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185:. He proposed that each car would be equipped with a transponder: "The transponder's personalized signal would be picked up when the car passed through an intersection, and then relayed to a central computer which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of day and add it to the car's bill." In the 1960s and the 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the undersides of the vehicles and readers, which were located under the surface of the highway. Plans were however scrapped and it never came into actual implementation. Modern toll transponders are typically mounted under the windshield, with readers located in overhead gantries.
543:
1146:, while rarely used as the primary vehicle identification method, is more commonly used in violation enforcement. In the VES context, the number of images collected is much smaller than in the AVI context. This makes manual review, with its greater accuracy over fully automated methods, practical. However, many jurisdictions require legislative action to permit this type of enforcement, as the number plate identifies only the vehicle, not its operator, and many traffic enforcement regulations require identifying the operator in order to issue an infraction.
565:
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pressure to limit the fraction of electronic lanes in order to limit the length of manual-lane lines. In the short term, the greater the fraction of automated lanes, the lower the cost of operation (once the capital costs of automating are amortized). In the long term, the greater the relative advantage that registering and turning one's vehicle into an electronic-toll one provides, the faster cars will be converted from manual-toll use to electronic-toll use, and therefore the fewer manual-toll cars will drag down average speed and thus capacity.
998:
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762:) during peak travel seasons to facilitate distribution of congestion to midnight hours. The toll gates divide the highway into segments, each having a price value determined by distance to the next gate (interchange). A daily gate count is calculated at midnight, and the total charge is deducted in 48 hours. Each vehicle receives a further discount after the first 200 kilometers, and eTag subscribers with prepaid accounts get a further 10% reduction. Non-subscribers are billed by
326:
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average speed, and in a lower time. This is at least a psychological improvement, even if the length of the lines in automated lanes is sufficient to make the no-stop-to-pay savings insignificant compared to time still lost due waiting in line to pass the toll gate. Toll plazas are typically wider than the rest of the highway; reducing the need for them makes it possible to fit toll roads into tight corridors.
424:
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interaction with the toll agency. The disadvantage is that fully automatic recognition has a significant error rate, leading to billing errors and the cost of transaction processing (which requires locating and corresponding with the customer) can be significant. Systems that incorporate a manual review stage have much lower error rates, but require a continuing staffing expense.
1493:"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/204 of 28 November 2019 on detailed obligations of European Electronic Toll Service providers, minimum content of the European Electronic Toll Service domain statement, electronic interfaces, requirements for interoperability constituents and repealing Decision 2009/750/EC"
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from the account rather than a violation being generated. If the license plate cannot be found in the database, then it is processed as a violation. Illinois' toll violation system has a 7-day grace period, allowing tollway users to pay missed tolls online with no penalty the 7 days following the missed toll.
283:
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methods, one could design systems that do not know where individuals are, but can still collect and enforce tolls. From the legal standpoint, a proper privacy framework can pose strict bounds on the data retention and rights to access and utilization, especially after the tolls have been successfully
1149:
An example of this is the vToll system on the
Illinois Tollway, which requires transponder users to enter their license plate information before using the system. If the transponder fails to read, the license plate number is matched to the transponder account, and the regular toll amount is deducted
1139:
A physical barrier, such as a gate arm, ensures that all vehicles passing through the toll booth have paid a toll. Violators are identified immediately, as the barrier will not permit the violator to proceed. However, barriers also force authorized customers, which are the vast majority of vehicles
1135:
Police patrols at toll gates can be highly effective. In addition, in most jurisdictions, the legal framework is already in place for punishing toll evasion as a traffic infraction. However, the expense of police patrols makes their use on a continuous basis impractical, such that the probability of
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and mail statements, or can make a payment at chain convenient store at third day after vehicle travel, since a subscription to ETC is not mandated by law. Taiwan was the first country to transfer from flat-rate toll stations to a distance-based pay-as-you-go tolling system on all of its freeways. It
484:
In Brazil, the Sem Parar/Via-Fácil system allows customers to pass through tolls in more than 1,000 lanes in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa
Catarina, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Sem Parar/Via-Fácil also allows users to enter and exit more than 100 parking lots. There are also
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Customer accounts may be postpaid, where toll transactions are periodically billed to the customer, or prepaid, where the customer funds a balance in the account which is then depleted as toll transactions occur. The prepaid system is more common, as the small amounts of most tolls makes pursuit of
403:
Even if line lengths are the same in electronic lanes as in manual ones, electronic tolls save registered cars time: eliminating the stop at a window or toll machine, between successive cars passing the collection machine, means a fixed-length stretch of their journey past it is traveled at a higher
1040:(DSRC). RFID tags have proved to have excellent accuracy, and can be read at highway speeds. The major disadvantage is the cost of equipping each vehicle with a transponder, which can be a major start-up expense, if paid by the toll agency, or a strong customer deterrent, if paid by the customer.
411:
In some countries, some toll agencies that use similar technology have set up (or are setting up) reciprocity arrangements, which permit one to drive a vehicle on another operator's tolled road with the tolls incurred charged to the driver's toll-payment account with their home operator. An example
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Enforcement is accomplished by a combination of a camera which takes a picture of the car and a radio frequency keyed computer which searches for a drivers window/bumper mounted transponder to verify and collect payment. The system sends a notice and fine to cars that pass through without having an
263:
ETC 2.0 is not only capable of sending and receiving a large amount of information in both directions between the road and the vehicle, but also of providing route information. Thus, ETC 2.0 has far more advanced functions than ETC 8 (which provides only toll collection function on toll roads). The
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of repeat toll violators, where the violator could serve time in jail, if convicted. Many toll agencies also publicize a list of habitual toll violators through media outlets and newspapers. Some toll agencies offer amnesty periods, where toll violators can settle their outstanding debts without
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More complex systems use a variety of sensors. Inductive sensors embedded in the road surface can determine the gaps between vehicles, to provide basic information on the presence of a vehicle. With clever software processing of the inductive data a wide range of vehicle classes can be derived by
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regional consortium's
Violation Enforcement contractor did not have access to the Transaction Processing contractor's database of customers. This, together with installation problems in the automated vehicle identification system, led to many customers receiving erroneous violation notices, and a
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Polish complementary road sign T-34 indicating electronic toll payment for using a public road. While the electronic toll collection is mandatory for the vehicles heavier than 3.5 tons and optional for passenger cars, the sign can be met on selected stretches of motorways, expressways and national
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Transaction processing deals with maintaining customer accounts, posting toll transactions and customer payments to the accounts, and handling customer inquiries. The transaction processing component of some systems is referred to as a "customer service center". In many respects, the transaction
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profilers record the shape of the vehicle, which can help distinguish trucks and trailers. In modern systems simple laser light curtains are being replaced with more technically advanced Lidar systems. These safety critical systems, used in autonomous vehicles, are less sensitive to environmental
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major freeways. All tolls are collected electronically by overhead gantries with multi-lane free flow, not at traditional toll booths. Taiwan was the first country to switch from manual tolling to all-electronic, multi-lane free-flow tolling on all of its freeways. To simulate the previous model,
575:
The most revolutionary application of ETC is in the urban context of congested cities, allowing to charge tolls without vehicles having to slow down. This application made feasible to concession to the private sector the construction and operation of urban freeways, as well as the introduction or
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in 1959. In the 1960s and the 1970s, the first prototype systems were tested. Norway has been a world pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology, beginning in 1986. Italy was the first country to deploy a full electronic toll collection system in motorways at national scale in
1017:
Automated vehicle identification (AVI) is the process of determining the identity of a vehicle subject to tolls. The majority of toll facilities record the passage of vehicles through a limited number of toll gates. At such facilities, the task is then to identify the vehicle in the gate area.
120:
is an increasingly popular alternative which eliminates toll booths altogether; electronic readers mounted beside or over the road read the transponders as vehicles pass at highway speeds, eliminating traffic bottlenecks created by vehicles slowing down to go through a toll booth lane. Vehicles
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As smart phone use becomes more commonplace, some toll road management companies have turned to mobile phone apps to inexpensively automate and expedite paying tolls from the lanes. One such example application is
Alabama Freedom Pass mobile, used to link customer accounts at sites operated by
734:
In 2006, San
Francisco transport authorities began a comprehensive study to evaluate the feasibility of introducing congestion pricing. The charge would be combined with other traffic reduction implementations, allowing money to be raised for public transit improvements and bike and pedestrian
515:
The
European Union issued the EFC-directive, which attempts to standardize European toll collection systems. Systems deployed after January 1, 2007 must support at least one of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard or 5.8 GHz
407:
Despite these limitations, if delay at the toll gate is reduced, the tollbooth can serve more vehicles per hour. The greater the throughput of any toll lane, the fewer lanes required, so construction costs can be reduced. Specifically, the toll-collecting authorities have incentives to resist
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in the United
Kingdom, use automatic number plate recognition. Here, a system of cameras captures images of vehicles passing through tolled areas, and the image of the number plate is extracted and used to identify the vehicle. This allows customers to use the facility without any advance
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but was able to make it the first standardized operating ETC system in the world as
European standard in 1996. He acted as a consultant for deployment of ETC in many countries including Japan, United States, Brazil. In Japan, only the ETC System was constructed in all of the
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Electronic toll collection poses a concern to privacy because the systems record when specific motor vehicles pass toll stations. From this information, one can infer the likely location of the vehicle's owner or primary driver at specific times. Technically speaking, using
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A major advantage is the driver does not have to stop, reducing traffic delays. Electronic tolling is cheaper than a staffed toll booth, reducing transaction costs for government or private road owners. The ease of varying the amount of the toll makes it easy to implement
109:, including for high-occupancy lanes, toll lanes that bypass congestion, and city-wide congestion charges. The payment system usually requires users to sign up in advance and load money into a declining-balance account, which is debited each time they pass a toll point.
342:
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in New Jersey, and at various locations in
California, Florida, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Texas, cars can travel through electronic lanes at full speed. Illinois' Open Road Tolling program features 274 contiguous miles of barrier-free roadways, where I-PASS or
634:
Congestion pricing or urban toll schemes were implemented to enter the downtown area using ETC technology and/or cameras and video recognition technology to get the plate numbers in several cities around the world: urban tolling in Norway's three major cities:
223:
because interconnected 24 different
Italian motorway operators allowing users to travel between different concession areas and paying only at the end of the journey. Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi is considered the father of ETC in motorways because not only co-designed
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systems have been deployed in several European countries. With satellite-based tolling solutions, it is not necessary to install electronic readers beside or above the road in order to read transponders since all vehicles are equipped with On Board Units having
264:
ETC 2.0 system provides a variety of advantages to road users through information provision services, such as congestion avoidance, safe driving support, etc., and route information collected by the road side devices and greatly contribute to ITS promotion.
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Automated vehicle classification is closely related to automated vehicle identification (AVI). Most toll facilities charge different rates for different types of vehicles, making it necessary to distinguish the vehicles passing through the toll facility.
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The simplest method is to store the vehicle class in the customer record, and use the AVI data to look up the vehicle class. This is low-cost, but limits user flexibility, in such cases as the automobile owner who occasionally tows a trailer.
359:
In some urban settings, automated gates are in use in electronic-toll lanes, with 5 mph (8 km/h) legal limits on speed; in other settings, 20 mph (35 km/h) legal limits are not uncommon. However, in other areas such as the
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microwave technology. Furthermore, the European Commission issued the Regulation on the European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) which must be implemented by all Member States from 19 October 2021. All toll roads in Ireland must support the
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From 2015, the Norwegian government requires commercial trucks above 3.5 tons on its roads to have a transponder and a valid road toll subscription. Before this regulation, two-thirds of foreign trucks failed to pay road tolls.
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passing through, to slow to a near-stop at the toll gate, negating much of the speed and capacity benefits of electronic tolling. Furthermore, a violator can effectively block a toll collection lane for an indefinite time.
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The four components are somewhat independent, and, in fact, some toll agencies have contracted out functions separately. In some cases, this division of functions has resulted in difficulties. In one notable example, the
259:, which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations. The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states, though many U.S. toll roads maintain the option of manual collection.
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A violation enforcement system (VES) is useful in reducing unpaid tolls, as an unmanned toll gate otherwise represents a tempting target for toll evasion. Several methods can be used to deter toll violators.
369:
users continue to travel at highway speeds through toll plazas, while cash payers pull off the main roadway to pay at tollbooths. Currently over 80% of Illinois' 1.4 million daily drivers use an I-PASS.
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careful analysis of the inductive profile. Treadles permit counting the number of axles as a vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle installations, also detect dual-tire vehicles. Light-curtain
387:
need, in at least some current (barrier) systems, to confine vehicles in lanes, while interacting with the collection devices, and the dangers of high-speed collisions with the confinement structures;
346:
Film showing the approach to and passing of a toll station in Italy, using a Telepass OBU. Note the yellow Telepass lane signs and road markings and the sound emitted by the OBU when passing the lane.
381:
significant non-participation, entailing lines in manual lanes and disorderly traffic patterns as the electronic- and manual- collection cars "sort themselves out" into their respective lanes;
2090:
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to identify the vehicle, and a bill may be mailed to the address where the car's license plate number is registered, or drivers may have a certain amount of time to pay online or by phone.
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affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles.
630:
Norwegian road sign 792.30 indicates an automatic toll station. According to the latest template on road signage in automatic toll stations, this sign shall be posted on the toll station.
338:
974:
Electronic toll collection systems rely on four major components: automated vehicle identification, automated vehicle classification, transaction processing, and violation enforcement.
758:
of free travel and is billed NT$ 1.2 per kilometer thereafter. Buses and trailers are subject to heavy vehicle surcharges. The highway administration may alter fares (e.g. remove the
485:
other systems, such as via expressa, onda livre and auto expresso, that are present in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana and Minas Gerais.
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A few toll facilities cover a very wide area, making fixed toll gates impractical. The most notable of these is a truck tolling system in (Germany). This system instead uses
587:, implemented the world's first 100% full speed electronic tolling with transponders crossing through the city's core (CBD) in a system of several concessioned urban freeways (
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2416:
208:
89:, where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card. In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an automated radio
1337:
1447:"Directive 2004/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems in the Community"
1153:
In the United States, a growing number of states are sharing information on toll violators, where toll agencies can report out-of-state toll violators to the
1645:. Imprint-Europe Thematic Network: Implementing Reform on Transport Pricing: Constraints and solutions: learning from best practice. Brussels. Archived from
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enhancements. The various pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008, with final study results expected in 2009. (see
1608:
1948:
1922:
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emission standard are exempted. The program was extended through December 2011 and in January 2012 was replaced by a congestion pricing scheme called
823:
can also be used to pay for parking at Orlando International Airport. However, it is not compatible with other airports that use SunPass for parking.
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After tests in 1974, in 1975, Singapore became the first country in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the
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until the violator has paid all outstanding tolls, plus penalties and interest in some situations. Toll authorities are also resorting to using
802:
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from the reader triggers the transponder, which transmits back an identifying number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an
149:(GNSS) receivers in order to determine the distance traveled on the tolled road network - without the use of any roadside infrastructure.
2012:
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in the northeastern United States can be used to pay at some airport, train, and festival parking lots, and has been tested for use in
28:
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1985:
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599:. Similar schemes were previously implemented but only on bypass or outer ring urban freeways in several cities around the world:
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749:) In December 2013, the old toll stations were replaced by distance-based pay-as-you-go all-electronic toll collection on all of
481:
A similar device in France, called Liber-T for light vehicles and TIS-PL for HGVs, is accepted on all toll roads in the country.
274:
As of March 2018, in Japan, a total of approximately 2.61 million vehicles are equipped with devices compliant with the ETC 2.0.
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Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stopping.
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via cameras interconnected with the PRA (Public Register of Automobiles) via a network of more than 3.000 Km. optical fibers.
1468:"COD/2003/0081: Trans-European transport network: electronic road toll systems, widespread introduction and interoperability"
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processing function resembles banking, and several toll agencies have contracted out transaction processing to a bank.
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146:
17:
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Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community
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in 2001 as an upgrade to the manual zone control system implemented in 1998; London in 2003 and extended in 2007 (see
961:
454:. A toll is debited to the customer's account with their tag provider. Some toll road operators – including Sydney's
1157:(or similar agency) of the violator's home state. The state motor vehicle agency can then block the renewal of the
943:
310:
790:
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255:). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country, the
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504:-based tag called the "M-TAG". The tag is attached to the windscreen of vehicles and is automatically scanned at
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the fact that in some areas at some times, long lines form even to pass through the electronic-collection lanes;
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where a vehicle would not pass toll collection over short-distance travel, each vehicle receives 20 kilometers
207:, was designed by Dr. Eng Pierluigi Ceseri and Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi and included a full operational real time
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is the United States E-ZPass tag, which is accepted on toll roads, bridges and tunnels in fifteen states from
136:
Singapore was the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the
2038:
1959:
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1536:
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paid. For example, images of ANPR cameras may be required deletion as soon as possible for successful tolls.
1072:
798:
2121:
1610:
Urban Tolling in Norway—Practical Experiences, Social and Environmental Impacts and Plans for Future Systems
2377:
1419:
1300:
Kelly, Frank (2006). "Road Pricing: Addressing congestion, pollution and the financing of Britain's road".
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182:
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1613:. PIARC Seminar on Road Pricing with emphasis on Financing, Regulation and Equity. Cancun. Archived from
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introduced the world's first use of completely unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25
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1897:
1492:
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A RFID MTAG used for electronic toll collection on controlled-access highways/motorways within Pakistan
204:
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violation system whose net income, after expenses, was negative, as well as customer dissatisfaction.
478:– encourage use of such tags, and apply an additional vehicle matching fee to vehicles without a tag.
1925:[Area C takes off: auto traffic decreased 40% in the center after the toll goes into force].
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Electronic toll lanes may operate alongside conventional toll booths so that drivers who do not have
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27:"Toll tag" redirects here. For information on a specific system that uses that or similar names, see
1725:
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682:
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Toll gate in Taiwan, which allows the motorist to pay their toll without stopping or slowing down
557:
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106:
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To avoid the need for transponders, some systems, notably the 407 ETR (Express Toll Route) near
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and litigation for habitual toll violators with large unpaid debts, and some states can pursue
1067:. Implementation of this system turned out to be far lengthier and more costly than expected.
431:
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47:
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operating with electronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is called (see
248:
233:
126:
2147:
1923:"Area C è partita: calate del 40% le auto in centro dopo l'entrata in vigore del pedaggio"
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uncollected debts uneconomic. Most postpaid accounts deal with this issue by requiring a
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for purposes of congestion pricing on its more urbanized roads. It was refined in 1998 as
8:
2535:
1989:
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can be used in many gas stations, car pars on airports and shopping malls and at some
700:, a pollution pricing program in which low-emission-standard vehicles pay a user fee;
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costs and other issues raised when retrofitting existing toll collection facilities
220:
591:). The United Arab Emirates implemented in 2007 a similar road toll collection in
34:
Wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles
2437:
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157:
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being stopped is likely to be low enough as to be an insufficient deterrent .
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vehicle hazards to toll employees present in some electronic-collection areas;
298:
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857:
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In Australia, there are a number or organizations that provide tags known as
130:
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1319:
Roth, Gabriel (2008). "Roads in a Market Economy". In Jordi, Philipp (ed.).
243:, Norway, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths. In 1991,
1949:"Transportation: Improve Travel Times, Reach a Full 'State of Good Repair'"
1514:
1394:"Peshawar-Islamabad Motorway: Motorists demand restoration of e-tag system"
1184:
1048:
709:
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94:
66:
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Overview of international CEN and ISO electronic fee collection standards
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American Roads LLC. The app communicates in real time with the facility
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871:
463:
314:
303:
212:
113:
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82:
78:
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was the first to propose a similar system of electronic tolling for the
1678:. UK Commission for Integrated Transport. June 21, 2006. Archived from
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1063:
location information to identify when a vehicle is located on a tolled
979:
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in Portugal can be used at many gas stations and car parks and at some
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447:
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86:
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to identify and debit customer accounts or bill a major credit card.
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approved such a plan in 2008, but it was not implemented because the
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70:
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ETC at "Costanera Norte" Freeway, crossing downtown 100% free flow,
350:
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for purposes of congestion pricing, in 1974. Since 2005, nationwide
2122:"S.F. studying congestion pricing to ease traffic, promote transit"
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incurring penalties or being subject to litigation or prosecution.
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Italy deployed a full ETC in motorways at national scale in 1989.
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device. When the vehicle passes a roadside toll reader device, a
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65:) is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or
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1958:. City of New York. May 25, 2007. pp. 72–97. Archived from
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was the first to propose a system of electronic tolling for the
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892:
881:
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203:, the brand name of the ETC belonging to Autostrade S.p.A. now
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and vehicles using conventional fuels but compliant with the
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681:, tested in 2006 and made the charge permanent in 2007 (see
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Factors hindering full-speed electronic collection include:
2491:
International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association IBTTA
2451:"On Locational Privacy, and How to Avoid Losing it Forever"
1491:
European Parliament; European Council (November 28, 2019).
830:
in Texas can be used to pay for passage and parking in the
658:
553:
501:
2174:"The changes in Taiwan's freeway toll collection methods"
1227:
580:, as a policy to restrict auto travel in downtown areas.
2091:"Congestion Pricing Plan Is Dead, Assembly Speaker Says"
1733:
1445:
European Parliament; European Council (April 29, 2004).
1032:, where an antenna at the toll gate communicates with a
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1338:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
588:
2449:
Blumberg, Andrew J.; Eckersley, Peter (August 2009).
1833:"Milan Introduces Congestion Charge To Cut Pollution"
817:, those systems are not accepted at these facilities.
508:
on entry and exit, meanwhile debiting the calculated
1891:"Milano: from pollution charge to congestion charge"
2405:. www.illinoistollway.com. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
1465:
1120:, effectively rendering the account a prepaid one.
1078:
989:
1756:"Valletta traffic congestion considerably reduced"
1511:"Toll tags are made mandatory from 1 January 2015"
870:, as well as some other places within Denmark and
850:, those systems are not accepted at this facility.
767:has the longest ETC freeway mileage in the world.
399:unionized toll collectors can also be problematic.
2448:
789:in Florida can be used to pay for parking at the
715:New York City considered the implementation of a
645:scheme implemented with manual control (see also
85:. It is a faster alternative which is replacing
2502:
2013:"What's the Toll? It Depends on the Time of Day"
1262:Hensher, David A. "Electronic toll collection".
770:
743:Taiwan Highway Electronic Toll Collection System
641:in 1974 introduced the world's first successful
236:in 2001. By 2019, 92% of drivers are using ETC.
2221:Taiwan National Freeway Bureau (June 5, 2015).
2199:Taiwan National Freeway Bureau (June 5, 2015).
2172:Taiwan National Freeway Bureau (June 5, 2015).
2039:"City Council Approves Fee to Drive Below 60th"
1635:
1584:. Roads and Transport Authority. Archived from
803:Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport
2065:"Importing a Decongestant for Midtown Streets"
874:, such as for ferries, parking and car washes.
496:implemented electronic toll collection on its
294:Transponder used in Chile for some expressways
1988:. Transportation Alternatives. Archived from
689:, the capital city of Malta, since May 2007.
528:Use in urban areas and for congestion pricing
442:that can be used on toll roads. They include
2148:"San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic"
2139:
1672:"Road Charging Scheme: Europe – Italy, Rome"
1560:"Principles of Efficient Congestion Pricing"
884:, as well as some ferries within Norway and
121:without transponders are either excluded or
1349:WHITE PAPER ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN JAPAN 2018
942:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
269:white paper on traffic safety in Japan 2018
2088:
1357:
1355:
1308:. The Royal Academy of Engineering: 36–42.
1208:List of electronic toll collection systems
834:. Despite TollTag's interoperability with
29:List of electronic toll collection systems
2194:
2192:
2190:
1830:
1362:Poole, Robert W. Jr. (November 6, 2007).
1103:
962:Learn how and when to remove this message
809:. Despite SunPass' interoperability with
2036:
1956:PlaNYC 2030: A Greener, Greater New York
1537:"Nå må alle tunge kjøretøy ha bombrikke"
1123:
996:
625:
563:
552:
541:
422:
349:
332:
324:
309:
297:
289:
281:
38:
2467:
1636:Chin Kian Keong (October 23–24, 2002).
1607:Wærsted, Kristian (April 11–13, 2005).
1606:
1557:
1352:
1323:. Europainstitut der Universität Basel.
1264:Transportation Research Part A: General
832:Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
607:), several roads in Norway (AutoPASS),
14:
2503:
2187:
2145:
2120:Gordon, Rachael (September 19, 2007).
2119:
2089:Confessore, Nicholas (April 7, 2008).
2062:
1864:"Congestion fee leaves Milan in a jam"
1776:
1466:European Parliament (April 30, 2004).
696:began a one-year trial program called
560:Gantry at North Bridge Road, Singapore
317:vehicle with South Korea's ETC System
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2010:
1723:
1701:. European Commission. Archived from
1420:"Vehicles without M-Tag banned on M2"
1361:
1299:
880:can be used in toll stations part of
866:can be used in toll stations part of
54:, use transponders to bill motorists.
2378:"Electronic Toll Collection Systems"
2201:"Spreading Taiwan's ETC experiences"
1861:
1831:Bertacche, Marco (January 3, 2008).
1318:
1038:Dedicated Short Range Communications
940:adding citations to reliable sources
907:
384:problems with pursuing toll evaders;
2285:
2273:Orlando International Airport (MCO)
2011:Gross, Daniel (February 11, 2007).
1888:
1639:Road Pricing Singapore's Experience
1261:
747:Electronic Toll Collection (Taiwan)
651:Singapore's Electronic Road Pricing
24:
2470:"Privacy-Preserving Road Charging"
2361:
1144:Automatic number plate recognition
1011:automatic number plate recognition
147:Global Navigation Satellite System
25:
2547:
2484:
2146:Wollan, Malia (January 4, 2009).
2037:Cardwell, Diane (April 1, 2008).
1983:
1862:Owen, Richard (January 3, 2008).
1806:"Milan introduces traffic charge"
1692:
1028:Most current AVI systems rely on
647:Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme
374:active account or paying a toll.
302:ETC Built-in Onboard device in a
46:tollbooths, like this one on the
1779:"Toll Discounts for Going Green"
1777:Belson, Ken (January 27, 2008).
1732:. CVA Technology. Archived from
1539:(in Norwegian). October 11, 2014
1079:Automated vehicle classification
990:Automated vehicle identification
912:
791:Palm Beach International Airport
737:San Francisco congestion pricing
649:), and was refined in 1998 (see
2468:Balasch, Josep (October 2010).
2461:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2396:
2331:
2306:
2279:
2261:
2236:
2214:
2165:
2113:
2082:
2056:
2030:
2004:
1977:
1941:
1915:
1882:
1855:
1824:
1798:
1770:
1748:
1717:
1686:
1664:
1629:
1600:
1574:
1551:
1529:
1503:
1484:
1438:
903:
589:Autopista Central and Autopista
190:Singapore Area Licensing Scheme
138:Singapore Area Licensing Scheme
52:Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania
2521:Road congestion charge schemes
2516:Radio-frequency identification
2474:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
2455:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2382:Transportation Policy Research
2063:Belson, Ken (March 16, 2008).
1558:Vickrey, William (June 1992).
1412:
1386:
1343:
1334:Change in ETC utilization rate
1327:
1312:
1293:
1282:Toll roads take cashless route
1274:
1255:
1030:radio-frequency identification
512:from a prepaid M-TAG account.
219:introduced the concept of ETC
13:
1:
1248:
1073:transaction processing system
799:Orlando International Airport
771:Use for non-toll transactions
1676:Road User Charging Worldwide
1155:Department of Motor Vehicles
1021:Some early AVI systems used
239:ETC was first introduced in
183:Washington Metropolitan Area
162:Washington Metropolitan Area
101:charges the user the toll.
7:
1730:Controlled Vehicular Access
1726:"The Purpose of CVA System"
1191:
795:Tampa International Airport
729:New York congestion pricing
277:
10:
2552:
2511:Electronic toll collection
1929:(in Italian). May 23, 2012
1927:Corriere della Sera Milano
1173:
569:Electronic Toll Collection
531:
490:National Highway Authority
209:Classification of Vehicles
168:
69:charged to vehicles using
59:Electronic toll collection
26:
1758:. MaltaMedia. May 6, 2007
1061:Global Positioning System
764:license plate recognition
727:did not approve it. (see
702:alternative fuel vehicles
99:electronic payment system
2286:vvb (November 6, 2018).
683:Stockholm congestion tax
675:London congestion charge
2223:"The challenges of ETC"
2126:San Francisco Chronicle
1368:The Wall Street Journal
1364:"Life in the Slow Lane"
1001:Some highways, such as
899:drive-thru restaurants.
860:drive-thru restaurants.
783:at private restaurants.
725:New York State Assembly
583:Between 2004 and 2005,
558:Electronic Road Pricing
205:Autostrade per l'Italia
194:Electronic Road Pricing
129:takes a picture of the
107:road congestion pricing
2419:June 20, 2009, at the
2244:"WHERE TO USE SUNPASS"
1159:vehicle's registration
1104:Transaction processing
1014:
631:
572:
561:
550:
435:
432:Second Severn Crossing
356:
347:
330:
322:
307:
295:
287:
272:
116:can pay at the booth.
55:
2436:July 1, 2009, at the
1724:Staff (May 1, 2007).
1562:. Columbia University
1124:Violation enforcement
1000:
721:New York City Council
667:Trondheim Toll Scheme
629:
567:
556:
545:
456:Sydney Harbour Tunnel
426:
353:
345:
328:
313:
301:
293:
285:
261:
175:Nobel Economics Prize
154:Nobel Economics Prize
48:Pennsylvania Turnpike
42:
2314:"Ferries - AutoPASS"
1986:"Congestion Pricing"
1617:on December 17, 2007
1400:. September 10, 2016
1374:on February 10, 2008
1243:Pay-by-plate parking
1167:criminal prosecution
936:improve this section
362:Garden State Parkway
127:license plate reader
2349:on November 9, 2021
2339:"EasyGo - AutoPASS"
1843:on January 20, 2014
1682:on October 5, 2006.
1517:on October 24, 2014
1424:The Express Tribune
1398:The Express Tribune
1203:Lane control lights
1163:collection agencies
1036:on the vehicle via
2152:The New York Times
2095:The New York Times
2069:The New York Times
2043:The New York Times
2017:The New York Times
1903:on October 4, 2015
1784:The New York Times
1582:"Welcome to Salik"
1426:. December 6, 2021
1213:Congestion pricing
1015:
717:congestion pricing
643:congestion pricing
632:
578:congestion pricing
573:
562:
551:
538:Congestion pricing
436:
357:
348:
331:
323:
308:
296:
288:
56:
18:Electronic tolling
2526:Wireless locating
2384:. January 4, 2016
2288:"Hvor og hvordan"
2101:on April 11, 2008
1889:Martino, Angelo.
1652:on April 10, 2008
1588:on April 25, 2007
1499:. European Union.
1280:Copeland, Larry,
1233:Open road tolling
1223:GNSS Road Pricing
1183:and other modern
1053:Dartford Crossing
972:
971:
964:
807:Hard Rock Stadium
692:In January 2008,
474:, and Brisbane's
444:Transport for NSW
343:
231:controlled-access
142:GNSS road pricing
118:Open road tolling
16:(Redirected from
2543:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2345:. Archived from
2335:
2329:
2328:
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2301:
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2110:
2108:
2106:
2097:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1992:on July 24, 2008
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1896:. Archived from
1895:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1839:. Archived from
1837:The New York Sun
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:on March 6, 2012
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1705:on March 9, 2008
1699:PRoGRESS Project
1690:
1684:
1683:
1668:
1662:
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1651:
1644:
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1567:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1513:. Archived from
1507:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:. European Union
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:. European Union
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:. Archived from
1359:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1290:, July 28, 2008.
1278:
1272:
1271:
1259:
1118:security deposit
967:
960:
956:
953:
947:
916:
908:
498:motorway network
476:Gateway Motorway
460:Lane Cove Tunnel
344:
306:vehicle in Japan
270:
221:Interoperability
21:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2501:
2500:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2466:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2438:Wayback Machine
2430:
2426:
2421:Wayback Machine
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2343:www.autopass.no
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2318:www.autopass.no
2312:
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2307:
2297:
2295:
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2087:
2083:
2073:
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2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1965:on July 3, 2007
1962:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
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1920:
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1900:
1893:
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1844:
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1815:
1813:
1812:. March 2, 2008
1804:
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1126:
1106:
1081:
992:
968:
957:
951:
948:
933:
917:
906:
773:
585:Santiago, Chile
576:improvement of
548:Santiago, Chile
540:
530:
520:tag standard.
333:
280:
271:
268:
179:William Vickrey
171:
158:William Vickrey
35:
32:
23:
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15:
12:
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2485:External links
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1695:"Rome (Italy)"
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1047:and the A282 (
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619:also in 2000 (
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446:'s E-Toll and
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952:February 2008
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921:This section
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891:Sem Parar in
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904:Technologies
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665:(1991) (see
661:(1990), and
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534:Road pricing
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488:Since 2016,
487:
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430:lane on the
410:
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123:pay by plate
122:
114:transponders
111:
103:
95:radio signal
83:toll tunnels
79:toll bridges
62:
58:
57:
36:
2388:October 16,
2353:October 18,
2323:October 18,
2294:(in Danish)
2253:November 9,
2248:Sunpass.com
1933:January 16,
1847:January 17,
1816:January 17,
1790:January 27,
1543:October 21,
1521:October 21,
1430:December 9,
1404:December 9,
1378:January 20,
1034:transponder
1007:Highway 407
886:Scandinavia
872:Scandinavia
781:drive-thrus
605:Highway 407
506:toll plazas
464:Westlink M7
315:Genesis G70
304:Nissan Fuga
234:expressways
213:Enforcement
91:transponder
87:toll booths
2536:Toll (fee)
2505:Categories
1249:References
1238:Tachograph
980:New Jersey
897:McDonald's
858:McDonald's
811:Peach Pass
805:, and the
685:); and in
532:See also:
448:Transurban
249:toll roads
71:toll roads
2531:Car costs
2298:April 12,
2269:"Parking"
2074:March 18,
1874:April 16,
1868:The Times
1287:USA Today
1198:Tollbooth
923:does not
854:Via Verde
826:The NTTA
719:scheme.
679:Stockholm
663:Trondheim
639:Singapore
621:Highway 6
611:in 2000 (
609:Melbourne
603:in 1997 (
595:, called
257:Via Verde
245:Trondheim
173:In 1959,
75:HOV lanes
2434:Archived
2417:Archived
2292:BroBizz®
2131:July 15,
2105:April 7,
2048:April 1,
1996:March 8,
1969:March 8,
1870:. London
1810:BBC News
1762:March 8,
1740:March 8,
1709:March 8,
1656:March 8,
1621:March 8,
1592:March 8,
1566:March 8,
1474:March 8,
1457:March 8,
1192:See also
1128:Source:
1108:Source:
1083:Source:
1065:Autobahn
1023:barcodes
994:Source:
878:AutoPASS
844:PikePass
760:per diem
756:per diem
751:Taiwan's
687:Valletta
657:(1986),
617:Tel Aviv
613:CityLink
510:toll tax
500:using a
494:Pakistan
472:Eastlink
468:CityLink
414:Illinois
321:Terminal
278:Overview
267:—
253:AutoPASS
226:Telepass
217:Telepass
201:Telepass
2228:June 6,
2206:June 6,
2179:June 6,
1984:Staff.
1907:May 23,
1693:Staff.
1497:EUR-Lex
1451:EUR-Lex
1302:Ingenia
1174:Privacy
1045:Toronto
1003:Ontario
983:E-ZPass
944:removed
929:sources
864:BroBizz
828:TollTag
815:E-ZPass
787:SunPass
777:E-ZPass
706:Euro IV
698:Ecopass
615:), and
601:Toronto
434:, Wales
367:E-ZPass
319:Hi-pass
196:(ERP).
177:winner
169:History
156:winner
44:E-ZPass
2022:May 1,
1218:FASTag
1009:, use
893:Brazil
882:EasyGo
868:EasyGo
846:, and
836:EZ Tag
821:E-Pass
710:Area C
655:Bergen
241:Bergen
165:1989.
81:, and
2403:#Home
1963:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1894:(PDF)
1650:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1181:ecash
1097:laser
848:K-TAG
840:TxTag
745:(see
694:Milan
597:Salik
593:Dubai
518:eToll
452:Linkt
440:e-TAG
418:Maine
355:roads
2390:2023
2355:2019
2325:2019
2300:2019
2255:2021
2230:2015
2208:2015
2181:2015
2159:2009
2133:2008
2107:2008
2076:2008
2050:2008
2024:2010
1998:2012
1971:2012
1935:2012
1909:2012
1876:2008
1849:2008
1818:2008
1792:2008
1764:2012
1742:2012
1711:2012
1658:2012
1623:2012
1594:2012
1568:2012
1545:2014
1523:2014
1476:2012
1459:2012
1432:2022
1406:2022
1380:2008
927:any
925:cite
813:and
671:Rome
659:Oslo
536:and
502:RFID
470:and
462:and
211:and
125:– a
67:toll
1228:GSM
1049:M25
1005:'s
938:by
677:);
669:);
653:),
623:).
492:of
450:'s
428:TAG
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