38:
2540:
614:. The master's degree is being introduced in some European and American Universities as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer with graduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult. In these cases, experience is taken into account. The master's degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.
2410:
2570:
1179:
2560:
2550:
1142:(IET). Members of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (MIET) are recognized professionally in Europe, as electrical and computer engineers. The IEEE claims to produce 30 percent of the world's literature in electrical and electronics engineering, has over 430,000 members, and holds more than 450 IEEE sponsored or cosponsored conferences worldwide each year.
893:: Equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of diodes, BJT, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency response of amplifiers. Simple
1040:. Open loop and closed loop (negative unity feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady-state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Analysis of steady-state disturbance rejection and noise sensitivity.
1162:
The workplaces of electronics engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electronics engineers may be found in the pristine laboratory environment of a fabrication plant, the offices of a consulting firm or in a research laboratory. During their working life, electronics engineers may
1062:
and ADCs for digital controller implementation. Limitations of digital controllers: aliasing. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems. Linearization of
Nonlinear dynamical systems with state-space realizations in both frequency and time domains. Fundamental
828:
matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set, and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear
196:
possible with a non-mechanical device. The growth of electronics was rapid. By the early 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and communications were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance telephony and the music recording industry.
1166:
Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electronics engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field, and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency, which is even more crucial in the
1158:
For most engineers not involved at the cutting edge of system design and development, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules. Many senior
617:
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Certification allows engineers to legally sign off on plans for projects affecting public safety. After completing a certified
656:
Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today, most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use
618:
degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements, including work experience requirements, before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of
Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, and South Africa),
1159:
engineers manage a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason, project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.
1323:"Are there any professional examinations available in the electronics and telecommunications engineering field? Where do I get the listings of these examinations, and how do I apply for them? Who is eligible to write such examinations?"
477:
of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace's temperature remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control engineering.
665:
programs when designing electronic systems. Although most electronic engineers will understand basic circuit theory, the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the work they do. For example,
1067:
LTI systems. State space realizations: observable and controllable canonical form. Ackermann's formula for state-feedback pole placement. Design of full order and reduced order estimators.
839:: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers.
653:. Initially, such topics cover most, if not all, of the subfields of electronics engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towards the end of the degree.
897:
circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, Power supplies.
558:
62:
to amplify and control electric current flow. Previously electrical engineering only used passive devices such as mechanical switches, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
1258:
571:
with a major in electronics engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and the completed degree may be designated as a
172:
which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, that inaugurated the field of electronics. Practical applications started with the invention of the
1322:
533:. It deals with fabrication of ICs and various electronic components. In designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers first construct circuit
2515:
1197:
1217:
1135:
133:
833:: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
2606:
1735:
380:
include specialists who work on airborne avionics in the aircraft or ground equipment. Specialists in this field mainly need knowledge of
1139:
141:
137:
1202:
136:(IEEE) is one of the most important professional bodies for electronics engineers in the US; the equivalent body in the UK is the
2456:
2318:
2697:
17:
1163:
find themselves supervising a wide range of individuals including scientists, electricians, programmers, and other engineers.
829:
constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using
1699:
1678:
1657:
1636:
1611:
1591:
1571:
1551:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1471:
1451:
1431:
1411:
1391:
1371:
1351:
1047:
717:
The huge breadth of electronics engineering has led to the use of a large number of specialists supporting knowledge areas.
2240:
1878:
1288:
2712:
626:(in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or
2525:
2520:
1266:
1099:
1001:: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros frequency response,
2563:
2505:
1192:
397:
296:
153:
3101:
2717:
2679:
2599:
2498:
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1728:
3091:
3086:
1986:
928:
504:—systems made for specific tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in this field. This field includes the
2033:
1853:
880:
377:
1118:), matched-filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes,
3096:
2510:
2235:
2114:
2079:
1123:
342:
needed for such systems. These two are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as a
1765:
1212:
1014:
251:
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2592:
2313:
2288:
2084:
2023:
1721:
1312:
Bartelt, Terry. Industrial
Automated Systems: Instrumentation and Motion Control. Cengage Learning, 2010.
1002:
960:
956:
580:
434:
334:
Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the
254:, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information.
114:
354:. If the signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signal's information will be corrupted by
2228:
2223:
1873:
537:
that specify the electrical components and describe the interconnections between them. When completed,
493:
467:
1928:
1918:
1816:
1796:
2188:
1838:
1806:
1628:
1147:
783:
702:
2955:
2426:
2385:
2308:
2268:
2062:
2051:
1207:
706:
572:
450:.The design of such instrumentation requires a good understanding of electronics engineering and
200:
The discipline was further enhanced by the large amount of electronic systems development during
168:
emerged following the identification of the electron in 1897 and the subsequent invention of the
27:
Electronic engineering involved in the design of electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
2925:
2894:
2874:
2834:
2303:
2283:
2278:
2263:
2203:
2198:
2057:
1968:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1868:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1760:
1755:
1115:
1107:
1022:
964:
743:
650:
584:
564:
118:
51:
31:
1237:
685:
Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to
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2732:
2727:
2418:
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2325:
2298:
2152:
2142:
2104:
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2008:
1976:
1908:
1843:
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932:
876:
658:
623:
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588:
419:
236:
Electronics engineering has many subfields. This section describes some of the most popular.
41:
3034:
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2629:
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1981:
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607:
542:
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328:
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110:
74:
59:
8:
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2013:
1993:
1953:
1943:
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807:
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671:
662:
576:
106:
86:
70:
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1948:
1938:
1933:
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1184:
1111:
952:
791:
779:
739:
731:
646:
619:
94:
66:
541:
engineers convert the schematics into actual layouts, which map the layers of various
406:
has a wide range of electronic applications from the flight and propulsion systems of
2674:
2659:
2569:
2218:
2124:
2099:
2028:
2018:
1863:
1788:
1695:
1674:
1653:
1632:
1607:
1587:
1567:
1547:
1527:
1507:
1487:
1467:
1447:
1427:
1407:
1387:
1367:
1347:
1084:
998:
986:
978:
830:
803:
667:
627:
603:
489:
347:
274:
102:
90:
82:
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that emerged in the early 20th century and is distinguished by the additional use of
3043:
2940:
2780:
2649:
2089:
1998:
1623:
Joseph J. DiStefano, Allen R. Stubberud, and Ivan J. Williams, Schaum's
Outline of
1103:
1080:
1010:
994:
955:: latches and flip-flops, counters, and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits,
884:
698:
679:
517:
501:
385:
381:
339:
278:
217:
78:
55:
1054:. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of
188:
in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages such as
144:(IEC) publishes electrical standards including those for electronics engineering.
3000:
2995:
2975:
2965:
2920:
2904:
2879:
2829:
2785:
2737:
2654:
2644:
2252:
1106:(DM), digital modulation – amplitude, phase- and frequency-shift keying schemes (
1088:
1059:
1037:
1018:
904:
751:
722:
568:
505:
351:
286:
225:
177:
98:
250:, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or
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2157:
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982:
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811:
771:
767:
459:
443:
427:
411:
304:
282:
212:, and the subsequent peace-time consumer revolution following the invention of
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2790:
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860:
815:
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735:
546:
497:
308:
247:
193:
185:
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463:
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189:
2824:
2762:
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2132:
1744:
1006:
990:
844:
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755:
642:
512:. However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of
447:
343:
335:
315:. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a
300:
169:
159:
37:
2409:
438:
deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as
3024:
2889:
2809:
2147:
795:
775:
763:
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320:
312:
266:
213:
165:
1604:
Analog and
Digital Circuits for Electronic Control System Applications
3012:
2884:
2747:
2441:
1958:
1005:. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise:
638:
534:
508:
and its applications. Computer engineers may also work on a system's
455:
373:
258:
122:
3062:
3018:
2930:
2795:
2482:
2472:
2330:
1178:
1036:
block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams —
920:
912:
908:
694:
509:
485:
439:
423:
407:
126:
2950:
2814:
943:). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters,
916:
634:
451:
393:
243:
1044:
Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis and design:
587:
depending upon the university. Many UK universities also offer
473:
Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as the
2799:
1143:
1058:(PID) control. Discretization of continuous-time systems using
894:
864:
474:
181:
2584:
1713:
559:
Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers
3039:
2945:
872:
567:
academic subject. Electronics engineers typically possess an
346:. A key consideration in the design of transmitters is their
209:
205:
173:
887:, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
3058:
1134:
Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers USA's
1064:
940:
856:
675:
592:
538:
526:
415:
971:: architecture, programming, memory, and I/O interfacing.
633:
A degree in electronics generally includes units covering
470:
to measure the temperature difference between two points.
85:. It is also involved in many related fields, for example
1119:
924:
868:
852:
488:
and computer systems. This may involve the design of new
1025:, and function analogy between vectors & functions.
389:
1484:
Theory and
Problems of Electronic Devices and Circuits
462:
to measure the speed of oncoming vehicles. Similarly,
257:
For analog signals, signal processing may involve the
1544:
Foundations of Analog and
Digital Electronic Circuits
678:
but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with
520:, which is usually considered a separate discipline.
277:. For digital signals, signal processing may involve
1174:
1625:
Theory and
Problems of Feedback and Control Systems
693:engineering courses have other specialisms such as
598:Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a
1692:Troubleshooting and Repairing Consumer Electronics
1218:Timeline of electrical and electronics engineering
1198:Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
1063:concepts of controllability and observability for
1289:"Raahnamaye-jaame-94-6-Mordad[catc.info]"
1136:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
134:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3078:
709:curriculum that is a prerequisite to a degree.
323:. Popular analog modulation techniques include
2600:
1729:
1238:"October 1897: The Discovery of the Electron"
1028:
712:
319:in order to be transmitted, this is known as
265:of audio signals for audio equipment and the
674:might be relevant to an engineer working on
242:deals with the analysis and manipulation of
705:. This list does not include the extensive
563:Electronics is a subfield within the wider
549:materials needed to construct the circuit.
2607:
2593:
1736:
1722:
1584:Theory and Problems of Signals and Systems
818:; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem,
147:
1140:Institution of Engineering and Technology
923:,...). Logic gates digital IC families (
552:
142:International Electrotechnical Commission
138:Institution of Engineering and Technology
1694:, p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional, 2004.
1650:Digital and Analog Communication Systems
1424:Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology
1342:Rakesh K. Garg/Ashish Dixit/Pavan Yadav
1203:Index of electrical engineering articles
1167:field of consumer electronics products.
36:
1586:, p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional, 1995
1566:, p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional, 2003
1259:"مهندسی الکترونیک و مخابرات هواپیمایی"
396:. These courses are offered at such as
370:Aviation-telecommunications engineering
14:
3079:
2516:Electrical and electronics engineering
1153:
1129:
496:or the use of computers to control an
2588:
1717:
1482:Jimmie J. Cathey Schaum's Outline of
758:: propagation through various media;
418:. It also plays an important role in
2549:
1402:Joseph Edminister Schaum's Outlines
1382:Edward J. Rothwell/Michael J. Cloud
985:, continuous-time and discrete-time
981:, continuous-time and discrete-time
350:as this is closely related to their
2559:
1446:, Cambridge University Press, 1987
999:Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems
798:: modes in rectangular waveguides;
746:: differential and integral forms.
231:
24:
1673:, McGraw–Hill Professional, 2003.
1669:Hwei Pia Hsu, Schaum's Outline of
1582:Hwei Piao Hsu Schaum's Outline of
1524:Digital Circuits: Logic and Design
1100:differential pulse-code modulation
398:Civil Aviation Technology Colleges
25:
3113:
1709:
1671:Analog and Digital Communications
1406:, McGraw Hill Professional, 1995
1193:Electrical engineering technology
1070:
1048:Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion
630:(in much of the European Union).
595:) degrees at the graduate level.
154:History of electronic engineering
2718:Failure of electronic components
2568:
2558:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2408:
1464:Electronic Materials and Devices
1462:David K. Ferry/Jonathan P. Bird
1177:
1056:proportional–integral–derivative
1034:Basic control system components;
2614:
1743:
1684:
1663:
1642:
1617:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1436:
1416:
1094:Digital communication systems:
883:process, oxidation, diffusion,
273:of radio frequency signals for
1542:Anant Agarwal/Jeffrey H. Lang
1396:
1376:
1366:, p. ix, Firewall Media, 2008
1356:
1336:
1315:
1306:
1281:
1251:
1230:
1075:Analog communication systems:
977:Definitions and properties of
881:integrated circuit fabrication
422:. Control engineers often use
293:Telecommunications engineering
13:
1:
1444:Network Analysis and Practice
1426:, pp. 372–443, Newness, 2007
1346:, p. 1, Firewall Media, 2008
1223:
879:, LASERs. Device technology:
164:Electronics engineering as a
2713:List of emerging electronics
1766:List of engineering branches
1213:List of electrical engineers
1015:probability density function
786:; impedance transformation;
531:very large-scale integration
240:Electronic signal processing
7:
1504:Analog Circuits and Devices
1170:
1003:group delay and phase delay
581:Bachelor of Applied Science
435:Instrumentation engineering
378:telecommunication engineers
115:instrumentation engineering
10:
3118:
1083:and demodulation systems,
1029:Electronic Control systems
713:Supporting knowledge areas
556:
303:across a medium such as a
157:
151:
29:
2913:
2771:
2688:
2622:
2534:
2481:
2465:
2417:
2406:
2181:
2123:
2042:
1967:
1894:
1787:
1774:
1751:
484:deals with the design of
65:It covers fields such as
1629:McGraw-Hill Professional
1546:, Morgan Kaufmann, 2005
1148:professional designation
784:characteristic impedance
246:. Signals can be either
30:Not to be confused with
3102:Engineering disciplines
2956:Electromagnetic warfare
2427:Bachelor of Engineering
2269:Engineering mathematics
1466:, Academic Press, 2001
1208:Information engineering
707:engineering mathematics
649:and specific topics in
573:Bachelor of Engineering
524:VLSI design engineering
414:present in many modern
376:applications. Aviation-
366:electronics engineering
148:History and development
50:is a sub-discipline of
3092:Electrical engineering
3087:Electronic engineering
2926:Automotive electronics
2875:Robotic vacuum cleaner
2835:Information technology
2640:Electronic engineering
2526:Structural engineering
2521:Mechanical engineering
2264:Engineering management
1150:in the United States.
1023:power spectral density
965:Semiconductor memories
651:electrical engineering
610:in Engineering, or an
585:Bachelor of Technology
565:electrical engineering
553:Education and training
468:Peltier–Seebeck effect
119:electric power control
52:electrical engineering
48:Electronic engineering
44:
32:Electrical engineering
18:Electronic Engineering
2860:Portable media player
2733:Molecular electronics
2728:Low-power electronics
2506:Aerospace engineering
2419:Engineering education
1652:, Wiley-India, 2006.
1096:pulse-code modulation
1087:of these operations,
877:avalanche photo diode
689:engineering courses.
659:computer-aided design
624:Incorporated Engineer
612:Engineering Doctorate
589:Master of Engineering
420:industrial automation
372:, are concerned with
60:semiconductor devices
42:Printed circuit board
40:
3097:Computer engineering
3054:Terahertz technology
3035:Open-source hardware
2991:Consumer electronics
2961:Electronics industry
2723:Flexible electronics
2630:Analogue electronics
2447:Graduate certificate
1486:, McGraw Hill, 2002
1138:(IEEE) and the UK's
975:Signals and systems:
808:dispersion relations
794:; pulse excitation.
608:Doctor of Philosophy
514:software engineering
482:Computer engineering
408:commercial airplanes
329:frequency modulation
325:amplitude modulation
111:computer engineering
75:consumer electronics
3030:Nuclear electronics
2855:Networking hardware
2758:Quantum electronics
2743:Organic electronics
2665:Printed electronics
2635:Digital electronics
2432:Bachelor of Science
2274:Engineering physics
2258:Engineering drawing
1780:Interdisciplinarity
1690:Homer L. Davidson,
1564:Signals and Systems
1562:Michael J. Roberts
1154:Project engineering
1130:Professional bodies
969:Microprocessor 8086
953:Sequential circuits
804:cut-off frequencies
800:boundary conditions
744:Maxwell's equations
672:solid-state physics
663:simulation software
577:Bachelor of Science
404:Control engineering
107:systems engineering
87:solid-state physics
71:digital electronics
58:components such as
3008:Marine electronics
2981:Integrated circuit
2900:Video game console
2698:2020s in computing
2680:Thermal management
2034:Telecommunications
1939:Naval architecture
1526:, CRC Press, 1985
1506:, CRC Press, 2003
1386:, CRC Press, 2001
1269:on 21 January 2021
1185:Electronics portal
1091:noise conditions.
837:Electronic devices
792:impedance matching
780:Transmission lines
647:project management
620:Chartered Engineer
516:which falls under
289:, and correction.
275:telecommunications
95:telecommunications
67:analog electronics
45:
3072:
3071:
3049:Radio electronics
2675:Schematic capture
2660:Power electronics
2582:
2581:
2511:Civil engineering
2457:Licensed engineer
2452:Engineer's degree
2404:
2403:
2236:Building services
2219:Health technology
2080:Chemical reaction
2029:Signal processing
1700:978-0-07-142181-2
1679:978-0-07-140228-6
1658:978-81-265-0914-0
1637:978-0-07-017052-0
1612:978-0-7506-7810-0
1592:978-0-07-030641-7
1572:978-0-07-249942-1
1552:978-1-55860-735-4
1532:978-0-8247-7397-7
1512:978-0-8493-1736-1
1492:978-0-07-136270-2
1472:978-0-12-254161-2
1452:978-0-521-31903-4
1432:978-0-7506-8139-1
1412:978-0-07-021234-3
1392:978-0-8493-1397-4
1372:978-81-318-0350-9
1364:Power Electronics
1362:Sachin S. Sharma
1352:978-81-318-0302-8
1344:Basic Electronics
1085:spectral analysis
995:Sampling theorems
987:Fourier Transform
979:Laplace transform
905:Boolean functions
831:Laplace transform
668:quantum mechanics
628:European Engineer
604:Master of Science
602:degree such as a
500:. Development of
490:computer hardware
348:power consumption
103:signal processing
91:radio engineering
83:power electronics
16:(Redirected from
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3044:Radio navigation
2941:Data acquisition
2650:Microelectronics
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1999:Electromechanics
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1265:. Archived from
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1234:
1187:
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1146:is a recognised
1104:delta modulation
1081:angle modulation
1011:random variables
901:Digital circuits
885:ion implantation
740:Stokes' theorems
699:power generation
680:embedded systems
518:computer science
502:embedded systems
498:industrial plant
492:, the design of
232:Specialist areas
218:William Shockley
79:embedded systems
21:
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3001:Small appliance
2996:Major appliance
2976:Home automation
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2921:Audio equipment
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2830:Home theater PC
2786:Central heating
2781:Air conditioner
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2738:Nanoelectronics
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2655:Optoelectronics
2645:Instrumentation
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2085:Electrochemical
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1963:
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1854:Municipal/Urban
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1019:autocorrelation
891:Analog circuits
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812:Dipole antennas
752:Poynting vector
723:vector calculus
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569:academic degree
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506:microcontroller
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426:when designing
352:signal strength
295:deals with the
287:error detection
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1317:
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1292:
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1267:the original
1262:
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1241:. Retrieved
1232:
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1157:
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1043:
1042:
1038:Mason's rule
1033:
1032:
974:
973:
945:multiplexers
900:
899:
890:
889:
849:tunnel diode
841:p-n junction
836:
835:
825:
824:
820:antenna gain
810:. Antennas:
721:Elements of
720:
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716:
703:distribution
690:
686:
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600:postgraduate
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523:
522:
481:
480:
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432:
403:
402:
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365:
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360:
336:transmitters
333:
317:carrier wave
297:transmission
292:
291:
271:demodulation
256:
239:
238:
235:
222:John Bardeen
202:World War II
199:
163:
131:
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3021:electronics
2825:Home cinema
2763:Spintronics
2703:Atomtronics
2616:Electronics
2564:Wikiproject
2319:and Control
2309:Information
2133:Biomaterial
2063:Bioresource
2054:/Bioprocess
2052:Biochemical
2004:Electronics
1775:Specialties
1745:Engineering
1648:Shanmugam,
1422:J. O. Bird
1050:, Bode and
1046:root loci,
1007:probability
991:z-transform
845:Zener diode
788:Smith chart
756:Plane waves
643:mathematics
529:stands for
448:temperature
344:transceiver
301:information
279:compression
204:in such as
170:vacuum tube
160:Electronics
140:(IET). The
3081:Categories
3025:Multimedia
3015:technology
2890:Television
2820:Home robot
2810:Dishwasher
2772:Electronic
2483:Glossaries
2304:Industrial
2284:Facilities
2279:Explosives
2204:Biomedical
2199:Automation
2148:Metallurgy
2058:Biological
2009:Microwaves
1969:Electrical
1914:Automotive
1896:Mechanical
1869:Structural
1834:Geological
1822:Ecological
1812:Earthquake
1298:31 January
1273:31 January
1263:catc.ac.ir
1224:References
796:Waveguides
776:skin depth
764:refraction
760:reflection
728:divergence
691:Electrical
687:electronic
535:schematics
456:radar guns
386:networking
321:modulation
313:free space
267:modulation
214:transistor
166:profession
3013:Microwave
2885:Telephone
2774:equipment
2748:Photonics
2442:Doctorate
2356:Packaging
2326:Logistics
2299:Geomatics
2260:/graphics
2153:Molecular
2143:Corrosion
2125:Materials
2105:Petroleum
2095:Molecular
1977:Broadcast
1959:Tribology
1909:Aerospace
1844:Hydraulic
1077:amplitude
639:chemistry
543:conductor
486:computers
374:aerospace
340:receivers
263:filtering
123:photonics
3063:Wireless
3019:Military
2951:e-health
2931:Avionics
2800:Notebook
2796:Computer
2689:Advanced
2623:Branches
2544:Category
2473:Engineer
2381:Software
2376:Security
2351:Ontology
2341:Military
2331:Robotics
2294:Forensic
2214:Clinical
2173:Surfaces
2163:Polymers
2138:Ceramics
2115:Reaction
2044:Chemical
1982:Computer
1904:Acoustic
1859:Offshore
1827:Sanitary
1631:, 1995.
1171:See also
1102:(DPCM),
949:decoders
695:machines
510:software
466:use the
458:use the
440:pressure
424:feedback
382:computer
362:Aviation
180:and the
127:robotics
2815:Freezer
2554:Commons
2396:Textile
2391:Systems
2361:Privacy
2346:Nuclear
2110:Process
2068:Genetic
2014:Optical
1994:Control
1987:outline
1954:Thermal
1944:Railway
1884:Railway
1879:Traffic
1802:Coastal
1761:Outline
1756:History
1098:(PCM),
843:diode,
635:physics
475:sensors
452:physics
410:to the
394:sensors
252:digital
244:signals
192:from a
2946:e-book
2880:Tablet
2840:Cooker
2805:Camera
2691:topics
2574:Portal
2371:Survey
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1949:Sports
1934:Marine
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947:, and
895:op-amp
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392:, and
248:analog
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3059:Wired
3040:Radar
2865:Radio
2194:Audio
2182:Other
2100:Paper
2019:Power
1864:River
1789:Civil
873:p-i-n
768:phase
583:, or
356:noise
311:, or
307:, an
210:sonar
206:radar
174:diode
3061:and
3042:and
2289:Fire
2090:Food
1696:ISBN
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1330:2018
1300:2021
1275:2021
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1124:TDMA
1079:and
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961:DACs
957:ADCs
941:CMOS
875:and
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770:and
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732:curl
730:and
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670:and
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545:and
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1777:and
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925:DTL
921:XOR
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