1028:-axis, respectively.
934:
752:and is traditionally
651:
611:
546:
413:
362:
203:Computer-aided design
140:Exploded view drawing
2725:Scientific modelling
2700:Information graphics
2440:Clifford A. Pickover
2390:William S. Cleveland
2298:Henry Norris Russell
2283:Howard G. Funkhouser
2227:Florence Nightingale
2192:Francis Amasa Walker
2088:Statistical graphics
2010:Volume visualization
1985:Social visualization
1779:. Cengage Learning.
1551:improve this article
1512:Graphical projection
1350:descriptive geometry
1310:engineering drawings
945:descriptive geometry
862:isometric projection
416:graphical projection
323:multiview projection
208:Descriptive geometry
81:Isometric projection
46:Graphical projection
2705:Information science
2668:in computer science
2460:Sheelagh Carpendale
2395:George G. Robertson
2232:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
2167:André-Michel Guerry
2043:Graph of a function
2038:Engineering drawing
1709:Bertoline, Gary R.
1507:Engineering drawing
1322:isosceles trapezoid
1194:, and each view is
1099:, and each view is
896:improve the content
720:developed elevation
714:Developed elevation
629:, for example with
268:Video game graphics
243:Projective geometry
213:Engineering drawing
105:Reverse perspective
71:Parallel projection
40:Part of a series on
2745:Volume cartography
2509:Early 21st century
2405:Catherine Plaisant
2400:Bruce H. McCormick
2354:Mary Eleanor Spear
2344:Arthur H. Robinson
2278:Arthur Lyon Bowley
2251:Early 20th century
2098:Technical drawings
1970:Molecular graphics
1945:Flow visualization
1935:Data visualization
1713:New York, NY. 2009
1436:
1372:
1306:
1267:Rolls-Royce Merlin
1258:
1180:
1081:
937:
781:beverage-can stove
689:technical drawings
662:
618:
553:
547:Classification of
453:to points on some
428:
365:
88:Oblique projection
2763:
2762:
2740:Visual perception
2690:Graphic organizer
2663:Computer graphics
2634:
2633:
2616:Martin Wattenberg
2591:Hanspeter Pfister
2546:Martin Krzywinski
2470:Jock D. Mackinlay
2450:Thomas A. DeFanti
2373:Late 20th century
2293:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1995:Technical drawing
1697:978-0-442-21862-1
1627:
1626:
1619:
1601:
924:
923:
916:
750:technical drawing
334:three-dimensional
319:computer graphics
315:technical drawing
311:
310:
253:Technical drawing
198:Computer graphics
16:(Redirected from
2783:
2750:Volume rendering
2735:Visual analytics
2730:Spatial analysis
2710:Misleading graph
2561:David McCandless
2536:Gordon Kindlmann
2500:Alfred Inselberg
2495:Leland Wilkinson
2430:Michael Friendly
2364:Howard T. Fisher
2327:Mid 20th century
2268:W. E. B. Du Bois
2172:William Playfair
2162:Adolphe Quetelet
2136:Joseph Priestley
2119:Pre-19th century
2116:
2115:
2083:Skeletal formula
1950:Geovisualization
1925:Chemical imaging
1898:
1891:
1884:
1875:
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2695:Imaging science
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2606:Moritz Stefaner
2531:Jessica Hullman
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1607:November 2009
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1568: –
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1562:Find sources:
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1540:This article
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811:Cutaway of a
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2715:Neuroimaging
2675:CPK coloring
2658:Color coding
2596:Hans Rosling
2576:Miriah Meyer
2541:Aaron Koblin
2526:Jeffrey Heer
2420:Edward Tufte
2415:Pat Hanrahan
2385:Nigel Holmes
2263:Otto Neurath
2202:Oliver Byrne
2150:19th century
1838:
1829:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1795:
1775:
1768:
1758:December 10,
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1687:
1684:Ching, Frank
1678:
1644:
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1549:Please help
1544:verification
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464:
458:
446:
442:
438:
431:
429:
423:
419:
418:, including
399:
397:
393:section view
389:profile view
388:
384:
376:
368:
366:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:orthographic
322:
312:
188:Anamorphosis
145:Fisheye lens
2648:Cartography
2586:Ade Olufeko
2556:Manuel Lima
2485:Kwan-Liu Ma
2410:Stuart Card
2380:Borden Dent
2318:Erwin Raisz
2273:Henry Gantt
1830:archive.org
1192:transparent
1045:third-angle
813:Porsche 996
466:image plane
346:third-angle
342:first-angle
258:True length
248:Stereoscopy
2571:John Maeda
2349:John Tukey
2313:Harry Beck
2308:Fritz Kahn
2058:Photograph
1810:7 December
1733:2019-12-11
1577:newspapers
1523:References
1287:AS1100.101
1114:elevations
1091:, i.e. it
1024:-axis and
1020:to be the
904:April 2014
868:Multiviews
787:in yellow.
731:See also:
638:floor plan
604:Floor plan
598:See also:
584:elevations
533:elevations
514:elevations
474:three axes
457:(called a
369:front view
193:Axonometry
150:Multiviews
2653:Chartjunk
2621:Bang Wong
2516:Polo Chau
2222:John Snow
2197:John Venn
2078:Schematic
2063:Pictogram
1649:CiteSeerX
1464:Fig.14-16
1112:and four
1061:side view
992:, behind
979:, behind
854:pictorial
665:Elevation
644:Elevation
420:elevation
381:plan view
350:projected
165:Zoom lens
2770:Category
2639:Related
2048:Ideogram
1852:—
1686:(1985),
1491:See also
1361:Figure 1
1201:exterior
1106:interior
1065:quadrant
1001:: below
988:: below
975:: above
962:: above
704:millwork
676:, and a
627:planform
588:sections
435:of sight
406:Overview
385:end view
377:top view
155:Panorama
2521:Ben Fry
2033:Diagram
1591:scholar
783:with a
739:section
727:Section
354:usually
2641:topics
2112:People
2019:Image
1913:Fields
1783:
1694:
1671:708008
1669:
1651:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1470:Fig.17
1458:Fig.13
1452:Fig.12
1446:Fig.11
1440:Fig.10
1296:Symbol
1196:pulled
1101:pushed
1097:opaque
1043:- and
767:data.
616:, 1828
491:bottom
387:(also
371:(also
177:Topics
64:Planar
2093:Table
2028:Chart
2021:types
1667:S2CID
1598:JSTOR
1584:books
1424:Fig.9
1418:Fig.8
1412:Fig.7
1406:Fig.6
1400:Fig.5
1394:Fig.4
1388:Fig.3
1382:Fig.2
1376:Fig.1
1110:plans
1041:first
765:x-ray
759:With
741:, or
656:, by
580:plans
529:right
506:front
495:plans
426:views
119:Views
2068:Plot
1812:2016
1781:ISBN
1760:2019
1692:ISBN
1570:news
1359:See
1314:cone
1279:ASME
1051:and
1016:and
687:and
622:plan
602:and
594:Plan
582:and
527:and
525:left
510:back
508:and
489:and
424:plan
422:and
395:).
383:and
321:, a
317:and
2053:Map
1659:doi
1553:by
1335:In
1328:In
1320:an
1283:JIS
1182:In
1083:In
1037:III
1035:or
986:III
943:'s
852:or
848:An
680:).
487:top
463:or
445:or
433:ray
391:or
379:or
375:),
344:or
313:In
2772::
1828:.
1803:.
1726:.
1665:,
1657:,
1645:10
1643:,
1324:.
1262:on
1053:IV
1049:II
999:IV
973:II
864:.
737:A
718:A
691:.
672:,
640:.
633:.
620:A
590:.
441:,
402:.
1897:e
1890:t
1883:v
1832:.
1814:.
1762:.
1736:.
1661::
1620:)
1614:(
1609:)
1605:(
1595:·
1588:·
1581:·
1574:·
1547:.
1277:(
1089:I
1033:I
1026:Y
1022:X
1018:V
1014:H
1007:V
1003:H
994:V
990:H
981:V
977:H
968:V
964:H
960:I
953:V
949:H
917:)
911:(
906:)
902:(
898:.
891:.
660:.
521:x
502:z
483:y
302:e
295:t
288:v
34:.
20:)
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